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Mechanical Technology Lab Report
Mechanical Technology Lab Report
Mechanical
Technology lab
Report
Demonstration of Ignition 10
system of Engine
Determination of cooling system 12
Of Engine
Determination of Lubricating 14
System of Engine
1
Lab # 1
Abstract
There are 3 types of Gasoline Engines namely, The 4 Stroke Petrol Engine, The 4 Stroke
Diesel Engine and The 2 Stroke Petrol Engine. All of these are IC engines; we will here
know the basic Function and working of different Components.
Theoretical background
Internal combustion Engine
External Combustion engine
Reciprocating Engine
Rotary Engine
Engine block
In this all the components are installed it is made from cast iron
Cylinder
It is actually the main body of the engine in which the piston moves linearly. It also
contains or holds the gases or fuels which are to be burned.
Piston
Known as heart of the engine, it is used to transfer energy it has to and fro motion
Piston Rings
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Compression Rings: These are the rings which are present on the upper cuts of the piston.
They prevent the air-fuel mixture from leaking.
Lubricating Rings: These are present on the lower cuts of the piston. They bring engine oil
from the crank case and lubricate the sides of the cylinder
Inlet Valve: It is the valve through which the air-fuel mixture enters into the cylinder.
Exhaust Valve: It is the valve through which exhaust or burned gases go out from the
cylinder
Spark plug
It is the plug which gets power from the supply and produces spark during the ignition
stroke
Fly wheel
It is the dead weight which absorbs energy during the power stroke and utilizes it in the
remaining three strokes
Cam shaft
On the shaft are mounted CAMs which control the opening and closing of the Inlet and
Outlet valves
3
Lab # 2
Objective
To understand the working/operational difference between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engine
Background
A Stroke is defined as the distance between Upper and Lower Dead Center. The Upper
Dead Centre is the highest position that the piston can reach in the cylinder while the
Lower Dead Centre is the lowest position that the piston can reach in the cylinder.
In the 4 Stroke Petrol Engine there are 4 strokes while there are two strokes in two
strokes engine. Their working operation is very different from each other.
What is a stroke?
A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. Or the
moment of the piston from top dead center to bottom dead center.
For petrol engines it is usually 10:1 and for diesel Engine it is 22:1
Swept volume=
4
Working of 4 Stroke Petrol Engine:
1) Intake Stroke:
The inlet valve is opened and the fuel/air mixture is drawn in as the piston travels
down.
2) Compression Stroke:
The inlet valve is closed and the piston travels back up the cylinder compressing
the fuel/air mixture. Just before piston reaches the top of its compression stroke a
spark plug emits a spark to combust the fuel/air mixture.
3) Combustion Stroke:
The piston is now forced down by the power produced by the combustion of the
fuel air mixture. The engines power is derived from this stroke.
4) Exhaust Stroke:
The exhaust valve is opened and the piston travels back up expelling the exhaust
gases through the exhaust valve. At the top of this stroke the exhaust valve is
closed. This process is then repeated.
5
Working Of Two Stroke Engine
In a two stroke engine the stroke starts with the piston at the lower dead center
1st stroke:
The piston is at the bottom of the cylinder. A pipe at the left side is opened and lets the
fuel mixture, which is already compressed a bit, flow from the lower to the upper part of
the cylinder. The fresh gases expulse now the exhaust through an ejection pipe.
2nd stroke:
After being hurried upward, the piston now covers the pipe on the left side and the
ejection pipe. Because there is no way out any more, the upper, fresh gas mixture gets
compressed now. At the same time in the part below fresh gas is taken in by the piston
driving upward through the open suction pipe. At the upper dead-center, the compressed
fuel mixture is ignited by the sparking plug, the piston is pressed downward while it
compresses at the same time the fresh gas below. The process begins again as soon as the
piston arrives at its lowest point.
6
Lab # 3
Objective
Working of SI Engines:
Spark ignition engines are mainly used in automotive vehicles such as automobiles and
motorcycles. These engines cannot be very big in size because of auto ignition. They
induce a mixture of air and fuel during the induction process and then compress the
induced charge to a pressure of approximately 12-15 atmospheres and a temperature of
500-600 K during the compression process and towards the end of the compression
process the hot and compressed mixture is ignited by a spark produced by the electrical
ignition system of the engine.
Working of CI Engines
Compression ignition engines have a much broader field of application. It's possible to
produce approximately 2000 kW per cylinder as well as 0.2 kW per cylinder with this type
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of engine. Since they can operate at much higher powers than SI engines they are more
suitable for commercial applications.
Liquid fuel is injected into the cylinder towards the end of compression. The fuel spray
atomizes into small droplets, evaporates and mixes with hot air. Then it auto ignites after
compression stroke Once combustion starts, the remaining fuel rapidly evaporates and
enters the combustion reaction. During all this the injection of fuel is still continuing.
SI Engine CI Engine
SI Engine (Advantages)
Engine feels nice and smooth. Its light and easy to drive
Small initial and low maintenance cost
Silent drive- engines don't produce much noise.
Low on emissions hence environment friendly
Disadvantages:
Torque is less , hence pulling power is less
Overall fuel efficiency is a bit less as compared to a diesel counterpart.
CI Engine (advantages)
High torque output hence pulling power is high (acceleration is good).
Fuel efficiency is high as compared to petrol counterpart. They are more efficient.
Service requirement is less frequent.
low NOx emissions
Disadvantages
Overall cost of the car with diesel engine is high on the pocket.
Engine is grunt and generally produces more noise than petrol ones.
Cars with diesel motors have high initial investment
9
Lab # 4
Objective
Background
The system which ignites the air fuel mixture to form a spark, due to which power is
produced and component of engine runs.
Starting
Function
of battery
is "SLI"
Lighting Igniting
Ignition coil
An ignition coil is actually a step up transformer and electromagnet having two types of
windings. 1. Primary windings 2. Secondary windings
10
Control Breaker
The purpose of the contact/control breaker is to interrupt the current Flowing in the
primary circuit of the ignition.
Capacitor
Wired in parallel with the contact points and grounded through the distributor housing. It
prevents burning; it provides a place where current can flow.
Spark plug
It receives a high voltage spark from secondary coil through rotor and outer terminal
having two electrodes.
Ignition switch
The primary circuit starts at the battery and Flows to the ignition switch. It controls the
Flow of electricity across the terminals.
11
Lab # 5
Theory
During combustion process engine produces tremendous amount of heat. That amount of
heat is dissipated in different areas.
Radiator
The radiator core is usually made up of Aluminum with aluminum strips that zigzag
between the tubes. These fins transfer the heat in the tubes into the air stream to be
carried away from the vehicle.
Thermostat
The thermostat regulates the flow of coolant into the engine keeping it at its optimum
operating temperature. The thermostat is closed when the engine is cold.
Water jacket
These are passage inside engine which allows coolant to flow inside engine.
12
Water Pump
The water pump is considered the heart of the cooling system and is usually located on
the front of the cylinder block. The water pump has fan-like blades on an impeller that
spins, creating centrifugal force, moving the liquid outward. Coolant is routed through the
engine.
The coolant then absorbs heat from the engine components and, once hot, leaves the
engine and enters the radiator.
Fans
It draws the air inside the engine by passing air through radiator which cools down the
temperature of coolant.
13
Lab # 6
Objective:
Theory
The lubricant reduces friction between Engine parts .Generally different grades of oils are
used like single grade or multi grade oil both have its advantages.
Oil pump
Operated through crank shaft
Oil filter
It filters the oil
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Properties of good Lubricant
It must have high boiling point
Low freezing point
Free from impurities
Average cost and more Durable
It should must be thermally stable
X
Muhammad Bilal
Student at UET Peshawar,Pakistan
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