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Mains Paper 2017 Making Changes in This
Mains Paper 2017 Making Changes in This
EnergyReports
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/egyr
articl MNIT University Jaipur city was analyzed. A solar PV plant was
designed with its financial and environmental assessment
e considering recent market prices. All the aspects related to a
solar PV plant were considered for financial feasibility of PV
Article history: plant near this location. The different financial parameters
Received 4 which affect the financial feasibility of PV plant were considered
December 2015 i.e. discount rate, effective discount rate, rate of escalation of
Received in electricity cost, salvage value of the plant etc. The
revised form
environmental aspect related with the energy generated with
12 April 2016
PV plant i.e. reduction in carbon emission and carbon credits
Accepted 9
May 2016
earned was also considered. Result obtained with the
Available assessment of the proposed plant with different discount rate
online 24 May and current rate of inflation shows that the max IRR 6.85% and
2016 NPV of $1,430,834 was obtained with a discount rate of 8% and
an inflation rate of 7.23% when no land cost considered and if
land cost was considered the maximum IRR was 1.96% and NPV
Keywords:
PV plant
of $630,833. Minimum discounted payback of the plant will be
Financial 13.4 years if inflation was considered.
assessment 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Payback period This is an open
& carbon credits access
article
abstrac under
the CC
t BY-NC-
ND
In this paper license
designing and (http:/
assessment of /creati
a solar PV vecom
plant for mons.
meeting the org/lic
energy enses/
demand of by-nc-
girls hostel at nd/4.0
/).
account to calculate their energy land required for it and its economic
payback time. This paper present a analysis is proposed. This paper cover all
complete analysis and assessment of the preferences addressed by the (Soni
a PV plant for Gargi Hostel for girls at and Gakkhar, 2014) in their paper i.e.
MNIT Jaipur which comprises of 406 Costs, Payback period as an economical
rooms and can have at least same parameter, location and CUF as a
amount of girls residing at a time in technical parameter and type of cell and
hostel. The idea of developing performance ratio as PV parameters.
environmentally friendly PV plants Nomenclature
was discussed (Chena et al., 2012) and
MNIT Malaviya National Institute of Technology
suggests that huge green energy
PV Photovoltaic NPV
source generated from the sun, PV
Net Present Value
industry will gain the best opportunity
to grow up. We should grasp the kWp Kilowatt peak
opportunity to build the most suitable (EPBT), Energy Payback Time
environmental friendly PV power (LCCE) Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency
plant. Considering this as an EPF Electricity Production Factor
opportunity to propose a clean source Ah Ampere-hour
of energy for complete energy V Voltage
demand of the girls hostel, a solar PV DOD Depth-of-Discharge
plant design and its assessment has MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
been carried out. CUF Capacity Utilization Factor
GHG Green House Gas
Em Energy for Materials
E-mail address: rahulkhatri2311@gmail.com.
Emf Energy for manufacture PV system
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2016.05.002 Et Energy for Transport
The study carried out for photovoltaic Ei Energy for Installation
systems size optimization techniques Emg Energy for Management
suggests that optimization of PV system Eg Annual Electricity Generation
is strongly depends on meteorological Esol Solar Energy
variables such as solar energy, ambient
Ls Life of Plant
temperature and wind speed (Khatib et
Cu Cost per unit of Electricity
al., 2013) so it becomes important to
CRF Capital Recovery factor i
have a detailed analysis at various
Discount Rate
locations for accurate results. This paper
will identify the designing and i Effective Discount Rate j
assessment issues and will allow Inflation Rate
developing energy strategies for the e Escalation Rate of Electricity
areas similar to that of the study. A case Sharma and Tiwari (2013) provides an
study on Gambia (Sowe et al., 2014) inclusive comparative life cycle
evaluate the feasibility between assessment of on-field PV system dealing
crystalline Si (c-Si) and thin film (CdTe) on an existing setup. Energy metrics
modules on the basis of NPV and IRR. (energy payback time, electricity
Based on technical and economic production factor and life cycle
assessments of the c-Si and CdTe PV conversion efficiency) of hybrid
power plants, the CdTe PV power plant photovoltaic (PV) modules have been
presented the reasonable technology for analyzed and presented for the
rural electrification in The Gambia. composite climate of New Delhi, India
Similar case study (Messinaa et al., 2014) (Tiwari et al., 2009). A review has been
having two 2.4 kWp grid-connected PV done to estimate the environmental
systems installed at different locations impacts of different solar PV based
i.e. Tepic and Temixco-Morelos electricity generation systems using life
concluded that the Temixco-Morelos PV cycle assessment technique (Sherwani et
system supplied nearly 90% of electrical al., 2010). A study on the life cycle
energy need for the house and identifies assessment of PV systems (Kannan et al.,
grid-connected PV in the urban and 2006) used EPBT as an indicator for
suburban areas or stand-alone PV primary energy use, life cycle cost
systems for the remote agricultural analysis are performed for a distributed
communities in Mexico is both feasible, 2.7 kWp grid-connected monocrystalline
and should form part of the national solar PV system operating in Singapore
sustainable policies. and concludes that GHG emission from
In this paper a 336 kW p on site solar electricity generation from the solar PV
PV power plant was designed with the system is less than one-fourth that from
2352-4847/ 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
R. Khatri / Energy Reports 2 (2016) 8998 91
an oil-fired steam turbine plant and one- 3.1. Panel generation factor (How to
half that from a gas-fired combined cycle Design Solar PV System)
plant, it shows great impact on the
environment. Panel Generation Factor is a key
The methodology adapted was based element in designing a solar PV plant
on the literature survey and the process which gives for every Wp capacity in
flow of the paper is shown in the Fig. 1. the panel we can expect to get an
This paper provides design and analysis average of Wh/day and it is different
of a 336 kWp SPV plant with different in each site location, for Jaipur city
parameters associated with real time considering 5.30 kWh/m2;
market prices and future escalation of
Panel Generation Factor
the prices. This paper analyzes feasibility
Daily Solar
study for the plant near the site location
Radiation
with its energy metrics i.e. Energy
Payback Time (EPBT), Life Cycle =
Conversion Efficiency (LCCE) etc. A
satellite image of the hostel location with Standard Test conditions Irradiance
its sunpath is shown in Figs. 2 and 3 for PVpanels
which shows the availability of the land
near the site.
. (1)
2. Energy demand of the hostel
3.2. Energy required from PV modules
A detailed survey of each room of (How to Design Solar PV System)
hostel and sections of the hostel was
carried out to identify the amount of Energy required from PV modules
load connected to it. Tables 15 provides will be daily energy demand of the
the complete details of the different hostel and compensation for the
equipments their wattage and hours of system losses which is generally taken
operation (on the basis of survey) (How as 30%, therefore the total energy
to Design Solar PV System). Total energy required will be
that needed to be supplied by the solar Energy required
PV system is estimated as 1368 kWh/day.
= (Energy Demand System Losses
Table 1 Compensation Factor)
No. of rooms in hostel.
Floor = 1368 1.3 = 1778.4 kWh/day. (2)
Ground
First 3.3. Watt Peak rating for PV modules
Second (How to Design Solar PV System)
Third
Fourth
Total Watt peak rating for PV
Fifth
Total modules is calculated to identify
system sizing which depends on the
energy required from modules and
3. Solar photovoltaic power plant
designing panel generation factor
Watt Peak rating for PV Modules
Design of solar photovoltaic power
Energy required from PV modules
plant consists of PV modules sizing,
1780
inverter sizing, battery sizing and
module circuit design. For designing = =
solar PV plant geographical details = 336 kWp. (3)
and weather data of the site is Panel Generation Factor 5.30
required. Table 6 and Fig. 4 provides a
monthly average radiation data for 3.4. PV modules (How to Design Solar PV
the Jaipur city which is located at System)
26.9260N, 75.8235E in Rajasthan
state of India (Synergy Enviro A nearby supplier of PV module
Engineers). Fig. 5 provides the was identified for a realistic analysis
location of Jaipur city in Rajasthan and and availability of the modules, Ajit
its global daily radiation data. Solar with PV module model of ASPL
V-60 was considered in this analysis.
This module was selected as the
92 R. Khatri / Energy Reports 2 (2016) 8998
supplier is local and agreed on the selected module and Table 7(ii)
mentioned cast i.e. 0.62$ per W. Table provides the modified efficiency
7(i) gives full specifications of the
Table 2
Energy required in rooms.
S.No. Name of equipment Nos. Rating (W) Hours of operation Energy required (kWh)
1. Tube light 01 40 12 0.48
2. Fan 01 60 18 1.08
3. Laptop 01 60 6 0.36
4. Server (LAN port) 01 15 6 0.09
5. Mobile charger 01 5 2 0.01
One room 2.02
For 406 rooms 820.12
Table 3
Energy required per floor other than rooms.
S.No. Component Nos. Electrical equipment Total wattage (W)
Hours of operation Total (kWh)
Table Energy
4 required for miscellaneous.
S.No. Component Quantity Electrical equipment Total wattage (W)
Hours of operation Total (kWh)
Name Quantity Rating (W)
1460 Modules.
(4)
Battery sizing (How to Design Solar PV System)
Designing an onsite power plant always requires a
Table 6
storage medium and in case of PV plant batteries is the
Solar
most common storage medium, in present case as it is an radiation
educational institute it is very important to have storage data for
medium importantly for exam days. The battery should be Jaipur
(26.9260
large enough to store sufficient energy to operate the
N,
appliances at night and cloudy days. MNIT is located in 75.8235
Jaipur city with minimum power cut periods therefore E)
single day of autonomy is enough for the hostel (Synergy
requirements. ).
Month Average (kWh/m2)
Table 8
Life cycle and environmental assessment of the plant.
S.No. Parameters Value
1 EPBT (energy payback time) 8.24 yr
2 Electricity production factor 0.12
3 Capacity utilization factor 0.152
Fig. 4. Monthly solar radiations variations in Jaipur city
(Synergy). 4 Life cycle conversion efficiency 0.072
5 Total embodied energy of the plant 1516.59 kWh/m2
6 CO2 emission from embodied energy 5794 tonnes Of CO2
Table 7(i) 7 Yearly CO2 mitigation 702.5 tonnes Of CO2
PV module specifications (Ajit Solar ASPL V-60) ASPL Product 8 Net CO2 mitigation 15 281 tonnes Of CO2
Information. 9 Carbon credits earned $10,300
a
Module type ASPL V60
3.5. Inverter rating
Peak power output watt (Wp) 230
(How to Design Solar
Current at peak power output amp (Imax) 7.77
PV System)
Voltage at peak power output volt (Vmax) 29.60
Short circuit current amp (Isc) 8.28
Open circuit voltage volt (Voc) 37.10 Size of the inverter
Dimensions (mm) required
1665 * 995 * 50 for the plant
Cell efficiency 16% depends upon the
Power tolerance 3%
a
peak watts
Electrical specifications mentioned above are at standard test
conditions of 100 mW/sq cm. AM 1.5 and at 25 C cell temperature and requirement. The
are within normal production tolerance of 10%. peak requirement of
the hostel is 336 kW p.
The inverter must be
Batter Capacity Required (Ah) large enough to
(Total Wh required) Days of Autonomy handle the total
= amount of watts peak
requirement. The
(5) inverter size should
Nominal Battery Voltage (1 DOD) Battery
be 25%30% bigger
Efficiency than total watts
Batter Capacity Required (Ah) requirement; The
inverter size = 336
. 1.3 = 450 kW.
Cost effective
No. of Batteries required: Solectria PVI 82 kW
The total no. of batteries required depends on the Grid Tied Inverter 480
capacity of each battery, in present analysis; Trojan VAC PVI-82 kW
J185E-AC 12V Deep Cycle (Solectria) inverter
Battery costing $205.5 is used (atbatt.com); costing $36 306 was
selected for the
Battery system with 82 kW
Capacity Required No. of Batteries rated Power and max
= open circuit voltage
Single Battery Capacity of 600 VDC, integrated
with PV Maximum
Power Point Tracking
= = 302 Batteries.
(MPPT).
Table 7(ii)
According to the
Modified cell efficiency based on temperature variation (Dubey et al., 2013). rated power of the
Month Average temperature TTref (TTref) Efficiency inverter
( the no. of
Jan 23 2 0.00816 0.1613 inverters required is:
Feb 26 1 0.004082 0.1593
Mar 32 7 0.028571 0.1554
96 R. Khatri / Energy Reports 2 (2016) 8998
= = 16 Modules.
Maximum voltage input to the inverter where;
Total Embodied
Energy is = 2418
1516.59 = 3667 MWh
(Eg) = 1368
(325)# =
444.6
MWh/year
.
# No. of Clear
Sunny days in
Jaipur (Pandey et
al., 2012),
Annual
Electricity
Generated from
Plant
= = 8.24
years. (12)
4.2. Electricity
production factor
(EPF)
It is defined as
Total area of modules
the ratio of the
= No. of Modules Length Width of Modules annual energy
output to the input
= 1460 1.665 0.995 = 2418 m2 energy and it
predicts the overall
98 R. Khatri / Energy Reports 2 (2016) 8998
Eg
5.3. Net CO2
Ls Eem mitigation
LCCE =
Net CO2
Esol Ls mitigation for the
proposed PV
power plant will be
.
the difference
(15)
between the CO2
emission and CO2
5. Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction,
mitigation over its
Mitigation and Carbon Credit
entire life i.e. 30 yr.
Photovoltaic is a clean source of energy requiring Net CO2 Mitigation = (Yearly CO2 Mitigation Ls)
no fuel and no GHG emissions during its service
periods. India is highly dependent on the coal based (CO2 Emissions )
thermal power plants for electricity generation and the = (702.5 30) 5794
average CO2 emission is 0.98 kg of CO2 per kWh. = 15 281 tonnes of CO2. (18)
5.4. Carbon credits
5.1. CO2 emissions
Carbon Credits
CO2 emission from the embodied energy of the PV are awarded
plant includes the emissions in manufacturing, against reduction
materials etc. The average CO 2 emission for electricity in greenhouse
generation and considering other embodied emissions gases emissions
from coal based thermal power plant is 0.98 kg of CO2 CO2 etc. Carbon
per kWh (Sharma and Tiwari, 2013). If the transmission credits can be
and distribution losses and, for Indian conditions are traded in the
taken, the average CO2 per kWh can be taken as 1.58 international
kg. market at their
R. Khatri / Energy Reports 2 (2016) 8998 99
generating source, and when this source is unavailable layout and their
this energy can be used by the load. The inclusion of arrangements.
storage in any energy generating system will increase the Number of PV
availability of the energy. Trojan J185E-AC 12 V Deep Cycle modules required
Battery costing $205.5 (atbatt.com) was used. The battery 1460; the arrays can
life was considered as five years as there will be no be arranged as 7
frequent use of batteries and annual maintenance arrays in a row and 13
contract will improve the life of the battery. The such rows. So the
replacement cost was considered after every five years area required will be
considering the applicable discount rate
Dimension of one PV
module = 1.665 m
Cost of (4 12 V) Battery with Rack
0.995 m
= ($205.5 4 + $150 4) = $1422
No of Modules
Total Cost of Batteries = $1422 302 = $429,444.
Table 10
Parameters for economic assessment.
S.No. Particular Value
1 Discount rate i 8%, 10%, 12%
2 Inflation rate j 7.23% (July-2014)
3 Effective discount ratea i* 0.7%, 2.6%, 4.5%
4 Price of unit energy $/kWh 0.13
5 Escalation in price of unit energy e 2%
6 Cost of land $ 166.67/m2
7 Rs to $ Rs 60/$
a
Effective discount rate .