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Deluge Valve Sprinkler
Deluge Valve Sprinkler
Deluge Valve Sprinkler
The Deluge system is designed to protect high hazard areas containing a severe fuel hazard with a high heat
release rate by bringing a large number of open sprayers into action simultaneously in the event of a fire.
The most common approach of detecting a fire is the use of a sprinkler detection line permanently charged by
air. In the event of a fire, the sprinkler detector heads directly affected by the fire will operate. The immediate
drop in air pressure within the detector line releases the pressure against the Deluge valve diaphragm unit
causing the Deluge Valve to open and discharge water through all the open water spray nozzles to rapidly
control and extinguish the fire.
The fire fighting properties of the Deluge valve system can be considerable enhanced with the introduction of
foam solution into the systems water supply. Enhanced foam Deluge systems are ideal for the protection of
hazards such as the storage and handling of flammable liquids in aircraft hangars, oil refineries and chemical
plants etc.
A typical Deluge valve system comprises of a control valve, a sprinkler operated detection system and a
dedicated water supply system. For small or confined high hazard risk areas, Multiple Controls can be used
instead of sprinklers. The Multiple Control is a distribution valve containing its own detection element. When
this element is triggered, it supplies water to a small number of nozzles located within its zone of
protection. They are available in 20, 25, 32 40 or 50mm sizes.
The size of the Deluge valve, its flow rate, the system water supply pressure and type of detection system are
all determined by the size and type of fire risk involved
Overview
The water discharged from the sprinkler is distributed by the deflector over the location of the fire. The area
protected by each sprinkler is determined by the hazard and can vary from 9m2 to 21m2. The selection of the
deflector is based upon the specific application, its upright or pendent position within the sprinkler distribution
pipework and its spray pattern.
Sprinklers are manufactured with three different connection sizes (10, 15 and 20mm) which have different
water outputs (57, 80 and 115litres/minute respectively) at a flow pressure of 1 bar. The sprinkler bulb is
designed to operate at a predetermined temperature. A range of operating temperature ratings is available from
between 57 182 degrees Centigrade.
Conventional sprinklers
These can be mounted in either the upright or the pendent position and the deflector is designed to spray a
proportion of the water discharge on to the surface of the ceilings.
Sidewall sprinklers
These are primarily used to keep ceilings clear of pipework for aesthetic reasons or to avoid having to disturb
existing ceilings when installing pipework. Each sprinkler protects up to 17m2 in light hazards and 9m2 in
ordinary hazards.
The response time of a fast response sprinkler ensures that the life threatening level of toxic gases and
temperature are never reached. There are people who cannot escape by their own efforts, such as in hospitals
or homes for the aged, and sprinklers provide valuable time for those in charge to assist their escape.
Overview
An essential part of all sprinkler systems is an adequate water supply. The Towns Main is the most
economical method of ensuring an adequate water supply, providing there is always sufficient volume of water
and pressure available for the sprinkler system to operate at full demand for a period of 60 minutes.
Where this water supply requirement is not practical or achievable from a Towns Main supply, Tyco Fire &
Integrated Solutions can provide an LPCB approved galvanised water storage tank. The connection to this tank
should be from an un-metered Towns Main or Fire Main capable of refilling the tank from empty in 36 hours
and able to provide a minimum flow of 185 Litres/minute.
The size of the water storage tank and the water supply pump is designed to provide a fully hydraulically
calculated water supply operating on full demand for a period of 60 minutes.
100% duty end suction type LPCB approved fire pumps can be installed to draw water from the water storage
tank under flooded suction conditions. These fire pumps can be electric motor or diesel engine driven
depending on system requirements. Sprinkler system water pressure maintenance is provided by an
electrically powered jockey pump.
Deluge Verification
Overview
Deluge verification is the testing and maintenance of deluge systems to ensure compliance to design and
performance criteria. Tyco Fire & Integrated Solutions provide the best range of services and expertise to meet
the desired standards on Deluge Verification comprising:
Inspections
Wet and dry performance testing
Engineering and maintenance
Pipework cleaning
We have a comprehensive team of experienced, highly trained engineers to carry out this specialised work
worldwide.
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1oo2This approach has two outputs (1oo1) in series for a normally closed
and energized safety shutdown circuit. Only one SIS has to function to initiate
a shutdown. Of course, having two 1oo1 circuits presents twice the potential
for nuisance failures, which can be costly due to the loss of revenue for the
overall process. However, it is a safer circuit since only one contact is required
to operate to achieve a shutdown and the probability of a dangerous failure to
operate on demand is much lower. Neither 1oo1 nor 1oo2 has any ability to
reduce the potential for nuisance trips.
As shown, 1oo2 and 2oo2 systems are not effective for both safety and
nuisance trips. However, with SIS diagnostics it is possible to achieve higher
availability, referred to as 1oo2D (1oo2 with diagnostics).
Advanced SIS architectures
As the switching diagram indicates, the 2oo3 configuration requires two out of
three channels to agree as to the output even though the third does not. If
only one SIS trips its pair of contacts, one of the legs still remains closed so
the process continues operating. Real-world systems use a voting scheme to
maintain the output when 2oo3 are OK but the third signal is ignored, allowing
for a fault tolerant configuration.
Industrial implementations
The I/O control processor polls the input modules and transmits the new input
data to the MPs. The MPs then assemble the input data into tables, which are
stored in memory for use in the voting process. The input table in each MP is
transferred to its neighboring MP by the TriBus. After this transfer, voting
takes place. The TriBus uses a programmable device with direct memory
access to synchronize, transmit, and compare data among the three MPs.
If a disagreement occurs, the signal value found in two out of three tables
prevails, and the MPs correct the third table accordingly. One-time differences
which result from sample timing variations are distinguished from a pattern of
differing data. The MPs maintain data about necessary corrections in local
memory. Built-in fault analyzer routines flag any disparity and use it at the end
of each scan to determine whether a fault exists on a particular module.
The 2oo4D voting is realized by combining 1oo2 voting of both CPUs and
memory in each QPP, and 1oo2D voting between the two QPPs. Voting takes
place on two levels: on a module level and between the QPPs.
Process safety practitioners have debated the pros and cons of various
redundant configurations for many years. Have you been part of these
conversations? Send us your thoughts on maintaining the delicate balance of
overall safety vs. avoiding nuisance trips. Comment online or send me an
email.
2. Open the equalizing valves. This would apply same pressure to both the sides of the manifold.
6. Using HART calibrator adjust the zero span at 0 pressure and then for the maximum pressure.
In process instrumentation, sensors are used to measure physical quantities such as pressure,
temperature, flow etc. of the process. The sensor generates output in the form of voltage which is
sent to the transmitter attached with the sensor. The transmitter converts voltage signal into current
signal. The range of current signal that the transmitter generates at the output is decided through the
calibration of the transmitter. Almost all transmitters that are manufactured on industrial process
standards can produce current signal in the range of 0-20mA or in the range of 4-20mA. It all
depends on the choice of an Engineer who calibrates the transmitter to set current signal in any of
the range.
The transmitters are generally loop powered devices and usually supplied through 24VDC supply.
Most industrial applications use 2-wire loop powered transmitters that contain loop current signal and
the power supply at the same electrical wires. The following figure shows how power supply is
connected in loop with current signal generated by the pressure transmitter and later on, how current
signal is fed to the input card of the controller.
Suppose that the fluid passing through pipeline exerts pressure in the range of 0-10 bar and the
transmitter is calibrated to generate current signal in the range of 4-20mA; which is proportional to
the pressure being exerted by the fluid on the pressure sensor
When there is no fluid flowing through pipeline, no pressure exerts on sensor but pressure
transmitter still generates 4mA current signal at the output terminals. And if the pressure exerted on
the pressure sensor is at its maximum calibrated value of 10 bar, the transmitter generates 20mA
current signal at the output terminals. So, if no current flows through the wire between transmitter
output terminals and input card of the controller, it can be concluded that the open circuit fault has
occurred.
On the other side, suppose that the fluid passing through pipeline exerts pressure in the range of 0-
10 bar and the transmitter is calibrated to generate current signal in the range of 0-20mA. When
there is no fluid flowing through the pipeline, the transmitter generates 0mA current at the output
terminals. In this case, it would be extremely difficult to identify that either 0mA current is due to
open circuit of the transmitter or it is due to no pressure of the fluid. Hence, if the transmitter is
calibrated to generate current signal in the range of 4-20mA, the faults like open circuits can easily
be detected.
It can also be seen from the above graphical illustration that if 4-20mA current output is fed to the
input card of any controller, we use 250 Ohm resistor in path to convert this current signal into
voltage signal of range 1-5V. As a standard, the ADC of the controller only process voltage signals
that are in the range of 1-5V. It is another reason to use current signal in the range of 4-20mA.
Hence, it is best practice to use 4-20mA current signal instead of 0-20mA. Not only, this range help
us in detecting open circuit faults, but also, it becomes easy to covert this signal into 1-5VDC voltage
signal which will be processed by the input card of mostly controllers.