2/22/2009

TypesofWindTurbineGenerators(WTG)

AsynchronousGenerator(Induction
Machine)
Module5:WindGenerators SquirrelCageInductionGenerator(SCIG)
WoundRotorInductiongenerator(WRIG)
MohamedA.ElSharkawi
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering
University of Washington
UniversityofWashington
SynchronousGenerator(SG)
Seattle,WA98195
http://SmartEnergyLab.com
Email:elsharkawi@ee.washington.edu

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.1 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.2

Type1:SquirrelCageRotor
Rotor bar

SquirrelCageInductionGenerator Rotor
shaft

Shorted
ring

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.3 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.4

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SCIGStator BasicRelationships
a ns n s
+ s
ns s
b' c' f:Frequencyofthesource ns
n
ns:Synchronousspeed
p:Numberofpoles
s: Slip
s:Slip f
+ +
ns 120 rpm
c b n:Rotorspeed>ns p
:Angularspeed n
2 rad/sec
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington a' 5.5 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 60 5.6

IGModel SteadyStateModel
X1 R1 X2 R2
R1 X1 s X2 R2
N 1 : N2
Negative
Negative
Im Resistance
I1 I2 I1 I2
'
R2
Vs s E2 V Rm Xm ( 1 s )
s

FrequencyofVi isthefrequencyoftherotor 2 2
N N2
N N turns ratio
R2' R2 1 X 2' X 2 1 I 2' I r 2
f rotor s f s N2 N2 N1
N1

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.7 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.8

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PowerFlow PowerFlow
Input Power (Pm) R2'
Pm ( I 2' ) 2 (1 s )
s
Pm T
Captured
Captured Inputto
Input to Inputto
Input to Outputpower
Output power
Wind powerfrom gearbox generator P
Power Wind e
Pgear Pm
Pwind Pblade Rotor Copper Losses Airgap Power (Pg)
(Pcu 2)
R2'
Pcu 2 ( I 2' ) 2 R2' Pg Pm Pcu 2 ( I 2' ) 2 1 2s
s

Lossesin
Pg T s
Lossesin
Lossesinrotating
gearbox
generator Pcu1 I R1 Stator Losses:
1
2
Output Power (Pe)
bladesandrotor
Coefficientof mechanism V 2 Copper losses (Pcu 1) Pe V I1 cos 1
Performance Piron Core losses (Piron )
Rm
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.9 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.10

SimplifiedSteadyStateModel RealPowerFlow
Xeq Req
I1
Xeq Req
Negative
Negative Real Power
Im I2 Resistance
Negative
' Resistance
Xm
R2
( 1 s )
Im Real Power

V Rm
s
R'2
V Rm Xm ( 1 s )
s
Real Power

Req R1 R'2

X eq X 1 X '2

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.11 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.12

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PowerSpeedCharacteristics:RealPower
ReactivePowerFlow
3000

GeneratorAction

MotorAction
Xeq Req 2000

R
Reactive P
Power

d Turbine Output (kW)

Negative 1000
Reactive Power Resistance
Im
R'2 0
Xm ( 1 s )
V Rm
s 3 V 2 n R2'
-1000 Pe


Reactive Power 2
ns R2'

Wind
ns n R1 X eq2
-2000
ns ns n
-3000
1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.13 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.14
Speed (rpm)

PowerSpeedCharacteristics:ReactivePower
MainAdvantagesofSCIG
6000
ut (kVAr)

GeneratorAction MainAdvantages:
MotorAction

5000
RRugged d machine;requireslittlemaintenance
hi i littl i t
ne Reactive Power Inpu

4000 Theleastexpensiveoptionamongallotherwind
systems

3000 Selfsynchronized withthepowergrid;no
1 X eq synchronizationequipment
Q V
2

2000
Xm R2'
2 Maindisadvantages:
g
2
Wind Turbin

R1 X eq Reactivepowerdemandishigh
1000 s Fluctuations involtage
0
Limitedcontrolactions
1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800
Speed
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington (rpm) 5.15 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.16

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ReactivePower VoltageVariations
Connection
Theinductionmachinehasnofieldcircuit Point
drawssignificantamountofreactivepowerfrom
draws significant amount of reactive power from
thegrid Xline
SCIG
themagnitudeofthereactivepowerimported TrunkLine
fromthegridcouldexceedthemagnitudeofthe
generatedrealpower Grid

oad
Vs=1pu Vload=?
Thereactivepowerisdependentonthespeedof
The reactive power is dependent on the speed of

Lo
theturbine,soitiscontinuouslychanging
Thevoltageatthewindfarmcouldsag andflicker

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.17 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.18

n
Reactiive power

Generation range
Time

1 X
Q V
eq

2
Qmin m
X ' 2
R2 2
Time

R
1 s X eq V

Vr

Speed
ns
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.19 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington
Time 5.20

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VoltageFluctuations:StrongTrunkLine(SmallXline) VoltageFluctuations:WeakTrunkLine(LargeXline)

Generator Speed (rpm)

eed (rpm)

1900 1900
1890 1890
1880 1880
1870 1870
1860 1860
Generator Spe

1850 1850
1840 1840
1830 1830
1820 1820
1810 1810
1800 0 1800 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time Time

1
1.005
ge (pu)

ge (pu)
1 0.95

0.995 0.9
Load Voltag

Load Voltag
0.99 0.85
0.985
0.8
0.98
0.75 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.975 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time
Time

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.21 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.22

CorrelationofVoltage&ReactivePower AdaptiveVARCompensator(AVC)
1
P Q
ge (pu)

0.95 P
Load Voltag

09
0.9

0.85
IM
0.8 Qs Q Time
0.75 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Qc
Time Qc
30
wer (pu)

25
20 Reactive power controller
Reactivepowercontroller
Generator Reactive Pow

15 Time
10
5
0
-5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Time
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.23 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.24

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AVCMainSwitchingCircuit
Power Line

50 100 200
kvar kvar kvar

Switchingatzerocrossingof
linevoltagetoeliminate
switching transients
switchingtransients

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.25 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.26

TehachapiData FlickerControl
1.
IG

Line
. (a)

AVC
-1 (b)
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Time (Hour)
time
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.27 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.28

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TehachapiSite:FlickerControl
120
119

rms voltagee (V)

118
117
116
115
p h a se A
114
0 5 10 15
123 tim e (s)
122

rms voltagee (V)

121
120
119
118
117
0 2 4 6 8 10
tim e (s) p h ase A
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.29 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.30

MainConfigurations
Type2:Withrotorresistance
Type3:DoublyFedInductionGenerator(DFIG)
WoundRotorGenerator(WRIG)

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.31 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.32

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3 V 2 n R2'
Pe
Type2:WRIGwithRotorResistance ns R2'
2

ns n R1 X eq2
ns n

Power
FarmCollection
WRIG

P
P i t
Point

Gear
Box R2 R3
R1
R1<R2<R3

ns Speed
n
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.33 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.34

Type3:DFIG Vdc 1.6542Vmax cos ( 30)

WRIG Pblade From stator dc Link To rotor

Pgrid Ps AC/DC
Gear AC C DC/AC AC
Rectifier
Box
Pr
Vrms
Grid Vmax 2
AC/DC + DC/AC
AC/DC+DC/AC 2 Vi d Vdc
3
Vi 1.1 d Vmax cos ( 30)
Pgrid Ps Pr
Vi 1.56 d Vrms cos ( 30)
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.35 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.36

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DFIM/SLIPEnergyRecovery Example
a
Computethedutyratioforaninjectedvoltage
b of 10V The stator voltage is 690V The triggering
of10V.Thestatorvoltageis690V.Thetriggering
c vs s Pg angleoftheAC/DCconverteris50o
Pe vs L

D1
1 3
Pr Solution
Vi 1.56 d Vrms cos ( 30)
D3 D5 + -
er S1 S3 S5
a
2
b v2 v1 Vi
d
c

1.56 Vrms cos (50 30)

Pr S4 S6 S2
D4 D6 D2 - +
2
2
10
d 2.9 *10 3
ac/dc dc/ac

1 . 56 * 690 * cos (80 )

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.37 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.38

RotorInjection RotorInjection
R1 X1 X2 R 2 /s
R1 X1 s X2 R2 N 1 : N2
N 1 : N2
I1 I 2

I1 I2 Vs E2 V i /s

Vs s E2 Vi

R1 Xeq R 2/s
I1

Im I 2
FrequencyofVi isthefrequencyoftherotor V i/s
Vs Rm Xm

f rotor s f s
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.39 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.40

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RotorInjection
RotorInjection R1 Xeq R 2/s
R1 Xeq
R 2 /s I1
I1
I2

Im
I2

Im
Xm V i/s
Vs Rm
Xm V i/s
Vs Rm

Vs2
Vi ' Ps Vs I 2 cos SinceI2 and arefunctions
Rm ofthegeneratorspeedand
f th t d d
Vs BothI2 andare
injectedvoltage,PandQ are
I 2' s I2 functionsofgenerator
Vs2 alsofunctionsofthe
R2'
R1 j X eq
speedandinjected Qs Vs I 2 sin generatorspeedandinjected
voltage Xm voltage
s
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.41 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.42

Approximation InjectedVoltage;EffectonRealPower
Ignorealllosses 4000
Vi=0
Vi>0
Ignorethemagnetizingbranch 3000
Vi<o

Wind Turbine power (kW)

2000

Vi Pr sPs
s
1000

Vs 0

-1000

Pgrid Ps Pr (1 s ) Ps -2000

-3000
1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.43 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington

Speed (rpm) 5.44

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ConstantComplexPowerOperation
InjectedVoltage:EffectonReactivePower 1900 20

3000 1880
15

Voltage (V)
Vi=0

ed (rpm)
Vi>0 1860
Ar) 2500 10
Vi<o
Wind Turbine Reactiev Power (kVA

Injection V
Spee
1840

5
2000 1820

1800 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
1500 Time Time

Complex Power Command

1000 1.5 200

150

age
Ar)
1 100

Reactive Power (MVA

Angle of Injection Volta

500
50

0.5 0

0 -50

0 -100

-150
-500
1780 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 -0.5 -200
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Speed (rpm) Real Power (MW) Time
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.45 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.46

ReactivePowerControl

Reactivepowerattheterminalsofthe
p
generatorcanbecontrolled
Thesourceofthereactivepowerisfromthe SynchronousGenerator
capacitorinthedclinkoftheac/dc/ac
converter

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.47 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.53

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ModelofSynchronousGenerator
a
Xs
b f Vaa Vbb Vcc
X X c E f Laf I f
N
E f 2 f Laf I f Ia
If n Ef Vt
Time
Ef f ,I f
S
c b E f n, I f
np
X f Load
120
a Whenf=16Hz,n iscalledsynchronousspeedns
Generator

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.54 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.55

ModelofSynchronousGenerator RealPower
Xs P
3 Vt E f
Pmax P sin
Ia Xs
Ef Vt
Ef
3 Vt E f
Pmax
Xs Ia Xs
Vt Load
Generator
Ia l 90o

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.56 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.57

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ReactivePower Type4:SGwithoutGearbox

Q
3Vt
E f cos Vt
Xs FarmCollection
Point
IfEf cos >Vt ;Qt ispositiveandCurrentislagging
AC/DC+DC/AC
IfEf cos <Vt ;Qt isnegativeandCurrentisleading

IfEf cos =Vt ;Qt iszeroandCurrentisinphase

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.58 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.59

Type4System Type4System
Outputpowercanbegeneratedatanyfrequency Toreducethesizeofthegenerator,rareearth,
permanent magnet can be used
permanentmagnetcanbeused
TheAC/ACconverterconvertsthefrequencyof
/ 56pole,4mdiametermachineisbeingtested
theoutputpowertothefrequencyofthegrid SamariumCobaltmaterialcanproducestrong
Toeffectivelycapturethepower,thegenerator magneticfield
shouldbealowspeedtype Thesematerialareusedinseveralapplications
thatrequiresreducedmachinesize
Thegeneratorhaslargenumberofpoles Aircraftcontrol
Aircraft control
Thediameterofthegeneratorislarge(410m) Robotic
Thegeneratorcanbequiteheavy Medicalequipment

Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.60 Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.61

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Type4;permanentMagnetGenerators
Advantagesofrareearthpermanentmagnet
material
Producesstrongmagneticfields
Highpower/volume ratiothatmakesthemamongthe
smallestmachines.
Unliketheferritematerial,therareearthpermanent
magnet cannot be easily demagnetized
magnetcannotbeeasilydemagnetized
itcanbeusedforapplicationsthatrequireheavy
currentsorinrushcurrentsduringstartingand
braking.
Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi, University of Washington 5.62

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