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The humerus (/hjumrs/, Plural: humeri) is a
long bone in the arm or forelimb that runs from the
shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the
two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and
consists of three sections.

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STERNUM



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Xiphoid process Definition

It is a small cartilaginous projection of the lower portion of the breastbone or
sternum that ranges in size from miniscule to several inches in length. The
term xiphoid is derived from the Greek word xiphos, meaning straight sword.
The tapered piece of bone is also known by the following names:

Metasternum

Xiphisternum

Ensiform process

Ensiform cartilage


Xiphoid cartilage

Xiphoid process Location

The bony outgrowth is situated in the center of the chest, precisely, below the
nipple line, projecting downward from the point where the lowermost ribs join
the sternum.

Xiphoid process Description

Metasternum exists as a single fragment of bone, but in the middle age it
fuses to the body of the sternum with a fibrous joint. Therefore, in adults it is
more of an ossified and hard structure. Unlike a joint, it is immovable in
nature. The cartilage in the celiac plexus, a network of nerves that lies in the
abdomen near the aorta, connects to the bony process for strengthening the
latter, eventually joining the costal cartilage to the sternum. In fact, the flanks
of manubrium, a triangular-shaped bone forming the superior portion of the
sternum, and the main body, unite with the costal cartilages after forming a
hollow dent. It joins the clavicles or shoulder blades on its upper border. In
neonates and young infants, the bony projection is quite enlarged and
appears as a prominent lump underneath the sternal notch. Due to this
reason, many children have a sticking out sternum. It is sometimes medically
considered to be at the level of 9th thoracic vertebrae and the T7 dermatome.

Based on certain hereditary factors, the bony extension may undergo

morphological variations. For example, in some individuals the cartilaginous
process bifurcates or splits into two segments. In many instances, medical


researchers have discovered a perforated metasternum. Nevertheless,

physiological modifications occur naturally and are not detrimental to the
health of the individuals.

Xiphoid process Function

The ensiform cartilage serves as an important site of attachment for the
following muscles:

Diaphragm: It is a thin dome-shaped skeletal muscle that separates the

thoracic cavity from the abdomen to ensure normal respiration.

Rectus abdominis muscle: This is a long flat muscle of the anterior abdominal
wall that supports the spinal muscles during strenuous activities as well as
facilitates regular breathing movements. Most importantly, it keeps the
intestines and other organs in the abdomen intact.

Transversus thoracis muscle: It is a flat muscle composed of transverse fibers

that lines the anterior and lateral walls of the abdominal cavity.

The protruding structure also helps in locating the pericardium for drawing out
fluid as a part of pericardiocentesis.

Xiphoid process Disorders

The bony prominence can get easily damaged as it is not protected by the
ribcage. For this reason, a hard blow on the chest can inflict injuries on the
cartilage piece. Such a situation has often been encountered during
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), an emergency procedure often carried
out on a patient whose breathing or heartbeat suddenly stops. Simply put, the
life-saving technique involves chest compressions that may often break or
fracture the xiphoid cartilage and puncture the diaphragm. A broken xiphoid
process can be quite painful. If the person providing the aid lacks experience
then there is a high possibility of a liver puncture and internal bleeding.

Xiphoidalgia or xiphoidynia is a rare syndrome marked by localized

inflammation/swelling and tenderness of the ensiform process. Some of the
other common indicators of the condition are:

Nausea

Abdominal discomfort


Chest soreness and pain, which radiates to the back, neck, and shoulders

The symptoms are more pronounced after a heavy meal, bending, twisting or
coughing. Frequent lifting of heavy items and trauma on the chest are some of
the causes of the condition. Administration of analgesics and coricosteroid
injections are some of the curative options. Some individuals may have a
benign or cancerous tumor on the bony structure that often manifests into a
fatal disorder.

Pictures


CPR MACHINE

humerus

In human anatomy, the deltoid tuberosity is a rough, triangular[1] area on

the anterolateral (front-side) surface of the middle of the humerus to which the

deltoid muscle attaches.

The deltoid tuberosity develops throughendochondral ossification in a two-phase

process. The initiating signal is tendon-dependent, whilst the growth phase is muscle-
dependent.


deltoid