Acids, Bases and Salts

Definition:
1. Acids, Bases and Salts are made up of 2or more elements chemically
combined.
Example: HCl, NaOH, NaCl
2. It has definite composition by mass.
Example:
HCl = 1:1 H2S = 2:1
NaOH = 1:1 Mg (OH) 2 = 1:2
3. It can be decomposed into their constituent elements by chemical means.

Properties:
Acids Bases Salts
 It tastes sour  Taste bitter  Taste salty
 Feels hot  Feels Slippery  Feels rough
 Irritating smell  Irritating smell  Odorless
 Turn litmus blue to  Turns litmus red  No reaction to
red to blue litmus
 Neutralizes with  Neutralizes with  No Reaction
base acid
 Good conductor of  Good conductor of  When molten as
electricity electricity water, it is a good
conductor of
electricity.

Definition of Acid and Base according to several concepts

Concept Acid Base
+ -
1. Arrhenius Concept Yields H ions Yields OH ions
(Svante August concentration in concentration in
Arrhenius) aqueous solution aqueous solution
Ex: HCl, H2SO4 Ex: NaOH
2. Bronsted – Lowry Proton Donor Proton Acceptor
Theory (Johannes
Nicolaus Bronsted and
Thomas Lowry)
3. Lewis Theory Electron Pair Acceptor Electron Pair Donor
(Gilbert Lewis)

Classification of Acids
1. Monoprotic Acid – contains one H+ ion ( ex: Strong Acid – 100 %
HCl, HBr, HI) ionized (HCL)
2. Diprotic Acid - contains 2 H+ ion (ex: H2SO4, Weak Acid – partially
H2S) ionized (H3CO3)
3. Triprotic Acid - contains three H+ ion (ex:
H3PO4)
Amphoteric Compound – can be an acid or base (ex: water)
Classification of Bases
 1. Monobasic– contains one OH+ ion ( ex: Strong Base – 100 %
NaOH, LiOH) ionized (NaOH)
2. Dibasic - contains 2 OH+ ion (ex: Ca(OH)2, Weak Base–partially ionized
Mg (OH)2 ) (Mg(OH)2)
3. Tribasic - contains three OH+ ion (ex:
AL(OH)3)

Strengths of Acid and Base

 pH meters (or scale) – used to determine the strength of acid and base
o It was originally proposed by Soren Sorensen in 1901
o It is a mathematical way of expressing the acidity and alkalinity of a
solution

less than 7 – acid more than 7 – base Seven (7) – Neutral

pH scale
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Strongly Acidic Weak Acid Weak Base Strongly Base
Neutral
Acids Base

pH – is equal to the negative logarithm of Hydrogen ion concentration (H +)

Where: (H+) = Molarity
Mass in Grams
Liters of Solution
M =
Molecular weight

Mathematical Formula:

pH = -log(H+)

Where: pH = (H+) ion concentration

log (H+) = molar concentration

Log1 = 0 Log0.1 = -1
pH + pOH = 14
Log10 = 1 Log0.01 = -2
pOH = 14- pH Log 100 = 2 Log0.001 = -3
(H+) = 10-pH pOH = -log(OH-)

Acidosis = occurs when pH is Alkalosis = prolong vomiting, excesiive use of

lower than 7.4 antacid overbreathing due to high altitude