2

2.1

(Protective Relay)
(Protective Relay)

2.2



(
)

2
2
2
1. 1 2
L (Line)
N (Neutral)
220
(Volt)
2. 3 3 1 4
3 1
220
380 3 4 220/380
1 3

2.2.1



 2-2

1.
2. (Over voltage)
(Switching surge)
3. (Under frequency)
4. (Over load)

- (Reliability)
- (Dependability)
- (High speed)
-
-
-

2.2.2

1.



2.

(Manual
operated) (Re-closing relay)
3.


2.1
(OCB) (CT)
(PT)

 2-3

OCB = ( Oil circuit breaker )

CT = ( Current transformer )
PT = ( Voltage transformer )

2.1
: (2538 : 11)

2.2.3

1.
1) (Rated voltage)
115 kV, 69kV, 24kV, 12kV, 600 V 240 V

2) (Nominal voltage) (System voltage)

12kV, 24kV 69kV 11kV, 22kV 33kV
3) (Maximum operating voltage)

4) (Maximum design voltage)

5) (Minimum operating voltage)

MVA
(Interrupting capacity)

 2-4

2. (Basic impulse insulation level) BIL

BIL 1.2/50
sec 2 IEC BIL 1
(Impulse test)

BIL

2.2 BIL 1.2/50 sec IEC

: (2538 : 12)
2.1 BIL IEC
kV ()
(kV)

12 75 -
24 125 -
36 170 -
72.5 325 -
123 550 450
245 1,050 900
525 - 1,800
: (2538 : 12)

3. (Rated frequency)
50 Hz, 60 Hz, 400 Hz
4. (Continuous current rating) (Rated current)

 2-5

5. (Momentary current rating)

1/100 3 (Total
asymmetrical current) ( DC component)
(AC symmetrical component) RMS
1
1/100 1/50

2.3
: (2538 : 14)
6. (Short time current rating) RMS
4
7. (Interrupting current rating)
(RMS Value) 8
(Cycle) (Interrupting
MVA rating)
8. (Time rating)
1) (Interrupting time)
8 (Cycle) 8/50
2) (Reclosing time)
20 30 (Cycle)
9. (Duty cycle)
(Auto recloser relay) 20 30
 2-6

(Cycle)

co + 15 sec + co co
- (Close-Open) 15

2.2.4

2.2 ANSI

M G

: (2538 : 15)
 2-7

2.4 3
: (2538 : 16)

1.
2.1 3 2.4


2.5 ()
2.5 ()

()

2.5
 2-8

()
2.5 ()
: (2538 : 16-17)

2.

2.6



2.7

2.6
 2-9

2.7
: (2538 : 18)

V1 I1 V2 I2

I1 V2
K (1)
I2 V1

I1 X* 2 I2 x X 2
2 2

2
I2 1 2
X 2 x X2 x X2
*
(2)
I1 K

I2 1 X1 = I2 2X*1

I1 X1 I2 x X1*
2 2

2
I
X 1 1 x X1 K 2 x X1
*
(3)
I2
3. (Per-unit)



Pu. (Base)

 2-10

(Actual Quantity) (Reference

Base Quantity)
Actual
Per Unit (4)
Base
(per unit)

- (Impedance)
- (Voltage)
- (Current)
- (Power)
. (Reference base) 4
1) (Base voltage ,V, kV)
2) (Base current, A)
3) (Base impedance, )
4) (Base power ,kVA , MVA)
(reference base) 2
(Selection Base)

. 1 (Single Phase System)

kVA base
Ibase (4)
kVbase

(kVbase ) 2
Z base (5)
MVA base
. 3 (Three Phase System)
(Line to Line
Voltage) 3

kVA base
Ibase (6)
3 kVbase

(kVbase ) 2
Z base (7)
MVA base
 2-11

kVbase = (Line to Line Voltage)
MVA base = 3

115 kV 12 kV
Heater
600
350 kV
x 10%
jxt

E 600

Reactance diagram

2.8
2.8

E
I (A)
jX T 600

2.3

1. (Short circuit)

2. (Over Voltage)
(Switching Surge)
3. (Under Frequency)

 2-12

4. Out Of Step

5. (Over Load)
6. (Loss of Synchronism)

2.3.1

2.3
2.3
(%)
(Overhead Lines) 50
(Underground Cables) 10
(Switchgear) 15
(Transformer) 12
(CT and VT) 2
(Control Equipment) 3
8
Total 100
: (2548 : 8)
2.3 50%
3
Single Line to Ground Fault (SLG) 2
Line to Line Fault (L-L) 2 Line to Line to Ground
Fault (L-L-N) 3 Three Phase Fault (L-L-L)

2.4
(%)
1. Line to Ground 85
2. Line to Line 8
3. Double line to Ground 5
4. Symmetrical Three Phase Fault 2
Total 100
: (2548 : 9)
 2-13

(Symmetrical Three Phase Fault)

3

(Stray Capacitor)
(ON Circuit Breaker)
(Single line ground fault)

2.4 (Circuit Breaker, CB)

SF6

Dielectric Strength
, , ,
(Pneumatic) (Hydraulic)

2.4.1
2
1. (Vacuum Circuit Breaker)

(Plasma)





(Interrupter)

 2-14

2.9
: (2548 : 11)

2. SF6 SF6

SF6
SF6
SF6

2.10 SF6
SF6
SF6
SF6
SF6
(Recovery Voltage)
 2-15

2.10 SF6
: (2548 : 12)

SF6 2
1. Single Pressure Puffer Cylinder
SF6
2. Two Pressure Double Pressure SF6
(Air Blast Circuit Breaker) SF6
(Interrupter) SF6
Circuit Breaker SF6




HV EHV SF6 MV

2.5 (Protective Relay)

(-)
(Trip)


 2-16

0.03 - 0.08
(Trip)
(Protective Relay)

2.5.1
2
1. (Primary Relay)
(Trip)
(Overlap)

2. (Back-up Relay)

2.5.2
(Zone of protection)

2.11 1 3
3 4 Y
BF BF A J

 2-17

2.11
: (2538 : 315)

2.5.3
1. (Sensitivity)

2. (Reliability)

3. (Simplicity)

4. (Selectivity)

5. (Speed)

6. (Economy)

2.5.4

1. (Single line diagram)


 2-18

2.

3.

4.

5.
(CT)(PT)
6.

2.5.5
2 -
2.12

2.12
: (2538 : 318)

1. - (Electromechanical relay)

2
1) (Electromagnetic attraction)

(plunger type)
2.13() (Instantaneous trip)


(Inverse time) 2.13() (Hogged
armature type)
 2-19

2.13
: (2538 : 319)

2) (Electromagnetic induction)
2
(Induction disk) 2.14() 2.14()

(Power relay)
(Directional relay) (Induction relay) 2.15

(Distance relay)
 2-20

2.14
: (2538 : 320)

2.15
: (2538 : 321)
 2-21

2. (Static relay)
-
()

2.5.5 ANSI
2.5 ANSI

(ANSI)

(Time delay starting) (Closing relay)

2

(Checking) (Interlocking relay)
3

(Distance relay)
21

(Synchronizing) (synchronism-
25 check relay) 2
2
(Under voltage relay)
27

(Enunciator relay)
30
(Directional power relay)
32
(Undercurrent relay) (Under power
37 relay)
 2-22

2.5 () ANSI
(Field relay)
40

(Unit sequence starting relay)
44

(Reverse phase) (Phase-balance current
46
relay)
(Phase sequence voltage relay)
47

(Incomplete sequence relay)
48

(Machine thermal relay)
49

(Instantaneous over current relay)
50

- (AC time over current relay)
51 -

(AC circuit breaker)
52
52a 52b
(Power factor relay)
55

59 ( Overvoltage relay)
(Grand protective relay)
64

(AC directional over current relay)
67

(Blocking relay)
68

(Alarm relay)
74

(AC reclosing relay)
79

81 (Frequency relay)
(Carrier or pilot wire receive relay)
85

(Locking-out relay)
86
 2-23

(Differential protective relay)

87
2
(Voltage and power directional relay)
92 2
2
(Tripping or trip free relay)
94

: (2538 : 322-324)

2.5.6 (Overcurrent Relay)

1. (Overcurrent Relay)

1) (Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay)
(Pick up)
2.14
2) (Definite time Overcurrent Relay)

2.16

Definite Current Overcurrent Relay

Time (Independent Time)

Toper

Current
Is (Relay Current Setting)

2.16 Definite Time Overcurrent Relay (Independent Time)

3) (Inverse time Overcurrent Relay)

2.17 -
(A) (B) (C)
(D)
 2-24

2.17 -
: (2538 : 327)

4) (Inverse definite minimum time overcurrent Relay)

IDMT 2.18
 2-25

Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)

Overcurrent Relay
Time

Dependent Time Relay

Definite IDMT
Minimum
Time
Current
Is (Relay Current Setting)

2.18 Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Overcurrent Relay

- (Time Dial Setting : TDS) (Time Multiplier Setting :
TMS)

11
0.1 1

- (Multiples of tap value current)

(Plug Setting Multiplier PSM)
(Current Tap Setting) CTS
(Minimum pick up) (Contact close)
CT 1 A 5 A 5 A
150% CT 5 A 150% X 5 7.5 A
IFault
PSM (8)
Isetting

2.6

2.6
(A) CTs (A)
0.5 2.5 ( 0.5 2) 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5
1.5 6 ( 2 6) 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 5, 6
4 16 ( 4 12) 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 16
: (2538 : 330)
 2-26

2.19 - (Short time)

0.04 1.2
(Differential protection)
: (2538 : 330)
 2-27

2.20 - (Long time)

10 70
: (2538 : 331)

2.5.7
(Protection Coordination) 2

(Grading Margin)
 2-28

1.
1) 0.12 6
(Over travel time)

0.05 0.1
2) (Error)

3) (Safety Margin time)
0.1

0.4 0.5 2.21

2.21 (IDMT)
: (2538 : 338)

2.

1) (Phase Overcurrent relay)
(Minimum pick up current) 2 1.25
2.5
2) (Overcurrent ground relay)
30%
3)
4) (CTS)
CTS > 2
CTS < 1/3
5) 1 A 5 A 5 A
5 A
 2-29

2.5.8 (Voltage Relay)

(VT) 2

1. (Undervoltage Relay)



(Motor inrush current)
2.22

2.22
: (2538 : 361)

2. (Overvoltage relay)

2.6
3

1) (Open Type) 2.23
(Expansion)

 2-30

2.23

2) (Open-link Type)
(Fuse link)
3) (Enclosed Type)

NEMA 2 (Fast) K
(Kwick) (Slow) T(Tardy) 2.24

 2-31

2.24 K T
(Minimum melting time)
(Maximum clearing fault time) 2.25

2.25
 2-32

1, 2 , 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12 , 15, 20, 25, 30,

40, 50, 65, 80, 100, 140, 200 A

2.7 (Co-ordination)

2.7.1

CBB CBA
G
Source
B F2 A F1

2.26

B F2
A F1 F1 F2 F1
B A

2.7.2
(Time Delay)

2.7.3

(Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
 2-33

Characteristic) Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Characteristic

2.7.4 (Grading Margin)

(Primary
Relay) (Back up Relay)
(Grading Margin)



1)

5
(Cycle) 0.1
2) (Overshoot time)
Induction Disc Element
(Overshoot time)
0.05
3)

(Magnetizing Characteristic)
(Definite Time Overcurrent Relays)
4) (Safety Margin) 100


- (Circuit Breaker) 0.10
- (Overshoot time) 0.05
- 0.10
- (Safety Margin) 0.10
0.35

(Grading Margin) 0.3 - 0.5

(Switchgear)
0.25 - 0.40