The Manner in which the automatic controller produces the control signal is called the control

action.
Routh stability criteria
Oil or air as power source
Automatic controllers are Pneumatic controllers, Hydraulic controllers, Electronic Controllers
depends on power employed
Classification of controllers: -
1. On-Off controllers
2. Proportional Controllers
3. Integral Controllers
4. Proportional integral controller
5. Proportional derivative controller
6. Proportional derivative integral controller

Measuring
Element

Fig 1: Response of control action

Controller detects the error signal which is usually at low power level and it amplifies to high
power level
Actuator such as Pneumatic motor or valve, Hydraulic motor, or an electric motor
Sensor or Measuring element converts the output variable into another suitable variable such as
displacement pressure or voltage that is used to compare the output to the reference input signal
Self- operated Controllers: Set point is determined by adjustment of spring forces. The
controlled pressure is determined by the diaphragm. The actuating error signal is the net force
acting on the diaphragm its position is determined by the valve opening
Operation of self-operated controller: Suppose if output pressure is lower than the reference
pressure as set, than the downward spring force is greater than the upward pressure forces
Resulting in downward movement of diaphragm results in increasing the flow rate which raises
the output pressure. When the pressure is same there will no movement of diaphragm flow rate
will be constant.
On Off control action: In a two-position control system, the actuating element has only two
fixed positions, on and off. This system is very simple and inexpensive.
Differential gap
Electrical solenoid valve
Pneumatic proportional controller with very high gain
Proportional control action: