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Working Group Report On Disaster Management For 12th FYP
Working Group Report On Disaster Management For 12th FYP
PLANNING COMMISSION
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
for a
Safer TOMORROW
FOREWORD
The Planning Commission, Government of India, vide their Order No.M-12016/03/2011-PAMD. dated
th
the 06 April, 2011, constituted a Working Group on Disaster Management, as a part of the formulation of the
Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012-2017). The Terms of Reference (TOR), interalia, included (i) To recommend
measures to streamline existing institutional structure on disaster management in order to avoid multiplicity of
structures keeping in view the provisions of the Disaster Management Act 2005; (ii) Review implementation of
disaster management policy both manmade and natural disaster, towards disaster risk reduction, preparedness
and mitigation at Centre and State levels and in the private sector. To incorporate multi hazard preparedness
and mitigation measures in the disaster risk reduction and management framework: (iii) To explore innovative
ways and means for application of Science & Technology in disaster risk reduction (iv) To draw a roadmap and
policy framework to encourage public-private partnership and community participation (with specific focus on
women, school children differently abled) in disaster management (v) To assess integration of disaster
management related concerns to be inbuilt into central sector and centrally sponsored schemes /projects (vi) To
suggest programmes for capacity building for disaster mitigation at Centre, State and district levels with special
reference to rural and urban area with focus on educational institutions (vii) To identify priority areas and
projects along with financial resources particularly with respect to setting up of National Disaster Mitigation
Fund to be undertaken through NDMA, Central Ministries and State Govts in an integrated manner during the
12th Plan period; and (viii) To suggest policy measures and programmes for knowledge sharing, dissemination of
information and for increasing public awareness.
2. The composition of the Working Group was broad based and included representatives of the concerned
Central Ministries/Departments, State Governments and experts from relevant fields.
3. The Group formed five Sub-Groups to address each of the eight terms of reference. The first Sub-Group,
headed by Dr. Noor Mohammad , the then Secretary, NDMA, examined the issues at item (i) and (ii) above, the
second Sub-Group, headed by Shri R. C. Jha, the then Member (RM), CWC and now Chairman CWC examined
the issues at item (iii), the third Sub-Group, headed by Ms Janki Andharia, Professor & Chairman, Jamsetji Centre
for Disaster Management, Tata Institute of Social Sciences examined the issues at item (iv), the fourth Sub-
Group, headed by Shri Anil Sinha, Vice Chairman Bihar State Disaster Management Authority examined the
issues at item (vi) and (viii), the fifth Sub-Group, headed by the Chairman Working Group examined the issues at
item (v) and (vii).
4. The Working Group took note of the changing hazard profile of India in the context of recent global
events. The Group came to the conclusion that investments are needed today for a safer tomorrow. The Group
agreed that prevention and mitigation are socially and economically more profitable investments than relief and
rehabilitation. However, relief and rehabilitation in the aftermath of a disaster is equally important. The Group
felt that mainstreaming disaster risk reduction in important central sector and centrally sponsored programmes
is necessary for effective mitigation. The need for leveraging Science and Technology capabilities for effective
disaster management particularly for setting up of early warning systems was highlighted. The Departments
concerned with the Science and technology would be required to take this idea forward and from well co-
ordinate and implementable action plans. The Group also recognized that empowerment of the community is a
critical element in effective disaster management. It was also recognized that NDMA needs to implement a few
new projects covering cross-cutting themes in addition to the continuation of the projects of the previous Plan.
5. I am thankful to the Members of the Working Group, particularly the Chairpersons of the Sub-Groups
and the special invitees for their valuable contributions. I would also like to place on record my sincere
appreciation of the efforts of the officers and staff of the Planning Commission and NDMA for their help,
assistance and cooperation in organising the meetings of the Working Groups as well as of the Sub-Groups.
Chairman
31st October, 2011
*******
Table of Contents
Schemes.69
9. Schemes of NDMA84
Summary of Proposals..108
Abbreviations..109
Annexures..................115
1. Disaster Management: Part of the Development Process
1.1 Five Year Plan documents have generally not included issues relating to the management and
mitigation of natural and man-made disasters. Issues relating to disaster management received
adequate attention for the first time in the Xth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) prepared in the
backdrop of the Orissa Super Cyclone and the Gujarat Earthquake. The High Power Committee
constituted by the Government of India and the All Party Committee on Disaster Management
emphasized the need to place disaster management as an integral part of the development
agenda. As a result of these, a separate chapter on disaster management was included in the
Xth Five Year Plan.
The vision of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is to build a safer and
disaster resilient India by developing a holistic, pro-active, multi-disaster and
technology-driven strategy for disaster management through collective efforts of all
stakeholders.
(i) Policy guidelines which would guide the preparation and implementation of developmental
plans across sectors to operational guidelines for integrating disaster management practices
into developmental plans and specific schemes for prevention and mitigation of disasters.
(ii) At the macro level, the Plan emphasized that while hazards, both natural or otherwise, are
inevitable, the disasters that follow need not be so and the society can be prepared to cope
with them effectively whenever they occur and called for a multi-pronged strategy for total
risk management, comprising prevention, preparedness, response and recovery, on the one
hand, and for initiating development efforts aimed towards risk reduction and mitigation, on
the other. It stated that only then could we look forward to sustainable development.
1.2.2 The Plan made a number of important suggestions which are valid even today. Some of these
are:
1
assistance from non-government sources; and formulating a unified legislation for dealing
with all types of disasters.
Encouraging community level initiatives for disaster preparedness by involving people at the
grass roots, particularly those who are more vulnerable, for better preparedness and
response.
Building disaster mitigation components into all development projects financed under the
Plan.
1.2.3 The Xth Five Year Plan also emphasized that the plan expenditure on disaster mitigation and
prevention measures was required in addition to a Calamity Relief Fund (CRF & NCCF). The
plan, however, did not recommend any specific plan schemes for prevention, mitigation or
preparedness for disasters. It also did not make any specific recommendations regarding
allocations in specific schemes. However a general recommendation was made as Creation of
faculties in disaster management in all 28 states is proposed to be taken up in the Tenth Plan in
addition to community mobilization, human resource development, establishment of Control
Rooms and forging international cooperation in disaster management. There is also an urgent
need for strengthening the disaster management pedagogy by creating disaster management
faculties in universities, rural development institutes and other organizations of premier
research.
2
1.2.4 However, significant policy initiatives were made during the Xth Five Year Plan period though
not necessarily as part of the plan process. They are described below along with the current
status of implementation:
The disaster Management Act 2005 was enacted for establishing the requisite institutional
mechanisms at National, State and District levels.
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the Chairmanship of the Prime
Minister was set up in terms of the Act.
The National Disaster Management Authority has so far published 25 guidelines on various
topics on disaster (details at Annexure- VII) in addition to the National Policy on Disaster
Management.
The State Governments have set up State and District Disaster Management Authorities.
A 10 Battalion Strong National Disaster Response Force has been set up comprising of 180
teams.
Civil Defence set up is proposed to be revamped to strengthen local efforts for disaster
preparedness and effective response. The 13th Finance Commission have recognized this and
allocated funds.
The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has been set up for meeting the
training needs of the country and for supporting training initiatives in the states.
A Committee of Experts finalized the model building bye-laws for town and country planning
legislation, land use, zonation, development and control legislation.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has issued building codes for construction of different
types of building in different seismic zones in the country. The National building code has
also been revised on these lines.
A web enabled centralized inventory of resources (IDRN) has been developed to provide a
platform for District Disaster Management Authorities to map resources and to access them
in times of need. The knowledge sharing portal on disaster management and corporate
disaster resources net work portals viz., IDKN and CDRN have been established. These need
improvements in terms of its operational capability and reach.
3
The Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA) has advanced the cause of mainstreaming
disaster risk reduction into socio-economic development planning and activities by
adopting five priorities for action through a fivefold processes: viz., Political
process requiring countries to develop policies and legislative and institutional
frameworks for disaster risk reduction and commit resources for their prevention,
mitigation and preparedness; Technical process which calls for application of
science and technology for assessment, identification and monitoring of disasters
and enhancing early warning of system; Socio-educational process aiming at
increasing citizens understanding and skills to build a culture of safety and
resilience at all levels; Development process seeking to integrate disaster risk in all
relevant sectors of development planning and programmes; and Humanitarian
process which requires factoring disaster risk reduction in disaster response and
recovery.
The XIth Five Year Plan prescribed, inter alia the following:
4
Box 1.1: List of Projects
Major Projects
National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project
National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project
National Flood Mitigation Project
National Landslide Mitigation Project
National Disaster Communication Network
1.3.2 Out of the above, the National Cyclone Risk mitigation project has been started in the States of
Andhra Pradesh and Orissa with World Bank assistance. It is expected that this project will be
expanded to cover the other coastal states. Initiatives have also been undertaken on
awareness building, training of Government officials and others and empowerment of
communities.
1.4.2 Globally, there is an increasing recognition that disasters affect growth and the poorer section
of society takes a major share of the impact. Therefore, there is a consensus that investing in
prevention and mitigation is economically and socially more beneficial than expenditure in relief
and rehabilitation. In a recent World Bank study, it has been established that one dollar spent
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on prevention is more than ten times more valuable than a dollar spent on relief in net present
value. The study also highlights four major findings:
First, a disaster exposes the cumulative implications of many earlier decisions, some taken
individually, others collectively, a few by default.
Second, prevention is often possible and cost-effective.
Third, many measures-private and public- must work well together for effective prevention.
Fourth, the exposure to hazards will rise in cities, but greater exposure need not increase
vulnerability.
1.4.3 British risk assessors Maplecroft conducted a survey of 196 countries evaluating them on
different risk indicators. The survey known as the Natural Hazards Risk Atlas 2011 looks at 11
indicators derived from data for 2005-2010 compiled by the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), World Bank, and the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). India, along with six other
countries (Mexico, the Philippines, Turkey, Indonesia, Italy, and Canada) was rated as "high risk"
in absolute terms.
The interventions proposed in this Plan are based on the following assumptions:
6
2. Disasters: Global Scenario
2.1 Disasters affect all regions of the world. According to a World Bank Report 1, floods and storms
are most widespread, while droughts are prevalent more often in Africa. Human deaths are
more concentrated with the deadly droughts in Africa; storms in East and South Asia also take
many lives. They are dynamic in nature with differential impacts on communities. Due to
constantly changing environments, there is a need to recognize hazard and vulnerability
characteristics in a more comprehensive manner.
During the second half of the 20th century, more than 200 major natural disasters
occurred in different parts of the world and claimed the lives of around 1.4 million
people. Losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater (as % of GDP) in the
developing countries than in industrialized ones.
2.2 Disaster events are increasing exponentially. The number of disaster events which was 73 in
1900-09 has increased totops
Asia 4494 during
the list of 2000-09. More
casualties due people disasters.
to natural were affected in the two recent
decades than the earlier ones. This increase may reflect greater exposure to hazards, or better
reporting in recent years, or both. Disaster events which have occurred globally between 1900
and 2009 can be categorized into three categories viz., hydro meteorological, geological and
biological disasters.
1
Natural Hazards, Unnatural Disasters
7
2.3 Trend analysis shows a continuous increase (except in the year 1920-29) in the frequency of
occurrence of hydro meteorological disasters. From human casualties perspective too, highest
number of casualties have been reported due to hydro meteorological disasters (47.94%)
followed by geological disasters (41.06%) and biological disasters accounting for 10.99% of the
total deaths.
2.4 The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was one of the most devastating disasters in the history of the
world spreading across nations and uprooting lives of millions of people. Hurricane Katrina,
powerful earthquakes that struck China and Haiti and Cyclone Nargis are global events in recent
memory. More recently, the Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, the Christchurch Earthquake and
the Turkey earthquake have thrown new challenges and lessons for all.
2.5 Differences in disaster impacts across countries imply that some countries avert disasters in a
better way than others. The contrast in the death toll in Haiti and Chile struck by massive
earthquakes underscores the point that disasters are manmade, not natural. Countries with
weak preparedness and poor governance systems are continuously ravaged by disasters. In
order to cope with increasing hazards, there is a need to adopt lessons learnt from different
countries. Many international case studies point to preparedness measures undertaken by
different governments in a proactive manner. Government budgets spent on relief would be
significantly reduced with lessons learnt from past disaster experiences.
2.6 British risk assessors Maplecroft conducted a survey of 196 countries evaluating them on
different risk indicators. The survey known as the Natural Hazards Risk Atlas 2011 looks at 11
indicators derived from data for 2005-2010 compiled by the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), World Bank, and the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). According to the economic
8
exposure to earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, landslides, floods, storms, and wildfires, India
along with six other countries (Mexico, the Philippines, Turkey, Indonesia, Italy, and Canada)
was rated as "high risk" in absolute terms. India also falls in the high risk category as compared
to the United States and Japan which were rated low risk in their assessment of social and
economic ability to cope with a disaster. Faster growth and increasing urbanization may result
in larger economic losses in case of any disaster in developing countries.
9
3. Indias Hazard Profile
3.1 Natural disasters like floods, cyclones and droughts occur repeatedly in different parts of the
country. Many districts of India are multi-hazard prone and face different disasters all round the
year. Earthquakes, hailstorms, avalanches and landslides occur suddenly but the extent of
impact depends on the magnitude of the event and the vulnerability of the location.
For the past 30 years, the country has been hit by approximately 25 major disasters apart from
heat waves, cold waves and heavy winds affecting some areas of the country. Floods,
earthquakes, cyclones and hailstorms are the most frequently occurring disasters in India.
3.2 Diverse factors, natural and human induced, adverse geo-climatic conditions, topographic
features, environmental degradation, population growth, urbanization, industrialization,
unscientific development practices etc. play a huge role in accelerating the intensity and
frequency of disasters resulting in huge economic losses and human causalities. These coupled
with the impact of climate change and climate variability, are accentuating disaster impacts and
underscore the criticality of promoting disaster-resilience and risk reduction practices. Out of
35 states and union territories in the country, 27 are prone to different disasters. With
increased socio-economic development, threat to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and
Nuclear (CBRN) disasters demand greater preparedness levels at national, state and district
levels.
Drought 7
Earthquake* 16
Epidemic 56
Extreme temperature 38
Flood 184
Insect Infestation 1
Mass Movement Dry 1
Mass Movement Wet 34
Storm 92
Volcano 2
Occurrence (Numbers)
10
1
Mass Movement (dry): These are geophysical events originating from solid earth comprising of rockfall, avalanche,
landslide and subsidence.
2
Mass Movement (wet): These are hydrological events caused by deviations in the normal water cycle and/or overflow of
bodies of water caused by wind set-up comprising of subsidence, rockfall, avalanche and landslide.
11
Figure 3.3 Economic Losses Due to Disasters
3.3 The human and economic losses from disasters are enormously high in India as compared to
other developing nations of the world. According to the World Bank, direct losses from natural
disasters have been estimated to amount to up to 2 per cent of Indias GDP and up to 12 per
cent of central government revenues. The Table 3.1 below gives some details of the losses due
to above disasters during decade of 2001-2010.
Table 3.1 Year-wise damage caused due to floods, cyclonic storms, landslides etc. during last
ten years in India
3.4 The impact of disasters varies across states. The level of preparedness, economic base and the
geo-climatic settings play a major role in determining the impact on various sectors and human
beings. Data on lives lost, loss of cattle, and damage to cropped area as well as number of
houses lost present a picture of the most vulnerable states. The system of collection of reliable
data on disasters also needs substantial improvement.
12
Table 3.2 below give the State-wise Damage due to Cyclonic Storms/Flash Floods/Flood/
Landslides/Cloudburst in the years 2005-2010
13
3.5 The states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka and Bihar come
under the top 10 states in case of human lives lost, cattle lost, houses damaged and crop area
damaged. Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan and West Bengal record the highest cattle loss due to
disasters. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka and West Bengal account for maximum human lives
lost, damage to houses and crop area as compared to other states. While the reasons for the
vulnerability can be established only on the basis of further analysis these states fall in the high
vulnerability category and need special attention.
Disasters like the Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1984), Orissa Super cyclone (1999), Kutch Earthquake
(2001), Tsunami (2004), Kosi Floods (2008), Leh Cloudburst (2010), Mayapuri Radiation
Exposure in Delhi (2010) and Sikkim Earthquake (2011) have posed serious challenges for the
Government.
(1980-2011)
15
3.6 Drought
3.6.1 Drought impacts mostly rainfed crops to start with and subsequently the irrigated crops. Areas
with inadequate water sources (ground and canal water supplies), areas subjected to drastic
environmental degradation such as denuded forest lands and altered ecosystems, and areas
where livelihoods alternative to agriculture are least developed are most vulnerable to drought.
3.6.2 The details of drought years of India since 1951 have been listed below. The year 1987 faced a
severe drought where 47.7% of the total area was affected followed closely by the year 2009
with 46% affected area.
Table 3.4 Drought years with percentage area of the country affected by drought
S. No. Year Moderate drought Severe drought Total (%)
(%) (%)
1. 1951 35.1 0.0 35.1
2. 1965 38.3 0.0 38.3
3. 1966 35.4 0.0 35.4
4. 1968 21.9 0.0 21.9
5. 1972 36.6 3.8 40.4
6. 1974 27.1 6.9 34.0
7. 1979 33.0 1.8 34.8
8. 1982 29.1 0.0 29.1
9. 1985 25.6 16.7 42.3
10. 1987 29.8 17.9 47.7
11. 2002 19.0 10.0 29.0
12. 2009 32.5 13.5 46.0
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3.7 Landslides
3.7.1 The Himalayan Mountains have a history of landslides registering 30% of the total landslides in
the world. In the year 2005, over 500 lives were lost due to landslides caused by incessant rains
in the Konkan region of Maharashtra claiming 100 lives in the Mumbai Metropolitan Area
alone.
17
3.8 Earthquakes
3.8.1 As per the Vulnerability Atlas of India (2006), 59% of land is vulnerable to Earthquakes and
there are four seismic zones in India. The most active area is demarcated as Zone five
comprising of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, northern portion of Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal
Pradesh, J&K, Northeast India and Uttarakhand. Three major earthquakes have occurred in
recent times: Latur, Maharashtra (1993), Gujarat (2001) and Sikkim (2011).
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3.9 Epidemics
3.9.1 Diarrhea outbreak is the most frequently occurring communicable disease prevalent in the
Indian subcontinent accounting for more than 41 per cent followed by food poisoning, measles
and malaria which constitute 15 per cent, 7 per cent and 5 per cent respectively in last couple
of years (2008-2010).
Table 3.6 Epidemics: Disease-wise outbreaks/ epidemics reported by states under IDSP, 2008-10
19
Figure 3.7 Unnatural Deaths in 2009- Causes, Number and as a percentage of the Total deaths
(357,021)
3.10.2 Total number of road accidents has considerably grown showing an increase of about 80,000
from 2001 to 2008. In 2008, road accidents alone claimed 1.2 lakh human lives and making
more than half a million persons injured. Also, the Accident Severity (which is no. of persons
killed per 100 Accidents) has shown a steady growth and has reached up to 24.7 in 2008 from
19.9 in 2001.
3.10.3 Other disasters like major stampedes have also taken place in India in the last 8 years. In 2005, a
very intensive stampede occurred in Kalubai Mandhar Devi Temple located in Satara District of
Maharashtra claiming more than 260 lives. Naina Devi in Himachal Pradesh and Chamunda Devi
in Jodhpur have also witnessed major stampedes in 2008 claiming about 150 lives. Recently, a
stampede at the Sabarimala Shrine in Keralas Idukki district left 100 people dead and 90 people
injured. With such high number of fatalities, it is apparent that better crowd management
requires serious consideration.
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3.11 Climate Change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of current extreme weather
events and give rise to new vulnerabilities with differential spatial and socio-economic impacts
on communities. Unpredictable climate variability is expected to have severe impacts on the
hydrological cycle, water resource, droughts, flood, drinking water, forest and eco-systems, sea
level/coastal area losses of coastal wetlands and mangroves, food security, health and other
related issues. Impact would particularly be disastrous for countries, like India and further
reduce the resilience of poor, vulnerable communities, both in rural and urban areas. Strategies
to cope with climate change should take into account these vulnerabilities.
3.12 Poverty and disaster vulnerability: Poverty and risk to disasters are inextricably linked and
mutually reinforcing. The poor and vulnerable sections of the society is worst affected in case of
disasters. The situation further aggravates due to the compulsion of the poor to exploit
environmental resources for their survival, increasing the risk and exposure of the society to
disasters, in particular those triggered by flood, drought and landslides. Poverty also compels
the poor to migrate and live at physically more vulnerable locations, often on unsafe land and
in unsafe shelters. Planning for the poor in various schemes of the Government should
recognize this.
21
4. Institutional Arrangements for Disaster Management
22
Management Plans, State Disaster Response Force, Emergency Operation Centers etc. The
resources and expertise already available with the Government, therefore, need to be
streamlined and strengthened along with integration of training and deployment. While a few
states have done this, others need to set up the necessary institutional arrangements quickly.
4.2.2 As each state has different vulnerabilities to various disasters, a uniform institutional structure
may not work for the country as a whole. Therefore, states needs to ensure this by clearly
delineating responsibilities as envisaged in the Act. The release of funds to states under the
Thirteenth Finance Commission could be linked to setting up of the institutions as envisaged in
the Act and their performance in terms of preparation of Disaster Management Plans and
activities undertaken by them for disaster preparedness and mitigation.
4.2.3 The following recommendations are made for streamlining the existing institutional structure at
the various levels:-
25
(vii) The responsibility for overseeing Civil Defence and Fire Services in the country should also be
brought under the purview of NDMA so as to ensure that all entities dealing with disaster
management institutionally are under general superintendence and control of NDMA with a
view to derive maximum benefit out of this synergy.
(viii) NDMA should be the Nodal Agency for all disasters whether natural or manmade. Even while
the other specialised organisations/agencies may continue to look after the specific disasters
entrusted to them, they should share their knowledge and experience with NDMA in an
institutionalised manner.
27
Due to the lack of coordinated planning and procurement of equipment, most of the states
do not even have the basic rescue equipments. Hence, there is an immediate need for the
states to operationalize the Emergency Response Centers by procurement and proper
positioning of the required equipments, developing trained manpower in the use of
sophisticated instruments, mapping of resources and knowledge at community level and
development of SOPs for involvement of NGOs, Civil Defence, Red Cross etc in Disaster
Management.
v) Establishing/Strengthening Fire and emergency services at community and town level:
The basic building block of all emergency and disaster response is Fire and Emergency services
at community and town level. Large parts of the country, especially rural areas and small towns
have very little, if any, coverage from Fire and Emergency services, both in normal times and
during disasters. In terms of responsibility for such services, this is also split between many
agencies in the States e.g. Municipality, Police, Fire Services Department etc. The 12th Plan
should provide for strengthening Fire and Emergency Services in addition to the Finance
commission recommended outlays. Further to strengthen and extend the reach of the Fire
and Emergency Services, financing of these services through public private partnership model
also needs to be explored along with developing mechanism to check the quality of the service.
There is a case for Fire and Rescue services being brought under the direct control of the State
Governments in view of the high technology components currently in vogue. A separate
legislation like the UK Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004 could also be considered to ensure
such coverage.
vi) Facilitating States in the development of State Disaster Management Plans and District
Disaster Management Plans
Presently, in many states and most of the districts, the Disaster Management Plans have not
been made and where ever they have been made, they do not address all the relevant
concerns. Hence, there is a need to provide technical support to states for preparation of
SDMPs and DDMPs.
vii) Institutionalizing mechanism for the procurement of relief material
There have been many instances in the past where the availability of relief materials or their
procurement was mired in delays controversies. Hence, there is an urgent need to draw a list of
anticipated material needed for various disasters and finalizing a rate contract for procurement
of the same at the state levels so that the Government agencies involved in providing relief at
the district level, in the aftermath of a disaster, can procure the necessary relief material
through these rate contracts expeditiously and without fear.
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viii) Institutionalizing Standard Operating procedures for Relief Assistance
Standard procedures need to be laid down for providing space to Civil Society Organizations to
provide humanitarian assistance.
ix) Handling of Manmade Disasters
As per provisions of the Disaster Management Act, the powers and functions of District
authority in case of any disaster have been defined. In case of any disaster, district authority
takes the overall control of the situation. In case of natural disaster like earthquake, floods,
cyclone etc, this system normally works well. But, in case of manmade disasters like disasters in
nuclear plant, gas leakage from chemical plant or a fire in a Refinery, such control inside the
plant area, is the responsibility of the CEO/Factory-in-charge of the plant because of the
technical knowledge of plant operations, safety features etc which are best known to him.
Specific contingency plans should be made by the units concerned and updated every year.
x) Vital installations to be made free of inhabitants nearby
Whenever any vital installation like nuclear plants, steel plants, chemical plants, Refineries &
other oil installations are set up, it is generally set up away from habitations. However, it has
been observed that over a period of time, habitations including many small shops, hotels,
dhabas etc come up in the adjoining areas. This increases the vulnerability and increases level
of difficulty. In order to reduce the risk and improve preparedness and mitigation the periphery
of these installations should generally be free of habitations. This needs legal backing.
Provisions under the relevant Acts and Rules need to be strengthened to ensure due diligence
for prevention of disasters, off-site management and liability arising in case of accidents.
29
5. Public-Private Partnership for Disaster Management
5.1 Effective disaster management requires participation from the private sector in many areas.
Apart from the fact that the private sector is responsible for ensuring safety of their own
installations and their neighborhoods, they can also contribute by assisting the community and
the Government in bringing new concepts of disaster management and preparedness.
Admittedly, there is a larger role for the Public Sector. It is necessary to set up an appropriate
frame work for effective participation by the private sector in disaster management.
(i) The design, the location and construction of the plant is such that it does not cause a
disaster.
(ii) In the unfortunate event of an accident occurring, there is a plan supported by equipments
and trained personnel to handle any such accident reducing loss of human lives inside the
factory and in the vicinity. Regular drills are conducted to avoid any confusion in a crisis.
(iii) If the manufacturing or the transportation process (transporting hazardous material, gas,
oil, etc) is likely to affect the population outside the factory premises, a comprehensive plan
to avoid any mishap and deal with any unintended situation is ready and shared with the
local administration. The company provides for equipments and train personnel to enable
handle any such eventuality with minimum damage to lives and property.
(iv) The construction facilities incorporate design features to withstand natural hazards
identified for that region. In addition, they have regular disaster drills and a clear plan of
managing the factory shutting, down production facilities if required to avoid damage to the
habitation in its immediate neighbourhood.
(v) If the Company is to store hazardous material either in raw form or as finished products,
additional precautions for the safety and careful handling of the products are incorporated
in the daily routine of the storage, inspection and maintenance.
30
5.2.2 Industries like software, logistic services IT enabled services, etc., also need disaster
management plans albeit at a different level. The Companies which handle large volumes of
data need to create backup services preferably at another location to ensure the safety of the
data in the event of disaster affecting their data sources and operations. This applies to banks
and various other organizations which handle either private or public data in any form.
Simulations and Disaster Drills: Each region is vulnerable to certain types of natural
disasters. Manufacturing facilities can add a different element of hazard to the community
living nearby. Therefore, awareness building of the community about the possible types of
disasters, evacuation plans, medical support facilities, etc., could be built into the District
Disaster Management Plan or the City/Area Disaster Management Plan and supported by
the private sector as part of overall disaster risk reduction efforts.
Early warning and response systems: Early warning systems are important interventions for
saving lives and property. The private sector can support maintenance of early warning
systems and support community based response mechanisms.
Health Measures: In the event of a hazard, health issues come to the forefront almost
immediately, be it clean drinking water, medical aid, sanitation measures, availability of
medicines or availability of professional medical services. The community would like to
know what to do and whom to approach in the event of a crisis. The private sector can play
a major role in making available information and providing services.
31
preparation of such a plan. This could involve logistics, provision of temporary facilities,
communication, etc.
Training: Many companies provide products and services which are important from the
point of view of disaster management. Companies which provide fire fighting equipments,
communication equipments, earthmoving equipments, etc, should keep trained personnel
for immediate availability in the event of a disaster. Others who are an integral part of
Disaster Management Plans are Companies involved in ambulance services, hospitals, water
supply, sanitation services, etc.
5.3.2 Invariably, in any disaster situation, the first responder is the local community. Their ability to
handle the situation in the first few hours is critical in saving human lives. Therefore, training as
many volunteers as possible should be a priority for all communities. For example, all security
guards, lift operators, drivers etc., who work mostly in private sector could be trained in rescue
and first aid. In addition, many others like Red Cross volunteers, School Teachers, etc., also
need to be trained. Some of these training programmes could be supported by the
manufacturers of specialized equipments or providers of services.
5.5.2 Companies which want to make commitments need to work from a common platform. This
platform could be set up and managed by CII/FICCI or SCOPE. The Companies can make offers
for contributing either equipments or services during any disaster. (cash contributions are
managed through PMs Relief Fund or CMs Relief Fund). It can also specify the geographical
areas where such support can be made available. A mutually agreeable platform can be
created between the NDMA/SDMA and CII/FICCI/SCOPE .This will be updated on a yearly basis.
A similar platform at the District level could also be encouraged.
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5.5.3 A GIS system could be designed, supported and jointly operated to enable the administration
to plan disaster response effectively. This could not only map resources but also the risks and
damages thereby enabling proper movement of relief materials to places where it is needed
most. The system can also track and prevent possible misuse of relief materials.
5.5.4 Relief and reconstruction have to follow a set of minimum standards. For this, NDMA has issued
National Guidelines for Minimum Standards of Relief. While it should be the responsibility of
the Government to set the standards, relief materials below standards should not be allowed in
any affected area.
5.5.5 To make use of expertise available in the society a panel of experts willing to provide assistance
during a disaster can be maintained. This could include experts from the Government, the
private sector and the community. Some of them may be willing to travel to the affected
regions and some of them may be able to share their knowledge over the telephone, internet,
etc. These are valuable resources for the management of disasters. For instance in a post-
earthquake reconstruction scenario, engineers working in Government, academic institutions,
or retired engineers could be very helpful in designing appropriate structures for buildings to be
reconstructed.
5.5.6 Many private sector entities and others may want to help in building infrastructure like roads,
bridges and houses. Contributions for these should be welcome, provided they meet minimum
standards prescribed by the Government. Involving private sector for speedy restoration of
critical infrastructure is important. It is, therefore, necessary to map available resources with
the private sector and shortlist such entities which can complete the job as per specifications in
a prescribed time frame for quicker completion of such projects. However, the short-listing and
or engagement of such companies will have to follow transparent processes. To avoid delays in
the process, there could be Rate Contract mode prescribed for critical operations to be used
in an emergency.
33
the planning and implementation of district disaster management plans and provide for specific
roles and responsibilities for Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies. The
programme should also provide for adequate flexibility to the District Disaster Management
Authorities to cater to the different degrees of vulnerability and specific problems of the region.
5.6.2 Community based disaster management plans should also take care of the following:
(i) The community has to be empowered to plan and implement programmes and respond to
disasters effectively. This would include increasing their awareness, providing for early
warning systems and providing for community evolved plans for designing infrastructure in
their communities; be it shelters, exit plans, flood control measures or rescue and relief
services.
(ii) Community volunteers should be trained for rescue and relief particularly with regard to the
type of hazards that they are normally exposed to e.g.: training of divers in flood prone
areas).
(iii) There is valuable traditional knowledge and wisdom available in many communities. This
could be in the form of local knowledge regarding the impact of disasters, local construction
techniques or even community behavior in a disaster. Introduction of modern technology
should not override this knowledge, but take into account the value of this cumulative
wisdom and integrate it with modern science and technology. This could be done only if
there are adequate sensitivities developed for understanding this knowledge, documenting
it, experimenting with it and fine-tuning it to suit new challenges and problems. A major
effort with the involvement of universities, other educational institutions, disaster
management training institutions and DDMAs, and SDMAs need to be put together as part
of the overall disaster management plan to achieve this objective.
5.7.2 Recognize the strength of NGOs in the region with regard to their resources, capabilities,
and special skills and map them on to the disaster management plans.
34
Set up a common platform for NGOs to come together for disaster management activities at
the District level with clearly delineated roles depending on their specialization and their
capabilities.
5.7.3 Set up a single point contact in the DDMA for interacting with NGOs on a regular basis in
normal times and on continued basis in a post disaster situation.
Many departments have used NGOs in specific programme interventions particularly in the
social sector. Use these programmes for effective disaster risk reduction and also use the
capabilities of these NGOs in improving awareness and creating a culture of safety.
5.7.4 Ensure that NGOs function within the frame work of equity and non-discrimination.
Use the knowledge base available with NGOs with respect to the region, the people,
customs, etc., for making effective disaster management plans.
Use their communication skills and capabilities to send out messages particularly during
disasters to ensure effective communication with the people.
International NGOs have better capabilities. Set up specific systems at appropriate levels for
their involvement.
5.8.2 Many of the urban local bodies and Panchayats have been entrusted with the responsibility
of maintaining water supply systems, transport, logistics, and other services. The standards
of maintenance of these services and critical infrastructure leave a lot to be desired. While
it is necessary to ensure that these bodies carryout their responsibilities fully, it is also
necessary to enhance their capabilities in handling disasters by
Providing adequate support in the form of training and equipments for disaster
management.
Providing additional financial resources where required to meet the objectives of
DRR.
Strengthening their regulatory capabilities to effectively fulfill their obligations.
35
Training the elected representative in disaster management at regular intervals.
Providing technical support in terms of knowledge inputs regarding designs,
construction techniques, monitoring, etc.
Assisting them in preparing Panchayat and City level disaster management plans for
their respective regions.
Integrating these plans into District/State disaster management plans.
5.9 Media
5.9.1 The role of the media in times of any disaster is crucial. In these days of competitive
journalism, where everybody tries to get the best visual and the latest news, it is important
for institutions involved in disaster management to give correct and updated briefings on
what is happening. Also important is the awareness in the media itself as to the various
contours of a disaster. It would be worthwhile therefore, to brief the media in normal times
and give them adequate information about the disaster management plans and other steps
being taken to prevent or reduce the impact of disasters. A code of ethics must be practiced
by all the broadcasters while airing the post disaster pictures so as not to show disturbing
visuals. Also for effective media management during a crisis, a single point communication
system with regular briefings must be followed.
5.9.2 Media can also be used very effectively for increasing awareness and preparedness. Use of
various options like electronic and print media and other traditional media like street plays
for increasing awareness and improving preparedness should be attempted as part of the
campaign. The larger media houses could also be encouraged to prepare effective
communication capsules on disaster preparedness and use them as part of the CSR.
One of the most neglected, but effective medium of communication is the HAM Radio. It is
an excellent device, often available as a voluntary effort. This needs to be encouraged
particularly amongst students. Regulatory bottlenecks in operationalizing this should be
removed and a hassle free system for permitting setting up of Ham Radio activities
established.
36
vulnerable groups particularly of women and children (dignity kits and baby food are glaring
examples).
5.10.2 Disasters can cause disability. Also, persons with disability are more prone to fatalities and
injuries. Therefore, companies manufacturing items for the disabled should be included in
the commitment list for disaster response. Public Health Officers should determine the
specific needs (e.g. food, medicines, and other related goods) of differently abled, women
and children. Attention should be paid for economic rehabilitation of the disabled.
Vocational training, if needed, may also be provided by company professionals in
consultation with government officers.
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6. Capacity Development and Public Awareness
6.1 Background
6.1.1 Over last decade, there has been a paradigm shift in Indias response to disaster management
from the relief-centric approach to a more proactive, holistic and integrated approach of
strengthening disaster preparedness, mitigation and emergency response. NDMAs disaster risk
reduction strategy aims at improving the level of preparedness in the country to create an
enabling environment for the preparation and implementation of management plans and for
working towards improved the safety of the communities living, especially in the high risk areas
and vulnerable zones. It aims to undertake capacity development towards disaster risk
reduction, by undertaking pointed activities including:
Increasing awareness among various stakeholders about their risk;
Increase preparedness and response capacity among various stakeholder groups;
Increase in resilience to manage disaster risks;
Increased education and research towards disaster mitigation;
Improve compliance with regulation and enforcement norms in town planning, design and
construction as laid down in municipal bye-laws and prevalent national standards;
Devise and implement systems of permitting only qualified professionals and artisans to
undertake construction activities;
Formal training of professionals of various fields to address disaster risks, especially
earthquake risks;
Develop and implement systems for knowledge sharing and experience sharing;
Institutionalization of documentation of best practices and lessons learnt from the past; and
Increased transparency and quality assurance through peer review of structural safety of
designs.
6.1.2 The capacity development strategy under the 12 th Five Year Plan presented in the report
recognises the immense challenges being faced in the country with respect to disaster risks. It
also recognises that while several successful initiatives have been taken up during the last few
Plan periods, the effectiveness and sustainability of such programs needs to be enhanced.
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6.2 Framework for Mainstreaming of Capacity Development
6.2.1 The 12th Plan provides the opportunity to build on initiatives undertaken during the earlier Plan
periods and focus strongly on the areas of capacity development that were inadequately
addressed in the past. The capacity development efforts require a framework to plan,
implement, and monitor and evaluate the programs.
6.2.2 Capacity development for disaster risk reduction, aims to enable identification of disaster risks
and to carry out the required programs to reduce their impacts. Capacity development needs to
be carried out at three levels: (1) Individual, (2) Organisations or Institutions, and (3)
Environment or Society.
6.2.3 The key capacity development features and elements, that are used to develop the Framework,
are shown in Table 6.1. The Framework at all three levels aims to provide equilibrium between
the implicit responsibilities imposed on various organisations/institutions and society at large,
and the ownership or control of initiatives. The Framework also recognises the importance of
monitoring and evaluation, which should be developed at the outset of any capacity
development program.
6.2.4 The capacity development strategy accepts and factors in that excessive focus on individuals
(such as numerical targets for education, training or skill development) misses the big-picture
issues. In certain situations, such focus may ultimately undermine the ability of the program to
achieve disaster risk reduction. It also appreciates that capable individuals may already be
available in many organisations, but may not find the environment conducive to the use of their
capacity for DRR. The importance of the processes for capacity development cannot be
underestimated in the Indian context, and have been duly considered.
39
Table 6.1: Key capacity development features and elements for DRR (UNESCO, 2006)
6.3.2 However, requesting ministries and departments alone to enhance their capacity development
programs will not be sufficient. Disaster risk management often requires a multi-sectoral or
multi-institutional approach. The country has very limited experience in meeting such
challenges. As a result, the ministries and departments do not always possess the institutional
systems to meet the challenge of developing the required capacity for multi-sectoral disaster
risk management. Several existing and emerging hazards have also not been adequately
addressed in the past, and the required institutional systems may not currently exist.
40
6.3.3 Disaster risk management also requires active involvement and capacity development of
people and organisations operating outside the government system or in partnership with the
government (as in various types of PPP programs). In order to create the required institutional
systems or organisational capacity, develop the required individual capacity in both
government and private sector, and take up multi-sectoral disaster risk management programs,
it is very important to take up some such capacity development programs in mission-mode. It
is expected that at least 25% of the projected capacity development expenditure in the 12 th
Five Year Plan will cater to such sectoral programs.
6.4.2 The capacity development initiatives should be designed to contain four major pillars: (i)
training, (ii) education and research, (iii) public sensitisation and awareness, and (iv)
institutional strengthening and development. All these pillars should have various sub
components for actions which would address multi-hazard multi-level capacity gaps in the
country. These sub components should further develop interventions for all stages of disaster
management cycle prevention, preparedness, mitigation, response, relief & rehabilitation,
and recovery. The programme Framework must encompass the individual, organisational and
environmental levels initiatives.
6.5.2 The programs for capacity development are essential for these ministries, departments and
organisations to meet their disaster management objectives. Therefore, significant capacity
41
development needs to be carried out by these bodies as a part of their regular functions.
Depending on the programs, the capacity development need not be restricted to the people
working with these bodies, but may also include associated agencies or organisations in both
the government and private sector that may contribute to meeting the disaster management
goals. Such programs may be implemented at the national, state or local level as per
requirement.
6.5.3 Since a vast majority of the work force in the country is employed outside of government,
dedicated capacity development programs are also required for meeting their requirements.
These programs may be carried out directly by the government, or in partnership with non-
government agencies or solely by the non-government agencies using their own resources.
However, the programs should be devised with a holistic assessment of the capacity
development requirement, consider the short-term and long-term priorities and should be
based on clear objectives that can be monitored and their effectiveness evaluated.
6.5.4 The implementation strategies need to recognise the diverse challenges and the multiplicity of
stakeholders that are to be involved in capacity development programs. At one level, capacity
development needs to address the knowledge and skill deficit of professionals. The programs to
address these can be relatively centralised, and lead by government agencies or professional
bodies dealing with these subjects. At the other level, capacity development of volunteers, who
are always the first responders, is required. They required highly decentralised programs, but
with properly identified objectives, procedures and monitoring and evaluation systems. A large
number of programs will be required with varying levels of government involvement and non-
governmental participation. All these programs must be a part of the overall strategy and
should not be stand alone efforts.
6.5.5 The implementation strategies also need to be scalable and highly parallelised so that the
different programs can be undertaken relatively independent of each other where required,
and with the capability to scale up or down the scope depending on its ability to meet the
objectives. In this context, the past experience of highly centralised capacity development
programs that are difficult to adapt to the ground realities should be adequately considered so
that their weaknesses can be avoided during the 12th Five Year Plan capacity development
programs.
6.5.6 Since disasters have been known since time immemorial, several communities have developed
their own coping mechanisms to manage various disasters. The program structure should be
sufficiently adaptable to incorporate the community knowledge-base in the capacity
development programs.
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6.5.7 An important challenge for capacity development programs is that these will need to be
implemented in large-scale in both urban and rural areas. The requirements to ensure success
of programs in the urban areas are usually better understood; however, sustainable programs
in rural areas will be a major challenge. While the programs need to be implemented in the
local levels (village or city-level), their monitoring and evaluation strategies may be
implemented at a larger scale; this will provide opportunities for programs implementation
teams to learn from each other, as well as to provide more meaningful data for evaluation of
the success in meeting program objectives.
6.6.2 There have been various initiatives by the central and state Governments to capture knowledge
on Disaster Management theory and practices to strengthen disaster management capacities
for nearly a decade. Some of the existing knowledge networking initiatives in the country such
as GOI UNDP Disaster Risk Management Programme, India Disaster Knowledge Network
Initiatives (IDKN), India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN), the resource base of National
Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM), and Solution Exchange of UNDP, were initiated to
facilitate sharing of knowledge on effective approaches, methods and tools for disaster risk
management. Each of these knowledge networks were created and managed independent of
each other, with very limited coordination, information sharing or possibility of data portability
between these various knowledge sites.
6.6.3 To fill the gaps in knowledge coordination, accessibility and sharing, a National Program for
Disaster Knowledge Network is proposed that will facilitate knowledge networking and
43
information exchange among institutions, networks and communities to create, harness, share
and apply explicit and tacit knowledge available at national, state, city, district and community
levels to build national capacities around Disaster Management. The purpose of this program is
not to create another database on disaster management or replace exiting knowledge
networking initiatives of the government. Rather it will integrate all the existing databases and
knowledge repositories on disaster management and disseminate information about the kinds
of data and information stored and retrievable from these repositories. This program will
develop a plan for knowledge networking and information sharing among stakeholders at every
administrative level (from national, state to panchayat level) and at each level of planning and
implementation of disaster management policies and programs. At the national level, under the
purview of National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), it will serve as a one-point
reference window for all the knowledge on disaster management issues available in the
country, and at the state level, lead by the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA), will
support and strengthen on-going local information sharing initiatives and expand their scope
and coverage by improving knowledge access from and to local and rural communities, focusing
on capture and preservation of indigenous knowledge on disaster risk mitigation. For effective
implementation of this program, knowledge networking should be a component of capacity
building, public awareness campaigns, and information dissemination programs on disaster
management at the national, state, and local levels.
6.7.2 For capacity development in disaster risk reduction programs, monitoring requires the
identification of input, output and result indicators. In addition, their impact indicators are
needed for evaluating the programs. While several capacity development programs may have
common objectives, the individual programs may have additional program-specific objectives,
with their own indicators for monitoring and evaluation. The awareness raising programs
require similar objectives to be defined, which is used to identify the objectives for monitoring
and evaluation.
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6.8 Public Awareness Campaign
6.8.1 Public Awareness Campaigns play a pivotal role in disaster risk mitigation strategies at all levels.
To ensure a paradigm shift towards preparedness and mitigation to take root, all stakeholders
at national, state and district levels need to be oriented on response, preparedness and
mitigation methods. This includes bringing on board with regular and targeted messaging, all
possible stakeholders from government functionaries at the national and state levels, elected
representatives from members of parliament, ward councillors in cities to panchayat leaders in
villages, children, youth, elderly in families, the entire construction industry from masons to
builders and promoters, schools, hospitals, ... In short, Public Awareness Campaigns make
disaster risk mitigation Everybodys Business. Various short term projects have been undertaken
to sensitize the rural and urban community. However soon after the project gets over all
awareness and communication activities become lower priority activities. Experiences from
across the world have shown that regular and sustained activities are needed with the
community to ensure their preparedness and adherence to risk mitigation measures. This will
help in incorporating of awareness programmes into other activities of institutions and
organizations, such as self-help groups (SHGs) and resident welfare associations (RWAs),
schools, so that they continue even after the duration of the campaign. Till all aspects of risk
mitigation become a part of the unconscious competence, the need for the awareness
campaign will remain a priority.
6.8.2 Awareness campaigns towards Disaster Risk Mitigation broadly need to focus on the following:
Policy guidelines should seek to reduce disaster risk;
Preparedness programs should be in place for all stakeholders to address actions before,
during and after disasters, along with roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders. This is
easy for predictable disasters, but not for all;
Knowledge and information should be made available on the need for risk reduction of life
line support systems be it buildings, houses, multi storied buildings, essential infrastructure
such as schools, hospitals, bridges, etc.;
Need should be articulated for incorporating disaster resistant design and construction
practices in curriculum and agenda of professional bodies; and
Need should be articulated for developing knowledge, and sharing case studies and best
practices for advocacy with decision makers, media, opinion formers and general public.
6.8.3 The following are year-wise proposals of the public awareness campaign:
45
basic steps in protecting oneself during and after a disaster. Since all information cannot be
given in one message, it is required to link viewers, listeners and readers to exclusive website,
toll free number and nearest post office, for more information. Simultaneous messaging that
targets rural & urban households urging them to take that first step. And, link to more
information to exclusive website, toll free number and nearest post office. Basically, what
needs to be done is create an awareness of the enormity of damage and that the people can be
saved.
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6.9 Education
6.9.1 Disaster education involves all branches of formal study and at all levels. Three major areas of
disaster education are brought to focus in the 12 th Five Year Plan. The other components of
disaster related education are equally important; it is hoped that the subsequent plans will
bring to focus those components also. Education related to disasters, wherein formal
certificates and degrees are offered, considered here is seen in three sets, namely
(i) School Education and Higher Education, covering all aspects of science of hazards and
implications of disasters, in schools and colleges (other than architecture, engineering and
medical colleges) of higher education including management education (covering all aspects of
preparedness and response related to communities to help them prepare to face negative
effects of hazards towards saving life and property and providing support to survivors in
affected areas) and legal education (to understand, resolve and guide legal matters related to
disaster risk reduction);
(ii) Technical Education, covering all aspects of saving life and property during negative effects of
hazards on the built environment, in the areas of architecture and engineering; and
(iii) Medical Education, covering all aspects of prevention and of saving life (of both humans and
animals) in the aftermath of disasters and providing medical assistance to survivors in affected
areas, and preparing communities to organise themselves to face disasters.
6.9.2 The first involves educating the people of India with basics of disasters through the school,
college and university education, taking to all stakeholders the subjects of (i) disaster science to
the degree college students, (ii) disaster management to persons from grass-roots level to
corporate sector level, and (iii) disaster-related law to prepare the law professionals with the
tools to ensure that they can help the people of India to learn to respect the law. The second is
a critical aspect of safety of built environment, including that related to rescue and relief. The
third is related to safety of people and animals during disasters.
The important initiatives for creating an informed knowledge society include:
Spreading understanding of the dynamism of disaster risk at all levels,
Preparing the general public and community leaders on how to organize communities
before, during and after disaster, and
Equipping the vulnerable communities with necessary tools, technologies and infrastructure
for ensuring disaster-resistant practices and responses.
6.9.3 Education related to disasters needs to encompass all stages of the disaster management cycle,
including earthquake preparedness, prevention, mitigation, response (rescue & relief),
rehabilitation and recovery (reconstruction). The State Governments need to strive hard to
continually inform and upgrade the capacities of its people with the best available technical and
non-technical information on disaster safety.
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6.10 School and Higher Education
6.10.1 To build capacity in disaster mitigation in schools and colleges, the following are proposed:
Amendment of Affiliation Bye Laws of schools and colleges to put in place disaster
mitigation personnel and infrastructure;
Training for School Administrative Staff to undertake safety related programmes and
schedules at the school and college
Training for school teachers for innovative teaching models in disaster mitigation
Internship of disaster management degree holders in schools and colleges in rural areas to
allow the best practices in the sector to percolate downwards;
Curriculum introduction/change at all levels of the school and colleges.
6.10.2 The high proportion of disaster losses to life and property in India implies that the disaster
preparation and mitigation apparatus needs to be radically upgraded. Central and state
governments have to earmark large sum of finances every year not only for the sudden onset
disasters but also for the predictable disasters. It is necessary that the higher education sector
be geared to play its part in making Indian society disaster resilient and adaptable. The higher
education must lead to (a) dissemination and application of available knowledge, (b) adaptation
of internationally available quality knowledge to address Indian challenges, and (c) creation of
new knowledge to address India-specific challenges. To achieve this, human resources with
analytical and experimental capabilities should be created who have required knowledge to
undertake disaster mitigation and preparedness activities.
6.10.3 The paradigm shift in the national outlook from disaster response to disaster preparedness and
mitigation necessitates that the disasters are examined from a multi-disciplinary lens in an
integrated and holistic manner in order to acquire the state of art critical knowledge and best
practices so as to include these ideas and knowledge in disaster prevention, preparation and
mitigation. Also, it means that a vast cadre of professionals is trained in various fields pertaining
to disaster prevention and mitigation, who have the required knowledge and skills to undertake
this task. The capacity is abysmally meagre in higher educational institutions in providing
trained professionals required in disaster preparedness and mitigation by enhancing the coping
capacity of the communities. The non-technical higher education subject matter of disaster
preparedness and mitigation incorporates insights from social science, earth science,
educational science, communication and management sciences. The subjects like anthropology,
social work, geography, geology, economics, psychology, communication, education and
management are core subjects who in collaborative framework can help in uncovering the
hazard-community interface by gaining knowledge in the critical areas such as community
coping and resilience, disaster impact and assessment, community capacity and awareness
besides linking localized knowledge with the external experience.
48
6.10.4 With very limited higher education potential available in the field of disaster preparation and
mitigation, the gap in terms of available professionals and PhDs is vast. For a disaster prone
country, like India, and to meet the challenges of paradigm shift from post-disaster response to
pre-disaster mitigation and preparedness plus post-disaster response, as enshrined in the
national policy of 2009, there is a need for a cadre of specially trained professional who have
the required skills, knowledge and capacity to act as a link between the government bodies and
the community by means of helping community in preparation of the risk map, identification of
vulnerability and existing resources useful in disaster preparedness and mitigation, community
specific disaster management plan, disaster awareness. For the ultimate goal of ensuring that
all hazards do not become disasters, we need these professionals to empower the community
in such a manner that most of the human resources are readily available to the people and
there is minimal external dependence. For setting up a chain of such higher education
professionals across all the districts of India, the higher education bodies will have to introduce
academic departments and research centres in a big way. The critical anthropology, psychology,
social work, economics, education, geology, geography, communication and management
professionals would need to create knowledge base, develop India-specific methodological
rigor and other related skills conducive to Indian situations. It will require opening up of
specialized departments having multi-disciplinary orientations in teaching, training and
research. A good beginning can be made by opening up of at least one such centre/department
in each state with UGC support. During the 12th Five Year Plan period, the objective should be
to start one such department/centre in each state of India. The target should be to train at least
500 PhD and 2,500 Masters Degree holders in the field of disaster mitigation by the end of the
12th Five Year Plan period.
6.10.5 Documentation of existing knowledge and experience, drawing appropriate lessons, adapting
the methods and tools to Indian conditions is a pre-requisite for strengthening the disaster
mitigation efforts in the country. Towards this end, a number of key features are needed to be
planned and included in the existing Indian higher education system, while including disaster
mitigation and preparedness aspects in higher education. Each of these is discussed in the
following sections.
6.10.6 Capacity building should happen in all subjects related to all of these disasters. But, the 12 th
Five Year Plan should have special thrust, to start with, for the most frequently occurring
disasters, namely: (a) Hydrological, (b) Meteorological, (c) Geophysical, (d) Technological, and
(e) Terrorist Violence. The thrust area for these disasters should initially be earthquake, floods,
landslides, cyclone, avalanches, tsunami, industrial disaster and bomb blasts.
49
6.11 Technical Education
6.11.1 Extensive construction activity has been underway in India in the last two decades, and even
more is expected in the next two decades. Even though a large number of graduates are being
generated annually by about 300 engineering and architecture colleges of standing, it is not
clear as to how many of them are competent to participate in disaster mitigation in India. Also,
an even larger number of professionals are involved in the current engineering practice. But,
collapses of buildings and structures, flooding of towns and cities, loss of transportation link,
etc., during natural disasters in last two decades in the country suggest that they need to
undergo strong continuing education modules.
6.11.2 The most glaring gap in the country is in the number of technical persons available versus
required with formal professional training and background in the subjects related to mitigation
of impending disasters including those due to cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, floods, fires,
and biological and chemical mishaps in industries. For example, about 60% of land area and
78% of 1.2 billion population of India is under the threat of earthquakes. To address matters
related to earthquake safety in India, there are very few PhD degree holders that are effectively
available (who are formally trained in the subject of earthquake engineering, conversant with
the subject of earthquake resistant design, have aptitude for research and give priority for
undertaking necessary R&D and technical support to prevent collapse of buildings and
structures) to meet this great technological challenge of the country. Similarly, the number of
hydraulic engineers currently available in India is grossly inadequate to undertake field level
studies, and make real-time projections of the scenarios, to meet the grand challenges of water
resource planning, development and management of this vast country. Further, shortage was
noticed in the availability of suitable number of specialised medical professionals to meet the
post-disaster support and attention after the major disasters of 1999 Super Cyclone in Orissa,
2001 Bhuj earthquake and 2004 Tsunami along the Indian coast following the Sumatra
Earthquake.
6.11.3 Thus, undertaking capacity building through technical education in the context of disasters in
India is urgently necessary to prevent loss of life and property. Formal technical knowledge
needs to be imparted to large number of persons, who can ensure safety of buildings and
structures when natural and man-made hazards manifest as events. The major goals of capacity
building proposed in technical education are:
Reduce loss of life and property during future disasters through mitigation measures, and
Improve preparedness of professionals and communities to face aftermath of disasters.
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6.11.4 The activities proposed under the 12th Five Year Plan are aimed at
(i) Strengthening the Technical Education System and Infrastructure in India, to bring into focus
role of electrical, mechanical and chemical engineers in addition to that of architects and civil
engineers, towards addressing (a) earthquakes and landslides, (b) cyclones and hurricanes, (c)
floods, (d) biological and chemical mishaps in industries, and (e) bomb blasts;
(ii) Networking Institutes in the country towards technical education in architecture, civil
engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering and
construction engineering, and setting-up of National Technical Advisory Panels to guide and
steer the national agenda in the said subjects;
(iii) Undertaking basic capacity building initiatives, like technical up-gradation of faculty members
employed in government institutes and universities; preparation of books and resource
materials; introduction of new degree programs related to disaster safety in government
institutes and universities; improvement of academia-industry relations; revision of education
degree programs; increased Research and Development related to disaster safety; Continuing
education of architects and engineers;
(iv) Launching focussed initiatives like National Missions on Technical Education and Research
covering architecture, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering,
chemical engineering and construction engineering; QIP program for faculty development;
modern curriculum development and implementation; laboratory education infrastructure up-
gradation; promotion of excellence in technical education and research; and retrofit building
infrastructure of technical institutes and universities, especially against earthquake effects;
(v) Undertaking a massive continuing education of professional architects and engineers; training
of artisans; and sensitisation of contractors and developers;
(vi) Undertaking specific Research and Development projects on pressing questions needed to be
addressed in Indian context, including those related to post-disaster field studies; hazard
zonation; disaster risk assessment and scenario development; cost-effective construction and
retrofitting technologies; and development of design and construction standards; and
(vii) Initiating a major documentation and dissemination program related to disasters,
including development of public awareness material; deployment of a virtual clearinghouse of
disaster related technical information; hosting Journals of Disaster-Resistant Technologies; and
hosting National Conferences on Disaster-Safety with special thrust on architecture-related
education.
The expected deliverables as a consequence of the above activities proposed under the 12th
Five Year Plan are:
The following specific initiatives are proposed as part of the 12 th Five Year Plan:
52
(i) Education and Research: Four specific proposals are included.
Emergency Medicine and Pre-hospital Care The proposal is to introduce Acute Emergency
Care in India through: (a) Emergency Medicine as a speciality and therefore no Emergency
Departments in Public Hospitals and Medical Colleges; (b) Specific mock drills and hospital
preparedness plans; (c) Hospitals compliant with WHO standard of structurally safe
hospitals; and (d) Coordinated pre-hospital transportation system.
Paramedic and Nursing Personnel More paramedics, nurses, healthcare technicians,
physiotherapists and occupational therapists are required in disasters than physicians. As an
extension outreach of the Emergency department proposed above, a second line of
paramedics is proposed to be established, who will operate in the pre-hospital space.
Further, pre-hospital care ambulance services should be brought under the one common
'108' phone number for coordination and under one licensing agency (Paramedical Council
of India or similar), which will formulate policies and regulations for ambulance services and
curriculum for paramedic training. Also, accredited training centers are needed for this new
field of paramedic medicine. In fact 108 could become the common number for a call centre
(police, fire and ambulance) for effective monitoring.
Mental Health, Psychosocial Support and Rehabilitation Disaster mental health,
psychosocial support and rehabilitation, should be a separate entity within the broad
framework of Emergency and Disaster Medicine. Specific initiatives include: (i) Education
towards Awareness and Sensitization on Psychosocial Care and Mental Health Aspects of
Disaster and the Significance of Ones Work in Enhancing Psychosocial Well Being; (ii)
Disaster Mental Health Education introduced through formal programs at all levels
schools, colleges and (including specific degrees) higher education.
Disaster Research in India Research drives advocacy and that in turn drives policy. This
should happen in India. A systematic approach and a local research agenda is required To
develop indigenous research in India. A shift is proposed in the focus of the knowledge base
from the acute phase handling of disasters and to their prevention, mitigation and
preparedness. Long-term recovery studies are a priority, along with standardizing
definitions and research methodology for future studies. Clearly, funding level will
determine the pace of this research. While humanitarian aid is directed at the acute phase
of disasters and on humanitarian missions, it would be cost-effective to channel some of
these funds toward disaster research, as sustained aid to promote research in disaster
medicine.
In India, Veterinary Universities and Agriculture Universities offer courses in veterinary science,
animal husbandry and animal science. Disaster management for animals requires trained
human resources to deal with emergencies and post-emergencies effectively and efficiently to
reduce the impact of disaster on animals and community dependent on them for livelihood and
companionship. It is important to build capacities in those who are already handling or expose
new ones to some or all the phases of disaster cycle such as prevention, mitigation,
preparedness, response, recovery and reconstruction. Therefore, capacity building needs to
encompass all resources available within a community, institution and organizations upon
which the animals and people dependent on animals are protected from disasters. The skills of
the relevant stakeholders can be improved through training programmes in educational
institution while awareness of animal welfare can be increased through effective information
sharing, appropriate education and efficient communication.
The capacity building in Veterinary and Animal Science education can be achieved by
introducing following programmes in the universities and allied institutes responsible for
welfare and management of animals during disasters:
Knowledge and Skill Development Programme or faculty members of Universities;
Knowledge and skill development programme for the students;
Develop and establish the linkages of universities and allied institutions;
Development of Emergency Response Units in Universities and Institutions;
Introduce and establish Disaster Response and Risk Reduction short term courses in existing
learning programmes, like CVE, and Summer and Winter School; and
Research and development.
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The following gains are expected from the above initiatives:
Development of National-level Faculty and Training of Trainers Programme, including
specific programme on animal welfare and their management in all phases of disasters;
Infrastructure Development, and Inventory Planning and Mapping at National & State
Levels based on vulnerable areas through institutional technology and interdisciplinary
approaches; and
Capacity building training for the community at educational institutes.
6.13.1 In pre-, during- and post-disaster management in India, the civil society and NGOs have been
playing an important role in humanitarian response, relief and long-term recovery. Also, they
have been dedicating their services for pre-disaster capacity building. Many in-situ programmes
were initiated in the past by the governments, where NGOs were one of the biggest strength at
the time of crisis.
6.13.2 Initiatives in the 12th Five Year Plan are aimed at reducing the risk and vulnerability of states
and district to different natural hazards by involving all stakeholders, NGOs, Civil Society
Organizations and private sector groups, within an agreed framework, through proper guidance
from a nodal agency. Also, the proposal aims at enhancing the capacity of the functionaries to
respond properly during the time of emergencies. The expected results include higher degree
of awareness starting from village to district to state levels. Risk reduction would be the
objective of all interventions through enhanced participation of the people. Research centers
and training institutions would assist in developing a suitable strategy for the civil society and
NGOs for each state, and offering advocacy for replication of the outcomes of the project in
other areas. Further, it would facilitate to establish networking among all project states for
sharing of information and helping each other during the time of crisis. Simultaneously, all
control rooms would be strengthened with equipments and operational manuals to function as
disaster management information centres. Information Technology (IT) centres set up at the
district level would enable the community to have easy access to information on disaster risk
management along with other critical information.
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6.13.3 National Human Resource Plan and Capacity Development
The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has drafted a National Human Resource
and Capacity Development Plan, which addresses the need for enhancing the capacity of all the
stake holders in the country. Capacity Development is a key priority area for the Governments,
NGOs and Private sector groups. It is stretches beyond training, and includes:
(i) Human resource development, the process of equipping individuals with the understanding,
skills and access to information, knowledge and training that enables them to perform
effectively;
(ii) Organizational development, the elaboration of management structures, processes and
procedures, not only within organizations but also the management of relationships between
the different organizations and sectors (public, private and community); and
(iii) Institutional and legal framework development, making legal and regulatory changes to enable
organizations, institutions and agencies at all levels and in all sectors.
As part of the 12th Five Year Plan, it is proposed to implement this National Human Resource
and Capacity Development Plan under the supervision and guidance of NDMA
6.14.1 Seven programmes are proposed as part of the 12th Five Year Plan towards Capacity
Development; these are listed in Table 6.2 and described in the Annexures of this document.
The proposed programmes seek to not only develop part of the requisite human resources, but
also the necessary infrastructure and enabling environment to undertake sustained efforts
towards Capacity Development to address disaster risk reduction in future also. It is expected
that these programmes are continued in the subsequent Five Year Plans also, to capitalize on
the momentum created under 12th Five Year Plan. The proposed budgets for these activities
also are listed in Tables.
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Table 6.2: National Programmes towards Capacity Development in India proposed
under 12th Five Year Plan
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7. Leveraging S & T in Disaster Management
7.1 The most important intervention suggested for prevention and mitigation of disasters is the use
of Science and Technology. India has considerable strengths in various fields of Science and
Technology including Space applications, analytical capabilities, modelling capabilities, etc.
However, since many departments are involved in isolated efforts for excellence, there is often
inadequate communication between the departments resulting in data mismatch and
inadequate sharing of resources. The need for standardization of data, a clear policy on sharing
data and creation of common platforms for disaster risk reduction is critical in the XII th Five Year
Plan.
7.2 The plan recognizes this important element and makes recommendations on what needs to be
done from a technology perspective. Budget allocations are not suggested since these are
better assessed by the departments concerned and provided in their budgets. These, however
will have to be in addition to their normal programs.
7.3 Critical Processes involving innovation and application of S&T in Disaster Risk Reduction The
processes where innovation and application of science & technology is essential for reduction
of risk of disasters are data collection, data transmission, data analysis, early warning,
dissemination of Early Warning, and relief / remedial Measures.
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7.4.2 Flood Disasters: The floods are natural recurrent phenomenon in our country. The man has
made continuous endeavour to devise ways and means to combat the fury of floods. An
appropriate combination of structural and non-structural methods of flood control and
mitigation of impacts of floods is the need of the day. For structural measures, the schemes of
flood management are planned, investigated and implemented by the State governments.
The current level of flood forecasting infrastructure is inadequate. The flood forecasting
network of CWC has only 175 stations of which details are given below. Also this does not
cover many smaller rivers which cause substantial floods in the country.
Rivers originating in Nepal pose difficult challenges. IMD, NRSC and State governments need to
work together to generate early warning systems for such rivers. Use of modern technology
like satellite pictures, Doppler weather radars, etc., have to be increasingly used to get real time
data. The same will hold good for rivers like Brahmaputra as well.
Isolated experiments on flood warning systems developed by Andhra Pradesh Remote Sensing
Application Centre, North-Eastern Space Application Centre (NESAC), Shillong, and by the
Centre for Geospatial Applications under the Department of Science and Technology have been
successful in generating warnings with a reasonable level of accuracy. These models have to be
improved upon and replicated for all river basin systems which are flood prone.
Better management of release of water by dams in high flood season is required to ensure that
the problem of floods downstream is not aggravated. This needs to be modelled on all available
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information including rain in the catchment areas. The need for sharing this information with
downstream organizations is well understood, but not practiced rigorously.
7.4.3 Drought Disasters: Droughts are dependent on availability of water and the quantum
rainfall at different times during the season plays a major role. The activity of drought forecast
is undertaken by IMD depending on the rainfall pattern. IMD has already planned installation of
satellite based telemetry system for collection of rainfall data in the country and the activity will
continue during the XIIth Plan. The activity of drought disaster management is undertaken by
Ministry of Agriculture and innovative ways like cropping patterns and seeds which can
withstand moisture stress are planned by them to be continued and implemented during XIIth
Plan. The Ministry of Agriculture is expected to provide the required finances within their
overall budget during XIIth Plan. The current Aridity Anamoly Index for ascertaining drought
conditions is inadequate for taking the necessary measures. Most developed countries use a
more reliable index. Moving away from the Aridity Anomaly Index to an appropriate index
combining various drought indices like Palmer Drought Severity Index, Crop Moisture Index,
Standardized Precipitation Index, Remote Sensing based Vegetation Index, percentage of
variation of rainfall, etc. should be a priority for this plan. This involves collecting data on the
following parameters: Temperature, Rainfall (actual and normal), Soil moisture, Potential
Evapo-transpiration, Equilibrium Constant and Actual Evapo-transpiration.
The monitoring of drought will require extensive, region specific and regular data collection
which is of poor quality at present. All agencies concerned starting from village level
functionaries need to be empowered both technically and managerially and made responsible
for accurate data collection.
The ICAR should develop drought tolerant varieties for adoption in various crops. Sufficient
technical investment should be made in measuring moisture levels etc and giving timely advice
to farmers to plant the right crops.
7.4.4 Tsunami Disasters: A tsunami is a large ocean wave that is caused by sudden motion on the
ocean floor. This sudden motion could be an earthquake, a powerful volcanic eruption, or an
underwater landslide. The impact of a large meteorite could also cause a tsunami. Tsunamis
travel across the open ocean at great speeds and build into large deadly waves in the shallow
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water of a shoreline. The seismological data collected by IMD and other ocean data observed is
used by INCOIS for tsunami warning.
A state-of the-art tsunami warning system was set up in October 2007 as outlined in the Prime
Ministers twenty-six thrust areas. The system comprises a network of seismic stations including
international stations to compute earthquake parameters, simulated scenarios of travel time
and run-up heights at 1800 coastal locations in the Indian Ocean, observing platforms for sea
level variations, both in deep sea and coast, robust communication and dissemination system,
data centre and decision support system. In last three years, many earthquakes larger than 7-
magnitude, which can cause tsunami, did occur. In all such cases necessary advisories were
provided to all concerned within 15 minutes. This system is recognized as the Regional Tsunami
Service Provider (RTSP) for the Indian Ocean and provided services to many countries in the
Indian Ocean as well. The effort needs to be continued and strengthened.
7.4.5 Cyclone Disasters: Cyclone warnings are issued by India Meteorological Department from its
already existing cyclone warning centers at Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Visakhapatnam, Chennai,
Mumbai and Ahmadabad. These centers have their distinct area wise responsibilities covering
both the east and west coasts of India and the oceanic areas of the Bay of Bengal and the
Arabian Sea, including Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep.
Cyclones are tracked with the help of INS AT, powerful cyclone detection radars and
conventional meteorological observations including weather reports from ships. At present
cyclone detection radars are installed at (i) Kolkata, (ii) Paradeep, (iii) Visakhapatnam, (iv)
Machilipatnam, (v) Chennai, (vi) Karaikal on the east coast; and (vii) Goa, (viii) Cochin, (ix)
Mumbai and (x) Bhuj along the west coast. Present cyclone surveillance system in India is such
that no cyclone in the region will go undetected at any time of its life cycle. However the
warning systems are still inadequate due to lack of support in the form of hurricane hunters.
In recent times, several new approaches (high resolution, super parameterizations, data
assimilation etc.) have shown that the variability in tropics can be reasonably resolved, thereby
creating a great scope for improving the monsoon prediction. In view of this, a focused mission
has been launched by IMD consisting of two sub-themes viz. a) Seasonal and Intra-seasonal
Monsoon Forecast b) Medium Range Forecast. The mission will support focused research by
national and international research groups with definitive objectives and deliverables to
improve models in the medium range as well as in the extended and seasonal range scales
through setting up of a framework for generating dynamical forecasts and improving skill of
forecasts. The mission will also support observational programs that will result in better
understanding of the processes.
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7.4.6 Forest Fire Disasters: Forest fire is a major disaster which requires coordinated action by
the Minister of Environment and Forests in consultation with the local communities. The active
involvement of Joint Forest Management Committees and the District Administration is
essential pre-requisite for managing Forest Fires.
7.4.7 Nuclear Disasters: These programmes are being coordinated by the Department of Atomic
Energy. NDMA is working in close collaboration with DAE. Some of the initiatives required on
the administrative side are being included under other disaster management projects (ODMP)
7.4.8 Chemical Disasters: The interventions of Science and Technology in chemical hazards have
to be initiated by Science and Technology Department and Department of Chemicals and
Petrochemicals. Administrative measures required for handling transportation and storage of
chemicals is being taken up under ODMP. A strong techno-legal regime is also envisaged under
the disaster management umbrella.
7.4.9 Biological Disasters: Biological disasters could take place due to outbreak of epidemics
caused by natural transmission and spread of an infection or a biological war fare or a terrorist
activity. The scientific approach involves a scientific diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Biological disaster can also affect plants and animals. A strong techno-legal frame work is
required to prevent and contain trans-boundary pests and diseases. The concerned Ministries
are already working on the necessary legislation. In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture,
Department of Animal Husbandry and Ministry of Health need to set up adequate surveillance,
monitoring quarantine and containment mechanisms for preventing outbreak of any such
hazard.
(i) Data Collection Automatic Weather Stations, Seismic Stations, Doppler weather radars,
ocean buoys, customized mobile based applications, lidar technology, photogrammetric
methods & interfereometery for generation of high resolution digital elevation models.
(ii) Data Processing High speed computing systems
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(iii) Data Communication Space / satellite based communications, terrestrial communication,
wireless communication technologies and internet technologies may be used as per
requirement.
(iv) Awareness Creation internet, mass media, tele-education, tele-medicine and virtual
classrooms.
Programmes recommended for increasing the use of Science and Technology for disaster
management: The following programmes/thrust areas are recommended. These will be
included in the budgets of the respective departments in addition to their normal programmes:
S&T Programmes / Thrust Areas Recommended by Sub-Group-II for XII Plan (2012-17)
S.No Disaster Recommended S&T Programme / Thrust Area During XII Plan
Type
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linkages with web sites of States / Project Authorities.
(by States and CWC)
(viii) Development of Integrated mathematical models for
flood / runoff forecasting using weather parameters,
rainfall observed and rainfall forecast. (by CWC and
IMD)
(ix) Development of dam break models and preparation of
Basin-wise Emergency Action Plans.(by States and CWC)
(x) Bathymetric surveys
(xi) Use of equipment / ADCP-fitted boats in hydrological
observations.
(xii) Strengthening Satellite based/ radar based observation
systems for rivers originating from Nepal and for
Brahmaputra.
3. Drought (i) New approaches for determination of aridity index may be
explored.
(ii) Adopting water shortage sustainable cropping pattern.
(iii) Developing drought tolerant varieties and improved
techniques for moisture management.
(iv) Developing moisture techniques for water management
including the use of micro irrigation networks.
4. Tsunami Development of new technologies and standards for layered
systems, including ocean observing subsystems, at each repeater,
in order to obtain high spatial sampling resolution along the cable
path. (NRSC)
5. Cyclone (i) Continuation of Monsoon Mission programme by IMD
(ii) Programmes for cyclone track error reduction.
6. Other (i) Data Collection Automatic Weather Stations, Seismic
Common Stations, Doppler weather radars, ocean buoys,
S&T customized mobile based applications, lieder technology,
photogrammetric methods & interferometer for
generation of high resolution digital elevation models.
The whole country should be covered with adequate
Doppler weather radars, the current plan of 55 Doppler
weather radars, 950 automatic weather stations and 3350
automatic river gauges, proposed by the end of XIIth Five
Year Plan is inadequate. This need to be stepped up
substantially and supplemented by the efforts of State
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Governments. The availability of automatic rain gauges in
various parts of the country is a matter of concern. The
target should be to install one rain gauge in every 10
square km area in rural India and one every 4sq.km area in
urban India.
(IMD/NRSC))
(ii) Data Processing High speed computing systems
(NRSC).
(iii) Data Communication Space / satellite based
communications, terrestrial communication, wireless
communication technologies and internet technologies
may be used as per requirement. (by NRSC)
(iv) Providing mobile hospitals for management of individual
and mass causalities particularly during epidemics or any
biological warfare.
(v) Provision of satellite phones with operating departments
and sustainable power backup sources during emergencies
for having a reliable communication system during all
emergencies.
(vi) Standardization and sharing : While a lot of data is
generated by various science and technology and other
institutions like Surveyor General of India, NRSC, IMD,
CWC, GSI, Department of Science and Technology, INCOIS,
state departments, revenue officials etc., there is no
common platform where they entire data is shared,
analysed and used to support decision making. The critical
step will be to ensure that all Departments collect data in
an inter-operable format and share it between themselves
(except Defence and security sensitive data) and make it
available in a usable format to NDMA, State Governments,
SDMAs, DDMAs etc., for disaster management.
(vii) Setting up a National GIS platform is a national priority
Already a proposal has been prepared and is under
consideration
(viii) Vulnerability Maps on the scale 1:10000 has to be
prepared for the entire country and with a priority to
coastal regions and river basins and major towns and
cities.
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(ix) The issue of Disaster data inadequacy has to be taken up
and data updated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation.
7.6 As stated earlier, these programs will be included in the plan proposals of the concerned
ministries. In addition, four programmes are recommended as follows:
(i) Earthquake instrumentation and monitoring. The country currently has over two hundred
earthquake monitoring stations, which are mainly located in the high hazard areas along the
Himalayas and in the North-East. The monitoring stations consist of either or both of
broadband instruments and strong-motion instruments. In order to identify the major
earthquake sources and their activity rates, dense networks of earthquake monitoring stations
will be required. During the next plan period, it is recommended that such focus may be made
for northern Himalayas (where the earthquake may affect most areas of northern India
including Delhi) and the North-East. Each such dense network should consist of at least 90
strong motion instruments and 10 broadband instruments. The monitoring system should be
set up under an R&D eco-system so that these are used to identify the various seismic source,
their activity rates, current strain build-up, determination of ground motion prediction
equations and for updating the earthquake hazard map of the region (Northern India and
North-East India). Estimated Cost: Rs. 20 crores.(to be funded by MoES)
(ii) Real-time earthquake occurrence monitoring. The current network of earthquake monitoring
stations is not adequate to assess the size, location, depth and wave-propagation parameters of
earthquake events in near real-time. This situation is experienced even in areas with high
earthquake hazard. The specifications in several high-seismic hazard countries require their
national earthquake monitoring network to provide this information within around 60 seconds
from the time of occurrence of an earthquake with magnitude larger than 4.0 (such
earthquakes may cause damage to poorly-built constructions, and may result in panic among
people and/or require relief efforts). Estimated Cost: Rs. 100 crores.(to be funded by MoES)
(iii)Disaster scenarios for major urban centres in earthquake prone areas. There is very limited
understanding among the various stakeholders of the possible consequences of a damaging
earthquake. Even in areas where a damaging earthquake may have occurred during the last few
decades, such information may not be available since the earthquake event may not be as large
as the one to be considered as per the Indian standards, or the consequences not fully
recorded. The earthquake disaster risk management plans therefore are often without a
realistic context or without fully understanding the components that contribute to the overall
risk. The effectiveness of the risk management or risk reduction programs can be considerably
improved by developing detailed earthquake scenarios for major urban areas in a mission-
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mode and using this information. The scenarios can also provide the basis for monitoring the
change in risk profile over time, such as by repeating the scenario development every five
years. During the next plan period, it is recommended that a concerted program to evaluate the
earthquake disaster scenario for all cities in seismic zones IV and V with population of over 2
lakhs be carried out. If required, one or more dedicated centres of excellence can be
established to develop the methods and carry out the scenario-development, and to carry out
further R&D in this field. Estimated Cost: Rs. 100 crores.(to be funded under ODMP by NDMA)
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8. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into National
Development Schemes
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 The previous two Five year Plans recognized the importance of mainstreaming disaster risk
reduction into the National Development Scheme. International organizations like the
United Nations and the World Bank have also held the view that reduction of vulnerabilities
in disaster prone areas has to be addressed through development plans.
8.1.2 The XIth Plan document prescribed that Mainstreaming disaster management into the
development planning process essentially means looking critically at each activity that is
being planned, not only from the perspective of reducing the disaster vulnerability of that
activity, but also from the perspective of minimizing that activitys potential contribution to
the hazard. Every development plan of a ministry/department should incorporate elements
of impact assessment, risk reduction, and the do no harm approach. Examples of this
approach are urban planning and zoning, upgradation of building codes and their effective
enforcement, adoption of disaster resilient housing designs and construction of school and
hospitals, flood proofing, response preparedness planning, insurance, establishment of early
warning systems for various types of disasters, generating community awareness, creating
technical competence and promoting research among engineers, architects, health experts,
and scientists.
8.1.3 State governments need to give priority in their plans for schemes regarding hazard
identification and risk assessment once they have prepared the project paper, completed
preliminary work, and drawn up the details of the scheme. Hazard identification and risk
assessment across the country must be bound by uniformly followed procedures, fine-tuned
to local conditions. In the absence of such procedures, any sporadic activity based on some
ad hoc procedure carries the potential of doing more harm than good. It will be essential
that while clearing plans of State Governments, there is an integrated approach particularly
for creation of adequate capacity for relief and rescue operations, for example, for funding
projects for construction of school buildings. Some school buildings need to be identified
which will be used as relief centers and buildings designed so that they withstand the impact
of disasters and also have adequate capacity to provide space as relief centers. Such schools
should be equipped with essential services which become important at the time of a
disaster.
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8.1.4 Outside the framework of Plan schemes, many innovative measures can be adopted to
encourage disaster risk reduction measures by the corporate sector, nongovernment
organizations, and individuals. These are detailed separately in the report.
8.1.5 However, the XIth plan did not prescribe specific interventions in the flagship programmes of
Government of India (GoI). Therefore, many programmes which could have contributed to
Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) could not do so for want of specific guidelines/directives.
8.1.6 Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction essentially means that risk reduction becomes a
practice of all partners involved in development work by institutionalizing the process in the
planning and implementation as well as in policies. It entails:
8.1.7 Ability of the Government and other development partners to address the above stated
parameters in all the initiatives would address mainstreaming requirements. However, it is
important to note that all the above may not be applicable to every project. Therefore, the
sectoral projects and each of the initiatives need to be examined carefully to incorporate
risk reduction elements as required under section 49(1) of the Disaster Management Act
2005.
In this context, some of the Sectors and National Programmes that can specifically integrate
DRR features are listed below:
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8.2 Housing
8.2.1 Government has large number of programmes for providing housing to the poorer sections
of society. These are funded out of the Government Budget or subsidized through housing
schemes floated by Public Sector financing agencies. While safe housing for all has to be
enforced through a strong techno-legal regime, Government schemes should lead the way
by providing safe houses for people. Schemes such as Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY), Rajiv Awas
Yojana (RAY) and Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) are relevant
in this context.
8.2.2 With significant outlays to construct lakhs of houses and infrastructural facilities every year,
these schemes have a substantial impact from the point of view of coverage and quality.
Most of them currently do not take into account safety features relevant to natural hazards.
It is important that these schemes integrate disaster risk reduction components in their
policy, plan and guidelines to ensure that the beneficiaries get safe houses and provide an
opportunity to promote other risk reduction measures such as involving house owners in
construction, promoting use of environment friendly local materials and technologies etc.
The interventions suggested are:-
Continue to earmark 5% of the funds for providing houses to families who lose their
houses (including IAY houses constructed earlier, but destroyed in a disaster) in a
disaster.
Revise the cost norms and provide for additional costs upto 15% to introduce disaster
resistant and locally suitable designs and norms for houses in vulnerable regions and
habitations.
Include safety measures such as application of hazard resistant design in construction of
IAY houses, appropriate siting and new designs for earthquake, flood and cyclone prone
regions etc in IAY guidelines and ensure its compliance.
Ensure that IAY houses are constructed in locations which are less vulnerable to hazards
(like high ground in flood prone areas).
Introduce awareness/training programmes for safe construction practices for
community/house owners.
Provide for community based infrastructure such as common multi-purpose shelters as
part of the housing clusters.
Develop prototypes for IAY houses which can be easily referred to by District Rural
Development Agencies (DRDAs) and used for community awareness depending on the
geographical location.
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Build Capacities of Engineers and Rural masons on safe construction.
Build Capacities of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and DRDA officials on Disaster Risk
Reduction issues.
Ensure that the roads under JNNURM are constructed in such a manner that it does not
lead to landslides, water logging etc. The technical guidelines, design and training manuals
should incorporate these aspects required for suitable disaster risk mitigation measures (eg.
landslide protection, provision of culverts, etc).
Apart from focusing on all-weather roads, add a special component in PMGSY for providing
foot bridges for those villages which may not get connected in the near future as a special
package. This will ensure access to education, economic activity and health services.
Incorporate (if not done already) timely restoration of roads, damaged or destroyed during
a disaster in the model concession agreement for PMGSY and National Highways And
modify the maintenance guidelines to ensure that in case of disasters these roads get
provision for restoration to ensure all weather connectivity. Make a special budgetary
provision (if required) for restoration of roads (portions thereof) destroyed in natural
disasters.
Explicitly address disaster risk reduction concerns while planning for rural roads and
identifying core network and accord priority to connect the vulnerable habitations.
8.4 Education
8.4.1 Various isolated initiatives in school safety in the country have shown that school children are
quick to learn disaster management practices and they play a major role in influencing elders to
undertake various disaster management activities. The following interventions are suggested in
the context of the education sector:
8.4.2 Safety of School buildings: Safety of school buildings has to be ensured through a strict
techno-legal regime by enacting a separate provision for school safety in the National Building
Code/building bye-laws. This should cover all schools including private schools. In addition, the
following interventions are suggested through the national programme:
Design and construct schools (under Sarva Siksha Abhiyan or any other scheme) keeping in
mind the hazard and vulnerability of the region
Develop a Policy paper for new initiatives on school safety.
Develop prototypes for structurally safe designs for schools.
Take up Training of Rural Engineers appointed under SSA Scheme as well as the SSA State
Coordinators.
Take up training of masons in rural areas.
Create Technology Demonstration Units.
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8.4.3 School Education
Introduce school safety as a part of the guidelines of SSA which is focussed on inclusive
development.
Introduce School Safety in the Teachers Training Curriculum.
Introduce Disaster awareness as an element of education imparted in all schools. The SIET
and DIETS should ensure that these are imparted appropriately in all schools through
innovative methods.
The teachers and students in these schools could be used to enhance community awareness.
Make Disaster resistant construction methods and technologies a compulsory part of all
technical education covering Engineering, Architecture, etc.
Make Disaster management a compulsory element in other technical courses like medicine,
agriculture, veterinary science, etc. (details are in paragraph 6.11)
A detailed set of recommendations is given in the chapter Capacity Development and Public
Awareness.
Take into account the hazard profile and offer continuous employment opportunities in the
event of disasters to ensure livelihood security in the event of disasters
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Give priority to works which reduce disaster risks such as local mitigation works etc
Create Water conservation and water harvesting systems
Undertake Drought proofing, including afforestation and tree plantation
Undertake Flood-control and protection works, including drainage in waterlogged areas
Ensure rural connectivity to provide allweather access. The construction of roads may
include culverts where necessary. Priority should be given to roads that give access to SC/ST
habitations.
Undertake Disaster proofing of village assets like Schools, Panchayat buildings, Primary
health centers, etc. within the overall MGNREGS guidelines regarding the share of labour
and material component.
Construct emergency shelters and high lands in flood/cyclone prone areas.
Undertake Drainage improvement work in villages to prevent flooding.
Introduce disaster resilient designs and construction techniques under the training
component for engineers under MGNREGS programme.
8.6 Environment
8.6.1 The Ministry of Environment and Forests plays a key role in reducing the adverse impacts of
natural hazards. There are many programmes under which the impact of natural hazards like
drought, flood, landslides or tsunami can be reduced. The improvement of forest areas and the
afforestation programmes are the two key elements in this strategy. The Ministry of
Environment and Forests needs to give special attention to the following:
Coastal Zone Plantations including mangroves in coastal areas to minimize the impact of
coastal disasters like cyclone and tsunami.
Afforestation programmes in landslide prone areas along with proper landslide protection
measures.
Afforestation programmes in areas prone to desertification.
Afforestation programmes in catchment areas of major rivers.
Involvement of communities in management of forest fires
8.6.2 While it has not been possible to suggest specific interventions in the programmes of Ministry
of Environment and Forests, many of this Ministrys programmes are intended to take disaster
risk reduction into account including the reduction of hazards likely to be faced due to climate
change.
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8.7 Health
8.7.1 In the event of any disaster, the role of the Ministry of Health is crucial. Ministry of Health has
many programmes, the most important one being National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). The
following interventions are suggested under the NRHM:
Ensure that the Village and District health plans explicitly address disaster risk reduction
concerns and the disaster management plans connect to the District and village Health
plans.
Provide training to the Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers on disaster health
preparedness and response.
Strengthen Disease Health Surveillance System in rural areas.
Ensure structural safety of the Community and Primary health centers (CHCs & PHCs) and
other health care service delivery centers in rural areas.
Train doctors and hospital staff on mass casualty management and emergency medicine.
Create Community awareness on disaster management
Provide for Mobile Medical Units (MMUs) at CHC level.
Provide First Aid and Disaster Management (DM) training for health workers, including
(ASHA), Aanganwadi Workers (AWW), Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM), Red Cross Volunteers
and (PRI) members.
Form Community Emergency Response Teams at community level and sensitize them about
health related treatments, first aid etc.
Ensure adequate stocks of essential medicines in all health centers well before the disaster
seasons, especially in the context of floods, landslides, snow slides, cyclones and droughts
since these seasons are reasonably well known.
Provide for a portion of the budget to kept as reserve for emergencies
8.7.2 Apart from the above, the Ministry of Health should also have a separate scheme for
retrofitting of major Government hospitals in Seismic Zones 4 and 5. Metropolitan cities in
seismic Zone-3 may also be covered under this.
8.7.3 They should also have facilities for treating nuclear radiations in all Government/Public Sector
hospitals located near nuclear power plants and in large metros. In addition, facilities for
treating patients who could be affected by chemical disaster should also be provided in all
hospitals which are near clusters of chemical factories. The number of doctors trained in CBRN
emergencies across the country need to be increased and specific training programmes
designed and implemented for such hospitals and doctors.
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8.8 Drinking water
8.8.1 The drinking water supply programme is covered under JNNURM in urban areas and Rajiv
Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission in rural areas. The Rural programme keeps 5% of the
total outlay earmarked for providing immediate drinking water facilities in times of disaster.
This provision has been found very useful in post disaster situations. The following
interventions are suggested:
Continue with the 5% provision for emergency support measures for creation of
additional/alternate sources of drinking water.
Insist on the tube-wells being constructed on higher level platforms in flood prone and low
lying areas. This may need a marginal increase in cost, but will provide safe drinking water
during emergencies.
Provide for a component for emergency repair and restoration of water supply systems in
disaster affected areas.
Mandate creation of an emergency fund of Municipal bodies (with or without Government
support) to help restoration of water supply urgently in times of disaster.
Provide sufficient facilities for testing of quality of water immediately after the disaster, if
necessary in PPP mode.
Train Engineers and Public Health officials in water quality testing and in fixing and
operating water purifying systems at short notice.
Maintain reserves of water purifying systems as part of emergency reserves.
8.9 Agriculture
8.9.1 The role of the Ministry of Agriculture is crucial in ensuring the Food Security of the country in
the event of floods and drought. While floods and drought do not get high visibility, it causes
maximum economic damage to the people particularly the small marginal farmers and
agricultural labour. It also results in extensive damage to crops and cattle thereby affecting not
only the food and nutrition security of the country but also income security of the rural
population. The Ministry of Agriculture has therefore, the dual responsibility of ensuring that
the overall production does not suffer on this account and the micro level food security of small
farmers are not affected. The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY), National Food Security
Mission and National Horticulture Mission are some important Government Schemes. The
following interventions are suggested under the following missions:
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8.9.2 The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY) is a major flagship programme which, in convergence
with MGNREGS can provide for better management of water for increased production and
productivity by managing tanks, ponds, and other water bodies. In addition the following can
be done:
Create of a seed (including planting material) reserve in different parts of the country to
take care of likely damages due to floods or drought. This can be used whenever a new
window of opportunity for sowing or transplanting presents itself during the season after a
flood or lack of adequate rain. It must however, be kept in mind that this reserve is to
ensure alternate sowing in bad years and it is likely that some part of the resources have to
be written off. A conscious plan to write off such seed, planting material needs to be built
into the scheme to avoid audit objections later. Details of the scheme will have to be
worked out based on the vulnerabilities of each region since the seeds have to be region
specific, crop season and variety specific. This could be done under the National Seed
Program also
Pest surveillance and management of pests and diseases should be an integral part of
Rashtriya Krisha Vikas Yojana.
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have to be region and crop specific and will have to draw upon the immense genetic pool and
traditional knowledge systems in the Country.
8.10 MPLADS
8.10.1 The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation operates the scheme of MPLADS
with an annual provision of Rs. 5 crores per Member of Parliament. This scheme can make a
substantial difference to Govts efforts in disaster risk reduction in the country. The scheme
currently focused on relief and not on prevention and preparedness. The suggestion therefore
is to shift the focus from disaster relief to mitigation and include the following in the list of
eligible schemes.
8.10.2 Many eligible items under the MPLADS can contribute to disaster risk reduction. In addition, the
following needs to be introduced as eligible items.
Amend para 2.7 of the guidelines to include Natural & Man-made Calamities. MPLADS works
can also be implemented in the areas prone to or affected by the calamities like floods, cyclone,
Tsunami, earthquake, landslides, tornado, drought, fire, chemical, biological and radiological
hazards. This will permit inclusion of manmade calamities.
permit retro-fitting
Redraft item 5 of Annexure II to permit retrofitting of lifeline buildings. All renovation, and
repair works excluding retrofitting of essential lifeline buildings, viz Govt. hospitals, Govt.
Schools and public buildings to be used as shelters in an emergency and heritage and
archeological monuments and buildings with specific permission available from the
Archeological Survey of India.
Retrofitting of essential lifeline buildings, viz Govt. hospitals, Govt. Schools and public buildings
to be used as shelters in an emergency.
Early Warning Systems for effective disaster mitigation.
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8.11 Other Initiatives
8.11.1 The establishment of Village Knowledge Centres under the Ministry of Rural Development is a
welcome initiative in the overall strategy of empowerment of communities for disaster
resilience. These centres can become key players in disseminating knowledge and increasing
awareness of village communities. These centres can also become responsible recipients of the
early warning system. In the overall design of village knowledge centres this element could be
built in.
8.13 Insurance
8.13.1 An effective risk transfer mechanism in a disaster situation is insurance. Though the Indian
Insurance industry has grown (both public and private sectors) the coverage for disasters
remains grossly inadequate. There are different models of disaster risk insurance possible
among which the US flood insurance model and the Turkey model of insurance are good
examples for replication in India. Both these models have some mandatory elements which
help increase the coverage and reduce the premium. Intervention by the insurance companies
may not, per se, involve budgetary outlays. In fact, they can reduce Governments spending in
post disaster rebuilding. Asset owners should also have specific legal responsibility for
insurance, particularly for third party liability (Motor Vehicle Act provisions including third party
insurance is a good example). An India Catastrophe Insurance Pool is recommended.
8.13.2 Insurance for crops and cattle which account for the maximum economic losses in times of
disasters, be it floods, cyclone or drought needs to be expanded and made simpler and farmer
friendly. The Ministry of Agriculture is already working on these schemes and it is necessary to
expand these schemes to cover as many farmers as possible in disaster prone areas.
8.13.3 States such as Gujarat and Tamil Nadu had introduced insurance schemes in the post-disaster
reconstruction phase. This could be scaled up for all reconstruction/new construction schemes.
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8.14 Schemes of other Departments
8.14.1 There are other Ministries which have to provide for specific interventions for disaster
reduction in respect of the target population they serve. Typically these are the Ministry of
Development of North-Eastern Region (for disaster reduction in the Northeast which is highly
vulnerable), Ministry of Tribal Affairs (for specific problems of the tribal population in disasters),
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (for the targeted groups who have special
requirements of their target).
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8.16 Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals
8.16.1 Accidents due to improper handling of hazardous chemicals have been on the rise in recent
times. While legal interventions are available through various Acts and laws, a large number of
small factories which handle or transport hazardous chemicals contribute to a number of small
but fatal accidents. While there is a need for strengthening the techno-legal regime and
monitoring in this regard, it is also necessary to earmark some funds by the Department of
Chemicals and Petrochemicals to create a chemical safety network to conduct studies, research
to monitor industries handling hazardous chemicals.
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9. Schemes of NDMA
9.1 While substantial amount of work on disaster management will be carried by respective
Ministries and Departments, there are a few critical missing links which need to be taken up by
NDMA.
9.2 Disasters in India are far too frequent and cause substantial economic damages. In particular,
disaster affects the poor more both in terms of severity of impact and the spread. This will
adversely affect the object of the Government to accelerate inclusive growth. To achieve this,
programmes relating to cross-cutting themes need to be taken up by NDMA. Earlier Ministry of
Home Affairs (MHA) had implemented a programme called National Disaster Mitigation
Programme since 1993-94. With the enactment of the DM Act 2005, the responsibility of the
Government of India and NDMA have increased manifold. It is in this context that these
programmes are being recommended.
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Deliverables The Government, in January 2011, has approved the implementation of Phase-I of
the Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project
(NCRMP) for Andhra Pradesh and Orissa at a cost of Rs. 1496.71 crores. The
Scheme is being funded by the World Bank as an Adaptable Programme Loan with
an International Development Association (IDA) credit amounting to Rs. 1198.44
crores. The remaining amount of Rs. 298.27 crores will be contributed by the State
Governments of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. The Financing Agreement and Project
Agreements relating to National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) were
signed between the Department of Economic Affairs, World Bank and the State
Governments of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha on 14.1.2011. 2. The Project has four
principal components namely :-
A. Last Mile Connectivity
B. Structural and Non-Structural Measures
C. Technical Assistance for Cyclone Hazard Risk Mitigation,
Capacity Building and Knowledge Creation
D. Project Management and Implementation Support
Unallocated and contingency @ 10% of overall cost
The Components A, C and D are being fully financed by the Central
Government through World Bank assistance. The component-B is being financed
by the Central and State Governments in the ratio of 75:25. The Scheme will be
implemented during the period 2010-11 to 2014-15 by NDMA in coordination with
the Governments of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa and the NIDM.
It is proposed to implement the Project in four other vulnerable coastal States
of Gujarat, West Bengal, Kerala, and Maharashtra in Phase-II of the Project. The
Investment Proposals received from these States are at various stages of
consideration in consultation with the World Bank. The remaining States/UTs may
be included in subsequent phases as and when they are ready with their appraisal
documents.
Implementing Government of India, World Bank, NDMA, State Governments of Andhra Pradesh,
Partners Orissa, Gujarat, West Bengal, Kerala, and Maharashtra.
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2. National Earthquake Risk Mitigation Project (NERMP)
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3. Landslide Risk Mitigation Projects (LRMP)
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4. Flood Risk Mitigation Project (FRMP)
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5. National Disaster Communication Network (NDCN)
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6. Strengthening of District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) and State
Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) and setting up of Emergency Operation
Centers (EOCs)
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7. Strengthening State Disaster Response Force (SDRF)
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8. A. National Disaster Management Training Institute
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B. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
2. While not on deployment, the battalions will remain fully occupied with
regular and intensive training of their own personnel, familiarization with their
respective areas of responsibility, capacity building of the state police forces and
various other stakeholders in the area and carrying out mock drills and joint
exercises with State Government agencies, NGOs, community volunteers etc.
3. National Disaster Mitigation Reserve (NDMR) to cater for the emergent
supply of life-saving and other essential materials to meet the urgent
requirements of the victims of minor (level-3) natural or man-made disasters
which are beyond the immediate coping capacity of the States. These reserves
will be maintained at the respective locations of the various NDRF battalions.
Implementing Government of India, NDMA
Partners
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9. National Programme on Disaster Knowledge Network
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10. National Programme on Disaster Awareness and Advocacy
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11. National Programme on Disaster Education and Research
Title National Programme on Disaster Education and Research School and Higher
Education
Sector Central Scheme (New Scheme)
Proposed Rs. 260 Crores
Outlay
Funding 100% centrally sponsored scheme
Pattern
Objective 1. Initiate formal education research on various facets of disaster risk
reduction, disaster management and legal education at the university
level, and basic education on various disasters and social preparedness
at the school level;
2. Networking of institutes across India in specific subjects of Disaster
Anthropology, Disaster Psychology, Disaster Geography, Disaster
Economics, Disaster Communication, Disaster Social Work, Disaster
Management, and Disaster Law;
3. Formation of National Higher Disaster Education Panel in India to
provide thrust, direction, and guidance to disaster related education
programs;
4. Capacity Building of universities and research institutes across country
and associated stakeholders in Higher Education towards disaster related
education;
5. Initiation of research on various facets of disasters; and
6. Institution of State Institutes of Disaster Management (SIDMs).
Deliverables 1. Development of Faculty Members employed in universities/research
institutes;
2. Preparation of books and resource materials;
3. Curriculum development in universities;
4. Student development;
5. Research and Development in disaster management (including
preparedness, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction) on pressing
questions needed to be addressed in Indian context; and
6. Institutionalizing disaster management in the states through efforts of
SIDMs.
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Implementing NDMA, SDMAs, DDMAs, NIDM, Ministry of Human Resources and Development
Partners (Government of India), University Grants Commission, and Department of
School, Secondary and Higher Education of various states.
B) Technical Education
Title National Programme on Disaster Education and Research Technical
Education
Sector Central Scheme (New Scheme)
Proposed Rs. 350 Crores
Outlay
Funding 100% centrally sponsored scheme
Pattern
Objective 1. Development of Technical Education System and Infrastructure in India,
to bring into focus role of electrical, mechanical and chemical engineers
in addition to that of architects and civil engineers, towards addressing
(a) earthquakes and landslides, (b) cyclones and hurricanes, (c) floods,
(d) biological and chemical mishaps in industries, and (e) bomb blasts;
2. Networking Institutes in the Country towards technical education in
architecture and civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical
engineering, chemical engineering, and construction engineering, and
setting up of National Technical Advisory Panels in the said subjects;
3. Basic Capacity Building Initiatives: Development of Faculty Members
employed in government institutes/universities, Preparation of books
and resource materials, Degree programs and curriculum development
in government institutes/universities, Academia-Industry relations,
Student development, Research and Development, Continuing education
of architects and engineers, and Industry-Academia relations;
4. Focussed initiatives like national missions on Technical Education and
Research in the identified subjects including QIP program for faculty
development, development and implementation of modern Curriculum,
upgrade laboratory education infrastructure, promotion of Excellence,
upgrade education building infrastructure;
5. Continuing Education of Professional Architects and Engineers, and
Training of Artisans, Sensitisation of Contractors and Developers;
6. Research and Development related to Post-Disaster Field Studies, Hazard
Zonation, Disaster Risk Assessment and Scenario Development, Cost-
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effective Construction and Retrofitting Technologies, Development of
Design and Construction Standards, in addition to specific R&D projects;
and
7. Documentation and Dissemination, including development of Public
Awareness Material, and Virtual Clearinghouse of Disaster Information,
hosting Journals of Disaster-Resistant Technologies, and National
Conferences on Disaster-Safety, with Special Thrust on Architecture-
related Education.
Deliverables 1. Development of Faculty Members employed in universities/research
institutes;
2. Preparation of books and resource materials;
3. Curriculum development in universities;
4. Student development;
5. Research and Development in disaster management (including
preparedness, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction) on pressing
questions needed to be addressed in Indian context; and
6. Institutionalizing disaster related technical education in NITs.
Implementing Union and State Governments, NDMA, SDMAs, DDMAs, MHA, Ministry of
Partners Human Resources and Development (Government of India), IITs, NITs,
Department of Technical Education of various states, CoA, Indian Technical
Institutes, Polytechnics, All India Council for Technical Education, the Council of
Architecture, the Institution of Engineers (India), Indian Institute of Architects
(IIA), Departments of Science and Technology of the Government of India and
the State Governments, the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research,
National Institutes of Technical Teachers' Training and Research (NITTR), the
State Training Institutes (STIs), the National Institutes of Construction
Management and Research (NICMAR), National Academy of Construction, (NAC)
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C) Medical Education
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number for whole of India
6. Establishment of a Paramedic Council of India for certification and
affiliation
7. District Radiation safety office (RSO) cum CBRNe officer in each district
8. Disaster Psychosocial worker in each district
9. District Occupational, Rehabilitation and physiotherapist in each district
10. District Disaster Medical social worker in each district
11. Establishment of India Disaster Medical Force (IDMF) by training in
Public Health, CBRNe and Humanitarian Medicine
Veterinary Medicine
1. Development of National-level Faculty and Training of Trainers
Programme include specific programme on animal welfare and their
management in all phases of disasters
2. Infrastructure Development, Inventory Planning and Mapping at
National & State Levels based on vulnerable areas through institutional
technology & interdisciplinary approaches
3. Capacity building training for the community at educational institution
Implementing NDMA, SDMAs, DDMAs, Ministry of Health And Family Welfare (GoI), State
Partners Departments Of Health, National level Medical Institutes & Universities, State
level Medical Institutes & Universities
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D) Management and Legal Education
Title National Programme on Disaster Education and Research Management and Legal
Education
Objectives Imparting management approach to disaster risk reduction and awareness about
legal aspects of disaster management.
Sector Central Scheme (New Scheme)
Proposed Rs. 150 Crores
Outlay
Funding 100% centrally sponsored scheme
Pattern
Deliverables 1. Development of Management as Process, Discipline and Body with DRR
context.
2. Incorporating sustainable development and disaster related issues in
Management Curriculum and Management principles in Sociological and
disaster education.
3. Short- and long-term programmes for primary stakeholders for creating basic
awareness on legal aspects of DRR.
4. Incorporating disaster related Acts, Rules and Regulations, Bylaws in legal
education.
Implementing NDMA, NIDM, State Institutes of Disaster Management, UGC, AICTE, Management
Partners Universities and Law Colleges
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E) National Programme on Disaster Training of NGOs, Civil Society and Private Sector
Groups, Government Officers and Strengthening Institutional Capacities
Title National Programme on Disaster Training of NGOs, Civil Society and Private
Sector Groups, and Strengthening Institutional Capacities
Sector Central Scheme (New Scheme)
Proposed Rs. 500 Crores
Outlay
Funding 100% centrally sponsored scheme
Pattern
Objective Reducing the risk and vulnerability of states and district to different natural
hazards by involving all stakeholders, through NGOs, Civil Society Organizations
and private sector groups, through proper guidance from a nodal agency. This is
proposed to be achieved by:
1. Enhancing the capacity of the functionaries to respond properly during
the time of emergencies.
2. Increased awareness and participation of stakeholders (from village,
district to state levels)
3. Developing suitable strategies for training of civil society and NGOs for
each state
4. Networking states for sharing of information and helping each other
during the time of crisis
5. Strengthening district control rooms with equipments and operational
manuals to function as disaster management information centres
6. Setting up Information Technology (IT) centres at district level
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12. Other Disaster Management Projects (ODMPs)
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10. National Disaster Mitigation Fund
10.1 The Disaster Management Act 2005 provides (Para 47(1)) for setting up of a National Disaster
Mitigation Fund (NDMF) for projects exclusively for the purpose of mitigation. The National
Disaster Management Authority is to administer this fund. The 13 th Finance Commission was
set up by the Government on 13th December 2007. The terms of reference at Serial No. 8 of
the Notification enjoined the Finance Commission to review the present arrangements as
regards financing of Disaster Management with reference to the National Calamity Contingency
Fund (NCCF) and Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) and the funds envisaged in the Disaster
Management Act 2005(53 of 2005) and make appropriate recommendations thereon. The
Finance Commission, after detailed discussions with the Central Ministries, Planning
Commission and the State Governments recommended that the erstwhile NCCF may be
converted into NDRF and all the money available in NCCF be transferred to NDRF. The Calamity
Relief Fund maintained by the States was to be reconstituted as State Disaster Response Fund.
The Disaster Management Act 2005 had also provided for District Disaster Response Fund. The
13th Finance Commission was of the view that setting up of these funds may be left to the
discretion of the States. The NDRF came into effect on 1.4.2011. Most States have also set up
State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) and transferred the balance in CRF to SDRF.
10.2 On the creation of National Disaster Mitigation Fund, the TFC suggested that it should be a part
of the plan assistance and that the expenditure on mitigation should be made out of the plan
resources of the respective ministries of the Union and the States. The Commission was of the
view that this may be a more advisable course of action as there are already a number of
schemes at the Central as well as at the State levels that are targeted towards mitigation, in
areas such as drought proofing, flood and water management, soil erosion and promotion of
earthquake resistant structures.
10.3 It suggested that the adequate funding of disaster mitigation may be decided by the Planning
Commission and the NDMA.
10.4 The Centrally sponsored schemes which are implemented by the States with varying levels of
central plan support are important vehicles for disaster mitigation. The Government of India,
after notification of Disaster Management Act 2005, has modified its Expenditure Finance
Committee/Public Investment Board formats for appraisal of projects and schemes. The
project authorities have to give a declaration that the projects that they would implement
would confirm to the guidelines issued by the National Disaster Management Authority for the
area in which they are located. This self-certification is an important document considered by
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the EFC/PIB while recommending proposal for public investment. However, these documents
do not come to NDMA, nor is NDMA represented in EFCs.
10.5 Incorporating preventive and mitigation measures in urban planning including construction of
housing in the central sector and centrally sponsored schemes should be mandatory.
Guidelines on DRR should be built into the project designs. In major projects such as refineries,
petro-chemical plants, power projects (hydro thermal, nuclear) disaster mitigation measures
are already an integral part. These need to be subjected to a third party review. In many areas
such as construction of school building, hospitals, roads, irrigation canals and many such other
critical infrastructure, a more detailed blue print for disaster mitigation needs to be prepared
and notified. The relevant cost of mitigation should be a part of the project cost.
10.6 Since the Disaster Management Act, 2005 specifically provides for the creation of National
Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF), the Government could be called into question in Parliament
or before Courts of Law as to why such Fund has not been set up. Not setting up such a Fund
would also encourage the State Governments to do the same viz-a-viz the State Disaster
Mitigation Fund.
10.7 Given the provisions of the Disaster Management Act 2005, it is necessary, therefore, to set up
a National Disaster Mitigation Fund. The key question seems to be whether the fund should be
a non-lapsable fund or should it follow the discipline of a plan scheme. Since mitigation efforts
have to be time bound it could take the form of National Programme subject to the disciplines
of annual plan budget. The recommendations of the 12 th Finance Commission indicate that the
National Disaster Mitigation efforts have to primarily depend on factoring in DRR into the
development plans of the Departments but it does not rule out specific interventions by NDMA
in areas of critical importance and in cross-cutting issues. Therefore, funds for the National
Disaster Management effort may consist of the following:
(ii) Though there is a strong case for setting up an NDMF on the lines of the non-lapsable
pool of resources for DONER, a start could be made by providing a plan outlay for a
National Disaster Mitigation Fund which can be in the form of National Programme
covering the other Disaster Management Projects (ODMP). A set of guidelines can be
issued for these projects. (The funding pattern can follow the broad principle of 100%
for all Central Sector schemes and 75:25 or 90:10 for all schemes in which assistance is
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provided to State Governments). For the purpose of this plan ODMP may be renamed
as the National Mitigation Fund. This disposition may partially meet the legal
obligations of setting up of the National Disaster Mitigation Fund.
10.8 The combination of the two mentioned above viz., clear earmarking of provisions for disaster
related activities by the Ministries and Departments would meet the requirements of Section-
49* of the Disaster Management Act and establishment of National Disaster Mitigation Fund on
an Annual Budgetary Support basis for disaster mitigation projects could partially meet the
requirements of Section-47** of the Disaster Management Act, 2005.
(2) The provisions of sub-section (1) shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to departments of the
Government of the State.
**Section-47: National Disaster Mitigation Fund: (1) The Central Government may, by
notification in the Official Gazette, constitute a Fund to be called the National Disaster
Mitigation Fund for projects exclusively for the purpose of mitigation and there shall be credited
thereto such amount which the Central Government may, after due appropriation made by
Parliament by law in this behalf, provide.
(2) The National Disaster Mitigation Fund shall be applied by the National Authority.
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Summary of Proposals
In addition to the allocation of funds proposed for mainstreaming DRR in major developmental
programmes as mentioned in Chapter-8 and the interventions of Science & Technology
mentioned in Chapter-7, funds required for NDMA are as follows:
108
Abbreviations
109
DDMP District Disaster Management Plan
DM Disaster Management
DR Disaster Recovery
IT Information Technology
RS Remote Sensing
UT Union Territory
No.M-12016/03/2011-PAMD
Government of India
Planning Commission
(Project Appraisal & Management Division)
*****
Yojana Bhawan Sansad Marg,
New Delhi-11000
Dated 6th April, 2011
ORDER
Subject: Constitution of Working Group on Disaster Management for the 12th Five year Plan (2012-2017)
It has been decided to constitute a Working Group on Disaster Management in the context of preparation of the
Twelfth Five Year Plan. The composition and Terms of Reference of the Group will be as follows:
II-Composition
S.N. Name Designation
1 Shri T. Nanda Kumar, Member, National Disaster Management Authority, NDMA Chairman
Bhawan, A-1, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029 (Tel26701775 )
2 Dr. Noor Mohammad, Secretary, National Disaster Management Authority, NDMA Member
Bhawan, A-1, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110 029 (Tel: 2670170)
3 Shri Anil Sinha, Vice Chairman, Bihar State Disaster Management Authority, 2nd Member
Floor, Pant Bhawan, Patna (Bihar) Tel:0612-2522032, Mob:09473400201
4 Ms Swarna Subba Rao, Surveyor General of India, Survey of India, Post Box No.37, Member
Hathibarkala Estate, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand Fax:91-135-2744064
5 Shri R.C. Jha, Member (RM), Central Water Commission, 212, Sewa Bhawan (5), R K Member
Puram, New Delhi-110606, Tel: 26103221
6 Shri P.G. Dhar Chakrabarti, Executive Director, National Institute of Disaster Member
Management, 5-B, IIPA Campus, IP Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-
110002
7 Shri Atanu Purkayastha, Joint Secretary, (Drought Management), Ministry of Member
Agriculture, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi-110001 , Tel: 011-23381503
8 Shri Ravindra Kumar Srivastava, Joint Secretary (Disaster Management), Ministry of Member
Home Affairs, Lok Nayak Bhawan, Khan Market, New Delhi-110003 (Tel:24638206 )
9 Dr. P.K. Mohanty, Additional Secretary & Mission Director, Ministry of Housing & Member
Urban Poverty Alleviation, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi-110 108, Tel:23061419,
Fax:23061420
10 Shri V. Thiruppughazh, Additional Chief Executive Officer, Gujarat State Disaster Member
Management Authority, 5th Floor, Block-11, Udyog Bhawan, Gandhinagar-382017
(Gujarat) Tel:07923259451
11 Dr. R.K. Srivastava, Director General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Member
Welfare, Nirman Bhawan, Maulana Azad Road, New Delhi-110108. Tel:23061063
114
12 Dr. R.P. Samui, Deputy Director General of Meteorology (Agremit), IMD, Shivaji Member
Nagar, Pune-411005 (Maharashtra) , Telefax:020-25535953
13 Deputy Director General (PPM), GSI, 27, J.L. Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016 (West Member
Bengal) ,Tel:033-22861676, Fax:033-22861770
14 Dr. K.J. Ramesh, Advisor & Scientist-G, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Mahasagar Member
Bhawan, Block-12, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003, Tel:24622059
15 Dr. V. Jayaraman, Director, National Remote Sensing Centre, Balanagar, Hyderabad- Member
500625, Tel:040-23879572, Fax:040-2387864
16 Dr. Rakesh Dubey, Disaster Management Institute, Prayavaran Parishar, E-5 Arera Member
Colony, P.B.No.563, Bhopal MI, Bhopal-462011, Tel:0755-2466715, Fax:0755-
24666653
17 Prof. Ravi Sinha, Department of Civil Engineer, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Member
Powai, Mumbai-400076 (Maharashtra) ,Tel:022-25722545, Fax:022-25723480
18 Dr. Krishna S. Vatsa, UNDP, Post Box No.305955, Lodhi Estate, New Delhi 110003 ( Member
Tel: 46532333 )
19 Ms Janki Andharia, Professor & Chairperson, Jamsetji Centre for Disaster Member
Management, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Post Box No.8313, Deonar, Mumbai-
400088 (Tel:022-25525000 )
20 Ms Sushma Lyengar, Kutch Navnirman Ahiyan, Dr. Rajaram Campus, Near Xavier Member
English Primary School, Bhuj-370001 (Kutch) (Tel:02832221379/221382)
21 Dr. V.S. Prakash, Director, Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre, 9th Member
Floor, BWSSB Building, Cauvery Bhawan, Bangalore-560009 (Karnataka)
(Telefax:080-22217038)
22 Pr. Secretary (Revenue)/Relief Commissioner, Government of Gujarat, 8th Floor, Member
Block-11, New Sachiwalaya, Gandhinagar-382017 (Gujarat) (Tel:09978406123 )
23 Secretary (Disaster Management)/Relief Commissioner, Government of Member
Uttarakhand, 4-B, Subhash Road, Dehradun-248001 (Tel: 0135-2712008 )
24 Commissioner-cum-Secretary, Revenue and Disaster Management Department, Member
Government of Orissa, Bhubaneswar-751001, ( Tel:0674-2539023)
25 Secretary (Disaster Management)/Relief Commissioner, Government of Tripura, 1st Member
Floor, TPSC Building, Secretariat, Agartala-799001
26 Shri P.K. Tripathi, Joint Secretary,(M), National Disaster Management Authority, Member
NDMA Bhawan, A-1, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110 029 ( Tel: 26701868 Fax:
26701820 )
27 Dr. Nagesh Singh, Adviser, Planning Commission, Yojana Bhawan, Sansad Marg, New Convener
Delhi-110001 ( Telefax: 23096707 )
28 Dr. P.K. Mishra, Chairman, Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission, Barrack No.3, Special Invitee
Polytechnic, Ambawadi, Ahmedabad-380015 (Tel:079-26302689)
29 Dr. Shailesh Nayak, Secretary, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Mahasagar Bhawan, Block- Special Invitee
12, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003 ( Tel:24360874 )
115
III. The Terms of Reference (specific to the Working Group) will be as under:
(a) To recommend measures to streamline existing institutional structure on disaster management in order to
avoid multiplicity of structures keeping in view the provisions of the Disaster Management Act 2005.
(b) Review implementation of disaster management policy both man made and natural disaster, towards disaster
risk reduction, preparedness and mitigation at Centre and State levels and in the private sector. The disaster risk
reduction and management framework to incorporate multi hazard preparedness and mitigation measures.
(c) To explore innovative ways and means for application of Science & Technology in disaster risk reduction.
(d) To draw a roadmap and policy framework to encourage public-private partnership and community
participation (including women, school children differently abled) in disaster management.
(e) To assess integration of disaster management related concerns to be inbuilt into central sector and centrally
sponsored schemes/ projects.
(f) To suggest programmes for capacity building for disaster mitigation at Centre, State and district levels with
special reference to rural and urban area with focus on educational instititins.
(g) To identify priority areas and projects along with financial resources particularly with respect to setting up of
National Disaster Mitigation Fund to be undertaken through NDMA, Central Ministries and State Governments in
integrated manner during the 12th Plan period.
(h) The Chairman of the Working Group may include any additional terms of reference, if needed after the 1 st
meeting of the Group.
116
Copy to:
1. Chairman, All Members, Special Invitees and Convener of the Working Group/Sub-Groups.
2. PS to Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission.
3. PS to Member of State (Planning)
4. PS to all Members of the Planning Commission.
5. PS to Member Secretary, Planning Commission
6. All Principal Advisers/Sr.Advisers/Advisers/HODs, Planning Commission
7. Director (PC), Planning Commission
8. Administration (General-I) and (General-II), Planning Commission
9. Under Secretary (Admn-I), Planning Commission Accounts-I Branch, Planning Commission.
10. Information Officers, Planning Commission
11. Library, Planning Commission
Sd/-
(Raj Pal Singh)
Deputy Adviser (PAMD)
Tel:23753165
117
Annex-II
No.M-12016/03/2011-PAMD
Government of India
Planning Commission
(Project Appraisal & Management Division)
*****
Yojana Bhawan Sansad Marg,
New Delhi-11000
Dated 3rd May, 2011
ORDER
Subject: Working Group on Disaster Management for the 12th Five year Plan (2012-2017)
In continuation of Planning Commissions Order of even number dated 6th April, 2011 on the above
subject, as per decision of the 1st meeting of the Working Group, additional members of the Working Group and
Revised TOR are as follow:
(i) To recommend measures to streamline existing institutional structure on disaster management in order
to avoid multiplicity of structures keeping in view the provisions of the Disaster Management Act 2005.
(j) Review implementation of disaster management policy both man made and natural disaster, towards
disaster risk reduction, preparedness and mitigation at Centre and State levels and in the private sector. The
disaster risk reduction and management framework to incorporate multi hazard preparedness and mitigation
measures.
(k) To explore innovative ways and means for application of Science & Technology in disaster risk reduction.
(l) To draw a roadmap and policy framework to encourage public-private partnership and community
participation (including women, school children differently abled) in disaster management.
(m) To assess integration of disaster management related concerns to be inbuilt into central sector and
centrally sponsored schemes/ projects.
(n) To suggest programmes for capacity building for disaster mitigation at Centre, State and district levels
with special reference to rural and urban area with focus on educational instititins.
(o) To identify priority areas and projects along with financial resources particularly with respect to setting
up of National Disaster Mitigation Fund to be undertaken through NDMA, Central Ministries and State
Governments in integrated manner during the 12th Plan period.
(p) To suggest policy measures and programmes for knowledge sharing, dissemination of information and
for increasing public awareness.
IV. Terms of Reference (General): The other Terms of Reference of the Order dated 6.4.2011 would remain
unchanged.
Copy to:
12. Chairman, All Members, Special Invitees and Convener of the Working Group/Sub-Groups.
13. PS to Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission.
14. PS to Member of State (Planning)
15. PS to all Members of the Planning Commission.
16. PS to Member Secretary, Planning Commission
17. All Principal Advisers/Sr.Advisers/Advisers/HODs, Planning Commission
18. Director (PC), Planning Commission
19. Administration (General-I) and (General-II), Planning Commission
20. Under Secretary (Admn-I), Planning Commission
21. Accounts-I Branch, Planning Commission.
22. Information Officers, Planning Commission
23. Library, Planning Commission Sd/-
(Raj Pal Singh)
Deputy Adviser (PAMD)
Tel:23753165
119
Annex-III
No.M-12016/03/2011-PAMD
Government of India
Planning Commission
(Project Appraisal & Management Division)
*****
Yojana Bhawan Sansad Marg,
New Delhi-11000
Dated 4th May, 2011
ORDER
Subject: Constitution of Sub-Group in the Working Group on Disaster Management for the 12th Five year
Plan (2012-2017)
In continuation of Order of even number dated 6th April, 2011 and 3rd May, 2011 on the above subject
it has been decided with the approval of the Chairman of Working Group on Disaster Management to constitute
Sub-Groups in the Working Group on Disaster Management in the context of preparation of the Twelfth Five
Year Plan. The composition and Terms of Reference of the Sub-Groups will be as follows:
A) Sub-Group I
(i) Composition
S.N. Name Designation
1 Dr. Noor Mohammad, Secretary, National Chairperson
Disaster Management Authority, NDMA Bhawan,
A-1, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110 029
Tel: 2670170
2 Shri Ravindra Kumar Srivastava, Joint Secretary Member
(Disaster Management), Ministry of Home Affairs,
Lok Nayak Bhawan, Khan Market, New Delhi-
110003 Tel:24638206
3 Shri P.K. Tripathi, Joint Secretary,(M), National Member
Disaster Management Authority, NDMA Bhawan,
A-1, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110 029
Tel: 26701868 Fax: 26701820
4 Dr. Nagesh Singh, Adviser, Planning Commission, Member
Yojana Bhawan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001
Telefax: 23096707
5 Shri R.C. Jha, Member (RM), Central Water Member
Commission, 212, Sewa Bhawan (5), R K Puram,
New Delhi-110606, Tel: 26103221
120
6 Shri V.K. Pipersenia, Principal Secretary, Revenue & Member
Disaster Management Department, Govt. of Assam,
Guwahati (Ph.0361-2237255, Mob:94355-52145)
7 Dr. Suhel Akhtar, Commissioner, Relief and Disaster Member
Management Department, Govt. of Manipur,
Imphal- 795001 (Ph.03852440736)
8 Pr. Secretary (Revenue)/Relief Commissioner, Member
Government of Gujarat, 8th Floor, Block-11, New
Sachiwalaya, Gandhinagar-382017 (Gujarat)
Tel:09978406123
9 Secretary (Disaster Management)/Relief Member
Commissioner, Government of Uttarakhand, 4-B,
Subhash Road, Dehradun-248001
Tel: 0135-2712008
10 Secretary (Disaster Management)/Relief Member
Commissioner, Government of Tripura, 1st Floor,
TPSC Building, Secretariat, Agartala-799001
11 Shri Atanu Purkayastha, Joint Secretary, (Drought Member
Management), Ministry of Agriculture, Krishi
Bhawan, New Delhi-110001 Tel:011-23381503
12 Shri V. Thiruppughazh, Additional Chief Executive Member
Officer, Gujarat State Disaster Management
Authority, 5th Floor, Block-11, Udyog Bhawan,
Gandhinagar-382017 (Gujarat) Tel:07923259451
13 Shri P.G. Dhar Chakrabarti, Executive Director, Member
National Institute of Disaster Management, 5-B,
IIPA Campus, IP Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg,
New Delhi-110002
14 Dr. P.K. Mohanty, Additional Secretary & Mission Member
Director, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty
Alleviation, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi-110 108
Tel:23061419, Fax:23061420
15 Dr. Krishna S. Vatsa, UNDP, Post Box No.305955, Member
Lodhi Estate, New Delhi 110003 Tel: 46532333
16 Shri Suresh Chandra Gupta, Joint Secretary Member
(Chemical Division, Department of Chemicals &
Petrochemicals
(ii) Terms of Reference (specific to the Sub-Group in the Working Group) will be as under:
B) Sub-Group II
(i) Composition
S.N. Name Designation
1 Shri R.C. Jha, Member (RM), Central Water Chairperson
Commission, 212, Sewa Bhawan(S), R.K.Puram,
New Delhi- 110606 Tel:26103221
2 Dr. K.J. Ramesh, Advisor & Scientist-G, Ministry Member
of Earth Sciences, Mahasagar Bhawan, Block-12,
CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003
Tel:24622059
3 Dr. R.P. Samui, Deputy Director General of Member
Meteorology (Agremit), IMD, Shivaji Nagar,
Pune-411005 (Maharashtra) Telefax:020-
25535953
4 Dr. V. Jayaraman, Director, National Remote Member
Sensing Centre, Balanagar, Hyderabad-500625
Tel:040-23879572, Fax:040-2387864
5 Deputy Director General (PPM), GSI, 27, J.L. Member
Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016 (West Bengal)
Tel:033-22861676, Fax:033-22861770
6 Dr. V.S. Prakash, Director, Karnataka State Member
Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre, 9th Floor,
122
BWSSB Building, Cauvery Bhawan, Bangalore-
560009 (Karnataka) Telefax:080-22217038
7 Ms Swarna Subba Rao, Surveyor General of Member
India, Survey of India, Post Box No.37,
Hathibarkala Estate, Dehradun-248001,
Uttarakhand Fax:91-135-2744064
8 Prof. Ravi Sinha, Department of Civil Engineer, Member
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Powai,
Mumbai-400076 (Maharashtra) Tel:022-
25722545, Fax:022-25723480
ii) Terms of Reference (specific to the Sub-Group in the Working Group) will be as under:
(c ) To explore innovative ways and means for application of Science & Technology in disaster risk reduction.
C) Sub-Group-III
(i) Composition
S.N. Name Designation
1 Ms Janki Andharia, Professor & Chairperson, Chairperson
Jamsetji Centre for Disaster Management, Tata
Institute of Social Sciences, Post Box No.8313,
Deonar, Mumbai-400088 Tel:022-25525000
2 Ms Sushma Lyengar, Kutch Navnirman Ahiyan, Dr. Member
Rajaram Campus, Near Xavier English Primary
School, Bhuj-370001 (Kutch)
Tel:02832221379/221382
3 Dr. Krishna S. Vatsa, UNDP, Post Box No.305955, Member
Lodhi Estate, New Delhi 110003 Tel: 46532333
4 Shri Anil Sinha, Vice Chairman, Bihar State Disaster Member
Management Authority, 2nd Floor, Pant Bhawan,
Patna (Bihar) Tel:0612-2522032,
Mob:09473400201
5 Dr. Rakesh Dubey, Disaster Management Institute, Member
Prayavaran Parishar, E-5 Arera Colony, P.B.No.563,
Bhopal MI, Bhopal-462011 Tel:0755-2466715
6 Dr. J. Radhakrishnan, Asstt. Country Director Member
(Head), Disaster Management Unit, UNDP, 55
Lodhi Estate, New Delhi-110003, Tel:011-
46532340
7 Shri Satish Puri, Director General, Directorate Member
General of Mines Safety, Head Office, Dhanbad-
123
826001, Ph:02326-2221000, Mob:09471191239,
email: dgms@dgms.in
8 Col. (Retd) Arjun Katoch, D1/9, Vasant Vihar, New Member
Delhi-110057 Tel:011-46696380,
email:arjunkatoch@gmail.com
9 Dr. Alka Parikh, Associate Professor, Dhirubhai Member
Ambani Institute of Information and
Communication Technology, Gh Zero Extension
Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382007. Tel:079-
30510653, Fax:079-30520010
email: alka_parikh@daiict.ac.in
10 Dr. Rajiv Kumar, Director General, FICCI Federation Member
House, Tansen Marg, New Delhi 110001.
Ph:23738760-70, email: ficci@ficci.com
11 Shri N.K. Khosla, Executive Director (SHE), Indian Member
Oil Corporation Ltd., Scope Complex, CGO
Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003, Tel:011-
24363646, email: khoslank@iocl.co.in
12 Shri Chandrajit Banerjee, Director General, Member
Confederation of Indian Industry, CII
Headquarters, Mantosh Sondhi Centre, 23,
Institutional Area, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003,
Tel:011-24629994-7, Fax:011-
24626149/24633168, email: c.banerjee@cii.in
13 Shri Sunit Tandon, Director General, Indian Member
Institute of Mass Communication, IIMC, Aruna
Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, Telfax:011-
26741532 & 26742492,
email:sunit.tondon@gmail.com
14 Shri Vinay Kajia, AIG Works, CISF Headquarters, Member
Block 13, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi.
Telfax:011-24360722, Mobile: 8800936868
(iii) Terms of Reference (specific to the Sub-Group in the Working Group) will be as under:
(d) To draw a roadmap and policy framework to encourage public-private partnership and
community participation (including women, school children differently abled) in disaster
management.
124
D) Sub-Group-IV
(ii) Composition
S.N. Name Designation
1 Shri Anil Sinha, Vice Chairman, Bihar State Disaster Chairperson
Management Authority, 2nd Floor, Pant Bhawan,
Patna (Bihar) Tel:0612-2522032,
Mob:09473400201
2 Dr. R.P. Samui, Deputy Director General of Member
Meteorology (Agremit), IMD, Shivaji Nagar, Pune-
411005 (Maharashtra) Telefax:020-25535953
3 Dr. N.A. Kazmi, Secretary, University Grants Member
Commission, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New
Delhi-110002, Ph:23239337
4 Ms. Anita Kaul, Addl. Secretary (Sarva Siksha Member
Abhiyan) Bureau of Elementary Education,
Ministry of Human Resource Development, Shastri
Bhavan, New Delhi-110001, Tel No.011-23383226,
Fax:011-23070584, email: anitakaul.edu@nic.in
5 Dr. K.J. Ramesh, Advisor & Scientist-G, Ministry of Member
Earth Sciences, Mahasagar Bhawan, Block-12, CGO
Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003
Tel:24622059
6 Dr. V. Jayaraman, Director, National Remote Member
Sensing Centre, Balanagar, Hyderabad-500625
Tel:040-23879572, Fax:040-2387864
7 Deputy Director General (PPM), GSI, 27, J.L. Nehru Member
Road, Kolkata-700016 (West Bengal) Tel:033-
22861676, Fax:033-22861770
8 Col. (Retd) Arjun Katoch, D1/9, Vasant Vihar, New Member
Delhi-110057 Tel:011-46696380,
Email:arjunkatoch@gmail.com
9 Dr. V.S. Prakash, Director, Karnataka State Natural Member
Disaster Monitoring Centre, 9th Floor, BWSSB
Building, Cauvery Bhawan, Bangalore-560009
10 Ms Swarna Subba Rao, Surveyor General of India, Member
Survey of India, Post Box No.37, Hathibarkala
Estate, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand
Fax:91-135-2744064
11 Pr. Secretary (Revenue)/Relief Commissioner, Member
Government of Gujarat, 8th Floor, Block-11, New
Sachiwalaya, Gandhinagar-382017 (Gujarat)
125
Tel: 09978406123
126
23 Dr. Ashish N Sutar, World Society for the Member
Protection of Animals, K-004, Country Park,
Borivali (East), Mumbai-400066 Email:
ashishsutar@wspa-asia.org Tel: 09619081888
24 Mr. Anuj Tiwari, Head (Projects)- GFDR, JPH-4, Member
Niho Scottish Garden, Indirapuram, Ghaziabad-
201010 Email: anujtiwariin@yahoo.com
Tel: 09818584477
25 Ms. Archana Kapoor, Director Hardnews Media Member
Pvt Ltd, 145, Gautam Nagar, New Delhi-110049.
Email: archana.smart@gmail.com
Tel: 9811166297
26 Mr. Rakesh Kaul, Associate Director, PwC Building Member
8, Tower B, DLF Cyber City, Gurgaon-122002.
Email: rakesh.kaul@in.pwc.com Tel: 9899295229
27 Ms. Sulagna Chattopadhyay, Editor (Geography Member
And You), President LIGHTS Research Foundation,
1584, B1, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi. Email:
lights2003@gmail.com Tel: 011-26892275
28 Prof. C.V.R. Murthy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Member
Madras, Chennai-600036 Email: cvrm@iitm.ac.in
Tel: 044-22574302
29 Prof. Ranjana Mukhopadhyay, Associate Professor, Member
Japanese Studies, Dept. of East Asian Studies,
University of Delhi-110007 Email:
ranjanayaya@gmail.com Tel: 09971879179
30 Mr. Mihir Bhatt, Director, Managing Trustee, All Member
India Disaster Mitigation Institute, 411, Sakar Five
Building, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad-380009 Email:
mihir@aidmi.org Tel: 079-26582962
31 Mr. Ahilesh Gupta, Advisor, Managing Trustee, All Member
India Disaster Mitigation Institute, 411, Sakar Five
Building, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad-380009
Email: mihir@aidmi.org Tel: 079-26582962
32 Mr. Nirankar Saxena, Director, FICCI, Tansen Marg, Member
New Delhi-110001. Email: nirankar@ficci.com
Tel: 9811839174
33 Ms. Sushmita Shekhar, Dy. Secretary General, PHD Member
Chamber of Commerce & Industry, 4/2 Siri
Institutional Area, August Kranti Marg, New Delhi-
110016 Email: sshekhar@phdcci.in
Tel: 9810005531
127
34 Mr. M.S. Kasana, Expert-Human Resources, Member
Competition Commission of India, Hindustan
Times House, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001 Email:
mahabir.kasana@rediffmail.com
Tel: 09868284717
35 Prof. A.S. Arya, Sector C-2, House No. 2457 Member
(Ground Floor), Vasant Kunj, New Delhi-110070.
Email: asarun3155@gmail.com
Tel: 9818997029
36 Dr. Anshu Sharma, SEEDS India, 15/A, Institutional Member
Area, R.K. Puram, Sector-4, New Delhi-110022.
Email: anshu@seedsindia.org Tel: 9810066976
37 Mr. Vikrant Mahajan, COO, Sphere India, Building Member
No.3, Flat No. 401/3, Sona Apartments, Hauz Khas,
New Delhi-110016. Email: vik@sphereindia.org.in
Tel: 9818666831
38 Mr. Vikas Gora, Consultant, H 1/11, 1st floor, Hauz Member
Khas, New Delhi-110016. Email:
vikasgora@gmail.com Tel: 9958699913
39 Dr. Alka Parikh, Associate Professor, Dhirubhai Member
Ambani institute of Information & Communication
Technology, Gh Zero Extension Road,
Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382007, Email:
alka_parikh@daiict.ac.in Tel: 079-30510653
(iii) Terms of Reference (specific to the Sub-Group in the Working Group) will be as under:
(f) To suggest programmes for capacity building for disaster mitigation at Centre, State and
district levels with special reference to rural and urban area with focus on educational
institutions.
(h) To suggest policy measures and programmes for knowledge sharing, dissemination of
information and for increasing public awareness.
E) Sub-Group-V
(i) Composition
S.N. Name Designation
1 Shri T. Nanda Kumar, Member, National Disaster Chairperson
Management Authority, NDMA Bhawan, A-1,
Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029
Tel26701775
128
2 Prof. Ravi Sinha, Department of Civil Engineer, Indian Member
Institute of Technology (IIT), Powai, Mumbai-400076
(Maharashtra)
Tel:022-25722545, Fax:022-25723480
3 Shri V.K. Pipersenia, Principal Secretary, Revenue & Member
Disaster Management Department, Govt. of Assam,
Guwahati (Ph.0361-2237255, Mob:94355-52145)
4 Shri Atanu Purkayastha, Joint Secretary, (Drought Member
Management), Ministry of Agriculture, Krishi Bhawan,
New Delhi-110001
Tel:011-23381503, Fax:011-23381503
5 Shri Ravindra Kumar Srivastava, Joint Secretary Member
(Disaster Management), Ministry of Home Affairs, Lok
Nayak Bhawan, Khan Market, New Delhi-110003
Tel:24638206
6 Dr. R.K. Srivastava, Director General of Health Services, Member
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Nirman Bhawan,
Maulana Azad Road, New Delhi-110108. Tel:23061063
7 Shri V. Thiruppughazh, Additional Chief Executive Member
Officer, Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority,
5th Floor, Block-11, Udyog Bhawan, Gandhinagar-
382017 (Gujarat) Tel:07923259451
8 Shri P.G. Dhar Chakrabarti, Executive Director, National Member
Institute of Disaster Management, 5-B, IIPA Campus, IP
Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110002
9 Shri R.C. Jha, Member (RM), Central Water Member
Commission, 212, Sewa Bhawan (S), R.K. Puram, New
Delhi-110606, Tel:26103221
10 Dr. P.K. Mohanty, Additional Secretary & Mission Member
Director, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty
Alleviation, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi-110 108
Tel:23061419, Fax:23061420
11 Shri P.K. Tripathi, Joint Secretary,(M), National Disaster Member
Management Authority, NDMA Bhawan, A-1,
Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi 110 029
Tel: 26701868 Fax: 26701820
12 Dr. Shailesh Nayak, Secretary, Ministry of Earth Member
Sciences, Mahasagar Bhawan, Block-12, CGO Complex,
Lodhi Road, New Delhi-110003
Tel:24360874
129
13 Secretary (Disaster Management)/Relief Member
Commissioner, Government of Tripura, 1st Floor, TPSC
Building, Secretariat, Agartala-799001
14 Dr. P.K. Mishra, Chairman, Gujarat Electricity Member
Regulatory Commission, Barrack No.3, Polytechnic,
Ambawadi, Ahmedabad-380015 (Tel:079-26302689)
15 Dr. Krishna S. Vatsa, UNDP, Post Box No.305955, Lodhi Member
Estate, New Delhi 110003 Tel: 46532333
16 Shri Satish Puri, Director General, Directorate General Member
of Mines Safety, Head Office, Dhanbad-826001,
Ph:02326-2221000, Mob: 09471191239, email:
dgms@dgms.in
17 Dr. Nagesh Singh, Adviser, Planning Commission, Member
Yojana Bhawan, Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001.
Telefax:23096707
(ii) Terms of Reference (specific to the Sub-Group in the Working Group) will be as under:
(e) To assess integration of disaster management related concerns to be inbuilt into central sector
and centrally sponsored schemes / projects.
(g) To identify priority areas and projects alongwith financial resources particularly with respect to
setting up of National Disaster Mitigation Fund to be undertaken through NDMA, Central Ministries
and State Govts. in integrated manner during the 12th Plan period.
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Copy to:
24. Chairman, All Members, Special Invitees and Convener of the Working Group/Sub-Groups.
25. PS to Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission.
26. PS to Member of State (Planning)
27. PS to all Members of the Planning Commission.
28. PS to Member Secretary, Planning Commission
29. All Principal Advisers/Sr.Advisers/Advisers/HODs, Planning Commission
30. Director (PC), Planning Commission
31. Administration (General-I) and (General-II), Planning Commission
32. Under Secretary (Admn-I), Planning Commission
33. Accounts-I Branch, Planning Commission.
34. Information Officers, Planning Commission
35. Library, Planning Commission
Sd/-
(Raj Pal Singh)
Deputy Adviser (PAMD)
Tel:23753165
*****
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Annex -IV
The NDCN project involves a total anticipated expenditure of Rs. 943 Crores as per the
following break up:
Total 898,30,68,024
5% buffer:
943,22,21,425
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Annex -V
After going through training infrastructure created, the SDRF personnel as well as other State
stakeholder will be able to:
Have an idea about the various types of disasters and to understand the basic principles of disaster response in
different situations.
Understand the concepts, methodology and techniques of search and rescue operations in different disaster
situations, including collapsed structure search and rescue operations, urban search and rescue operations and
rope rescue operations, as also become familiar with the various equipments and tools used for the same;
Learn the various methods and techniques of evacuating casualties.
Become familiar with the essentials of fire fighting and control.
Acquire the requisite life saving skills needed for water and flood rescue operations.
Broadly understand the causes of, and the nature of threats caused by nuclear, biological and chemical
disasters, as also the basic principles of management of the NBC emergencies.
Gain familiarity with the emergency medical services system, the various kinds of medical emergencies
encountered in disaster situations, as also the principles of triage and basic life support systems.
Become familiar with the basics of communication, including radio telephony procedures, satellite phones,
Internet and Ham Radio, used in disaster situations.
Understand the importance and methods of dignified management of dead bodies, in disaster situations.
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Financial Implications
(a) A total cost for equipping one NDRF Bn including CBRN and Mountain Rescue equipments is approx Rs.38 Cr.
The equipments for NDRF Bn is on higher side comparing to the State requirement for SDRF Bn. Moreover,
some of the States are vulnerable only for Cyclon & Tsunami and some are for only Floods whereas, North and
North-East States are vulnerable for all type of disasters and therefore, funds could be worked out keeping
vulnerability and requirement of equipments. Even due to fast urbanization and industrialization every State
will need the equipments of all type of disasters. The cost for equipping one SDRF Bn, as per annexure A, is
approx Rs.18 Cr. (including 10% escalation in the prices) as per earlier rate with details shown against each
below:-
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Conclusion
a) At present the SDRF is literally non existant in most of the States and it needs to be strengthened
because they would be able to respond much before any other Force possibly can.
b) If the SDRF has to strengthen, it will require both equipments for search and rescue equipments for
search and rescue and proper training infrastructure alongwith props. Their master trainers can be
initially trained by the NDRF.
c) As far as the equipments for the SDRF are concerned, we may keep the NDRF standard in mind.
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(vi) Area for dead body 60 ft x 60 ft
management =3600 sqft
While not on deployment, the battalions will remain fully occupied with regular and intensive training
of their own personnel, familiarization with their respective areas of responsibility, capacity building of
the state police forces and various other stakeholders in the area and carrying out mock drills and joint
exercises with State Government agencies, NGOs, community volunteers etc.
136
Annex -VI
While not on deployment, the battalions will remain fully occupied with regular and intensive training
of their own personnel, familiarization with their respective areas of responsibility, capacity building of
the state police forces and various other stakeholders in the area and carrying out mock drills and joint
exercises with State Government agencies, NGOs, community volunteers etc.
Each NDRF battalion will have to maintain a wide range of disaster response equipment, including CSSR
kits, MFR kits, individual (personal) kits boats, diving and water rescue equipment etc. It is also
proposed to provide NDRF battalion with certain earth-moving and other heavy equipment to deal
with collapsed structures. The NBC battalions will additionally have certain specialized equipment
required to deal radiological and chemical equipment for their various teams always kept in readiness
in ready-to-ship-out containers, for prompt movement.
Each NDRF Bn will have s sanctioned fleet strength for 80 vehicles, including troops carers,
ambulances, water tankers etc. Some more vehicles may have to be added for the transpiration of
earth moving etc equipment to the disaster sites. Each NBC Bn of NDRF, in addition will have one
Hazmat van and two de-contamination vehicle.
Infrastructural Requirement
The infrastructure of a NDRF Bn, will have to take care of all the functional needs of the battalion,
including office accommodation, appropriate arrangements for warehousing and maintenance of
different kinds of equipment an stores, sheds for parking, repairs and maintenance of vehicles etc in
addition to the requisite infrastructure for the day to day training of the battalion personnel and dogs
as well as training of NGO and civil society volunteers. Table-Top Exercises, joint mock drills etc with
State Government functionaries and others concerned. Each battalion will also have to have adequate
residential accommodation for its personnel. Other requirements will include a 20 bedded hospital and
other amenities like a bank, a post office STD/ISD booth, a family welfare centre, a shopping complex
etc.
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Constant training and re-training of NDRF personnel will hold the key to their effectiveness in providing
response in the wake of a disaster. The initial training imparted to the personnel at a training
institution, alone, will hardly be adequate for this purpose unless followed up by day-to-day training to
hone their skills in different disaster response techniques. Regular table top exercises, simulation
practices and mock drill will all be useful in this regard. Besides this, the first responders have to
maintain exacting standards of physical fitness and agility as well as mental alacrity. The training
regime to be followed in a battalion will have to take care of all these aspects. This will call for an
elaborate training infrastructure which has to include not only a well-equipped gymnasium, a P T
ground, drill sheds and obstacles course, but also facilities like rock climbing, an artificial wall-cum-
slithering tower, an Olympic-size swimming pool with deep diving facility etc. A well laid out prop area
and rubble field with different kinds of collapsed structures will also be required.
To take care of indoor training of the battalion personnel as well as the officials of the State
Government and NGO/Civil society volunteers, the training infrastructure of a battalion will need at
least two class room-one with a seating capacity of 60 and another of 40, the latter with four break-
away rooms of a capacity of 10 each for proper training in operational aspects of CSR, MFR etc. A
Table-Top exercise hall with a seating capacity of 100 will also be required.
The battalion will also need a M I Room-cum-Hospital of 20 bedded capacity, to take care of the
medical and health-care requirements of battalions personnel and their family members as also the
day to day training of personnel in Medical First Response.
As for the housing requirement of the personnel, it is important to provide 100% satisfaction in respect
of residential accommodation. Out of this, family accommodation may have to be provided to the
extent of at least 75% of the sanctioned strength in the ranks of Constable to Inspectors, while
bachelors accommodation may be made available for the remaining 25%. For officers (Asstt
Commandant and above), 100% family accommodation may be provided.
In addition to all thee the NDMA has proposed the creation of a National Disaster Mitigation Reserve
(NDMR) to cater for the emergent supply of life-saving and other essential materials to meet the
urgent requirements of the victims of minor (level-3) natural or man-made disasters which are beyond
the immediate coping capacity of the States. These reserves will be maintained at the respective
locations of the various NDRF battalions. This will entail the need for warehouse for storing all the
NDRM equipment and materials. NDMA has proposed the erection of pre-fabricated sheet structure
godowns with poly-coated roofing and side wall cladding of the size of 126 X 21.80 meters with a
verandah all around, for the purpose. The battalion infrastructure will have to include this equipment.
The present position of NDRF battalions with respect to their land and infrastructure is as under:-
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S.N. Units Location Quantum of Land Remarks
1. 01 Guwahati Land Yet to be Nil
NDRF acquired.
2. 02 Haringhata, Approx. 64.091 acres Digital survey has been carried out through
NDRF WB (Distt. of land. NBCC. Authorised infrastructures, shifting of
Noida) existing 132/33 KVA high tension lines and
development works yet to be done.
3. 03 Mundali 100 Acres The construction works for Residential and
NDRF (Orissa) Non-residential building are in progress and
balance authorized infrastructure are yet to
be constructed.
4. 04 Arakkonam 105.91 Acres Some residential and non residential
NDRF buildings have already been constructed
and balance infrastructures are yet to be
constructed.
5. 05 Pune Approx. 62.5 acres of Raising of basic infrastructure are in
NDRF land progressive stage. Authorized infrastructures
as per approved DPR are yet to be
constructed.
6. 06 Vadodara Approx. 80.00 acres Raising of basic infrastructure are in
NDRF of land progressive stage. Authorized infrastructures
as per approved DPR are yet to be
constructed.
7. 07 Bhatinda Land yet to be Nil
NDRF acquired at Nurpur
(HP)
8. 08 Ghaziabad Approx. 75.13 acres Raising of basic infrastructure are in
NDRF of land. progressive stage. Authorized infrastructures
as per approved DPR are yet to be
constructed.
9. 09 Bihta Apprx. 74.47 acres of Raising of basic infrastructure are in
NDRF (Patna) land. progressive stage. Authorized infrastructures
as per approved DPR are yet to be
constructed.
10. 10 Vijayawada 50 acres of land has Digital survey of 50 acres of land has recently
NDRF (AP) been acquired and been completed through CPWD and after
balance land is yet to acquisition of balance land, authorized
be acquired. infrastructure will be carried out.
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Further, raising of two additional NDRF Bns has been approved by MHA, which are to be converted
from SSB and proposed to be located at Roorkee (Uttarakhand) and Mysore (Karnataka). To raise the
authorized infrastructure, MHA has approved DPR in terms of norms and scale of infrastructure
required for NDRF Bns. (Copy of approved DPR enclosed as Appendix.) The tentative cost involved for
construction of Office Building and Residential Buildings have been worked out as per approved DPR.
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Annex-VII
List of Guidelines issued by NDMA
10 Guidelines for Strengthening of safety and security for transportation of POL tankers.
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16 Guidelines for Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies.
18 Guidelines on Cyclones.
20 Guidelines on Flood.
24 Guidelines on Earthquakes.
142