Xu Ly Nuoc Thai Nha May Bia 300m3

n x l nc thi
Thit k h thng x l nc thi cho nh my bia c cng sut 300 m3/ ngy m
LI M U
Nn kinh t ngy cng pht trin th nhu cu s dng nc gii kht ca ngi dn ni
chung v bia ni ring ngy cng mnh m. Do , vic tng cng sn xut phc v
nhu cu ca ngi dn, tang cao li nhun th vn v mi trng ca nc thi ngnh
bia ang rt ng c quan tm.
Chnh v vy, nc thi sn xut trc khi thi b ra mi trng cn c x l t

chun yu cu v nc thi cng nghip.
Nhim v ca n l tnh ton v thit k h thng x l nc thi cho nh my bia c

cng sut 300 m3/ngy m. Sao cho cc ch tiu BOD, COD, SS, t tiu chun thi
ra ngun tip nhn.
SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 1

GVHD: Th.S Nguyn Ngc Trinh
n x l nc thi
LI CM N
Trong hai nm hc qua ti trng, cc thy c tn tnh dy d v truyn t cho em rt

nhiu kin thc qu bu. Em rt bit n thy c to mi iu kin tt nht cho em hc
hi v ngnh hc ca mnh.
hon thnh n mn hc ny, trc ht em xin chn thnh cm n c Nguyn Ngc

Trinh l ging vin hng dn trc tip, quan tm v tn tnh hng dn em trong qu
trnh lm bi. ng thi em cng xin gi li cm n n cc thy c trong khoa mi
trng to iu kin v tn tnh hng dn cho em trong qu trnh em lm n. Chnh
nh s hng dn ca c Nguyn Ngc Trinh gip em hon thnh bi n ny.
Do thiu kinh nghim thc t v kin thc ca c nhn cn hn ch nn trng qu trnh lm

bi cn gp nhiu sai st. V vy em mong nhn c s gp ca thy c em c th
b sung kin thc cho bn than mnh.
Thay mt cho cc sinh vin ang hc tp v nghin cu em xin chn thnh cm n n nh

trng v qu thy c.

n x l nc thi
NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN

n x l nc thi
NHN XT CA GING VIN PHN BIN

n x l nc thi
MC LC
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V NGNH BIA V QU TRNH SN XUT BIA ............. 8
1.1. TNG QUAN V NGNH BIA ................................................................................... 8
1.1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut, tiu th bia trn th gii: ............................................................ 8
1.1.2. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia Vit Nam ......................................................... 10
1.2. CC QU TRNH C BN TRONG SN XUT BIA: .......................................... 12
1.2.1. Nguyn liu sn xut bia ............................................................................................. 12
1.2.2. Cc cng on sn xut bia: ....................................................................................... 17
1.2.3. Cc cng on ph tr: ............................................................................................... 21
CHNG II: CC NGUN THI T CNG NGH SN XUT BIA V HIN TRNG X L
..................................................................................................................................................... 24
2.1. CC NGUN THI T NH MY BIA .................................................................... 24
2.1.1. Nc thi:......................................................................................................................... 24
2.1.2. Kh thi ......................................................................................................................... 26
2.1.3. Cht thi rn ................................................................................................................ 27
2.2. CC NGUN GY NHIM KHC............................................................................ 30
CHNG III. TNG QUAN V CC PHNG PHP X L V LA CHN CNG NGH32
3.1. TNG QUAN V CC PHNG PHP X L ................................................... 32
3.1.1. Phng php c hc .................................................................................................... 32
3.1.2. Phng php ha hc ha l.................................................................................... 32
3.1.3. Phng php sinh hc ................................................................................................. 34
CHNG IV. XUT CNG NGH V TNH TON CC CNG TRNH N V50
4.1. XUT CNG NGH X L ............................................................................... 51
4.1.1. Nguyn tc la chn cng ngh: ................................................................................. 51
4.1.2. Cc thng s u vo v ch tiu u ra ca nc thi:........................................... 51
4.1.3. xut cng ngh x l: ............................................................................................. 52
4.2. TNH TON CC CNG TRNH N V ............................................................. 56
4.2.1. B lng 1: ...................................................................................................................... 57
4.2.2. B UASB ....................................................................................................................... 62
4.2.3. B MBBR: .................................................................................................................... 73
CHNG VI. KT LUN ..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

n x l nc thi
DANH MC BNG
Bng 1.1. Sn lng bia cc nc.9

Bng 1.2 Tnh hnh tiu th bia trn th gii nm 2004.9
Bng 1.3 Phn chia lng bia tiu th theo vng...10
Bng 1.4. Yu cu i vi nc dng trong sn xut bia..13
Bng 1.5. Thnh phn ca hoa Houblon.16
Bng 2.1. c tnh nc thi ca mt s nh my bia...25
Bng 2.2. c trng NT mt s c s sn xut bia trn a bn H Ni 2007....25
Bng 2.3. Thnh phn nc thi sn xut bia ca mt s Cng ty nm 200227
Bng 4.1. S liu thnh phn tnh cht nc thi51
Bng 4.2.Cc thng s thit k v kch thc b lng ng61
Bng 4.3. Thng s thit k b UASB.62
Bng 4.4. Ti trng th tch hu c ca b UASB bn ht c hm lng bn
trung bnh 25 kgVSS/m3 ( ph thuc vo nhit vn hnh, nc thi c VFA
ha tan, nc thi khng c VFA v nc thi c cn l lng chim 30% tng
COD)...............................................................................................63
Bng 4.5. Cc thng s thit k b UASB72
Bng 4.6. Cc thng s thit k b MBBR..79

n x l nc thi
DANH MC HNH
Hnh 1.1. th biu din sn lng bia c nc qua cc nm 11

Hnh 1.2. th biu din mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi qua cc nm12
Hnh 1.3. i mch.14
Hnh 1.4. Ht i mch..14
Hnh 1.5. Hoa Houblon..15
Hnh 1.6. Go..17
Hnh1.7. S cng ngh sn xut bia18
Hnh 3.1.V d v dng trao i vt cht trong h sinh hc..36
Hnh 3.2.S cu to b UASB..40
Hnh 3.3. Cc qu trnh trong b lc sinh hc.47
Hnh 3.4. Cc bc ca b aeroten hot ng gin on...............................................49

n x l nc thi
CHNG I: TNG QUAN V NGNH BIA V QU TRNH SN

XUT BIA
1.1. TNG QUAN V NGNH BIA

1.1.1. Tnh hnh sn xut, tiu th bia trn th gii:
a. S lc v bia:
Bia l 1 trong nhng ung lu i nht ca loi ngi, c th xut hin trong
thi k u hay 9.500 trc CN khi m ng cc ln u tin c gieo trng. So vi
nhng loi nc gii kht khc, bia c cha mt lng cn thp (3 8%), v nh c CO2
trong bia nn to nhiu bt khi rt, bt l c tnh u vit ca bia.
V mt dinh dng, mt lt bia c cht lng trung bnh tng ng vi 25g tht
b hoc 150g bnh m loi mt, hoc tng ng vi nhit lng l 500 kcal. V vy bia
c mnh danh l bnh m nc.
Ngoi ra trong bia cn c vitamin B1, B2, nhiu vitamin PP v axit amin rt cn thit
cho c th. Trong 100ml bia 10% cht kh c: 2,5 5 mg vitamin B1, 35 36 mg vitamin
B2 v PP. Chnh v vy t lu bia tr thnh th ung quen thuc c rt nhiu
ngi a thch.
Nc ta c kh hu nhit i, dn s tng i ln, hn 90 triu ngi v c t l dn
s tr chim a s nn tim nng tiu th nc gii kht ni chung v bia ni ring l rt
ln, cn c khai thc.
b. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia trn th gii
i vi cc nc c nn cng nghip pht trin, i sng kinh t cao th bia c s
dng nh mt th nc gii kht quan trng.
Hin nay, trn th gii c 25 nc sn xut bia vi tng sn lng trn 100 t
lt/nm, trong : M, c, mi nc sn xut trn di 10 t lt/nm; Trung Quc 7 t
lt/nm .
Thng k bnh qun mc tiu th hin nay mt s nc cng nghip tin tin nm
2004 nh sau: Cng ha Czech hn 150 lt/ngi/nm; c 115 lt/ngi/nm; M trn 80
lt/ngi/nm .

n x l nc thi
Bng 1.1. Sn lng bia cc nc (triu lt)
Quc gia 2002 2003 2004 2005
M 23300 23340 23440 23270
c 10840 10550 10580 10580
Nga 7390 7560 8420 8840
Brazin 8500 8300 8260 8500
Mexico 6400 6640 6200 6300
Anh 5670 5800 5880 5890
Ty Ban Nha 2790 2970 3020 3020
Ba Lan 2600 2730 2800 2850
Canada 2200 2300 2320 2320
H Lan 2490 2510 1920 2190
Bng 1.2 Tnh hnh tiu th bia trn th gii nm 2004

Xp hng Tng lng Bnh qun
T l tng so
Quc gia nm tiu th (triu u ngi
vi nm 2003
2004 lt) (lt)
Trung Quc 1 28640 22,1 14,6%
M 2 23974 81,6 0,9%
c 3 9555 115,8 -1,6%
Brazin 4 8450 47,6 2,8%
Nga 5 8450 58,9 11,1%
Nht 6 6549 51,3 0,7%
Anh 7 5920 99,0 -1,8%
Mexico 8 5435 51,8 2,0%
Ty Ban Nha 9 33,76 83,8 0,9%
Ba Lan 10 26,70 69,1 -2,4%
CH Czech 15 18,78 156,9 2,1%

n x l nc thi
Tng lng tiu th trn th gii nm 2003 khong 144,296 t lt, nm 2004 khong
150,392 t lt (tng 4,2%).
Bng 1.3 Phn chia lng bia tiu th theo vng

Vng Lng bia tiu th V th
(%)
Chu u 32,8 1
Chu 28,7 2
Bc M 17,4 3
Trung / Nam M 14,4 4
Chu Phi 4,7 5
a Trung Hi 1,4 6
Trung ng 0,6 7
Lng bia tiu th tng hu ht khp cc vng, ngoi tr vng a Trung Hi, y
lng tiu th bia trn th gii tng ln. Nhng lng tng ng k nht l Trung Quc vi
tc tng n 14,6% .
Chu l mt trong nhng khu vc c lng bia tiu th tng nhanh, cc nh nghin
cu th trng bia ca th gii nhn nh rng Chu ang dn gi v tr dn u v tiu
th bia trn th gii.
Trong khi sn xut bia Chu u c gim, th Chu , trc kia nhiu nc c
mc tiu th bia theo u ngi thp, n nay tng bnh qun 6,5%/nm. Thi Lan c
mc tng bnh qun cao nht 26,5%/nm; tip n l Philippin 22,2%/nm; Malaysia
21,7%/nm; Indonesia 17,7%/nm. y l nhng nc c tc tng nhanh trong khu
vc. Cc nc xung quanh ta nh Singapor t 18 lt/ngi/nm, Philippin 20
lt/ngi/nm (theo s liu ca Vin ru bia NGK Vit Nam).
Th trng bia Nht Bn chim 66% th trng bia khu vc vi 30,9 t USD. Lng
bia tiu th nm 2004 t trn 6500 triu lt (theo ngun t Kirin news Nht Bn)
Th trng bia ca Trung Quc pht trin l nguyn nhn ch yu thc y s tng
trng ca ngnh cng nghip bia Chu . n nm 2004, tng lng bia tiu th Trung
Quc l 28.640 triu lt, xp th hng u tin trn th gii.
Tng lng bia tiu th cc nc khu vc Chu trong nm 2004 t 43.147 triu
lt, tng 11,2% so vi nm 2003.
1.1.2. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th bia Vit Nam
Bia c a vo Vit Nam t nm 1890 cng vi s c mt ca Nh my Bia Si
Gn v Nh my Bia H Ni, nh vy ngnh bia Vit Nam c lch s hn 100 nm.
Hin nay, do nhu cu ca th trng, ch trong mt thi gian ngn, ngnh sn xut bia
c nhng bc pht trin mnh m thng qua vic u t v m rng cc nh my bia

n x l nc thi
c t trc v xy dng cc nh my bia mi thuc Trung ng v a phng qun l,

cc nh my lin doanh vi cc hng nc ngoi. Cng nghip bia pht trin ko theo s
pht trin ca cc ngnh sn xut khc v hng nm ngnh bia ng gp cho ngn sch
nh nc mt lng ng k.
a. Tnh hnh sn xut bia trong nc
Do tc ng ca nhiu yu t nh tc tng trng GDP, tc tng dn s, tc
th ha, tc u t m ngnh cng nghip Bia pht trin vi tc tng trng
cao. Chng hn nh nm 2003, sn lng bia t 1290 triu lt, tng 20,7% so vi nm
2002, t 79% so vi cng sut thit k, tiu th bnh qun u ngi t 16 lt/nm, np
ngn sch nh nc khong 3.650 t ng.
b. V s lng c s sn xut
S lng c s sn xut gim xung so vi nhng nm cui thp nin 1990, n nm
2003 ch cn 326 c s sn xut so vi 469 c s nm 1998 [1]. iu ny l do yu cu v
cht lng bia, v mc v sinh an ton thc phm ngy cng cao, ng thi do s xut
hin ca nhiu doanh nghip bia ln c thit b v cng ngh tin tin nn c s cnh
tranh gay gt, nhiu c s sn xut quy m nh, cht lng thp khng kh nng cnh
tranh ph sn hoc chuyn sang sn xut sn phm khc.
Trong cc c s sn xut , Sabeco c nng sut trn 200 triu lt/nm, Habeco c
nng sut hn 100 triu lt/nm, 15 nh my bia c nng sut trn 15 triu lt/nm v
khong 165 c s sn xut c nng sut di 1 triu lt/nm.
7
6
6
5 4.7
4
T lt
3
3
2
2 1.4 1.5 1.6
1.3
1
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2010 2015 2025
Nm
Hnh 1.1. th biu din sn lng bia c nc qua cc nm .

c. Mc tiu th bia
Hai Tng cng ty Sabeco v Habeco c ng gp tch cc v gi vai tr ch o
trong ngnh bia. Ring nm 2003, doanh thu ca ngnh Bia- Ru- NGK Vit Nam t
16.497 t ng, np ngn sch nh nc 5000 t ng, to iu kin vic lm v thu nhp
n nh cho trn 20.000 lao ng. Sn lng tiu th bia ton quc t 1290 triu lt chim

n x l nc thi
78,8% cng sut thit k, trong Habeco v Sabeco t 472,28 triu lt (chim 36,61%
ton ngnh bia).
Mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi Vit nam tng ln nhanh chng trong vng 10
nm qua, t mc di 10 lt/ngi/nm nm 1997 tng ln 18 lt/ngi/nm vo nm
2006, d kin n nm 2015 l 35 lt/ngi/nm.
40
35
35
30 28
25
lt/ngi
20 16.83 18
15 16
13.25 14
15
10.5 11 11.5 12.5
10
5
0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2010 2015
Nm
Hnh 1.2. th biu din mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi qua cc nm .
d. nh hng pht trin nn cng nghip bia Vit Nam n nm 2020.
Do mc sng ngy cng tng, mc tiu th ngy cng cao khng k cc nc Chu
u, Chu M c mc tiu th bia theo u ngi rt cao do c thi quen ung bia t lu
i, cc nc Chu tiu dng bnh qun 17 lt/ngi/nm.
Truyn thng vn ha dn tc v li sng tc ng n mc tiu th bia, ru. cc
nc c cng ng dn tc theo o hi, khng cho php gio dn ung ru bia nn mc
tiu th bnh qun theo u ngi mc thp. Ti Vit Nam, khng b nh hng ca tn
gio trong tiu th bia nn th trng cn pht trin.
Nm 1995 dn s Vit Nam l 74 triu ngi, nm 2000 khong 81 triu ngi v
hin nay trn 90 triu ngi. Do vy d kin mc tiu th bnh qun theo u ngi vo
nm 2010 l 28 lt/ngi/nm, sn lng 3 t lt/nm v n nm 2015 mc tiu th bnh
qun l 35 lt/ngi/nm vi sn lng 6 t lt/nm.
1.2. CC QU TRNH C BN TRONG SN XUT BIA:
1.2.1. Nguyn liu sn xut bia
Bia c sn xut t 4 nguyn liu chnh l malt i mch, nc, hublon v nm

men. Nhiu loi nguyn liu thay th malt trong qu trnh nu l go, ng v cc loi

n x l nc thi
dn xut t ng cc; cc nguyn liu khc c s dng trong qu trnh lc v hon thin
sn phm nh bt tr lc, cc cht n nh; Nhiu loi ha cht c s dng trong qu
trnh sn xut nh cc cht ty ra, cc loi du nhn, cht bi trn, cht hot ng b
mt T l cc thnh phn nguyn liu ph thuc vo chng loi bia s c sn xut.
1.2.1.1. Nc
Do thnh phn chnh ca bia l nc nn ngun nc v cc c trng ca n c nh

hng rt quan trng ti cc c trng ca bia. Nhiu loi bia chu nh hng hoc thm
ch c xc nh theo c trng ca nc trong khu vc sn xut bia. Mc d nh hng
ca n cng nh l tc ng tng h ca cc loi khong cht ha tan trong nc c s
trong sn xut bia l kh phc tp, nhng theo quy tc chung th nc c s dng trong
sn xut bia l kh phc tp, nhng theo quy tc chung th nc mm l ph hp cho sn
xut cc loi bia sng mu. Do , d dm bo s n nh v cht lng v mi v ca sn
phm, nc cn c x l trc khi tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut bia nhm t c
cc ch tiu cht lng nht nh.
Bng 1.4. Yu cu i vi nc dng trong sn xut bia

Thnh phn n v Hm lng
pH 6,5 7
cng o
H 5 12
Mui Cacbonat mg/l 50
Mui Mg2+ mg/l 100
Mui clorua mg/l 75 150
CaSO4 mg/l 150 200
NH3 v mui NO2 mg/l Khng c
St Fe2+
mg/l < 0,3
Vi sinh vt T bo/ml < 100
1.2.1.2. Malt (i Mch)
i mch c chia ra lm 2 nhm : ma ng v ma xun, c chu k sinh trng
100-120 ngy. Trong :
- i mch 6 hng : a s c dng trong sn xut thc n gia sc.
- i mch 2 hng : a s c dng trong sn xut bia.
- i mch 4 hng : mt s chng dc dng trong sn xut bia.
Malt l ht i mch c ny mm trong iu kin nhn to. Ht i mch c
ngm trong nc , sau c to mi trng m thch hp cho vic ny mm. Qu
trnh ny mm, mt lng ln cc enzyme xut hin v tch t trong ht i mch nh :
enzyme amylaza, enzyme proteaza. Cc enzyme ny l nhng nhn t thc hin vic

n x l nc thi
chuyn cc cht trong thnh phn ht i mch thnh nguyn liu m nm men c th s
dng to thnh sn phm l bia, khi ht i mch ny mm, ngi ta em sy kh
nhit cao, trong thi gian ngn, ty theo nhit sy m ta thu c nhng loi malt
khc nhau.
Hnh 1.3. i mch

+ Malt vng : sy nhit 800C
+ Malt socola : sy nhit 1000C
Phi chn i mch cha t protein, lm t n 42-48%, ny mm nhit tng
i ( 13-180C) v phi thng gi tt. Trong iu kin , ht s tch t nhiu enzyme, tiu
hao m v polysaccharit, ng cng tch t vi s lng va .
Hnh 1.4. Ht i mch

n x l nc thi
Qu trnh sy thc hin nhanh trong 24 gi. Sau loi b mm v mm c th mang

li cho bia v khng bnh thng. Khng th dng malt va sy xong lm bia m phi
qua qu trnh bo qun , v trong qu trnh bo qun malt s ht m t khng kh, m
dn dn tng ln, trong malt lc ny xut hin mt s hin tng ha l ngc vi lc sy
kh. Tt c nhng thay i dn n mt sn phm hon chnh l malt chn ti.
Thnh phn ha hc ca malt (tnh theo % cht th )
+ Tinh bt : 58% + Cht khong : 2,5%
+ Lipid : 2,5% + Saccharose : 5%
+ ng kh : 4% + Protid : 10%
+ Pentoza : 8% + Cellulose : 6%
Malt c s dng dng cht kh ha tan thnh dch ng. Malt l nguyn liu
truyn thng, thit yu, khng th thiu c trong qu trnh sn xut bia .
1.2.1.3. Hoa Houblon
Hoa houblon c tn khoa hc l Humulus lupulus L, l mt loi cy lu nin thuc
h dy leo, c cao trung bnh t 6-8m.
Hoa Houblon l nguyn liu chnh th 2 dng sn xut bia, hoa Houblon gp phn
to ra mi v c trng ca bia, ngoi ra hoa Houblon cn c s dng nh mt cht bo
qun bia, lm tng tnh n nh, kh nng to bt, tnh gi bt, lm cho bt mn v xp.
Ch s dng hoa ci trong qu trnh sn xut bia.
Hnh 1.5. Hoa Houblon
Bng 1.5. Thnh phn ca hoa Houblon

Thnh phn Hm lng (%)
Nc 10 11
Nha ng tng s 15 20

n x l nc thi
Tinh du 0,5 1,5

Tanin 25
Monosaccarit 2
Pectin 2
Amino axit 0,1
Protein 15 17
Lipit v sp 3
Cht tro 58
Xenluloza, lignin v cc cht khc 40 50
1.2.1.4. Men bia (Yeast)

Men bia c s dng trong qui trnh ny l men Heineken A
Nm 1886, Dr Eilon, hc tr ca Louis Pasteur pht trin thnh cng Heineken A-
yeast - men bia c trng ca Heineken vn cn c ng dng trong cng ngh sn xut
bia ngy nay ca Heineken v gip mang li cho cc sn phm ca Heineken mt hng v
ring c o.
Yu cn cht lng ca nm men trc khi a vo lm men.
+ Khi a vo sn xut t l men cht di 2%, t l ny chi ln hn 10%. Thi k
mnh nht khi ng xung nhanh nht c th trn 80%.
+ Nm men a vo dch ng ln men phi c t 10-20 triu t bo/ml dch
ging.
+ Nm men phi c kh nng chuyn ha cc ng i, ng n gin, cc peptid,
acid amin, gii phng ra CO2, rc etylic v nhit.
+ Nm men phi thun chng.
1.2.1.5. Sn phm thay th (Go)
nc ta nguyn liu thay th c s dng l go, do nc ta c ngun go di
do, mc khc vic nghin, xay go cng gin n, khng cn phi ngm .
Go c dng thay th mt phn malt lm gim gi thnh sn phm.
Hnh 1.6. Go

n x l nc thi
Yu cu k thut ca go
+ Trng, u ht, khng m mc, khng c mi hi, sn rc, khng mi mt
+ T l tp cht < 2%
+ m : 13-13,5%
+ Tinh bt : 76% cht kh
+ Tro : 1,1% cht kh
+ Cht bo : 1,6% cht kh
+ Cellulose : 5,8% cht kh
1.2.2. Cc cng on sn xut bia:
1.2.2.1. Chun b
Malt v go (gi tt l nguyn liu) c a n b phn nghin nguyn liu thnh cc
mnh nh, sau c chuyn sang ni nu to iu kin cho qu trnh chuyn ha
nguyn liu v trch ly ti a cc cht ho tan trong nguyn liu. Cc nh sn xut bia
thng s dng cc thit b nghin kh hoc nghin t.
i vi go: do go cha qua ny mm nn cu trc tinh bt cn nguyn vn, nn

go cn phi c nghin cng mn cng tt.
i vi malt: Vic nghin malt cn p ng 2 yu cu l m bo c hiu sut

chuyn ha cao trong qu trnh nu v d dng lc c dch ng sau khi ng ha.
mn ca malt sau khi nghin ph thuc vo cng ngh lc hm sau khi ng ha v
loi my nghin c la chn trong h thng thit b.

n x l nc thi
Hnh1.7. S cng ngh sn xut bia
1.2.2.2. Nu
Qu trnh nu gm 4 cng on:
H ha v ng ha: nguyn liu sau khi xay nghin c ha trn vi nc

theo t l nht nh v c chuyn ti thit b h ha v ng ha. Bng cch iu
chnh hn hp nguyn liu cc ch thch hp (nhit , thi gian, pH), h enzyme c
sn trong nguyn liu hoc cc enzyme c b sung t ngun bn ngoi chuyn ha cc
cht d tr c trong nguyn liu thnh dng ha tan. Cc enzyme thy phn tinh bt to
thnh cc loi ng d ln men v cc dn xut c phn t lng thp hn ca tinh bt.
Cc enzyme thy phn cc cht protein thnh axt amin v cc dn xut ca protein. Cc
cht gm, xenlulo cng c thy phn mt phn thnh cc cht ho tan. Dch sau khi

n x l nc thi
ng ha c tch khi b qua my lc.

Lc dch ng: hm c a qua my lc nhm tch b hm ra khi nc nha.
Thit b lc dch ng ph bin c 2 loi l ni lc lng hoc my p lc khung bn.
un si vi hoa houblon: dch ng sau khi lc c nu vi hoa houblon bng

cch un si trong 60-90 pht. Mc ch ca qu trnh nhm n nh thnh phn ca dch
ng, to cho sn phm c mi thm c trng ca hoa hublon, dit khun dch ng
trc khi vo ln men.
Lng nng dch ng: dch sau khi nu c a qua bn lng xoy nhm tch
b hoa houblon v cn to thnh trong qu trnh lng nng trc khi chuyn vo ln men.
Qu trnh nu s dng nhiu nng lng di dng nhit nng v in nng cho vic vn
hnh cc thit b; hi nc phc v mc ch gia nhit v un si.
1.2.2.3. Ln men
Lm lnh v b sung xy: dch ng sau lng c nhit khong 90- 95oC c h
nhit nhanh n 8 - 10oC v b sung xy vi nng 68 mg O2/lt. Qu trnh lnh
nhanh c thc hin trong cc thit b trao i nhit vi mi cht lnh l nc lnh 1-2
o
C.
Chun b men ging: Nm men c nui cy trong phng th nghim, sau c

nhn trong cc iu kin thch hp t c mt nm men cn thit cho ln men
Ln men chnh: dch ng c cp b sung xy, lm lnh n nhit thch hp

tin hnh qu trnh ln men chnh vi thi gian v iu kin ph hp. Vic ln men c
th c thc hin trong cc tank khng c bo n v t trong nh lnh c kim sot
nhit theo ch nhit chung ca phng ln men. Cng ngh ln men trong phng
lnh hin nay khng cn ph bin do tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho vic chy lnh cho
phng ln men v kh khn trong vic thao tc vn hnh. Ngy nay vic ln men ph bin
c tin hnh trong cc tank lin hon c thit k ph hp cho cng ngh ln men ca
cc nh sn xut khc nhau vi h thng kim sot nhit v d dng t ng ha. Kh
CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men c thu hi. Thi gian ln men chnh thng l 5-7
ngy.Trong trng hp ln men chm, sau khi kt thc ln men chnh nm men kt lng
xung y cc tank ln men v c ly ra ngoi gi l men sa. Nm men s c ly
mt phn ti s dng cho ln men cc tank tip theo hoc c thi b. Trong trng
hp ln men ni, nm men tp trung ln b mt v cng c tch mt phn khi dch ln
men.
Ln men ph: dch sau khi kt thc giai on ln men chnh c chuyn sang giai
on ln men ph hon thin cht lng bia (to hng v v c trng). Qu trnh ln

n x l nc thi
men ny din ra chm, tiu hao mt lng ng khng ng k, bia c lng trong v
bo ho CO2. Thi gian ln men t 14-21 ngy hoc hn tu thuc vo yu cu ca tng
loi bia.
1.2.2.4. Lc bia v hon thin sn phm
Lc bia: Sau ln men, bia c em lc t c trong theo yu cu. Lc bia

c tin hnh bng nhiu loi thit b khc nhau. Cc loi my lc bia thng dng l
my p lc khung bn c s dng giy hoc vi lc. Trong nhng nm trc y nhiu
nh my s dng cc my lc a nm ngang vi cc thit k khc nhau. Gn y cc nh
sn xut bia trong cc nh my quy m ln s dng my lc nn vi cc ct lc l cc ct
li inox c b mt lc rng, kch thc my gn, vn hnh hon ton t ng, d kim
sot trong ca bia v cht lng bia n nh hn. Vic lc trong bia lun thc hin vi
s duy tr nhit lnh cho bia trc v sau khi lc khong -1oC n 1oC. Tc nhn quan
trng lc bia l cc loi bt tr lc khc nhau. Sau khi lc chng tr thnh cht thi v
l vn gy nhim ln trong qu trnh sn xut.
Hon thin sn phm, bia c th c lc hoc x l qua mt s cng on nh qua

h thng lc trao i cha PVPP hoc silicagel loi bt polyphenol v protein trong bia,
tng tnh n nh ca bia trong qu trnh bo qun. Nhm mc ch tng tnh n nh ca
bia ngi ta c th s dng thm cc enzyme hoc cht bo qun c php s dng trong
sn xut bia.
Pha bia: Trong cng ngh sn xut bia gn y cc nh sn xut tin hnh ln men
bia nng cao (ph bin trong khong 12,5 - 16 plato) tng hiu sut thit b v tit
kim nng lng. Trong qu trnh lc v hon thin sn phm h s pha long bia v nng
mong mun theo tiu chun sn phm trn nhng thit b chuyn dng. Qu trnh pha
long bia lun yu cu nc tiu chun cao trong hm lng xy ha tan di 0,05
ppm.
Bo ha CO2: Bia trong v sau khi lc c bo ha thm CO2 m bo tiu

chun bia thnh phm trc khi ng chai, lon.
Lc bia v trng: c nhiu nh my bia trang b h thng lc mng sn xut bia

ti ng chai/lon khng thanh trng.
Nh vy h thng lc bia trong nh my sn xut bia c nhiu cp khc nhau. Ty

theo mc ch m nh sn xut trang b thit b v cht lng thit b n mc cn thit.
1.2.2.5. ng chai, lon, keg v thanh trng sn phm
p ng nhu cu khc nhau ca ngi tiu dng v m bo vic vn chuyn bia

n ni tiu th, cc nh sn xut bia phi tin hnh khu bao gi.

n x l nc thi
Cc bao b phi c ra sch s tit trng trc khi chit rt. Khu ra bao b tn
nhiu ha cht v nng lng km theo nc thi vi ti lng BOD cao.
Bia c chit vo chai, lon keg bng cc thit b chit rt. Ty theo yu cu ca th
trng, thi gian lu hnh sn phm trn th trng c th t 1 thng n hng nm. Do
vy yu cu cht lng ca bia sau khi ng vo bao b cng rt khc nhau. Vic kim
sot tt cc thng s trong qu trnh chit nh hm lng xy/khng kh trong chai/lon
i hi nghim ngt v nh vy cn phi la chn tt thit b chit rt ngay t khi u t.
Qu trnh ng chai/lon cn chnh xc cao v hm lng xy/khng kh, mc bia trong
chai. Nu thit b lm vic khng chnh xc s dn n nhiu sn phm hng, mc hao ht
bia cao, gy ti lng hu c cao trong nc thi.
Sau khi chit, sn phm c thanh trng.Qu trnh thanh trng c thc hin nh
nc nng cc thang nhit yu cu. Yu cu k thut cho khu thanh trng c tnh
bng n v thanh trng.
n v thanh trng (PE) = t x 1,393 (T - 60)
Trong : t l thi gian thanh trng (pht); T l nhit thanh trng (C)
1.2.3. Cc cng on ph tr:
1.2.3.1. Cc qu trnh v sinh:
Trong sn xut bia qu trnh v sinh ng vai tr quan trng m bo cc yu cu

cng ngh v an ton v sinh thc phm cho sn phm. Ngoi ra, vic v sinh cn cha
ng nhiu vn gy nhim mi trng nu khng c thit lp quy trnh v qun l
ng mc.V sinh bao gm cc cng vic lin quan n lm sch khu vc sn xut v v
sinh thit b.Cc thit b c ch to gn y lun trang b cc b phn c th cho php
v sinh c th tin hnh hon ton t ng trong thit b (gi l CIP).
V sinh nh xng, khu vc sn xut phi c lm thng xuyn trnh nhim
cho t mi trng vo sn phm. Cng vic ch yu thc hin bng tay v nh s tr
gip ca cc bm, vi phun cao p.
V sinh thit b nh h thng v sinh trong thit b (CIP) c th t ng ho cc

mc khc nhau. Cc giai on trong quy trnh CIP bao gm:
- Khu trng ra ban u: Cc bn cha v ng ng c ra bng nc thng

loi cc cht bn bm trn b mt. Nc ra khng c ti s dng m thi ra h
thng x l nc thi. Mc nhim ca nc thi ph thuc vo bn ca cc bn v
ng ng.
- Khu ra bng ho cht: Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ra ban u, cc bn cha v

n x l nc thi
ng ng c sc ra bng dung dch xt nng nhit 70- 85oC ty sch cc cht

bn cn bm b mt. Thi gian tun hon xt nng 15-30 pht tu thuc vo mc bn
ca thit b. Xt nng c thu hi v thit b cha ti s dng. Sau khi tun hon xt
nng thit b c trng ra bng nc. Mt s thit b sau khi ra bng xt v trng ra
c th phi ra tip bng dung dch axit. Sau c trng ra bng nc nhiu ln n
khi sch.
- Khu sc ra cui cng: Cc bn v ng ng c sc ra ln cui vi dung
dch nc nhit mi trng lm sch cc cht ty ra cn li. Phn nc ny c
thu hi v ti s dng cho khu sc ra s b.
Do vy, ngoi kh nng m bo mc v sinh thc phm, quy trnh sc ra, ti s

dng cho php tit kim ti nguyn nc v ha cht s dng.
1.2.3.2. Qu trnh cung cp hi:
H thng ni hi t than hoc du vi p sut ti a l 10 bar, p sut lm vic

trong khong 4-6 bar.Thit b cung cp hi l ni hi chy bng nhin liu ha thch (than
, ga), kh sinh hc, hoc bng in.T ni hi, hi nc c dn trong cc ng chu p
cung cp cho cc thit b cn gia nhit. Hiu sut ca ni hi, cc ch vn hnh, vic
bo n cch nhit, vic tn thu v s dng nc ngng c ngha ln trong vic xem xt
hiu qu ca h thng cung cp nhit trong nh my bia.
Khi thi ni hi c cha CO, CO2, NOx, SOx v bi thi. Khi thi gy ra hiu ng
nh knh, nhim khng kh cc khu vc ln cn.
1.2.3.3. Qu trnh cung cp lnh cho sn xut:
Trong nh my bia cc qu trnh c s dng lnh l qu trnh lm lnh dch ng t

khu nu, qu trnh ln men, qu trnh nhn v bo qun ging men, qu trnh lm lnh bia
thnh phm trong cc bn cha bia thnh phm, qu trnh lm lnh nc phc v ln men
v v sinh... H thng my lnh vi mi cht hin nay thng s dng l ammoniac s
lm lnh glycol hoc nc l cc mi cht th cp cho cc thit b ln men v trao i
nhit.Vic tnh ton cng sut my lnh, thit k h thng cung cp lnh hp l s m
bo chi ph vn hnh thp, hiu qu sn xut cao.
1.2.3.4. Qu trnh cung cp kh nn:
Kh nn c dng trong nhiu qu trnh trong nh my sn xut bia. Kh nn c

cung cp bi my nn kh , cha sn trong cc bnh cha. My nn kh tiu tn nhiu in
nng, kh nn c d tr p sut cao trong cc balng cha kh, rt d b r r, hao ph
do thot ra ngoi trn ng ng.

n x l nc thi
1.2.3.5. Qu trnh thu hi v s dng CO2
Bao gm balng cha, thit b ra, my nn CO2 , thit b loi nc, lc than hot
tnh, thit b lnh, thit b ngng t CO2, 1 tank cha CO2 , 1 thit b bay hi CO2, h
thng ng ng, ph kin. Ton b CO2 trong qu trnh ln men s c thu li v s
dng cho vic bo ha CO2 ca bia thnh phm trong qu trnh lc.

n x l nc thi
CHNG II: CC NGUN THI T CNG NGH SN XUT BIA

V HIN TRNG X L
2.1. CC NGUN THI T NH MY BIA
2.1.1. Nc thi:
Cng nghip sn xut bia l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip i hi tiu tn mt
lng nc ln cho mc ch sn xut v v th s thi ra mi trng mt lng nc thi
ln. C th nh sau:
Nc lm lnh, nc ngng, y l ngun nc thi t hoc gn nh khng gy nhim

nn c kh nng tun hon s dng li.
Nc thi t cng on nu - ng ha: bao gm
- Nc thi trong qu trnh ra b sau nu,
- Nc thi do v sinh ni nu go, malt, hoa; v sinh thit b lc dch ng v thit b
tch b.
c tnh ca nc thi ny c mc nhim rt cao, c cha b malt, b hoa, tinh bt,
cc cht hu c, mt t tanin, cht ng, cht mu
Nc thi t cng on ln men:
Nc v sinh cc tank ln men, thng cha, ng ng, sn nh c cha b men, bia
cn v cc cht hu c.
Nc thi t cng on hon tt sn phm: Lc, bo ha CO2, chit chai, ng np,
thanh trng. Nc thi ch yu t cng on ny l nc v sinh thit b lc, nc ra
chai v tc cha. y cng l mt trong nhng dng thi c nhim ln trong sn xut
bia.
Nc thi t cng on ny c cha bt tr lc, mt t b men, bia cn li t bao b ti s
dng, bia ri vi trong qu trnh chit, pH cao
Nc ra sn cc phn xng, nc thi t ni hi, nc t h thng lm lnh c cha
hm lng chlorit cao.
Xt v axit thi ra t h thng CIP, xt t thit b ra chai. Dng thi ny c lu lng
nh v cn thu hi ring x l cc b, tun hon ti s dng cho cc mc ch khc.
Bn cnh nc thi sn xut, mt ngun nhim khc l nc thi sinh hot t nh
v sinh, nh bp phc v cn b cng nhn vin. Nc thi ny ch yu cha cc cht
gy nhim BOD, COD, SS, N, P, vi sinh vt mc trung bnh, nu nc thi ny
khng c x l thch ng cng gy ra nhng tc ng xu n mi trng.

n x l nc thi
Trong sn xut bia cng ngh t thay i t nh my ny sang nh my khc, s khc

nhau c th ch l s p dng phng php ln men ni hay ln men chm. Nhng s khc
nhau c bn l vn s dng nc cho qu trnh ra chai, my mc, nh xng iu
dn n ti lng nc thi v hm lng cc cht nhim ca cc nh my bia rt
khc nhau. cc nh my bia c bin php tun hon nc v cng ngh ra tit kim
nc th lng nc thp, nh Cng Ho Lin Bang c nc s dng v nc thi bia
nh sau:
- nh mc nc cp: 4 8 m3/1000lt bia, ti lng nc thi 2,5 6 m3/1000 lit bia.

- Ti trng BOD5: 3 6 kg/1000 lt bia; t l BOD5/COD = 0,55 0,7.
- Hm lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi nh sau:
BOD5 = 1100 n 1500 mg/l; COD = 1800 3000 mg/l;
- Tng nit = 30 n 100 mg/l; tng photpho = 10 n 30 mg/l.
Vi cc bin php s dng nc hiu qu nht th nh mc nc thi ca nh my

bia khng th thp hn 2 3 m3/1000 lt bia sn phm. Trung bnh lng nc thi nhiu
nh my bia ln gp 10 n 20 ln lng bia sn phm.
Rosenwinker a ra kt qu phn tch c tnh nc thi ca mt s nh my

bia nh bng sau:
Bng 2.1. c tnh nc thi ca mt s nh my bia

Thng s n v Nh my I Nhmy II Nh my III
pH - 5,7 11,7 - -
BOD5 mg/l 1220 775 1622
COD mg/l 1909 1220 2944
SS mg/l 634 - -
Nito tng mg/l 79,2 19,2 -
Photpho tng mg/l 4,3 7,6 -
Ti lng nc
m3/1000lt bia - 3,2 -
thi
Ti trng kgBOD5/1000
- 3,5 -
nhim lt bia
Lu lng dng thi v c tnh dng thi trong cng ngh sn xut bia cn bin i theo
chu k v ma sn xut.

n x l nc thi
Bng 2.2. Thnh phn nc thi sn xut bia ca mt s Cng ty nm 2002

TT Ch tiu Nc thi trc x l
1 pH 6-9,5
2 Hm lng cn l lng, mg/l 150-300
3 BOD5, mg/l 700-1500
4 COD, mg/l 850-1950
5 Tng Nit (TN) 15-45
6 Tng Phtpho (TP) 4,9-9,0
7 Coliform, MPN/100 ml <10.000
Ghi ch: Theo cc s liu nghin cu ti cng ty Bia ong Thi Bnh, Cng ty Bia
Ngh An, Nh my Bia NADA, nh my Bia H Long...
Cng nghip sn xut bia to nn mt lng ln nc thi x vo mi trng. Hin

nay tiu chun nc thi to thnh trong qu trnh sn xut bia l 8 14 lt nc thi/ lt
bia, ph thuc vo cng ngh v cc loi bia sn xut.
Do c hm lng cht hu c cao, cn l lng ln, nc thi sn xut bia gy mi

hi thi, lng cn, gim nng oxy ho tan trong nc ngun khi tip nhn chng. Mt
khc, cc mui nit, phtpho... trong nc thi bia d gy hin tng ph dng cho cc
thu vc. V vy cc loi nc thi ny cn phi x l trc khi x ra ngun nc tip
nhn.
2.1.2. Kh thi
Bi
Bi c th c to ra ti cng on tip nhn, vn chuyn v nghin malt, nghin

go c bit l h thng nghin kh. Trong phn xng nghin, bi c th thu hi bng h
thng ht v lc bi. Bi l thnh phn giu cht ha tan, tuy nhin ch yu l cc cht c
th gy nh hng xu cho sn phm.
Kh thi ni hi
Ch yu l kh thi pht sinh t qu trnh t nhin liu l du FO chy ni hi.Cc

cht nhim trong kh thi ca l hi SO2, NOx, CO, VOX. Do vy, cc nh my cn xy
dng h thng x l kh thi nhm m bo cht lng kh thi trc khi thi ra mi
trng bn ngoi.
Kh CO2

n x l nc thi
Kh CO2 sinh ra cng on ln men nhng kh ny thng c thu hi bng h

thng thu hi CO2 lm ngun cung cp gas cho bia thnh phm v bn lm bnh cu
ha.
Tc nhn lnh
Hin nay, cc nh my ang s dng nhng loi tc nhn lnh nh NH3, Glycol,
CFC.Tuy nhin, ngi ta xc nh c tc hi to ln ca CFC n mi trng, y l
kh gy hiu ng nh knh v l tc nhn lm suy gim tng ozone v vy m hin nay CFC
c thay th bng cc tc nhn lnh khc.
Kh thi t nh nu
Trong qu trnh un si dch ng, thnh phn cc cht d bay hi trong dch ng
v hoa houblon bay hi thng to ra cc mi c trng cho khng gian xung quanh nh
nu. gim lng kh to ra t nh nu, ngi ta c th s dng cc h thng ngng t
hi lp t trn cc ni nu v c nn li nh cc my nn kh.
2.1.3. Cht thi rn

2.1.3.1. Cht thi rn sinh hot:
Rc thi sinh hot sinh ra do cc hot ng sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn vin trong
Nh my bao gm 2 loi:
- Loi cng: v hp, vt dng, bao b nha, thy tinh

- Loi mm: thc n tha, v tri cy, giy, nilon
2.1.3.2. Cht thi rn cng nghip:

Bng 2.3. Thnh phn v nh mc CTR ca cng nghip sn xut bia
Loi cht thi Lng trung bnh (kg/hl bia)
B malt v hoa houblon 18,86
Men tha 2,64
Cn nng 1,42
Cn ngui 0,22
Cn khong 0,62
Bi malt 0,12
Nhn/ giy 0,29
Cc cht bao gi 0,04

n x l nc thi
B malt v hoa houblon
C 100 kg malt nghin nh c th to ra 110 130 kg b malt i mch c m 70

80% hay khong 20 kg/100 lt bia thnh phm. V vy c th c lng, hng nm c
khong 200 tn b malt m tng ng vi lng bia thnh phm l 1 triu lt.
B malt vi nhiu thnh phn dinh dng nn thng c dng lm thc n gia sc.
tng kh nng bo qun thnh phn sn phm ph ny v hn ch chi ph cho vn
chuyn, ngi ta c th sy b malt thnh dng kh.
Khc so vi b malt, b hoa houblon sau qu trnh un si thng c loi b, him

khi ngi ta thu hi b hoa ti s dng vo bt k mc ch g. V th, hu ht trong cc
nh my bia, ngi ta thng nghin nh hoa hoc s dng cc ch phm hoa cao v hoa
vin gim nhn cng cho cng on lc b hoa sau qu trnh un hoa. Sau un hoa, b
hoa s c tch ra trong thit b lng xoy. Bao b cha cc ch phm hoa nh lon thic
hoc giy thic c gom tp trung x l.
Cn nng
Cn nng hnh thnh c tch ra thit b lng xoy, i khi c tch ra cc

thit b phn tch c bit hoc thng lng. Ni chung trong cn tch ra vn cn cha
mt phn dch ng cn c thu hi li. V th, nhiu nh my, ngi ta s dng
dch cha cn ny lm nc ra b nhm tn thu lng cht chit trong dch ng ny,
ng thi lm giu protein trong b malt. Tuy nhin, cng on ny c th nh hng n
cht lng ca dch ng v hn ch nh hng n cht lng ca bia, ngi ta
thng khng tn dng lng dch ng cn li trong b.
Nm men tha
Mt s lng ln nm men ging sau khi s dng cn tha li, nu khng c x l

c th s dn ti s thi ra v gy nhim mi trng.
Thng thng, t 1 triu lt bia mt nm c th to ra 15 18 tn b men cn c

x l. Gii php tt nht l tn dng ngun dinh dng giu vitamin v protein ny lm
thc n gia sc. B men phi c sy kh nhanh chng bo qun, ng thi gim
nhng tc ng ca chng i vi h vi sinh v h thng tiu ha ca gia sc. Mt hng
khc c th c quan tm l s dng nm men trong ngnh dc phm.
B cht tr lc
T 100 lt bia sau lc thng to ra 500g bn tr lc. Nu tnh cho 1 triu lt bia
trong mt nm, s c 5 tn bn tr lc.

n x l nc thi
So vi cch x l x thng vo h thng nc thi nh nhiu nh my bia hin nay

vn ang s dng, bin php x l li bt tr lc i hi tn nhiu nhn cng v chi ph.
Trong , bt tr lc c th c gia nhit tr li v thay th cho 50% lng bt mi s
dng lc bia.
Nhiu nh my bia ch x l bng cch bn tr lc thnh ng ln. Nc trong

bn s thot ra v hn ch s dn tri ca bn tr lc trn mt t.Cht tr lc trong cc b
lng hoc trong cc ng ng lu ngy s bm cng v rt kh loi b.
Mt s gii php x l hin nay l p bn tr lc sao cho gim lng nc xung

di 50% bng my sy dng bng v my p lc. Sn phm kh sau qu trnh ny c th
s dng lm phn bn nng nghip v c thnh phn nm men bm theo.
Hin nay, ngi ta cng c th s dng bt tr lc thi dng trong cng nghip
xy dng nh sn xut gch, xi mng.
Nhn mc
Vi h thng ra chai cng sut 1 triu lt bia trn nm, c th thi ra 1,5 tn nhn
chai. S lng ny c th tng ln ph thuc loi nhn v s nhn s dng trn chai.
Nhn loi ra t my ra chai c tch ra v c p thu hi lng kim dnh trn

nhn.
Vic loi b nhn i hi tn nhiu nng lng tun hon kim trong my ra
chai ng thi ch thu c bt nho giy kh thu hi v ti s dng. V th, nhn ny ch
yu c cht thnh ng.
Chai v
Lng chai v trong nh my ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng ca thy tinh. C

th gi nh rng vi thy tinh cht lng trung bnh, hng nm c khong 3,5 tn vn
thy tinh t cc bao b thu hi li c to ra tng ng vi cng sut 1 triu lt.
Nhng chai bia v c tp trung vo cc khu cha v c gi tr li nh my thy tinh
ti ch.
Lon bia
Lon bia rng, do v mng nn d b h hng. Ngi ta c lng c khong 3

4% lon bia khng th s dng chit v b loi ra. Cc lon c p v gi li nh sn
xut ti ch.
2.1.3.3. Cc cht thi th yu khc:

n x l nc thi
- Ba cng v ba cacton ng hp
- Giy thi t phng qun l v sn xut
- Kim loi v nha thi
- G vn, lp xe c
- M v cht bo
- Dung mi
Cc thnh phn ny c tp trung li mt cch ring l, c bn hoc c loi b.
Bn cnh , bn thi pht sinh trong qu trnh x l nc thi nh k c ht v

mang i chn lp bi Cng ty Mi trng th ca a phng hoc cng c th lm
ngun phn bn cho cy v thnh phn bn thi ch yu l cht hu c, khng c kim loi
nng hay cc cht c hi.
2.2. CC NGUN GY NHIM KHC
nhim nhit
Nhit mi trng lm vic nh my bia c th chia lm 2 loi nh hng ti sc

khe con ngi v mi trng nh sau:
- Vng nhit thp: Trong phn xng ln men, khong 6 80oC

- Vng nhit cao: Trong khu vc l hi, phn xng nu Do vy, cn b tr h
thng thng gi tt thot nhit.
nhim ting n
Nhn chung, ting n to ra cc v tr sau:
- Trong phn xng nghin

- Trong phn xng ng chai
- Gn my nn cht lm lnh v khng kh
- Gn thit b ngng t hi
- Gn my nn hi
gim ting n pht ra, c th s dng cc bin php sau:
- La chn vt liu xy dng: tng i cch m, ca s kn

- Lp t thit b gim m phn xng chit chai
- Hn ch s dng tng ghp
- Lm v cch m nhng my gy n ln.

n x l nc thi
- Cng nghip sn xut Bia l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip ng vai tr quan
trng trong nn kinh t c nc. Ngoi vic gii quyt vic lm cho hng vn lao ng,
cn ng gp mt phn khng nh cho ngn sch Nh nc. Tuy nhin, bn cnh
nhng li ch to ln , vn cht thi cn phi c quan tm, c bit l nc thi.
- Cng nghip sn xut Bia l mt trong nhng ngnh sn xut s dng lng nc kh
ln. Do , lng nc thi pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut cn phi c x l mt
cch hiu qu.

n x l nc thi
CHNG III. TNG QUAN V CC PHNG PHP X L V

LA CHN CNG NGH
3.1. TNG QUAN V CC PHNG PHP X L

3.1.1. Phng php c hc
Phng php x l c hc thng l giai on u tin trong dy chuyn cng ngh
x l nc thi (giai on tin x l), c nhim v loi ra khi nc thi tt c cc vt c
th gy tc nghn ng ng, lm h hi my bm v lm gim hiu qu x l cho cc
giai on sau, c th:
- Loi b hoc ct nh nhng vt ni l lng c kch thc ln trong nc thi nh mnh
g, nha, gc bng, gi rch, v hoa qu
- Loi b cn nng nh ct, si, mnh thy tinh, mnh kim loi
- Loi b phn ln du m.
Cc cng trnh b tr trong giai on tin x l gm song chn rc, li chn rc,
thit b nghin, ct vn rc (nu cn), b lng ct, b iu ha, tch du m, lc c hc
Nc thi cng nghip sn xut bia c cha mnh thy tinh v (chai v), nhn giy,
nt chai, hm lng cht l lng cao (400 800 mg/l) nn cn phi qua giai on x l
c hc trc khi sang cc giai on x l tip theo.
3.1.2. Phng php ha hc ha l
C s ca phng php ha hc l cc phn ng ha hc, cc qu trnh ha l din ra
gia cht bn vi ha cht cho thm vo.
Cc phng php ha hc nh oxi ha, trung ha, trao i ion, ng keo t, kh
trng; cn cc phng php ha l nh tuyn ni, hp ph
Phng php trung ha, iu chnh pH
Nc thi thng c nhng gi tr pH khc nhau. Mun nc thi c x l tt
bng phng php sinh hc phi tin hnh trung ha v iu chnh pH v vng 6,5 7,5.

n x l nc thi
Trung ho c th thc hin bng trn dng thi c tnh axit vi dng thi c tnh
kim hoc s dng cc ho cht nh: H2SO4, NaOH, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, CaO, Ca(OH)2,
MgO, CaCO3 iu chnh pH thng kt hp b iu ho hay b keo t.
c trng chung nc thi ngnh bia c gi tr pH kim tnh do dng thi ca qu
trnh ra chai c pH cao. Mt khc, nc v sinh cc thit b trong nh xng cng
cha axit nn c s dao ng pH qua tng cng on.V vy, cn phi iu chnh pH v
gi tr thch hp cho x l sinh hc pha sau; cng on ny c thc hin kt hp trong
b iu ha.
Phng php keo t
Keo t l mt hin tng lm mt s n nh ca cc ht huyn ph dng keo cui
cng to ra cc cm ht khi c s tip xc gia cc ht.
Ngi ta s dng cc loi phn nhm, phn st hoc hn hp hai loi phn ny
lm cht keo t.
Hin nay, thng thng ngi ta cho thm cc cht tr keo nh polymer hu c
tng cng qu trnh to bng v lng nh polyacrylamit. N tan trong nc v c tc
dng nh nhng cu ni kt hp cc ht phn tn nh thnh tp hp ht ln c kh nng
lng tt hn. V vy, vic b sung thm cht tr keo t s gip gim liu lng cc cht
keo t, gim thi gian keo t v nng cao tc lng cc bng keo.
i vi nc thi ngnh bia th phng php ny khng thch hp v trong nc thi
bia, hm lng cc cht hu c trng thi ha tan v trng thi l lng cao m cc cht
ny khng thch hp cho phng php keo t.
Phng php hp ph
Hp ph c ngha l s chuyn dch mt phn t t pha lng n pha rn. Phng
php ny c dng loi b cc cht bn ha tan trong nc m phng php x l
sinh hc cng cc phng php khc khng loi b c vi hm lng rt nh. Thng
thng y l cc hp cht ha tan c c tnh cao hoc cc cht c mi, v v mu rt kh
chu.
Cc cht hp ph thng dng l than hot tnh, t st hot tnh, silicagen, keo
nhm Trong than hot tnh c s dng ph bin nht.
Cc cht nhim trong nc thi bia l nhng cht c kh nng phn hy sinh hc.
Hiu qu kh cc cht ny bng phng php sinh hc tng i d nn khng cn s
dng phng php hp ph.
Tuyn ni

n x l nc thi
Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc: cc phn t phn tn trong nc c kh nng

t lng km, nhng c kh nng kt dnh vo cc bt kh ni ln trn b mt. Sau ngi
ta tch cc bt kh cng cc phn t dnh ra khi nc.
Phng php tuyn ni c dng rng ri trong luyn kim, thu hi khong sn qu
v cng c dng trong x l nc thi tch cc ht keo l lng, tch du m... Tuy
nhin, i vi nc thi ngnh bia, do hm lng cc cht l lng khng cao lm v kh
nng t lng tng i tt nn phng php tuyn ni hu nh khng c p dng.
Phng php trao i ion
Trao i ion l mt qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i vi
cc ion c cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi nhau. Cc cht ny gi l cc
ionit v chng hon ton tan trong nc.
Phng php ny c dng loi cc ion kim loi cng nh cc cht cha asen,
xianua, cht phng x ra khi nc; ng thi n cn c dng ph bin lm mm
nc, loi ion Ca2+, Mg2+ ra khi nc cng.
i vi nc thi bia th phng php ny hu nh khng c s dng.
Phng php kh trng
Dng cc cht c tnh c i vi vi sinh vt, to, ng vt nguyn sinh, giun, sn...
lm sch nc, m bo tiu chun v sinh vo ngun tip nhn hoc ti s dng.
Kh trng c th dng cc ha cht hoc tc nhn vt l nh ozon, tia t ngoi.
Cc cht kh trng thng dng nht l kh hoc nc clo, nc Javen, vi clorua,
cc hypoclorit, cloramin B...
Trong qu trnh x l nc thi, cng on kh trng thng c t cui qu
trnh. i vi nc thi ngnh bia, sau khi qua cc phng php x l c hc, ha hc,
ha l v sinh hc th hm lng cc vi sinh vt gy bnh gim ng k nhng m
bo tiu chun v sinh vo ngun hoc ti s dng th cn phi qua bc kh trng cui
cng.
3.1.3. Phng php sinh hc
Phng php sinh hc l s dng cc vi sinh vt phn gii cc cht nhim hu
c c trong nc thi. Vi sinh vt s dng cc cht hu c v mt s khong cht lm
ngun dinh dng xy dng t bo, ng thi tng hp nng lng cho qu trnh sng.
Nh hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt, cc cht nhim c chuyn ho v nc thi c
lm sch.
Qu trnh x l sinh hc nc thi c th chia lm hai qu trnh l phn hu ym kh
v phn hu hiu kh; c th x l trong iu kin t nhin hay trong iu kin nhn to.

n x l nc thi
3.1.3.1. X l sinh hc nc thi trong iu kin t nhin:

C s ca phng php x l nc thi trong iu kin t nhin l da vo hot ng
sng ca h vi sinh vt c trong t, nc mt chuyn ho cc hp cht nhim.
X l nc thi trong h sinh hc:
Thc cht ca qu trnh x l ny l s dng khu h vi sinh vt (vi khun, to,

nguyn sinh vt) t nhin c trong nc mt lm sch nc.
H sinh hc l dng x l trong iu kin t nhin c p dng rng ri hn c v
c nhng u im nh: to dng nc ti tiu v iu ha dng thi, iu ho vi kh hu
trong khu vc, khng yu cu vn u t, bo tr, vn hnh v qun l n gin, hiu qu
x l cao. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca h sinh hc l yu cu din tch ln v kh iu
khin c qu trnh x l, nc h thng c mi kh chu i vi khu vc xung quanh.
Theo nguyn tc hot ng ca h v c ch phn gii cc cht nhim m ngi ta
chia ra lm 3 loi h:
a. X l nc thi bng h hiu kh
H hiu kh lm sch nc bng qu trnh oxi ho nh cc vi sinh vt hiu kh v h
hp tu tin c trong nc.
Nhu cu oxi cho qu trnh oxi ho c p ng nh khuch tn b mt hoc lm
thong nhn to. h lm thong t nhin, oxi khng kh d dng khuch tn vo lp
nc pha trn v nh sng mt tri chiu ri, lm cho to pht trin tin hnh quang hp
thi ra oxi. m bo nh sng qua nc, chiu su ca lp nc phi nh, thng l 30
40cm, do chiu su nh nn thng th din tch ln. Thi gian lu nc t 3 12 ngy.
h lm thong nhn to ngun cung cp oxi cho vi sinh vt hiu kh l cc thit b khuy
trn c hc hoc nn kh. Nh vy, mc hiu kh trong h thng mnh hn, u hn
v su ca h cng ln hn (2 4,5m).Thi gian lu nc trong h khong 1 3 ngy.
b. X l nc thi bng h k kh
Dng lng v phn hy cn bng phng php sinh ha t nhin da trn c s
sng v hot ng ca loi vi sinh vt k kh.
Loi h ny dng x l nc thi cng nghip c nhim bn cao.Trong qu
trnh x l sinh mi thi kh chu nn cn t cch xa nh my. duy tr iu kin k kh
th chiu su h phi ln, thng ly bng 2,4 3,6m.
c. X l nc thi bng h ty nghi
H sinh hc ty tin su t 1,5 2m. Ngoi tng hiu kh pha trn h cn c cc
tng k kh ty tin, k kh lp bn cn lng pha di.Thi gian lu nc trong h t 3
5 ngy.

n x l nc thi
Oxi cung cp cho qu trnh chuyn ha cht hu c trong h ch yu l do quang hp

ca to v khuch tn t khng kh qua b mt h. Ngoi ra cc vi khun ty tin hoc vi
khun k kh cn s dng oxi lin kt t nitrit, nitrat, sunphat oxi ha cht hu c.
Vng 1: Hiu kh, vng 2: ty nghi, vng 3: k kh
Hnh 3.1.V d v dng trao i vt cht trong h sinh hc.
3.1.3.2. X l sinh hc nc thi trong iu kin nhn to:

a. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh sinh hc ym kh:
Nguyn l ca phng php
X l sinh hc bng vi sinh ym kh l qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c, v c c

trong nc thi khi khng c oxi. Phng php ny dng n nh cn v x l nc thi
cng nghip c nng COD, BOD cao. Qu trnh phn hy cc cht thc hin nh cc
chng vi khun k kh bt buc v k kh khng bt buc.
C ch ca qu trnh x l ym kh
C ch phn gii ym kh:
Chuyn ha ym kh
Cht nhim CH4+CO2+H2S+E
Qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c l qu trnh phc tp trong mi trng khng c

khng kh, gm nhiu giai on v sn phm cui cng l CH4, CO2, H2S, NH3
Giai on 1: Giai on thy phn

n x l nc thi
Cc hp cht hu c phn t lng ln nh protein, gluxit, lipit... b phn hy di

tc dng ca cc Enzym hydrolaza ca vi sinh vt thnh cc cht hu c phn t lng
nh nh ng n, axit amin, axit hu c, peptit, glyxerin...
Trong giai on ny, cc hp cht gluxit phn t lng nh, cc hp cht hu c

cha Nit (protein) phn hy nhanh hn, trong khi cc hp cht hu c c phn t lng
ln nh tinh bt, cc axit bo c phn hy chm, c bit l cellulose v lignocellulose
chuyn ha rt chm v khng trit do cu trc phc tp. Cc vi sinh vt tham gia vo
qu trnh thy phn ph thuc vo cc cht nhim u vo v cc c trng khc ca
nc thi.
Giai on 2: Giai on ln men axit hu c
Cc sn phm thy phn s c cc vi sinh vt hp th v chuyn ha trong iu

kin ym kh. Sn phm phn gii l cc axit hu c phn t lng nh nh axit propionic,
axit butyric, axit lactic..., cc cht trung tnh nh ru, andehyt, axeton. Ngoi ra, mt s
kh cng c to thnh nh CO2, H2, H2S, mt lng nh CH4...
Thnh phn ca cc sn phm trong giai on ln men ph thuc vo bn cht cc

cht nhim, tc nhn sinh hc v iu kin mi trng.
c bit trong giai on ny, nit c chuyn thnh NH4+ mt phn nh c s

dng xy dng t bo, phn cn li tn ti trong nc thi di dng NH4+.
Giai on 3: Giai on ln men axit axetic
Cc sn phm ln men phn t lng ln nh axit bo, axit lactic... s c tng

bc chuyn ha thnh axit axetic.
- Chuyn ha axit lactic:
3CH3-CHOH-COOH 2CH3-CH2-COOH + CH3-COOH + CO2 + 2H2O
- Oxy ha lin kt ca cc axit bo bng c ch oxy ha-kh:
R CH3CH2COOH + 2H2O Rn-2 COOH + CH3COOH
Axit bo mch di Axit bo mch ngn Axit axetic
Giai on 4: Giai on Mtan ha
Mtan ha l giai on quan trng nht ca ton b qu trnh x l ym kh. Di tc

dng ca cc vi khun mtan ha, cc axit hu c, cc cht trung tnh... b phn gii to
thnh kh metan.

n x l nc thi
- Khong 30% kh CH4 to thnh do qu trnh kh CO2:

+ Kh CO2 bng H2:
CO2 + 4H2 VK
CH4 + 2H2O
- Khong 70% kh mtan cn li c to thnh nh cc qu trnh Decacboxyl ha cc
axit hu c v cc cht trung tnh.
+ CH4 c to thnh do Decacboxyl ha axit axetic:
CH3COOH CH4 + CO2
+ CH4 c hnh thnh do Decacboxyl ha cc axit hu c khc:
4CH3-CH2-COOH + 2H2O 7CH4 + 5CO2
2CH3-(CH2)2-COOH + 2H2O 5CH4 + 3CO2
+ CH4 cng c th c hnh thnh do Decacboxyl cc cht trung tnh:
2C2H5OH 3CH4 + CO2
CH3-CO-CH3 + H2O 2CH4 + CO2
Tc nhn sinh hc
Trong phn gii ym kh, cc qu trnh thy phn v ln men xy ra di tc dng
ca nhiu chng vi khun khc nhau. Thnh phn h vi sinh vt trong phn gii ym kh
ph thuc ch yu vo bn cht ca cc cht nhim c trong nc thi.
- Vi sinh vt trong giai on thy phn v ln men axit hu c:
+ Mi trng giu xenlulo thng c cc vi khun: Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes.
+ Mi trng giu protein: Bacillus, Clostridium, Proteus v E.Coli
+ Mi trng giu lipit: Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Bacterioides.
+ Mi trng giu tinh bt: Micrococus, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Clostridium.
Cc yu t nh hng n x l sinh hc ym kh
- Nhit
y l yu t iu tit cng ca qu trnh bi v n nh hng ti hot ng
chuyn ha ca vi sinh vt. Nhit ti u cho ton qu trnh ph thuc vo chng loi vi
sinh vt. Trong thc t, c 2 nhm a nng v a m u c kh nng phn hy ym kh.
Di nhit cho qu trnh phn gii ym kh rng t 30 600C.Tuy nhin, nhit
ti u cho mi qu trnh cn ph thuc vo c tnh a nhit ca tc nhn sinh hc. Bi ch
mt khong bin ng nhit nh cng nh hng ti hot lc ca vi sinh vt.
Vi cc vi sinh vt a nng, khong nhit ti u ca chng t 55 600C, cn vi
cc vi sinh vt a m th 33 370C.
thu c hiu sut to kh metan cao v n nh th phi n nh nhit trong
di a m.

n x l nc thi
- pH
Thit b phn hy ym kh c vn hnh trong khong pH t 6,6 7,6 vi khong
ti u t 7 7,2. Mc d vy, vi sinh vt axit ha c th chu c pH = 5,5 nhng gi
tr ny vi khun metan ha b c ch mnh.
Thit b phn hy ym kh cn c trang b thit b o v iu chnh pH khi cn
thit m bo n nh pH ca h thng gi tr trung tnh. Nu pH xung thp cn
b sung kim hoc ngng cp liu thit b t iu chnh.
- Nng c cht
Vi khun thc hin qu trnh phn gii ym kh c tc to sinh khi rt nh. Thc
nghim cho thy t l C/N cn duy tr 30/1. Cc yu t quan trng khc nh P, Ca, K, Na
cng cn b sung ty theo thnh phn v tnh cht nc thi cn x l.
- Ti trng khi (Tk, kgCOD/m3/ngy)
Ti trng cht hu c ph thuc vo ti lng c trong nc thi, ti trng thy lc

hay thi gian lu. Khi ti lng cht hu c cao s lm d tha cc axit hu c dn n
pH gim, gy bt li cho vi khun metan ha. Ti lng cht hu c thp s khng c li
cho qu trnh kh ha.
Thi gian lu nc ph thuc vo c tnh ca nc thi v iu kin mi trng.
Thi gian lu qu ngn (ti trng khi cao) s khng cho php cc vi khun ym kh, c
bit l vi khun metan tip xc v trao i vi cc cht nhim nn lm gim hiu qu x
l; ngc li thi gian lu cng lu cng c li cho hiu qu to biogas v x l nc thi
nhng gy chi ph tn km. Thi gian ti u cho qu trnh phn hy ym kh trong h
thng UASB l 0,5 6 ngy.
- Th oxy ha kh (hm lng H2) trong giai on to axit axetic
Lactat + H2O axetat + 2H2 + CO2 + Q
Etanol + H2O axetat + 2H2 - Q
Butyrat + H2O axetat + 2H2 - Q
Propionat + H2O axetat + 3H2 + CO2 - Q
Cc phn ng oxy ha kh ny s c thc hin khi khng c cc vi khun c kh
nng s dng H2.
Th oxy ha kh nh hng ti qu trnh phn gii ym kh theo nguyn l Le
Chaterier v chuyn dch cn bng ha hc: Mi s thay i ca cc yu t xc nh trng
thi ca mt h cn bng s lm cho cn bng chuyn dch v pha chng li nhng thay
i . Kh H2 sinh ra t cc phn ng trn nu khng c gii phng s gy ra p lc

n x l nc thi
ln (nng cao), lm cho cn bng chuyn dch v pha khng sinh ra H2 na v hiu qu
ln men axit axetic gim xung.
Nh c qu trnh metan ha lm gim nng axetat, hn na H2 c cc vi khun
metan ha s dng kh CO2 to kh CH4 nn nng kh H2 gim, cn bng s chuyn
dich theo hng to ra sn phm axetat v H2. Nu qu trnh ny din ra lin tc th hiu
qu x l nc thi rt cao.
- Cc cht c
Cc cht c ch hoc c i vi cc vi sinh vt phn gii ym kh kh a dng:
+ Amon: c ch qu trnh metan ha.
+ Hydrocacbua halogen ha: c ch qu trnh metan ha.
+ Hydrocacbua vng thm: nh hng ln ti nhm vi khun metan ha.
+ Mt s kim loi nng.
c im thit b UASB
Cc dng thit b x l ym kh rt a dng v phong ph. T loi n gin nh hm
Biogas n phc tp nh thit b UASB. Cc dng x l ym kh nh: thit b ym kh tip
xc, thit b ym kh gi lng, thit b x l chy ngc qua lp bn hot tnh dng hng
ln (UASB), thit b dng thp m...
Trong , UASB l dng x l c s dng rng ri trong x l nhiu loi nc
thi c nng nhim cht hu c cao; n rt ph hp cho x l nc thi bia. Cu to
B UASB c th hin trn hnh v 3.1.
Cu to
B UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) c th lm bng b tng ct thp hoc
bng gch, thng c mt bng hnh ch nht, c cch nhit vi bn ngoi. tch kh
ra khi nc thi, trong b g thm tm phng t nghing so vi phng ngang gc 35o.
Hnh 3.2.S cu to b UASB.

n x l nc thi
1. Vng phn ng k kh; 2. Vng lng cn; 3. Ca dn hn hp bn nc sau khi

tch kh i vo ngn lng; 4.Ca tun hon cn; 5.Mng thu nc; 6. Nc sang Aeroten;
7. Kh sn phm thu c; 8. ng dn hn hp kh.
Nguyn tc hot ng
Nc thi sau khi iu chnh pH theo ng dn vo h thng phn phi u trn din
tch y b. Nc thi t di ln vi vn tc 0,6 0,9 m/s gi cho lp bn lun
trng thi l lng. Hn hp bn k kh trong b hp th cht hu c ha tan trong nc
thi, phn hy v chuyn ha chng thnh kh (70 80% mtan, 20 30% ccbonic) v
nc. Cc ht bn cn bm vo cc bt kh c sinh ra ni ln trn b mt lm xo trn
v gy ra dng tun hon cc b trong lp cn l lng. Khi ht cn ni ln va phi tm
chn pha trn b v ra, kh thot ln trn cn ri xung di. Hn hp bn nc tch
ht kh c chuyn vo ngn lng.Ht cn trong ngn lng tch bn lng xung y v
tun hon li vng phn ng k kh. Nc trong c thu vo mng v c dn sang b
x l t II (Aeroten). Kh biogas c thu v bnh cha ri theo ng dn ra ngoi.
Bn trong b c hnh thnh hai vng r rt: chiu cao khong 1/4 tnh t y ln,
lp bn hnh thnh do cc ht cn keo t c nng t 5000 7000 mg/l, pha trn lp
ny l lp bn l lng c nng 1000 3000 mg/l gm cc bng cn chuyn ng gia
lp bn y v bn tun hon t ngn lng ri xung. Bn trong b l sinh khi ng vai
tr quyt nh trong vic phn hy v chuyn ha cht hu c.Nng cao ca bn hot
tnh trong b cho php b lm vic vi ti trng cht hu c cao.
hnh thnh khi bn hot tnh nng , lm vic hiu qu i hi thi gian vn
hnh khi ng t 3 4 thng. Nu cy vi khun to axit v vi khun to mtan trc vi
nng thch hp v vn hnh vi ch thy lc nh hn 1/2 cng sut thit k, thi
gian khi ng c th rt xung cn 2 3 tun.
Lng cn d bng 0,15 0,2% lng COD, tc bng mt na cn sinh ra so vi x
l hiu kh. Cn d nh k x ra bn ngoi v c th tip tc a i lm kh.
u , nhc im ca UASB
- u im
+ Nng lng cn thit cho h thng UASB rt thp.
+ Lng bn to thnh nh (nh hn 3 20 ln x l hiu kh).
+ C th tun hon hay khng tun hon li bn.
+ To sn phm kh sinh hc CH4 (70 80%), l ngun nng lng sch, c th s dng
cho sinh hot.
+ UASB rt thch hp cho x l nc thi c nhiu cn l lng.
+ UASB c th phn hy cc cht hu c phc tp: vng, halogen

n x l nc thi
+ UASB thch hp cho x l nc thi cng nghip c hm lng v ti lng nhim

cao.
- Nhc im
+ Cc qu trnh xy ra trong thit b phc tp.
+ Tc nhn sinh hc rt nhy cm vi cc yu t mi trng.
+ Qu trnh khi ng ko di.
+ Yu cu cao s tng thch gia thc n v hm lng sinh khi.
+ Qu trnh c nh vi khun trn lp m rt kh iu khin.
Qu trnh x l ym kh to ra lng bn t v chi ph nng lng thp.Nhc im
ca x l ym kh l thi gian lu nc thi ln, thi gian n nh cng ngh di (3 6
thng).Qui trnh vn hnh tng i phc tp, hiu qu x l ph thuc nhiu vo cc
yu t mi trng, bin ng ln t 60 90%.
b. C s l thuyt ca qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh
Nguyn l ca qu trnh x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh
S dng cc vi sinh vt oxy ho cc cht hu c v v c c kh nng chuyn ho
sinh hc c; ng thi chnh vi sinh vt cng s dng mt phn cht hu c v nng
lng khai thc c t qu trnh oxi ho tng hp nn sinh khi ca chng.
C ch ca qu trnh x l hiu kh
- Oxy ho cc hp cht hu c khng cha nit (Gluxit, hyrocacbua, pectin, axit hu c,
cc cht hu c phn t lng nh khc)
y z y
CxHyOz + ( x )O2 xCO2 + H2 O + E
4 2 2
- Oxy ho cc hp cht hu c c cha Nit (Protein, Peptit, axitamin)
y z 3 y 3
CxHyOzN + ( x + )O2 xCO2 + H2O + NH3 + E
4 2 4 2
- Qu trnh oxy ho cc hp cht hu c tng hp sinh khi:
y z y4
CxHyOz + NH3 + ( x - 5)O2 C5H7NO2 +(x 5)CO2+ H2O +E
4 2 2
- Qu trnh t hy ca sinh khi:
C5H7NO2 + 5O2 5CO2 + 2 H2O + NH3 + E
Ngoi ra trong h thng cn xy ra cc qu trnh nitrit v nitrat ho:
+ Nitrit ho : NH4+ + 3/2 O2 + H2O
vsv
NO2- + 2 H3O+ + E.
+
Nitrat ho: NO2- + O2
vsv
NO3-
Phng trnh tng qut : NH4+ + 2O2 + H2O
vsv
NO3- + 2H3O+
+ Oxy ho cc hp cht v c

n x l nc thi
Tc nhn sinh hc
Tc nhn sinh hc c s dng trong qu trnh x l hiu kh c th l vi sinh vt h
hp hiu kh hay tu tin, nhng phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Chuyn ho nhanh cc hp cht hu c.
- C kch thc tng i ln bng sinh hc lng nhanh ( 50 200 m).
- C kh nng to nha bo.
- Khng to ra cc kh gy nhim mi trng nh: H2S, Indol, Scatol...
Da trn cc yu cu th cc vi khun h hp hiu kh c s dng ch yu;
ngoi ra cn c vi khun h hp ty tin v nguyn sinh ng vt.
Vi khun h hp hiu kh
+ Pseudomonas
+ Aerobacter aerogenes
+ Bacillus Subtilis (pht trin trong mi trng giu protein)
+ Flavobacterium (pht trin trong mi trng giu st)
+ Nitrosomonas vinogradski (vi khun nitrit ho).
Vi khun h hp ty tin
+ Cellulosomonas bizotera (c kh nng oxy ho xenlluloza)
+ Rhodospeudomonas (c mu hng)
+ Nitrobacter (c kh nng nitrat ho)
+ Microthrix (vi khun dng si c mu trng)
+ Thiothrix (vi khun dng si c mu trng)
Nguyn sinh ng vt: bao gm 2 dng
+ Trng t (Cillatae)
+ Trng roi (Flagellate)
+ Bm vo bn lm cho bn d lng hn
+ n cn l lng gp phn lm trong nc
+ L ch th nh gi mc cp kh cho b
+ L ch th nh gi cc cht c c trong nc thi.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh
Oxy ha tan ( DO)
y l thng s quan trng i vi h thng x l hiu kh. DO c cp lin tc
p ng yu cu oxy ha ca vi sinh vt.
Nu thiu oxi ho tan s gy ra hin tng phng bn do vi khun dng si pht
trin, lm cho bn xp, kh lng. Vic cung cp oxi cn c tc dng to ra ng nht

n x l nc thi
cc pha trong thit b, lm r cc khi bng sinh hc ln, gim cc im cht trong thit b,
nng cao hiu qu lm sch v rt ngn thi gian lu nc trong h thng.
ho tan ca oxi vo trong nc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, khng ch ph thuc
vo phng thc cp kh (cng sut my nn, p lc nn, c trng ca h thng phn phi
kh), chiu cao ct nc m cn ph thuc vo nhit , tnh cht nc thi, t s F/M
(ngun dinh dng/lng sinh khi), tc sinh trng, c trng hnh thi v sinh l vi
sinh vt.
m bo tc oxi ho cc cht bn din ra tt, nng oxi ho tan cn t 2
4mg/l, lng kh cung cp 45 90 m3/kg .
pH
pH ca nc thi c nh hng ln n cc qu trnh ha sinh ca vi sinh vt, qu
trnh to bn v lng. Di pH ti u cho x l hiu kh nc thi t 6,5 - 8,5.
m bo pH trong khong trn, trong thc t trc khi cho nc thi vo b x l
sinh hc hiu kh, ngi ta thng iu ho lu lng, iu chnh gi tr pH b iu ho.
Nhit
Nhit nh hng ti hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Mi vi sinh vt cng c mt
khong nhit ti u, nu tng nhit qu ngng s c ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt
hoc b tiu dit hay to bo t.
nh hng ca nhit n DO:
+ Khi nhit tng DO gim v vn tc phn ng tng ln.
+ Khi nhit gim DO tng nhng ngc li vn tc phn ng gim.
Trong b Aeroten nhit ti u l 20 27 0C, nhng cng c th chp nhn nhit
16 370C.
nh hng ca nhit ti tc phn ng sinh hc th hin qua biu thc:
RT = R20.(T 20)
Trong :
- RT, R20: tc phn ng nhit T 0Cv 200C
- : h s nhit (c gi tr t 1,00 1,04 )
- T: nhit x l (0C ).
Thnh phn dinh dng
Thnh phn dinh dng trong nc thi ch yu l ngun Cacbon (th hin BOD),
cng vi N (thng dng NH4+) v P ( dng mui photphat) l nhng nguyn t a
lng; ngoi ra cn c cc nguyn t vi lng nh: Mg, Fe, Mn...
T l cc cht dinh dng ph hp l C : N : P = 100 : 5 : 1

n x l nc thi
Thiu dinh dng trong nc thi s lm gim mc sinh trng, pht trin tng
sinh khi ca vi sinh vt, th hin bng lng bn hot tnh to thnh gim, km hm v c
ch qu trnh oxy ho cc cht hu c gy nhim bn.
Nu thiu N mt cch ko di, ngoi vic cn tr qu trnh sinh ho cn lm cho bn
hot tnh kh lng, cc ht bng b phng ln tri ni theo dng nc ra lm cho nc kh
trong v cha mt lng ln vi sinh vt, lm gim tc sinh trng cng nh cng
oxy ho ca chng.
Nu thiu P, vi sinh vt dng si pht trin v cng lm cho bn hot tnh lng chm
v gim hiu qu x l.
Cht c i vi VSV
Cc cht c hu c, v c, c bit l cc kim loi nng, cc ion halogen c kh
nng c ch thm ch lm v hot h enzym oxi ha kh vi sinh vt. V th, cn phi x
l trc cc cht c ny.
Nng mui v c cn khng ch sao cho < 10 g/l.
Hm lng cc cht rn l lng(SS) dng huyn ph
Nu nng cht l lng khng qu 100mg/l th loi hnh x l thch hp l b lc
sinh hc v nng khng qu 150mg/l l x l bng aeroten s cho hiu qu phn hu
cc cht hu c nhim bn l cao nht.
Hm lng cht rn l lng cao thng lm nh hng ti hiu qu x l. V vy,
cn phi qua lng trong giai on x l s b mt cch y loi b cc cn ln v
mt phn cc cht rn l lng.
Nng cht bn hu c c trong nc th
Nng c cht trong mi trng nh hng nhiu ti i sng ca vi sinh vt. Vi
sinh vt s b c ch v b km hm qu trnh hot ng sng trong trng hp nng
cht bn hu c cao hn nng cho php.
i vi Aeroten thng thng th hm lng BOD = 500 mg/l; i vi Aeroten
khuy trn hon chnh th BOD < 1000 mg/l. Nu BOD cao qu th cn pha long nc
thi hoc qua x l k kh trc ri qua x l hiu kh sau.
Hm lng sinh khi (MLSS ) v t l F/M
Hm lng sinh khi trong b sinh hc hiu kh thng dao ng t 500 3000mg/l.
Tu theo hm lng v bn cht ca cht nhim trong nc thi cng nh hot lc ca
bn hot tnh m hm lng sinh khi s khc nhau:
+ Cc h thng cao ti c th s dng hm lng sinh khi cao t 1500 3000mg/l.
+ Vi h thng Aeroten thng thng th hm lng sinh khi dao ng trong khong t 500
1500mg/l.

n x l nc thi
T l F/M (Food/ microorganism = cht thi/ vi sinh vt): l mt thng s quan trng
nh hng n qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh.
+ Nu F/M << 1: Thiu dinh dng cho vi sinh vt hot ng.
+ Nu F/M >1 : Vi sinh vt pht trin sinh khi, khng to nha bo nn khng kt dnh vi
nhau li thnh bng, kch thc bng bn gim, bn kh lng lm nc ra sau x l khng
t trong yu cu.
+ T l F/M = 0,2 0,6 : To n nh trong qu trnh x l hiu kh.
Cc dng thit b thng gp
Cc cng trnh hiu kh nhn to x l nc thi da trn c s sinh trng dnh bm
ca vi sinh vt lc sinh hc.
X l nc thi bng lc sinh hc
Nguyn l ca phng php lc sinh hc l da trn qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh
vt mng sinh hc, oxy ho cc cht bn hu c trong nc. Cc mng sinh hc l tp
th cc vi sinh vt (ch yu l vi khun) hiu kh, k kh v tu tin. Cc vi khun hiu kh
tp trung lp ngoi ca mng sinh hc, y chng pht trin v gn vi gi mang l cc
vt liu lc (c gi l sinh trng dnh bm).
Trong qu trnh lm vic, cc vt liu lc tip xc vi nc chy t trn xung, sau
nc thi lm sch c thu gom x vo b lng bc 2. Nc thi vo b lng bc 2
c th ko theo nhng mnh v ca mng sinh hc b trc ra khi lc lm vic. Trong thc
t, mt phn nc qua b lng c quay tr li lm nc pha long cho cc loi nc
thi m c trc khi vo b lc v gi nhit cho mng sinh hc lm vic.
Cc cht hu c nhim bn trong nc thi b oxi ha bi qun th vi sinh vt
mng sinh hc. Mng ny thng dy khong 0,1 0,4mm. Cc cht hu c trc ht b
phn hy bi vi sinh vt hiu kh, sau thm su vo mng, nc ht oxi ha tan v s
chuyn sang phn hy bi vi sinh vt k kh. Khi cc cht hu c c trong nc thi cn
kit, vi sinh vt mng sinh hc s chuyn sang h hp ni bo v kh nng dnh kt cng
gim, dn dn b v cun theo nc lc. Hin tng ny gi l trc mng. Sau lp
mng mi li xut hin.
Vt liu lc kh phong ph : t dm, ong, vng kim loi, vng gm, than ,
than cc, g mnh, cht do tm un ln...

n x l nc thi
Hnh 3.3. Cc qu trnh trong b lc sinh hc.

Lc sinh hc ang c dng hin nay chia lm 2 loi:
+ Lc sinh hc vi vt liu tip xc khng ngp trong nc,
+ Lc sinh hc vi vt liu tip xc t ngp trong nc.
Phng php lc c u im l: n gin, ti lng cht gy nhim thay i trong
gii hn rng trong ngy, thit b c kh n gin v tiu hao t nng lng nhng cng c
nhc im l hiu sut qu trnh ph thuc r rt vo nhit khng kh, chiu dy mng
sinh hc, tc oxi ha, cng h hp ca vi sinh vt, bn cht cc cht hu c, c
tnh b lc, thm t ca mng
Cc cng trnh hiu kh nhn to x l nc thi da trn c s sinh trng l lng ca vi
sinh vt k thut bn hot tnh.
Trong qu trnh x l hiu kh, cc vi sinh vt sinh trng trng thi huyn ph.
Qu trnh lm sch Aeroten din ra theo mc dng chy qua ca hn hp nc thi v bn
hot tnh c sc kh. Vic sc kh nhm m bo hai qu trnh l nc c bo ho O2
v duy tr bn hot tnh trng thi l lng.
Nc thi sau khi c x l s b cn cha phn ln cc cht hu c dng ho
tan cng cc cht l lng i vo Aeroten. Cc cht l lng ny l mt s cht rn v c th
l mt s cht hu c cha phi l dng ho tan. Cc cht l lng l ni vi khun bm vo
c tr, sinh sn v pht trin, dn thnh cc ht cn bng. Cc ht ny dn dn to v l
lng trong nc.
Cc ht bng cn ny cng chnh l bn hot tnh. Bn hot tnh l tp hp nhng vi
sinh vt c trong nc thi, hnh thnh nhng bng cn c kh nng hp th v phn hu
cc cht hu c khi c mt ca O2.
B Aerotank thng (truyn thng)
Nc thi sau khi c tch cn trong b lng s cp s c dn vo v trn vi bn
hot tnh tun hon u b aeroten. Tip xy ra cc phn ng khong ha cc cht
hu c, tng hp sinh khi v nitrat ha bi cc enzym ca vi sinh vt trong iu kin c
oxi. Sau khi ra khi b, nc thi c lm sch.

n x l nc thi
Nhc im ca b ny l ch p dng x l nc thi c BODv< 400mg/l.

B Aerotank lm thong ko di
B ny c thit k vi ti trng cht hu c thp, ch s F/M thp, thi gian lm
thong thng 20 30h.
B ny s dng x l nc thi cng nghip c cng sut < 3500 m3/ngy. Trong
b ny, do vi sinh vt b b i nn thc hin qu trnh oxy ha t bo tng dn ti nc
thi ra c x l trit , lng bn thi t.
Mng oxy ha
Mng oxy ha l mt dng ci tin ca b aeroten khuy trn hon chnh, lm vic
trong ch lm thong ko di vi hn hp nc thi v bn hot tnh chuyn ng tun
hon v lin tc trong mng (trng thi l lng).
Khi hot ng, trong mng oxy ha s hnh thnh 2 vng c bn :
Vng oxic : qu trnh oxy ha cacbon v nitrat ha xy ra khi c oxy.
Vng anoxic : l vng thiu kh, xy ra qu trnh denitrat ha.
Aerotank ti trng cao
B ny c p dng khi yu cu nc sau x l t tiu chun ct B hoc ct C. Khi
nc thi vo aeroten s c trn vi 10 15% bn tun hon v hn hp ny s c
a vo b lm thong trong thi gian 1 3h.
B Aeroten kt hp lng hot ng gin on theo m (SBR -Sequencing Batch
Reactor)
Cc giai on hot ng din ra trong mt ngn b bao gm: lm y nc thi, thi
kh, lng tnh, x nc thi v x bn d. Trong bc mt, khi cho nc thi vo b,
nc thi c trn vi bn hot tnh lu li t chu k trc. Sau y, hn hp nc thi
v bn c sc kh bc hai vi thi gian thi kh ng nh thi gian yu cu. Qu
trnh din ra gn vi iu kin trn hon ton v cc cht hu c c oxy ho trong giai
on ny. Bc th ba l qu trnh lng bn trong iu kin tnh. Tip n, nc trong
nm pha trn lp bn c x ra khi b. Bc cui cng l x lng bn d c hnh
thnh trong qu trnh thi kh ra khi ngn b, cc ngn b khc hot ng lch pha
m bo cho vic cung cp nc thi ln trm x l nc thi lin tc.

n x l nc thi
Cng trnh SBR hot ng gin on, c chu k. Cc qu trnh trn nc thi vi
bn, lng bn cn... din ra gn ging iu kin l tng nn hiu qu x l nc thi cao.
BOD ca nc thi sau x l thng thp hn 50 mg/l, hm lng cn l lng t 10 n
45 mg/l v N-NH3 khong t 0,3 n 12 mg/l. B aeroten hot ng gin on theo m
lm vic khng cn b lng t hai. Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta cng b qua b iu
ho v b lng t mt.
Hnh 3.4. Cc bc ca b aeroten hot ng gin on .

H thng aeroten hot ng gin on SBR c th kh c nit v pht pho sinh
ho do c th iu chnh c cc qu trnh hiu kh, thiu kh v k kh trong b bng
vic thay i ch cung cp xy. Cc ngn b c sc kh bng my nn kh, my sc
kh dng Jet hoc thit b khuy trn c hc. Chu k hot ng ca ngn b c iu
khin bng rle thi gian. Trong ngn b c th b tr h thng vt vng, thit b o mc
bn...
B aeroten h SBR c u im l cu to n gin, hiu qu x l cao, kh c cc
cht dinh dng nit, d vn hnh. S dao ng lu lng nc thi t nh hng n hiu
qu x l.
Nhc im chnh ca b l cng sut x l nc thi nh. b hot ng c hiu
qu ngi vn hnh phi c trnh v theo di thng xuyn cc bc x l nc thi.
u , nhc im khi s dng phng php hiu kh
- u im:
+ Thi gian x l nhanh, thi gian lu bn v nc nh thch hp vi cc nh my c lu
lng dng thi ln v hm lng BOD khng cao lm hoc c th kt hp x l ln 2 sau
b ym kh nu cn hm lng BOD cao.
+ Hiu sut x l kh cao, chu c s dao ng ln ca lu lng v cht lng nc thi.

n x l nc thi
+ Bn sau x l c th tn dng lm phn vi sinh.

+ H thng c cp kh lin tc nn nc sau x l m bo c lng oxy ho tan.
+ Hn ch sinh ra kh c, mi thi.
+ Phng php ny c th loi b BOD trong thi gian ngn, c th kh c N, P. Hiu
sut kh BOD c th ln ti 99%.
+ Bn d lng.
- Nhc im:
+ Tn nng lng cho qu trnh sc kh.
+ Lng bn sinh ra nhiu hn so vi ym kh.
+ Thch hp i vi nc thi c BOD < 1000mg/l v hm lng cht c thp.
+ Kh phn hu c mt s cht bo v cc cht hu c mch vng.
Phng php x l sinh hc ym kh, hiu kh (iu kin nhn to) rt thch hp cho
nc thi cc ngnh cng nghip thc phm ni chung v ngnh bia ni ring.

n x l nc thi
CHNG IV. XUT CNG NGH V TNH TON CNG

TRNH N V
4.1. XUT CNG NGH X L

4.1.1. Nguyn tc la chn cng ngh:
- Cng ngh x l phi m bo cht lng nc sau x l t tiu chun x thi vo
ngun thi.
- Cng ngh m bo mc an ton cao trong trng hp c s thay i ln v lu lng v
nng cht nhim.
- Cng ngh x l phi n gin, d vn hnh, c tnh n nh cao, vn u t kinh ph ti
u.
- Cng ngh x l phi mang tnh hin i v c kh nng s dng trong mt thi gian di.
- Ngoi ra cn phi ch n:
+ Lu lng thnh phn nc cn x l.
+ Tnh cht nc thi sau x l.
+ iu kin thc t vn hnh, xy dng.
+ Kh nng u t
4.1.2. Cc thng s u vo v ch tiu u ra ca nc thi:
Bng 4.1. S liu thnh phn tnh cht nc thi
QCVN
STT Ch tiu n v Nng 40 : 2011 BTNMT
Ct B
1 pH - 8 5.5 9
2 BOD5 mg/l 950 50
3 COD mg/l 1500 150
4 SS mg/l 500 100
5 Tng Nit mg/l 55 40
6 Tng Photpho mg/l 15 6
7 mu Pt/Co 165 150
8 NH4+ mg/l 13 10
9 Coliform MPN/100ml 250.000 5000
10 Nhit o
C 25 40
- Da vo bng s liu c th thy cc ch tiu nh BOD, COD, SS, Coliform u

vt rt cao so vi QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT
- Cc ch tiu khc u t quy chun hoc vt rt t, c th x l trong cc quy
trnh . T tin hnh xut ra 2 phng n x l ph hp.

n x l nc thi
4.1.3. xut cng ngh x l:

4.1.3.1. Phng n 1:
a. S cng ngh:
NTNMB
SONG CHN RC
B GOM
My thi
kh
B IU HA
B LNG NG BC I
Thu kh B UASB
Cn My thi
ti kh
B AEROTANK
Bn
hot tnh
tun
Bn thi hon
B cha bn B LNG NG BC II
Chlor
B KH TRNG
X l theo quy
nh
NGUN TIP NHN

n x l nc thi
Ch thch:
ng nc:
ng ha cht - kh:
ng bn tun hon:
ng bn thi:
b. Thuyt minh cng ngh:

Song chn rc thng c t ca vo knh dn. Lm nhim v gi li cc tp
cht th c trong nc thi.Nc thi qua SCR gim c 4% SS v BOD5. Sau nc
thi c a n b gom, sau c bm ln b iu ha c nhim v iu ha nng
v lu lng nc thi to iu kin cho cc cng trnh n v pha sau hot ng n nh.
B iu ha c sc kh nhm to nn s xo trn cn thit ngn cn lng v pht sinh
mi hi. Qua b iu ha gim c 10% SS. Tip tc nc thi c bm sang b lng
I(lng ng) loi b cc ht cn l lng c kch thc nh (B lng ng loi b c
45% SS, 25% BOD).
Sau nc thi tip tc c a vo b UASB (COD > 100mg/l, SS< 3000mg/l).
Ti y, khu x l chnh c bt u. Ti b UASB, cc cht hu c phc tp d phn
hy sinh hc s b phn hy, bin i thnh cc cht hu c n gin ng thi sinh ra mt
s kh nh: CO2, SO2, CH4 Nc thi sau khi qua b ny s gim mt lng ng k
BOD v mt phn COD ( hiu qu x l ca UASB tnh theo COD, BOD l 60 80%).
Nc thi sau khi ra khi b UASB c a sang b Aerotank.
Ti b Aerotank din ra qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh c duy tr nh khng kh cp
t my thi kh. Ti y cc vi sinh vt dng hiu kh ( bn hot tnh) s phn hy cc
cht hu c cn li trong nc thi thnh cc cht v c dng n gin nh: CO2, H2O
Hiu qu x l ca b Aerotank l 85 90% tnh theo COD, BOD. Sau nc thi c
dn qua b lng II (lng dng).B lng II (lng ng) c xy dng loi b cc bng
bn c hnh thnh trong qu trnh sinh hc lng xung y.Sau khi qua b lng II (lng
ng), gim nng cht nhim cn li cho qua b kh trng ri a ra ngun tip
nhn.
Bn thu c t b lng II (lng ng), mt phn dng bm nh lng bm tun
hon li b Aerotank b sung cho qu trnh hiu kh, phn bn d cn li a v b nn
bn.

n x l nc thi
4.1.2.3. Phng n 2:
a. S cng ngh:
NTNMB
SONG CHN RC
B GOM
My thi
kh
B IU HA
B LNG NG BC I
Thu kh B UASB
Cn
ti My thi
kh
B MBBR
Bn thi
B cha bn B LNG NG BC II
Chlor
B KH TRNG
X l theo quy
nh
NGUN TIP NHN
n x l nc thi
Ch thch:
ng nc:
ng ha cht - kh:
ng bn tun hon:
ng bn thi:
b. Thuyt minh cng ngh:
Song chn rc thng c t ca vo knh dn.Lm nhim v gi li cc tp

cht th c trong nc thi. Sau nc thi c dn n b gom ri c bm ln b
iu ha, b iu ha c nhim v iu ha nng v lu lng nc thi to iu kin
cho cc cng trnh n v pha sau hot ng n nh. B iu ha c sc kh nhm to
nn s xo trn cn thit ngn cn lng v pht sinh mi hi. Sau nc thi c
bm sang b lng 1 ( lng ng), ti b lng 1 hm lng cht rn l lng ,BOD, COD s
c x l ng k. Nc thi s c lu li trong b mt thi gian nht nh to iu
kin thun li cho vic x l sinh hc cho cc cng trnh sau.
Nc thi c bm t b lng 1vo b UASB.Ti y, khu x l chnh c bt

u. Ti b UASB, cc cht hu c phc tp d phn hy sinh hc s b phn hy, bin i
thnh cc cht hu c n gin ng thi sinh ra mt s kh nh: CO2, SO2, CH4 Nc
thi sau khi qua b ny s gim mt lng ng k BOD v mt phn COD ( hiu qu x
l ca UASB tnh theo COD, BOD l 60 80%). Nc thi sau khi ra khi b UASB c
a sang b MBBR.
Ti b MBBR, cht hu c trong nc thi b xy ha bi cc vi sinh vt c trong

nc thi v cc vi sinh vt bm dnh trn m sinh hc l lng trong nc thi. Ban u,
loi m ny nh hn nc nn chng s l lng trn mt nc nhng khi c mng bm vi
sinh vt xut hin trn b mt, khi lng ring ca m s tng ln v tr nn nng hn
nc v s chm xung di. Tuy nhin, nh c chuyn ng thy lc ca nc trong b
c cp bi h thng sc kh, cc m ny s chuyn ng lin tc trong nc thi.Cc
cht hu c cng bm vo cc khe nh ca m. Cc vi sinh vt bm dnh trn cc m s
s dng cht hu c to thnh sinh khi vi sinh vt, trong qu trnh ny cc cht hu c
trong nc thi s c x l. Trc khi qua b lngII (lng ng), hn hp trong b
MBBR c chy qua mt tm li chn trong b ngn cc ht nha li.Dng nc
c tch sinh khi v lng bn ti b lng t II (lng ng). Nc trong s chy sang b
kh trng uc ho trn chung vi dung dch chlorine nhm dit cc vi khun. Nc thi
sau x l t QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT ct B v c x ra ngun tip nhn gn . Bn t

n x l nc thi
b UASB v b lng t 2 s c bm qua b nn bn sau c a vo my p bn,

bn kh s c a i chn lp hoc tn dng.
4.1.2.4. So snh hai phng n:
Phng n 1:
- u im
+ Hiu qu x l cao, tit kim nng lng
+ Chi ph u t hp l
+ C th thu hi nng lng phc v cho hot ng sn xut t b UASB
- Nhc im
+ Phi tun hon bn, din tch xy dng ln
+ D sc ti lu lng v bn kt ta
+ Cn phi o to k cho nhn vin vn hnh v bo dng.
+ Dng b Aerotank nht thit phi c lng t 1 v t 2
Phng n 2:
- u im
+ Hiu qu x l
+ Tit kim nng lng
+ Chi ph u t hp l
+ C th thu hi nng lng phc v cho hot ng sn xut t b UASB.
+ Qu trnh oxy ha kh BOD, COD, N v P ca b MBBR din ra nhanh
+ Din tch xy dng nh
+ Bo dng tng i khng phc tp
+ Khng phi tun hon bn
- Nhc im
+ Tn chi ph cho gi th
+ Dng b MBBR nht thit phi c b lng t 1 v t 2.
+ D gy sc ti lng
+ Cn phi o to k cho nhn vin vn hnh v bo dng
Chn phng n 2 tnh ton cc cng trnh
4.2. TNH TON CC CNG TRNH N V

Lu lng tnh ton
Lu lng thit k Qtk = 300 m3/ng
300 m3
Lu lng trung bnh gi : Qtbh = = 12.5 ( )
24 h
300103
Lu lng trung bnh giy : Qtbs= = 3.47 (l/s)
243600
Theo TCXD 51 2008, ng vi Qtbs = 3.47 l/s ta c h s khng iu ha Kch = 2.5.
Lu lng ln nht gi : Qmaxh = Qtbh x Kch = 12.5 x 2.5 = 31.25 (m3/h)

n x l nc thi
Lu lng ln nht giy : Qmaxs = Qtbs x Kch = 3.47 x 2.5 = 8.675 (l/s)
4.2.1. B lng 1:
Chn b lng 1 l b lng ng tnh ton.
Din tch tit din t ca ng trung tm c tnh theo cng thc:
,
=

Trong :
Qmax,s Lu lng tnh ton ln nht, Qmax,s = 31.25 m3/h = 8.675 x 10-3 m3/s
Vtt Tc chuyn ng ca ng trung tm, ly khng ln hn 30 mm/s (Chn Vtt =

0,015 m/s) (iu 7.56 TCXD 51-2008)
8.675 x103
= = 0.6 (2 )
0.015
Din tch tit din t ca b lng ng trong mt bng c tnh theo cng thc:
,
=

Trong :
v Tc chuyn ng ca nc thi trong b lng ng, v = 0.5 0.8 mm/s. Chn v =

0.5 mm/s hay 0.0005 m/s)
(iu 6.5.4 TCXD 51-84)
8.675 x103
= = 17.35 (2 )
0.0005
Chn n = 1 b lng ng v din tch mi b trong mt bng s l:
+
1 =

Trong :
n S b lng ng.
(iu 7.51 TCXD 51-2008)
17.35 + 0.6
1 = = 17.95 (2 )
1

n x l nc thi
ng dn nc ra:
- Chn vn tc nc chy trong ng l 0.6 m/s
4xQ 4 x 0.0035
dng = = = 0.09m = 90mm
xv 3.14 x 0.6
- ng knh ca b c tnh theo cng thc:
4 x1 4 x 17.95
= = = 4.8 () = 5
3.14
(D = 4 9m iu 7.56 TCXD 51-2008)
- ng knh ca ng trung tm:
4 x1
=

Trong :
f1 Din tch tit din ng trung tm ca 1 b: f1 = f = 4 m2
4 x 0.6
= = 0.87 ()
3.14
- Chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng trong b lng ng:
htt = v.t
Trong :
t Thi gian lng, t = 1.5h
htt = 0.0005x 1.5 x 3600 = 2.7 (m)
(htt = 2.7 3.6 iu 7.56 TCXD 51-2008)
- Chiu cao phn hnh nn ca b lng ng:

= 2 + 3 = .
2
Trong :
h2 Chiu cao lp trung ha, m;

n x l nc thi
h3 Chiu cao gi nh ca lp cn lng trong b, m;
D ng knh ca b lng, D = 5m;
dn ng knh y nh ca hnh nn ct, ly dn = 0.2m;
Gc nghing ca y b lng so vi phng ngang khng c nh hn 50o. Chn

= 50o(iu 7.56 TCXD 51-2008)
5 0.2
= . 50 = 2.9 ()
2
- Chiu cao ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao tnh ton ca vng lng v bng
2,7m.ng knh ming loe ca ng trung tm ly bng chiu cao ca phn ng loe v
bng 1.5 ng knh ng trung tm.(iu 7.56 TCXD 51-2008)
dl = hl = 1.5d = 1.5 x 0.87 = 1.3 (m)
- ng knh tm ht ly bng 1.3 ng knh ming loe v bng 1.3 x 1.3 = 1.7m.Gc
nghing gia b mt tm ht so vi mt phng ngang ly bng 17o.
(iu 7.56 TCXD 51-2008)
- Khong cch gia mp ngoi cng ming loe n mp ngoi cng ca b mt tm ht theo
mt phng qua trc c tnh theo cng thc:
4,
=
x x( + )
Trong :
vk Tc dng chy qua khe h gia ming loe ng trung tm v b mt tm ht khng

ln hn 20 mm/s. Chn vk = 20 mm/s. (iu 7.56 TCXD 51-2008)
4 x 8.675 x103
= = 0.1 ()
0.02 x3.14 x(5 + 0.2)
- Chiu cao tng cng ca b lng ng:
H = htt + hn + ho = htt + (h2 + h3) + ho
Trong :
ho Khong cch t mc nc n thnh b, chn ho = 0.4m
H = 2.7 + 2.9 + 0.4 = 6 (m)

n x l nc thi
- Th tch ca b lng ng:
W = F1.H = 17.95 x 6 = 107.7 (m3)
- Thi gian lng thc t ca b lng ng:
107.7
= = = 3.5 ()
, 31.25
- Tc lng thc t ca ht cn l lng:

6
= = = 0.48 (/)
3.6 x 3.6 x 3.5
ng vi u = 1,42 mm/s, hiu sut lng vo khong 57%
(Bng 3.27 Sch X L Nc Thi Th v Cng Nghip Tnh ton thit k cng
trnh GS. TS. Lm Minh Trit)
- Dng h thng mng vng chy trn xung quanh thnh b thu nc: thit k mng vng
t theo chu vi vnh trong b, ng knh ngoi ca mng l ng knh trong ca b.
Chn:
B rng mng thu = 0.5m
Chiu cao mng = 0.4m
B dy thnh mng = 0.1m
dc mng v pha ng thu nc i= 0.02
ng knh trong mng thu nc Dm= D x 90% = 5 x 0.9 = 4.5m
Chiu di mng thu Lm = Dm x = 4.5 x 3.14 =14.13m
- Mng rng ca:
ng knh mng rng ca bng ng knh trong mng thu tr i b dy thnh
mng thu: Dmrc = 4.5 0.1 = 4.4m
Chiu di mng rng ca: Lmrc = x Dmrc = 3.14 x 4.4 = 13.8m
- Chn s khe trn mt mt chiu di mng rng ca l 5 khe
- B rng rng ca bng 100mm
- B rng khe: bk = 0,15m
- Mng rng ca x khe thu nc hnh ch V, gc 90o iu chnh cao mp mng
- B dy mng rng ca l 5mm
- Chiu cao tng ca mng rng ca l 300mm
- Chiu su khe bng 75mm
- Khong cch gia cc nh l 250mm
- Mng rng ca c bt dnh vi mng thu nc bng bu long qua cc khe dch chuyn.

n x l nc thi
- Khe dch chuyn c ng knh 10mm, bu long c mc cch mp mng rng ca

50mm v cch y ch V l 50mm, hai khe dch chuyn cch nhau 0.5m
- Tng s khe: n = 5 x Lmrc = 5 x 13.8 = 69 khe
ng dn nc ra:
- Chn vn tc nc chy trong ng l 0.6 m/s
4xQ 4 x 0.0035
dng = = = 0.09m = 90mm
xv 3.14 x 0.6
- Chn ng bm bn c ng knh 60mm bm bn v b cha
Hm lng cht l lng tri theo nc ra khi b lng ng c tnh theo cng thc:
SSra = SSvox (100% - 57%) = 432 x 0.43 = 186 (mg/l)
- Hm lng BOD sau khi i ra khi b vi hiu sut x l 40%

BODra = BODvo x (1 e) = 912 x (1-0.4) = 547 (mg/l).
- Hm lng BOD sau khi i ra khi b vi hiu sut x l 30%
CODra = CODvo x (1 - e) = 1500 x (1 0.3) = 1050 (mg/l).
Bng 4.2.Cc thng s thit k v kch thc b lng ng
STT Tn thng s S liu dng thit k n v
1 Lu lng thit k, Qh,max 31.25 m3/h
2 Din tch tit din t ng 0.6 m2

trung tm, f
Din tch tit din t b
3 17.35 m2
lng ng, F
4 Chiu cao b 6 m
5 ng knh tm ht 1.7 m
6 ng knh b 5 m
7 ng knh ng trung tm 0.87 m
8 Chiu cao vng lng 2.7 m
ng knh y nh ca
9 0.2 m
hnh nn ct

n x l nc thi
10 Chiu cao phn hnh nn 2.9 m
11 Gc nghing y b lng 50
Chiu cao ca ng trung

12 2.7 m
tm
ng knh ming loe ca

13 1.3 m
ng trung tm
4.2.2. B UASB
B UASB l b k kh lp bn dng chy ngc.Nc thi c a vo b t y

b v c phn phi u nh h thng phn phi.Trong iu kin k kh cc cht hu c
c trong nc thi s b phn hy thnh cc cht c khi lng phn t nh hn, hnh
thnh cc kh nh CH4, CO2, to nn s xo trn bn trong b.Kh c to ra c khuynh
hng bm vo cc ht bn, ni ln trn v va chm vo cc tm hng dng. Cc tm
hng dng c nhim v tch nc,tch kh, bn.
Thng s cht lng nc thi u vo b

+ pH = 7 - 9
+ Lu lng Q = 300m3/ngy
+ BOD5 = 547mg/l
+ COD = 1050mg/l
+ SS = 186 mg/l
Trong nc thi c y cc nguyn t vi lng cn thit cho s pht trin ca vi

sinh vt.
Bng 4.3. Cc thng s thit k cho b UASB ( ti trng th tch hu c ca b UASB bn

ht v bn bng cc hm lng COD vo v t l cht khng tan khc nhau)
Hm lng Ti trng th tch 30oC, kg COD/m3.ngy
COD trong T l COD
nc khng tan, % Bn ht Bn ht kh
Bn bng
thi(mg/l) khng kh SS SS
10 - 30 24 8 12 24
<2000
30 - 60 24 8 14 24

n x l nc thi
10 - 30 35 35
12 18
2000 - 6000 30 - 60 48 26
12 24
60 - 100 48 26
10 - 30 46 46
15 20
6000 - 9000 30 - 60 57 37
15 24
60 - 100 68 38
9000 - 18000 10 - 30 58 15 - 24 4-6

( Ngun Lm Minh Trit, X L Nc Thi Th V Cng Nghip Tnh ton thit k cc cng
trnh Vin ti nguyn Mi Trng, TPHCM.)
Bng 4.4. Ti trng th tch hu c ca b UASB bn ht c hm lng bn trung bnh 25

kgVSS/m3 ( ph thuc vo nhit vn hnh, nc thi c VFA ha tan, nc thi khng c
VFA v nc thi c cn l lng chim 30% tng COD).
Ti trng th tch hu c (kg COD/m3.ngy)

Nhit , oC Nc thi Nc thi C 30%
VFA khng VFA COD - SS
15 24 1.5 3.0 1.5 2
20 46 24 23
25 6 12 48 36
30 10 18 8 12 69
35 15 24 12 18 9 14
40 20 32 15 - 24 14 - 18
( Ngun Lm Minh Trit, X L Nc Thi Th V Cng Nghip Tnh ton thit k cc cng
trnh Vin ti nguyn Mi Trng, TPHCM.)
Thc nghim trn m hnh Pilot rt ra c kt qu sau:
Bn nui cy ban u ly t bn ca b phn hy k kh t qu trnh x l nc thi

sinh hot b vi hm lng 30 kgSS/m3.
T l MLVS/MLSS ca bn trong b UASB = 0.75

n x l nc thi
Ti trng b mt phn lng La = 12 m3/m2 .ngy.
ti trng th tch L0 = 3 kg COD/ m3.ngy, hiu qu kh COD t 75% v BOD t

80%.
Lng bn phn hy k kh cho vo ban u c TS = 7%, Y = 0.04gVSS/gCOD, kd

= 0.025 ngy-1, = 90 ngy ( TS. Trnh Xun Lai, tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l
nc thi, NXB xy dng H Ni, 2014).
t tiu chun nc thi u ra cui cng l ct B QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT v

nc thi cng nghip, nc thi sau b UASB phi c x l sao cho COD 75 mg/l,
m bo cho s hot ng ti u cho b MBBR sau .
Hiu qu x l cn thit tnh theo COD
Sv : Hm lng COD u vo b UASB, bng mg/l
Sr : Hm lng COD u ra, Sr= (1 - ECOD) x Sv= (1- 0.75) x 1050 = 263 mg/l
+ Lng COD cn kh:
COD = Sv Sr = 1050 - 263= 787 (mg/l)
+ Lng COD cn kh trong ngy:
G = Q x COD = 300 x 787 x 10-3 = 236 kg/ng
Ti trng kh COD ca b
Chn a = 5 kg/COD/m3 ngy (a = 4 10 kgCOD/ngy)
Ti trng kh COD ca b ly theo bng (12 1) (TS. Trnh Xun Lai Tnh ton
thit k cc cng trnh X l nc thi, 2000).
Th tch phn x l ym kh cn thit:

236
V= = = 47.2 (m3)
0 5
cho lp bn hot tnh trng thi l lng, tc nc dng trong b phi gi

trong khong 0.6 0.9 m/h. Chn v = 0.6 m/h.
- Din tch b mt cn thit ca b:

300
F= = = 20.8 (m2), Chn F = 21m2
240.6

n x l nc thi
Chn b c chiu rng B = 3(m), chiu di L = 7 (m)
Chiu cao phn x l ym kh:

47.2
H1 = = = 2.3 (m)
21
Chiu cao xy dng b:
H = H1 + H 2 + H 3
Trong :
+ H1 : chiu cao phn x l ym kh, H1 = 2.3m

+ H2 : chiu cao vng lng. m bo khng gian an ton cho bn bn lng xung pha
di th chiu cao vng lng phi ln hn 1.0 m. Chn H2 = 1.2m
+ H3 : Chiu cao d tr, Chn H3 = 0.5 m
Vy H = H1 + H2 + H3 = 2.3 + 1.2 + 0.5 = 4 (m)
Th tch lm vic ca b:
Vlv= (1 + 2 ) = (2.3 + 1.2) 21 = 74 (m3)
Vy th tch thc ca b:
Vt= = 3 7 4 = 84 (m3)
Thi gian lu nc trong b:

( 3 ) 7 3 (40.5)
T= 3
= = 5.88h. Chn = 6h
( ) 12.5

Nm trong khong cho php T = 4 10h, (Theo gio trnh tnh ton thit k cc cng
trnh x l nc thi NXB Xy Dng TS. Trnh Xun Lai).
Tnh ngn lng
Vi mt tm chn hng dng lp 4 tm chn kh, t theo hnh ch V, mi bn t

hai tm, cc tm ny t song song v nghing so vi phng ngang mt gc 50o.
Tng chiu cao ton b ngn lng Hng.lng (k c chiu cao vng lng) v chiu cao
d tr chim trn 30% tng chiu cao b.
(.+ 3 )
Ta c: tg50o =
/2
500 3500
Hnglang + H3 = = = 1.8 (m)
2 2

n x l nc thi
Hnglang = 1.8 H3 = 1.8 0,5 = 1.3 (m)
Kim tra li:

. + 3 1.8
100% = 100% = 45% > 30%
4
Vy chiu cao b xc nh l thch hp.
Thi gian lu nc trong ngn lng, thi gian ny phi ln hn 1h (trang 195 Tnh
ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi TS.Trnh xun Lai).
. 1/2. 1/2371.3
t= 24 = 24 = 24 = 1.1 > 1
300
Khong cch gia cc tm chn kh v gia tm chn kh v tm hng dng l nh

nhau: bkhe
Vn tc nc qua khe vo ngn lng (v = 9 10 m/h), Chn v = 9 m/h.
Trong b c 4 khe h, ta c:
12.5
v= = =9
4 7
bkhe = 0.05 m = 50 mm
Tnh ton cc tm chn
Tm chn 1:
+ Chiu di: l1 = L = 7 m
. 2 (1.31.2)
+ Chiu rng: b1 = = = 0.13 = 130 ()
500 500
Tm chn 2:
on xp m ca hai tm chn kh ly bng 0.3 m.
+ Chiu di : l2 = L = 7 m
+ Chiu rng:
h= sin(900 500 ) = 50 400 = 32.14 (mm)

2 +3 1.2+0.50.03214
b2= 0.3 + = 0.3 + = 2.48 (m) = 2480(mm)
500 500
Tm hng dng
Tm hng dng c chc nng chn bn i ln phn x l ym kh, t nghing mt

gc 50o so vi phng ngang cch tm chn kh di 50 mm.

n x l nc thi
Khong cch t nh tam gic ca tm hng dng n tm chn kh di.

50
l= = = 65 (mm)
cos(900 500 ) 400
a1= 500 = 50 500 = 32 (mm)
a2= 1 = 65 32 = 33 (mm)
h= 500 = 50 500 = 38 (mm)

38
tg= = => = 500
2 32
= 180o 2 x = 180o 2 x 50o = 80o
on nh ra ca tm hng dng nm bn di khe h t 10 20 cm. Chn mi bn

nh ra 15 cm.
Vy D = 2 x l + 2 x 150 = 2 x 65 + 2 x 150 = 430 (mm)
+ Chiu rng tm hng dng:

/2 430/2
bhd= = = 334.5 (mm) chn bhd = 335 (mm)
sin(900 ) 400
H thng nc phn phi vo b:
i vi b UASB c ti trng cht bn hu c L > 4 kg COD/m3.ngy m th t 2m2

din tch b tr ln s c b tr mt v tr phn phi nc.( TS. Trnh Xun Lai, Tnh
ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi, NXB xy dng H Ni,2000).
Chn 2 m2 cho mt v tr phn phi nc.

21
+ S v tr phn phi nc trong b: n= = = 10.5 u phn phi, chn n = 12
2 2
Vi 12 u phn phi th ta chn 4 ng nhnh phn phi nc vo b.
ng knh ng chnh
4 4300
Dng= = = 0.066(m)
3.141360024
Vy chn ng uPVC c dng knh ng chnh Dng = 65 mm.
Kim tra li vn tc nc chy trong ng:

4300
Vng= 2 = 1 (m/s), bng 1 m/s (tha yu cu).
3.14243600

n x l nc thi
ng knh ng nhnh:
300
+ Lu lng ng nhnh : Qnhanh= = 75 (m3/ngy) = 3.125 (m3/h).
4
Cc ng t vung gc vi chiu rng b.Mi ng cch nhau 0.5 m.
+ Vn tc chy trong ng nhnh: V = 0.8 2 m/s, Chn V = 1 m/s.
4 43.125
dn= = = 0.033 (m)
13.143600
Vy chn ng nha uPVC Bnh Minh vi ng knh 34 mm.

+ Kim tra li vn tc nc chy trong ng:
4 43.125
V= 2 = = 0.98 (m/s), gn bng 1m/s (tha yu cu).
3.140.034 2 3600
Cc ng phn phi nc t cch y 20 cm.
L phn phi nc
Vi 12 u phn phi chon 4 ng nhnh th ta c vi mt ng l 3 u phn phi, lu

lng qua l phn phi:
3.125
Qphn phi= = = 1.04 (m3/s)
3 3
+ ng knh l phn phi:
4 41.04
Dl= = = 0.016 (m) = 16 (mm).
3.14 3600 3.141.53600
Vn tc nc qua l phn phi : Vphn phi = 1.5 (m/s).
Tnh lng kh sinh ra
Lu lng kh sinh ra khi loi b 1 kg COD l 0.5 m3.
+ Tng lng kh sinh ra:
Qkh = 0.5 m3/kgCOD x G = 0.5 x186= 93 (m3/ngy)
+ Trong thnh phn CH4 chim 70% tng lng kh sinh ra.
QCH4 = 0.7 x 93 = 65.1 (m3/ngy)
ng knh ng thu kh
Vn tc kh trong ng t 10 15 m/s. Chn vn tc kh trong ng 10 m/s.

n x l nc thi
Lp ng dn kh trn thnh b:
4 493
D kh= = = 0.012 (m), Chn D kh = 12 (mm).
3.1410243600
Chn ng thp c ng knh 12 mm.

Lng bn nui cy ban u vo b (TS = 5%).
30 /3 37.23 1
Mb= = = 22.32
0,05 1000
Trong :
+ Css : hm lng bn trong b, Css = 30 kgSS/m3.

+ Vr : th tch ngn phn ng.
+ TS ; hm lng cht rn trong bn nui cy ban u.
- Hm lng BOD ca nc thi sau khi x l k kh:
BOD5r = (1 EBOD) x BOD vo = (1 0.8) x 547 = 109.4 mg/l
- Lng sinh khi hnh thnh mi ngy:

[(0 )] 0.04[(1050263)300]
Px= = = 4.2 (kg VS/ngy)
1+ 1+(0.02590)1000
Tnh lng bn d sinh ra mi ngy

4.2
Qw= = = 0.2(m3/ngy)
0.75 0.7530
- Lng cht rn t bn d
Mss = Qw x Css = 0.2 x 30 = 6 (kgSS/ngy)
- Khi lng bn sinh ra trong mt ngy
M bn = 0.1 x G = 0.1 x 236 = 23.6 (kg bn/ngy)
Theo quy phm : 1m3 bn tng ng 260 kg VSS.
Th tch bn sinh ra trong mt ngy

23.6
V bn= = = 0.09 (m3/ng)
260
- Lng bn sinh ra trong mt thng
Vbth = V bn x 30 = 0.09 x 30 = 2.7 m3

n x l nc thi
Chn thi gian lu bn l 3 thng ( t = 35 100 ngy, Theo gio trnh x l nc thi
cng nghip v th 2014 -GS.TS. Lm Minh Trit)
- Lng bn sinh ra trong 3 thng: = 0.09 x 30 x 3 = 8.1 m3

- Chiu cao ca lp bn trong 3 thng.
3 2.73
H bn= = = 0.4
73
ng knh ng thu bn
Chn thi gian x cn l 120 pht.( Theo gio trnh x l nc thi cng nghip v th
2014 GS.TS Lm Minh Trit)
8.1
- Lng bn vo ng thu bn trong 120 pht: = 1.125 103 (m3/s)
12060
B tr ng thu bn, ng ny t vung gc vi chiu di b, cch tng 1m. ng thu

bn c t theo cch y 0.5m.
- Vn tc trong ng chn 0,5 m/s.

1.125 103
- Din tch ng x cn : Fb = = 2.25 103 m2
10.5
- ng knh ng thu bn:
4 42.25 103
Db = = = 0.05 (m).
3.14 3.14
Chn ng nha uPVC c ng knh 60 mm thu bn.
Tnh s l c trn ng thu bn
Chn tc bn qua l v = 0,5 m/s, dng knh l D1 = 30 mm.

2
3.14 3,140.032
- Din tch l: f l= = = 0.0071 m2.
4 4
1.75 103
- Tng din tch l trn mt ng x cn: F= = 3.5 103 (m2).
10.5
3.5 103
- S l trn mt ng: n= = = 4.93 l, Chn 5 l
0.00071
Vy ng s c 5 l.
Tnh ng knh ng thu bn chnh
- Chn vn tc 0,3 m/s
41.75 103
- ng knh ng thu bn trung tm: D= = 0.086 (m)
3.140.3
Chn ng nha uPVC c ng knh 90 mm thu bn.
Tnh bm bn

n x l nc thi

3 2.13
- Lu lng bn x trong 2h: Q bn= = = 3.15(m3/h).
2 2
1.75 103 10009.813.5
- Cng sut bm: N= = = 0.08 KW = 0.1HP
1000 10000.8
Chn bm bn c cng sut 0.5 HP thu bn.
Tnh mng thu nc
Mng thu nc c thit k mt mng thu t gia b chy dc theo chiu di b.
- Mng rng ca gm nhiu rng ca hnh ch v.

- Vn tc nc chy trong mng: 0.6 0.7 m/s. Chn V = 0.6 m/s.
- Din tch mt ct t ca mng:
300
A= = = 0.006 m2.
0,6 3600 24
- Chiu ngang mng: 0.2 m

- Chiu cao mng : 0.1 m
- Chiu cao 1 rng ca : 60 mm
- Di on vc nh rng ca : 40 mm
- Chiu cao c thanh ca : 260 mm
- Khe dch chuyn cch nhau : 450 mm
- B rng khe : 12 mm
- Chiu cao : 150 mm
- Chn ng dn nc sang b MBBR l ng nha uPVC 114 mm.
Hiu sut x l ca b UASB
Chn hiu qu kh COD sau khi qua b UASB = 75%
+ Hm lng COD trong nc thi ra khi b UASB:
COD = CODv x (1- e) = 825 x (1 0.75) = 206 (mg/l)
Chn hiu qu kh BOD5 sau khi qua b UASB l 80%
+ Hm lng BOD5 trong nc thi ra khi b UASB l:
BOD5 = BOD5v x (1 e) = 547 x (1 0.8) = 109.4 (mg/l).
Chn hiu qu kh SS sau khi qua b UASB l 5%.
+ Hm lng SS trong nc thi ra khi b UASB l:
SS = SSv x (1 e) = 186 x (1 0.05) = 177 (mg/l).

n x l nc thi
- Tnh ton lng cht dinh dng cn thit cho be UASB:

+ Lng COD kh = 787 (mg/l)
5 6195
Lng TNK tiu th l: TNK = = = 8.84 (mg/l).
350 350
1 787 1
Lng P tiu th l: P = = = 2.25(mg/l)
350 350
Bng 4.5. Thng s thit k b UASB
S liu dng thit

STT Thng s thit k K hiu n v
k
1 Chiu di L 7 m
2 Chiu rng B 3 m
3 Chiu cao tng cng H 4 m
4 Thi gian lu t 6 h
5 Th tch thc W 84 m3
6 Chiu di tm chn kh 1 l1 7 m
7 Chiu di tm chn kh 2 l2 7 m
8 B rng tm chn kh 1 b1 130 mm
9 B rng tm chn kh 2 b2 2480 mm
bh
10 Chiu rng tm hng dng 335 mm
d
ng knh ng dn nc
11 Dtt 65 mm
trung tm
ng knh ng dn nc
12 dpp 34 mm
phn phi
14 ng knh ng thu kh Dkh 12 mm
15 ng knh ng thu bn trung Db 90 mm

n x l nc thi
tm
16 ng knh ng thu bn nhnh db 60 mm
4.2.3. B MBBR:
MBBR l cng ngh kt hp gia cc iu kin thun li ca qu trnh x l bn hot

tnh hiu kh v b lc sinh hc.B MBBR hot ng ging nh qu trnh x l bn hot
tnh hiu kh.B MBBR khng cn qu trnh tun hon bn ging nh cc phng php x
l bng mng biofin khc.
Thng s thit k
+ Lu lng u vo ca nc thi : Q = 300 (m3/ngy).
+ Lng BOD5 u vo b MBBR l : 109.4 (mg/l).
+ Lng COD u vo b MBBR l : 263(mg/l).
+ Lng SS u vo b MBBR l 177 (mg/l).
+ Tng photpho l 15 (mg/l).
+ Tng Nito l 55 (mg/l).
+ T s f = BOD/COD = 109.4/263 = 0,5.
+ Nc thi x l xong t BOD5 = 50 (mg/l).
+ Hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi cn t sau x l: Css = 100 (mg/l).
Thng s vn hnh
+ Nng bn hot tnh trong b : X = 3000 (mg/l) (cn bay hi).
+ tro ca cn : 0.3, nng cn l lng y b lng 2 l 10000 (mg/l).
+ Thi gian lu bn ( tui ca cn c = 5 15 ngy), chn c = 12 ngy.
+ Ch xo trn hon ton.
+ Gi tr thng s ng hc : H s sn lng bn, = 0.4 0.8 mg VSS/mgBOD.
Chn = 0.6 mg/VSS/mgBOD.
+ tro cn hu c l lng ra khi b l Z = 0.3
+ Gi s cht l lng trong nc thi u ra l cht rn sinh hc, trong c 70% l
cht d bay hi v 50% cht c th phn hy sinh hc.
+ H s phn hy ni bo : Kd = 0.055 ngy-1 .
- Nng BOD trong nc thi u ra:
BODra = BOD ha tan trong nc thi u ra + BOD ca cht l lng trong u ra:
Vi BOD ca cht l lng trong u ra c tnh nh sau:

n x l nc thi
- Phn c kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca cht rn sinh hc u ra l: 0,5 x 100 = 50

mg/l;
- BOD hon ton ca cht rn c kh nng phn hy sinh hc u ra l: 50 x 1.42 mgO2
tiu th/mgt bo b oxy ha = 71 mg/l.
BOD5 ca cht rn l lng u ra l: 71 mg/l x 0.68 = 48 mg/l BOD ha tan trong nc
thi u ra :
50mg/l = BODht + 48 mg/l
BODht = 50mg/l 48 mg/l = 2 (mg/l).

- Hiu qu x l tnh theo BOD5 ha tan:
109.42
EBODht= 100 = 98%.
109.4
- Hiu qu x l tnh theo BOD tng cng:

109.450
EBODtc = = 54%
109.4
4 4(3.47103 )
- ng knh dn nc vo b: D= = = 0.086 (m).
3.14 3.140.6
Chn ng nha uPVC c ng knh 90 mm.
Vi: v: Vn tc nc trong ng do chnh lch cao , chn V = 0.6 (m/s).
Kch thc b MBBR

- Th tch phn ng ca b MBBR c xy dng theo cng thc sau:
( ) 12 300 0.6 (109.42)
W= = = 46.5 (m3).
( 1+ ) 3000 (1+0.05512)
Trong :
+ Q : lu lng nc thi, Q = 300 (m3/ngy).

+ : BOD5 ca nc thi dn vo b aeroten, = 109.4 (mg/l).
+ : BOD5 ha tan ca nc thi ra khi b aeroten, Lt = 2 mg/l
- Th tch gi th trong b MBBR c xc nh theo cng thc.

Wgt= , 3

Trong :
+ LTN : Tng th tch ca tng nito cn nitrat ha, LTN = x TKN x Q, chn = 0.8
+ TKN : Tng nito trong nc thi vo h thng x l sinh hc, g/m3, 55 mg/l.
+ Q : Lu lng nc thi, 12.5m3/h.

n x l nc thi
+ r : tc nitrat khng i ca lp tip xc, chn r = 62.5 mg/l lp tip xc gi.

+ Mp : Th tch lp vt liu tip xc trong b chim t 25 50%, chn Mp = 45%.
0.85512.5
Wgt= = = 19.5 (3 ).
62.50.45
Vy th tch ca b MBBR l W = Wpu + Wgt = 46.5 + 19.5 = 66 (m3).
Chn chiu cao hu ch ca b : Hi = 3.5m , hbv = 0.5m => H = 4.0m.
Din tch mt bng b:

66
F= = = 16.5 m2
4
Chn kch thc b : L x B= 6 x 3 (m).
- Thi gian lu nc trong b:

66
= = = 0.22 (ngy) x 24h = 5.3 gi.
300
- Tc tng trng ca bn tnh theo cng thc:

0,6
Yb = = = 0.36
1+ + 1+120.055
- Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra trong mt ngy:
Px = Yb x Q x (S0 S) = 0.36 x 300 x (109.4 2) = 11600 (g/ngy) = 11.6

(kg/ngy).
- Tng cn l lng sinh ra theo tro ca cn Z = 0.3.

11.6
Pxl= = = 16.6 (kg/ngy).
1 10.3
- Lng cn d hng ngy phi x i:
Px= 30 103 = 16.6 300 30 103 = 7.6 (kg/ngy).
- Lu lng x bn Q x theo cng thc sau:

c=

( Theo gio trnh tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh XLNT Trnh Xun Lai).
Trong :
+ Qra : Lu lng nc x l i ra khi b lng, Qra = 300 m3/ngy.

n x l nc thi
( Theo gio trnh tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi Trnh Xun Lai).
Trong :
+ Qra : Lu lng nc x l i ra khi b lng, Qra = 300 (m3/ngy).

+ Xra : Nng bn hot tnh trong nc ra khi b lng 1, Xra = 50 x 0.7 = 35 (mg/l).
+ Q x : Lu lng bn x ra (m3/ngy).
+ XT : Nng bn hot tnh trong lu lng bn x ra, XT = 0.7 x 10000 = 7000 (mg/l).
+ WT : Th tch b MBBR, W = 43 (m3).
+ X : Nng bn hot tnh trong b MBBR, X = 3000 (mg/l).
66300030035 12
Q x= = = 0.86 (m3/ngy).
127000
- Thi gian tch ly cn khng x cn ban u:
663000
T= = = 17.1 (ngy), chn T = 18 ngy.
11600
- Sau khi h thng hot ng n nh th lng bn hu c x hng ngy l:
B = Q x x 10000 (g/m3) = 0.86 x 10000 = 8600 (g/ngy) = 8.6 (kg/ngy).
- Trong cn bay hi : B = 0.7 x 8.6 = 6.02 (kg/ngy).

- Cn bay hi trong nc x l ra khi b:
B = 300 x 35 x 10-3 = 10.5 (kg/ngy).
Tng cn hu c sinh ra.
B + B = 6.02 + 10.5 = 16.52 (kg/ngy) gn bng Px.

0 109.4
- T s = = = 0.2 (kg/kg.ngy).
0.223000
Tha iu kin t l F/M = 0.2 0.6 (kg/kg.ngy).
Xc nh lng oxy cp cho b aeroten theo BOD20

Khi lng BOD20 cn x l mi ngy l:
109.4 2
=( ) 300 103 = 47.4 /
0,68 0,68
Tnh lng oxy yu cu theo cng thc:
= (1.42 ) = 47.4 (1.42 11.6) = 31 /
Tnh th tch khng kh theo yu cu:

n x l nc thi
Gi s hiu qu vn chuyn oxy ca thit b thi kh l 8%, h s an ton khi s dng

trong thit k thc t l 2.
Lng khng kh yu cu theo l thuyt (gi s khng kh cha 23,2% O2 theo trng
lng v trng lng ring ca khng kh 20oC l 0,0118 kN/m3 = 1.18 kg/m3) l:
31
= 113.2 3 /
1.18 0.232
Lng khng kh yu cu vi hiu qu vn chuyn 8% s bng:
113.2
= 1415 3 / = 1 3 /
0.08
Lng khng kh thit k chn my nn kh l:
1 x 2 = 2 m3/pht = 0.03 m3/s
p lc v cng sut ca h thng nn kh:
Khi c phn phi vo b bng cc ng khoan l t dc theo cc hnh lang, vn tc kh
ra khi l t 5 10 m/s.
p lc cn thit cho h thng kh nn xc nh theo cng thc:
Trong :
hd Tn tht p lc do ma st dc theo chiu di ng dn (m);
hc Tn tht cc b (m);
hf Tn tht qua thit b phn phi (m);
H Chiu su hu ch ca b, H = 4m.
Tng tn tht hd v hc thng khng vt qu 0,4m; tn tht hf khng qu 0,5m. Do p
lc cn thit s l:
Hct = 0.4 + 0.5 + 4 = 4.9m
p lc khng kh s l:
10.33 + 10.33 + 4,9
= = = 1.474
10.33 10.33
Cng sut my nn kh:
34400 ( 0.29 1) 34400 (1.4740.29 1) 0.725
= = = 36.4
102 102 0.8
Trong :
q Lu lng khng kh, q = 0.725 m3/s;

n x l nc thi
Hiu sut my nn kh, = 0.7 0.9. Chn = 0.8

H thng phn phi kh
Lng khng kh thi vo b Aeroten trong 1h l Qkh = 2 (m3/pht) = (120 m3/h)
S dng h thng phn phi kh to kiu dn ng phn phi kh. Chn phng php phn
phi kh bng a thi kh SSI USA, m sn phm: AFD 350 (12) c din tch hot
ng b mt l 0.065 (m2), lu lng kh cung cp nm trong khong 4.2 8.3 (m3/h.ci)
nn chn r = 8 (m3/h.ci). Vy s a cn khuch tn kh l:
120
= = = 15 ()
8
H thng phn phi kh c thit k gm 1 ng chnh, 3 ng nhnh, 15 a thi kh.
B tr ng dn kh chnh theo chiu di b, nm trn thnh b SBR. B tr ng nhnh theo

chiu rng b, khong cch gia cc ng nhnh l 6/5 = 0.9 (m), khong cch gia ng gn
thnh b vi thnh b l 1.2/2 = 0.6 (m). Trn mi ng nhnh b tr 5 a thi kh, khong
cch gia cc a l 8/5 = 1.6 (m), khong cch gia a gn thnh b 0.1 (m)
ng knh ng dn kh chnh (10 40 m/s). Chn vchnh = 15 (m/s)
(iu 6.40 TCXD 51 2008)
4 4 120
= = = 0.05 ()
3.14 3.14 15 3600
Chn ng dn kh chnh l ng thp c D = 50 (mm)
Lng kh qua mi ng nhnh:
120
= = = 40 (3 /)
3 3
ng knh ng dn kh nhnh: chn vnhnh = 12 (m/s).
4 4 40
= = = 0.034 ()
3.14 3.14 12 3600
Chn ng dn kh nhnh l ng thp c d = 34 (mm)
ng dn kh t cch y b 15 (cm) trn b bng b tng.

n x l nc thi
Bng 4.7. Cc thng s thit k b MBBR
STT Thng s thit k K hiu S liu dng thit k n v
1 Chiu di b L 6 m
2 Chiu rng b B 3 m
3 Chiu cao tng cng H 4 m
4 Thi gian lu nc t 5.3 Gi
5 Th tch b W 66 m3
6 ng dn nc vo D 90 mm
7 ng dn nc ra Dr 90 mm
8 ng dn kh chnh Dchnh 50 mm
9 ng dn kh nhnh dnhnh 34 mm
10 a thi kh na 15 ci
Hiu qu x l ca b MBBR
- Hm lng BOD sau khi i ra khi b MBBR vi hiu sut x l e = 90%.
BODra = BODvo x (1 e) = 109.4 x (1-0.9) = 11 (mg/l).
- Hm lng COD sau khi ra khi b MBBR vi hiu sut x l e = 85%.
CODra = CODvo x (1 - e) = 263 x (1 0.85) = 40 (mg/l).
- Hm lng SS sau khi i ra khi b MBBR vi hiu sut x l e = 40%.
SSra = SSvo x (1 e) = 177 x (1 0.4) = 106.2 (mg/l).

n x l nc thi
- Hm lng Nito sau khi i ra khi b MBBR vi hiu sut x l e = 90%.
Nra = Nvo x (1 e) = 55 x (1 0.9) = 5.5 (mg/l).
- Hm lng photpho sau khi i ra khi b MBBR vi hiu sut x l e = 70%.
Pra = Pvo x (1 e) = 15 x (1 0.7) = 4.5 (mg/l).

n x l nc thi
CHNG V. KT LUN
Bia ang l mt ngnh c ng gp quan trong trong vic pht trin kinh t nc ta hin
nay. Bn cnh em li ngun thu ln th vn v mi trng ca ngnh cn c quan
tm nhiu hn.
Cng ngh MBBR trong x l nc thi bia ph hp vi c im tnh cht ca ngun
thi. Nng cc cht sau x l t ct B QCVN 40 : 2011/ BTNMT.
Cng ngh ny ph hp vi cng sut x l, gi thnh thp hn cc cng ngh khc, vn
hnh n gin, ph hp vi thc t, Gp phn quan trng cho vic x l t hiu qu tt
nht.

n x l nc thi
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Hong Hu - X L Nc Thi NXB Xy dng, H Ni 1996.

2. Lm Minh Trit, Nguyn Thanh Hng, Nguyn Phc Dn X l nc thi th v
cng nghip Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh Vin ti nguyn Mi Trng, Tp HCM.
3. Nguyn Vn Phc Qu trnh v Thit b trong cng nghip ha hc tp 13 K thut
x l cht thi cng nghip, Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Tp HCM.
4. PGS. TS Hong Vn Hu - Thot nc Tp 2 NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni,
2002.
5. TCXD 51: 2008 B khoa hc v cng ngh.
6. Trnh Xun Lai Cp nc Tp 2 NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni 2002
7. Trnh Xun Lai Tnh ton Thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi NXB Xy Dng, H
Ni 2008
8. Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni - Ti liu
sn xut sch hn ngnh bia


Xu Ly Nuoc Thai Nha May Bia 300m3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Xu Ly Nuoc Thai Nha May Bia 300m3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

n x l nc thi

Chnh v vy, nc thi sn xut trc khi thi b ra mi trng cn c x l t

Nhim v ca n l tnh ton v thit k h thng x l nc thi cho nh my bia c

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 1

Trong hai nm hc qua ti trng, cc thy c tn tnh dy d v truyn t cho em rt

hon thnh n mn hc ny, trc ht em xin chn thnh cm n c Nguyn Ngc

Do thiu kinh nghim thc t v kin thc ca c nhn cn hn ch nn trng qu trnh lm

Thay mt cho cc sinh vin ang hc tp v nghin cu em xin chn thnh cm n n nh

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 2

NHN XT CA GING VIN HNG DN

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 3

NHN XT CA GING VIN PHN BIN

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 4

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 5

Bng 1.1. Sn lng bia cc nc.9

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 6

Hnh 1.1. th biu din sn lng bia c nc qua cc nm 11

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 7

CHNG I: TNG QUAN V NGNH BIA V QU TRNH SN

1.1. TNG QUAN V NGNH BIA

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 8

Bng 1.1. Sn lng bia cc nc (triu lt)

Quc gia 2002 2003 2004 2005

M 23300 23340 23440 23270

c 10840 10550 10580 10580

Nga 7390 7560 8420 8840

Brazin 8500 8300 8260 8500

Mexico 6400 6640 6200 6300

Anh 5670 5800 5880 5890

Ty Ban Nha 2790 2970 3020 3020

Ba Lan 2600 2730 2800 2850

Canada 2200 2300 2320 2320

H Lan 2490 2510 1920 2190

Bng 1.2 Tnh hnh tiu th bia trn th gii nm 2004

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 9

Bng 1.3 Phn chia lng bia tiu th theo vng

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 10

c t trc v xy dng cc nh my bia mi thuc Trung ng v a phng qun l,

Hnh 1.1. th biu din sn lng bia c nc qua cc nm .

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 11

Hnh 1.2. th biu din mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi qua cc nm .

d. nh hng pht trin nn cng nghip bia Vit Nam n nm 2020.

1.2. CC QU TRNH C BN TRONG SN XUT BIA:

1.2.1. Nguyn liu sn xut bia

Bia c sn xut t 4 nguyn liu chnh l malt i mch, nc, hublon v nm

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 12

Do thnh phn chnh ca bia l nc nn ngun nc v cc c trng ca n c nh

Bng 1.4. Yu cu i vi nc dng trong sn xut bia

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 13

Hnh 1.3. i mch

Hnh 1.4. Ht i mch

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 14

Qu trnh sy thc hin nhanh trong 24 gi. Sau loi b mm v mm c th mang

Hnh 1.5. Hoa Houblon

Bng 1.5. Thnh phn ca hoa Houblon

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 15

Tinh du 0,5 1,5

1.2.1.4. Men bia (Yeast)

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 16

i vi go: do go cha qua ny mm nn cu trc tinh bt cn nguyn vn, nn

i vi malt: Vic nghin malt cn p ng 2 yu cu l m bo c hiu sut

SVTH: Trn Trng Ti Trang 17

Hnh1.7. S cng ngh sn xut bia

Qu trnh nu gm 4 cng on: