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The Vital 6%
The Vital 6%
Foreword
Thriving businesses are vital to the UK’s economic recovery. Businesspeople, investors and
policymakers agree that they create jobs, wealth and wider prosperity.
If a government is to create the right conditions for businesses to grow in these challenging
economic times, it must understand how this growth happens and what can stand in its way.
The research summarised in this brief is the culmination of a programme of research into the
nature of business growth in the UK, the detailed results of which NESTA is publishing today.
The research makes a powerful case that a small number of high-growth businesses are
responsible for the lion’s share of job creation and prosperity, and that innovation is
instrumental in the success of these businesses.
This has significant implications for the direction of economic policy. It shows that enabling
innovation is good for growth. Just as importantly, it shows that focusing attention on growing
businesses and promoting excellence, far from being an elitist policy, gives rise to widespread
job creation and prosperity.
We hope that this research will be a powerful contribution to the debate on how to foster
economic growth. As ever, we welcome your views.
Jonathan Kestenbaum
Chief Executive, NESTA
October, 2009
NESTA NESTA is the National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts.
1 Plough Place
London EC4A 1DE Our aim is to transform the UK’s capacity for innovation. We invest in
research@nesta.org.uk early-stage companies, inform innovation policy and encourage a culture
www.nesta.org.uk that helps innovation to flourish.
Executive summary – those who experience average annual growth
in employment of 20 per cent or more over
A small minority of high-growth businesses three years – are the driver of UK economic
hold the key to job creation and wider prosperity. The work shows that these
prosperity. New research published by NESTA companies are disproportionately innovative,
shows that the 6 per cent of UK businesses and that their innovation appears to cause their
with the highest growth rates generated half growth. The sections that follow describe the
of the new jobs created by existing businesses research and its findings in more detail.
between 2002 and 2008.
3
Key finding 1: High-growth companies higher growth potential are likely to be more
are rare, but generate a majority of jobs efficient than general business support policy
for all SMEs, many of whom lack the ambition
High-growth companies represent only 6 per to grow.
cent of all UK firms employing ten or more
people (11,530 firms in 2008), and an even
smaller proportion of the total number of
firms, but generated a majority of jobs (1.3 Key finding 2: It’s not just about start-
million out of 2.4 million new jobs created by ups
established businesses employing ten or more
people in the past three years, or 54 per cent).3 Although young firms are more likely to be
high-growth, the majority of high-growth firms
Most companies only experience modest (70 per cent) are at least five years old. Still,
growth, and the number of businesses that young high-growth firms are responsible for a
decrease in size is similar to the number that fifth of the jobs created by high-growth firms.
increase their size. In contrast, the average
high-growth company in the UK tripled its A detailed examination of the almost quarter
employment over a three-year period, starting of a million UK start-ups founded in 1998
with around 60 employees in 2005 to reach shows that the majority don’t survive ten years
over 170 in 2008. (62 per cent), and of those that do, most stay
small. Only 10 per cent of those that survived
Consequently, at any point in time it is the had more than ten employees ten years later.
minority of firms experiencing high-growth And fewer than 5 per cent had more than 20.
who are responsible for around half of the
increase in employment by existing businesses. The implication of this is that merely
3. Moreover, this 6 per cent of Therefore, interventions that target firms with encouraging start-ups is unlikely to lead
high-growth firms accounts
for 49.5 per cent of all
the new jobs created by
existing businesses in the
UK (including those jobs
created by microenterprises
– businesses with fewer than
ten employees) over the six
years considered in this study,
or 43 per cent in the past
Figure 1: The contribution of high-growth firms to job creation (10+ employees)
three years.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Share of firms Share of job creation Share of firms Share of job creation
2002-2005 2005-2008
4
to dramatic growth if they fail to expand. appear to reflect trends in the economy in the
Policymakers should focus on quality and not period: the sectors with the highest proportion
just quantity. of high-growth firms were financial services
(over 9 per cent) and real estate and business
services (around 8 per cent), while the lowest
share was found in manufacturing (3 to 4 per
Key finding 3: High-growth firms are cent).
found across the UK and across sectors
10
Proportion
of HGFs in 5
the region
4
0
East Midlands
East of England
Greater London
North East
Northern Ireland
North West
Scotland
South East
South West
Wales
West Midlands
Yorkshire and
Humberside
United Kingdom
2002-05 2005-08
5
6
in sector
of HGFs
Proportion
employees
or more
with ten
of all firms
Percentage
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Romania
Manufacturing
(15-37)
2002-05
Finland
Denmark
Construction
(45)
2005-08
Canada
Wholesale and
retail trade
Netherlands (50-52)
Luxembourg
Hotels and
restaurants (55)
Spain
and communication
(60-64)
Bulgaria
All
Lithuania
Figure 5: High-growth firms in the UK and US by sector
10
Proportion
of HGFs in 5
sector
4
0
and communication
(60-64)
Real estate,
renting and
business activities
(70-74)
All (10-74)
Manufacturing
(15-37)
Construction
(45)
Wholesale and
retail trade
(50-52)
Hotels and
restaurants (55)
Transport, storage
Financial
intermediation
(65-67)
UK US
An examination by age also provides valuable marked the faster a company is growing.
insights. In particular, more established A high-growth company that sees a 10
businesses in the UK are significantly less likely percentage point increase in the share of sales
to achieve rapid employment growth than their from new products adds almost 1.5 percentage
counterparts in the US. points to its employment growth rate.
7
greater proportion of lower growth or declining firms make to the economy applies both to
companies too) will generate more jobs. times of growth and times of contraction, and
Specifically, a 5 percentage point rise in the offers a robust basis for policy.
share of employment accounted for by high-
growth firms typically leads to a 1 percentage
point increase in employment rates in a city-
region, even assuming the same average firm Implications for policy
growth. Consequently, places with ‘skewness’
of growth – a mixture of faster and slower- The most important message of this research
growing companies – have higher employment is that supporting excellence and innovation in
rates than local economies with a more even the economy is not an elitist policy, benefiting
spread of growth among companies. Or to only a small group of winners. On the contrary,
put it another way, high-growth firms bring the job creation record of growth firms
disproportionate benefits to local economies. suggests that it is the best way of creating
widespread prosperity and opportunity.
Acknowledgements
This research summary is based on two reports published by NESTA in October 2009, Measuring
Business Growth: High-growth firms and their contribution to employment in the UK, by Michael
Anyadike-Danes, Karen Bonner, Mark Hart and Colin Mason; and Business Growth and Innovation:
The wider impact of rapidly-growing firms in UK city-regions by Geoff Mason, Kate Bishop and
Catherine Robinson. This summary was written by Albert Bravo-Biosca and Stian Westlake.