Tp ch Khoa hc 2012:22a 233-241 Trng i hc Cn Th

NH HNG CA PHN HU C V V C N HOT

NG VI SINH VT T VN DA TRNG XEN
CACAO TI HUYN CHU THNH - BN TRE
Tt Anh Th, V Hoi Chn v V Th Gng1

ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bio-organic and inorganic
fertilizers on the improvement of soil microbial activity in coconut-cacao intercrop at
Chau Thanh- Ben Tre. Fives treatments were arranged to compared the effect of bio-
organic compost in combination with low dose of inorganic fertilizer and inorganic
fertilizer on the microbial density, microbial cellulose degradation and enzyme catalase.
At the early stage, 30 days after amendment, inorganic fertilization showed the highest
density of total micro-organism but lower microbial cellulose degradation and catalase
enzyme activity (P<0.001) compared to bio-organic in combination with low inorganic
fertilizers. At 90 days after amendment, soil micro-organisms density, microbial
cellulose degradation and catalase enzyme activity were significantly high (P<0.001) in
bio-organic amendment in comparision to inorganic treatment. This result showed that
bio-organic amendment in combination with low dose of inorganic fertilizer has positive
effect on improvement of soil microbial density soil microbial activity, microbial cellulose
degradation, catalase enzyme activity, and therefore can increase nutrient supplying
from soil.
Keywords: Soil microbial activity, microbial cellulose degradation, catalase enzyme
activity, bio-organic fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer
Title: Effects of bio-organic and inorganic fertilizer admendment on soil microbial
activity in coconut-cacao intercrop at Chau Thanh- Ben Tre

TM TT
ti c thc hin nhm mc ch nh gi hiu qu ca vic s dng phn bn hu
c v v c hp l n vic ci to ph nhiu t v mt sinh hc t thng qua vic
nh gi tng vi sinh vt, vi sinh vt phn hy cellulose v hot ng ca enzyme
catalase. Th nghim gm c 5 nghim thc so snh gia s dng ch phn bn v c
theo cc liu lng khc nhau vi nghim thc s dng phn bn hu c kt hp v c
lng thp. Kt qu th nghim cho thy vo giai on 30 ngy sau khi bn phn, bn
hon ton phn v c c tng mt s vi sinh vt trong t cao nht v khc bit c
ngha so vi vic bn phn v c kt hp vi phn hu c. Tuy nhin, mt s vi sinh vt
phn hu cellulose v hot ca enzyme catalase thp hn c ngha so vi cc
nghim thc bn hu c kt hp vi phn v c lng thp. Vo giai on 90 ngy sau
khi bn phn tng vi sinh vt trong t, mt s vi sinh vt phn hu cellulose v hot
enzyme catalase trong t cc nghim thc s dng phn v c u thp hn v khc
bit c ngha thng k so vi cc nghim thc bn phn hu c kt hp v c lng
thp. Do bn phn hu c kt hp v c lng thp gip gia tng hot enzyme
catalase, mt s vi sinh vt phn hu cellulose trong t gia tng, tng tng s vi sinh vt
trong t, a n tng kh nng khong ho cht hu c trong t, tng kh nng cung
cp dinh dng t t.
T kha: Hot enzyme catalase, mt s vi sinh vt, vi sinh vt phn hu cellulose,
phn hu c sinh hc, phn v c

1
Khoa NN & SHD, Trng i hc Cn Th
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Tp ch Khoa hc 2012:22a 233-241 Trng i hc Cn Th

1 GII THIU
S pht trin v hot ng ca vi sinh vt t nh hng rt ln n cht lng
t, s pht trin ca cy trng (Hill et al., 2000). Theo Ademir et al. (2009) vi
sinh vt t gp phn quan trng trong vic nh gi cht lng t. Mt trong
nhng chc nng quan trng ca vi sinh vt t l chuyn ha cht hu c trong
t v tham gia vo cc chu trnh chuyn ha carbon, m, ln(Melero et al.,
2005 v Ademir et al., 2008). Do , c th nh gi cht lng t, ph ca t
da vo mt s vi sinh vt t v hot ng vi sinh vt t (Doran et al., 1994;
Deng v Tabatabai, 1997). Thng thng, hot ng vi sinh vt t c xc nh
thng qua h hp t hoc hot ng ca enzyme c tit ra trong t nh
enzyme amalyse, urease, catalase(Bergstrom et al., 1998). V vy, enzyme t
v hot ng sinh vt t c xem l nhn t ch th dng qun l v nh gi
cht lng t. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy hm lng cht hu c, m tng s
c nh hng trc tip n hot ng enzyme dehydrogenase v enzyme
catalase (Frankenberger v Dick, 1983; Garcia-Gil et al., 2000; Lili Zhang et al.,
2009). Cc nghin cu gn y cho thy cc vn cy lu nm c s bc mu
t, nng sut tri suy gim, cn thit qun l dinh dng hp l, nht l tng
cng hm lng cht hu c trong t (Vo Thi Guong et al., 2009; V Th
Gng et al., 2010). Nghin cu nh hng ca vic tc ng phn hu c v
phn v c trn t trng xen cacao trong vn da nhm khng nh nhng li
th ca vic bn phn hu c kt hp vi phn v c trong tc ng n s ci
thin ph nhiu t v mt sinh hc t.

2 PHNG PHP TH NGHIM

2.1 B tr th nghim
Th nghim c b tr ti x An Khnh, huyn Chu Thnh tnh Bn Tre. Th
nghim c b tr theo th thc hon ton ngu nhin. Vi 5 nghim thc v 4
ln lp li. Cc nghim thc phn bn cung cp trn mi cy cacao vi din tch
t theo tn l ca cy l khong 12m2. Lng phn v c c tnh theo n v l
g/cy. Nghim thc th nghim c trnh by bng 1.
Cc nghim thc bn nn 2kg vi cho mi cy tng ng vi 1.6 tn/ha v 19
tn/ha phn hu c (24kg/cy). Phn hu c v vi c bn vo u v. Thnh
phn phn hu c vi sinh gm hn hp ca 20% phn cc + 20% b bn + 60%
xc ma vi nm Trichoderma (ch phm Trichderma c s dng theo hng
dn trn bao b). Phn bn v c c cung cp vo hai thi im u ma ma v
cui ma ma.
Bng 1: Lng phn bn trong cc nghim thc th nghim
N
P2O5 K2O Phn hu c
Stt Nghim thc
g/cy Kg/cy
1 i chng bn theo nng dn (s dng phn n) 628 327 64 -
2 Bn phn hn hp theo Khuyn co Trung Tm 200 200 150 -
khuyn nng Bn Tre (NPK 20-20-15)
3 Bn phn n v c theo khuyn co 200 70 300 -
4 Phn hu c vi sinh c b sung b sung nm 100 35 150 24
Trichoderma + 50% phn n v c
5 Phn hu c vi sinh c b sung nm Trichoderma 150 52.5 225 24
+ 75% phn n v c

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2012:22a 233-241 Trng i hc Cn Th

2.2 Thu thp mu t v phn tch

Mu t c thu vo 3 thi im: Trc khi b tr th nghim tin hnh thu mu
trn bn lip thc hin th nghim. Mi lip thu 05 mu trn u thnh mt mu
tng hp. Vo 30 ngy sau khi bn phn v 90 ngy sau khi bn phn, ly mu
theo tng nghim thc. Mu t c dng phn tch cc ch tiu ho hc t,
dinh dng trong t v mt s vi sinh vt.
Phng php thu mu t
Mu t c thu ngu nhin su t 0 - 30 cm t tng mt trn u, mang
v phng th nghim kh t nhin trong khng kh, nghin mn qua ry 0.5 mm
dng phn tch mt s cc ch tiu ho hc t pH trch bng nc, cht hu c,
ln tng s... i vi mu u v. Ch tiu sinh hc t nh ezyme catalase, tng vi
sinh vt v vi sinh vt phn hu cellulose c theo di theo thi gian (30 ngy
sau khi bn phn v 90 ngy sau khi bn phn).
Phng php phn tch mu t
Ch tiu ho hc t: pH t c o bng pH k vi t l ly trch 1: 2,5 (t:
nc), Cht hu c (CHC) xc nh theo phng php Walkley Black: oxy ho
bng H2SO4 m c K2Cr2O7, chun bng FeSO4. Ln d tiu c xc nh
theo phng php Olsen: trch t vi 0,5M NaHCO3, pH 8,5, t l t /nc:
1:20. Ln tng s trong t c cng ph bng H2SO4 - HCLO4, hin mu theo
phng php acid ascorbic v so mu trn my so mu bc sng 880 nm. m
tng s c xc nh theo phng php chng ct Kjeldahl mu t c cng
ph vi hn hp H2SO4 m c K2SO4 CuSO4- Se theo t l 100-10-1. m
hu dng trong t c ly trch bng KCl 2N, hm lng m c trong mu sau
khi ly trch c xc nh bng phng php so mu (Weather, 1967 v Katrina et
al., 2001). Kh nng trao i cation ca t (CEC) c trch bng BaCl2 0.1M v
chun vi EDTA 0.01M
Ch tiu sinh hc t: Mt s vi sinh vt c xc nh bng phng php xc nh
gin tip s lng t bo thng qua cch m s lng khun lc mc trn mi
trng thch. Mi trng tng hp TSA (Trypton Soya Agar) c dng xc
nh tng vi sinh vt trong t. Mi trng Hutchinsion - Clayton c b sung
thm 1% CMC (Carboxyl Methy Cellulose) dng nui cy v xc nh mt s
vi sinh vt phn hy cellulose (Subba Rao, 1984 v Ulrich et al., 2008).
Hot enzyme Catalase: Xc nh hot enzyme catalase (CA) theo phng
php Ladd (1978) v Nazan Uzun and Refik Uyanz (2011). Cn 5 g mu t vi
10 ml dung dch m phosphate buffer (pH, 6.8) v 5 ml 3% H2O2 (cht nn). Th
tch Oxy thot ra trong khong thi gian 3 pht ti nhit phng c xc nh
qua h thng ng nghim hnh ch U.
2.3 X l s liu
Phn mm Excel c dng x l s. S liu c phn tch ANOVA bng
phn mm thng k MSTATC, so snh trung bnh nghim thc s dng php th
LSD mc ngha 5%.

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2012:22a 233-241 Trng i hc Cn Th

3 KT QU THO LUN
Kt qu phn tch mt s c tnh ha hc t u v (Bng 2) cho thy pH t
thp, bin ng trong khong 4,6. t c pH <5,5 c th nh hng bt li n s
pht trin ca cy trng (Soil Survey Staff, 1993 v Batjes, 1995). m tng s,
cht hu c, ln tng s v ln hu dng, kh nng trao i cc cation v m hu
dng trong t bin ng trong khong thp (Thang nh gi ca Bruce
Euroconsult, 1989). Hm lng m hu dng trong t thp hn so vi khuyn
co l 20-30 mg/kg (Marx et al., 1999). Qua kt qu phn tch cho thy t vn
da trng cacao xen trong th nghim l t ngho dinh dng, cn tc ng qun
l dinh dng hp l ci thin mu m ca t.
Bng 2: Mt s c tnh ha hc t trc khi b tr th nghim
stt Ch tiu phn tch Kt qu phn tch
1 pHH2O t ti (1:1) 4,60 0,29
2 Nts (N%) 0,13 0,01
3 Pts (P %) 0,02 0,001
4 CEC (cmol/kg) 13,83 0,29
5 CHC (C %) 1,47 0,07
6 N hu dng (mg NH4+-N + NO3--N/kg) 10,54 0,32
7 P hu dng (mg P/kg) 4,54 0,31
(Gi tr trung bnh stdev; vi n=4)
3.1 nh hng ca phn hu c v v c n mt s vi sinh vt t
3.1.1 Tng s vi sinh vt trong t
Kt qu phn tch cho thy c s thay i mt s vi sinh vt theo thi gian tt c
cc nghim thc (Bng 3). Giai on 30 ngy sau khi bn phn (SKBP) tng vi
sinh vt trong t cao nht nghim thc bn phn theo khuyn co, khng khc
bit vi nghim thc s dng lng N cao ca nng dn. Cc nghim thc bn
lng thp v phn hu c vi sinh c tng s vi sinh vt t thp, khc bit c
ngha thng k. n 90 ngy SKBP, vi sinh vt trong t pht trin mnh cc
nghim thc c lng phn thp, cn i hn v c bit pht trin mnh nghim
thc bn phn hu c vi sinh, d c gim 25- 50% phn v c. Kt qu phn tch
cho thy phn hu c vi sinh c hiu qu tt trong pht trin mt s vi sinh vt t.
S gia tng mt s vi sinh vt trong t gp phn tng cnh tranh pht trin gia
cc loi vi sinh vt c ch v vi sinh vt gy hi cho cy trng. Kt qu nghin cu
ca Bubhuti v Dkhar (2011) mt s nm cc nghim thc s dng phn hu c
t c 23.53 x103-25.23x103 CFU/g t kh, cc nghim thc s dng phn bn
v c mt s nm ch t c 13.58x103 CFU/g t kh v thp nht cc
nghim thc khng bn phn 11.37x103 CFU/g t kh. Tng t, mt s vi khun
cng t cao nht cc nghim thc s dng phn bn hu c, thp nht nghim
thc s dng phn v c v nghim thc khng bn phn (54.26 x103-55.19x103
CFU/g t kh; 31.99x103 CFU/g t kh v 30.89x103 CFU/g t kh theo th
t). Cc th nghim ca Krishnakumar et al. (2005) cng c kt lun mt s vi sinh
vt t nh vi khun, nm v x khun tng mt cch r rt khi p dng cc loi
phn hu c khc nhau.

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2012:22a 233-241 Trng i hc Cn Th

Bng 3: Hiu qu ca phn hu c v v c trong s pht trin vi sinh vt t

Tng mt s vi sinh vt t
Stt Nghim thc (x 103 CFU/g t kh)
30 NSKBP 90 NSKBP
1 i chng (theo nng dn) 628-327-64 g/cy 573 18,05 ab 632 18,95 d
2 Khuyn co TTKN (200-200-150 g/cy) 594 41,83 a 662 28,48 cd
3 Bn phn n v c (200-70-300 g/cy) 522 37,06 c 704 19,74 c
4 Phn hu c vi sinh + 50% phn n v c 503 22,77 c 1.117 37,58 b
5 Phn hu c vi sinh + 75% phn n v c 526 27,54 bc 3.390 46,25 a
CV (%) 5,67 2,61
LSD (0.05) 47,49 52,40
(Gi tr trung bnh stdev; vi n=4)
3.1.2 S pht trin ca vi sinh vt phn hu cellulose
Kt qu phn tch mt s vi sinh vt phn hu cellulose hai giai on 30 ngy
SKBP v 90 ngy SKBP gim c ngha cc nghim thc ch s dng phn bn
v c (Bng 4). Bn phn hu c vi sinh kt hp phn v c lng thp v cn i
NPK gip tng mt s vi sinh vt phn hy Cellulose. Tuy nhin, nu bn lng
phn NPK thp (gim 50% lng thp) cng a n gim mt s ca vi sinh vt.
C l N v c cung cp vo t cha p ng nhu cu pht trin m c th ca
vi sinh vt so vi ngun carbon v c c cung cp t phn hu c. Cc cng
trnh nghin cu ca Perezet et al. (2006) v Chu et al. (2007) cng cho thy kt
qu tng t. Cung cp phn hu c vo t c nh hng mnh n thnh phn
cng ng vi sinh vt t do nh hng trc tip n s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt t.
Bng 4: Hiu qu ca phn hu c v v c trong s pht trin vi sinh vt t phn hy
cellulose theo thi gian
Vi sinh vt phn hu cellulose
Stt Nghim thc (x 103 CFU/g t kh)
30 NSKBP 90 NSKBP
1 i chng (theo nng dn) 628-327-64 g/cy 210 38,30 c 282 13,74 d
2 Khuyn co TTKN (200-200-150 g/cy) 197 11,55 c 369 47,09 c
3 Bn phn n v c (200-70-300 g/cy) 297 9,00 b 260 7,61 d
4 Phn hu c vi sinh + 50% phn n v c 300 13,33 b 887 11,09 b
5 Phn hu c vi sinh + 75% phn n v c 391 13,44 a 1.048 35,11 a
CV (%) 7,67 4,78
LSD (0.05) 32,96 41,90
(Gi tr trung bnh stdev; vi n=4)
Cellulose l mt polysaccharid, hp cht hu c c cng thc cu to (C6H10O5)n,
v l thnh phn ch yu ca vch t bo thc vt, c xem l cht hu c tng
i chm phn hy. Cellulose chim ti 30 60% khi lng kh sinh khi thc
vt (Lederberg, 1992; Mohammad et al., 2010). V th nh gi s pht trin, tng
mt s ca vi sinh vt phn hu cellulose gip nh gi tin trnh phn hu thi
thc vt v cht hu c trong t. Kt qu phn tch ny cho thy cung cp lng
N cao, khng cn i gia NPK v thiu phn hu c c hoai a vo t u

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Tp ch Khoa hc 2012:22a 233-241 Trng i hc Cn Th

a n gim s pht trin ca vi sinh vt t lin quan n tin trnh khong ho

cht hu c trong t.
Theo Gautam et al. (2012) nhm nm c kh nng phn hy cellulose trong t
thuc nhm Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., v Aspergillus spp., v nhm vi
khun c kh nng phn hy cellulose gm Clostridium thermocellum,
Streptomyces spp., Ruminococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Cellulomonas spp.,
Bacillusspp., Serratia, Proteus, Staphylococcus spp., and Bacillus subtilis. thuc
c hai nhm gram m v gram dng. S gia tng mt s vi sinh vt phn hy
cellulose ngoi vic thc y qu trnh phn hy cc vt liu hu c, gia tng
ph ca t, gip cy trng c kh nng chng li mt s mm bnh nh bnh thi
mm c do nm pythium Spp. (Manici et al., 2004 v Valrie Gravel et al., 2009).
Theo Calderon et al. (1993) sc khng vi bnh ca cy nho gia tng khi s
dng phn hu c do phn hu c gip loi nm Trichoderma viride trong t
pht trin mnh, nm Trichoderma viride trong qu trnh pht trin tit ra
enzyme cellulase.
3.1.3 nh hng ca phn hu c v v c n hot ng ca enzyme catalase
Kt qu phn tch cc mu t trong th nghim cho thy hot ng (enzyme
activity) ca enzyme catalase tng cao nghim thc bn phn hu c vi sinh kt
hp vi 75% lng phn v c, khc bit c ngha thng k so vi cc nghim
thc khc (Bng 5).
Bng 5: S thay i hot ng enzyme catalase trong t cc nghim thc theo thi
gian th nghim
hot ng
Enzyme Catalase
Stt Nghim thc
(mg O2/100 g t kh)
30 NSKBP 90 NSKBP
1 i chng (theo nng dn) 628-327-64 g/cy 25,75 c 19,13 e
2 Khuyn co TTKN (200-200-150 g/cy) 28,83 b 26,42 d
3 Bn phn n v c (200-70-300 g/cy) 24,97 c 28,35 c
4 Phn hu c vi sinh + 50% phn n v c 25,23 c 35,65 b
5 Phn hu c vi sinh + 75% phn n v c 32,34 a 49,05 a
CV (%) 3,03 3,39
LSD (0.05) 1,28 1,66
(Gi tr trung bnh stdev; vi n=4)
Cung cp phn hu c vi sinh gip gia tng hot ng ca enzyme r nht vo
giai on 90 ngy sau bn phn. Bn phn hu c vi sinh kt hp phn bn v c
lng thp gip tng s ti xp, thong kh trong t, tng hm lng Carbon hu
c, tng mt s vi sinh vt c li trong t. Kt qu gip tng s pht trin ca vi
sinh vt t v do tng hot ng ca enzyme catalase. Theo Uzun v
Uyanz, (2011) th hm lng cht hu c trong t c tng quan thun vi
hot ng enzyme catalase v hm lng m khong ha trong t thong kh.
Ch bn phn v bin php canh tc c nh hng n hot ng catalase
trong t (Martens et al., 1992; Kzlkaya et al., 2004). Enzyme trong t c vai tr
quan trng trong cc chu trnh cung cp dinh dng v chuyn bin dinh dng
trong t. Enzyme catalase l enzyme thuc nhm oxy ha kh, enzyme catalase
c trong mi t bo vi sinh vt sng, l ezyme ni bo c tng hp bi cc vi
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Tp ch Khoa hc 2012:22a 233-241 Trng i hc Cn Th

sinh vt hiu kh, hot ng enzyme catalase s gim khi t thiu oxygen.
hot ng ca enzyme catalase c xem nh l mt ch tiu ch th cho hot
ng ca vi sinh vt ho kh trong t (Garcia v Hernandez, 1997; Magorzata
Brzeziska et al., 2005). Tng t nh kt qu phn tch mt s vi sinh vt t, vi
sinh vt phn hy cellulose, cung cp lng N cao, thiu cn i v thiu phn hu
c a n gim hot ca enzyme trong t lin quan n gim s khong ha
cht hu c trong t.

4 KT LUN
Cung cp phn hu c vi sinh (Trichoderma) vi lng 24 kg/cy v lng phn
v c vi lng thp (150gN, 52g P2O5, 225g K2O cho mi cy) gip gia tng mt
s vi sinh vt, vi sinh vt phn hy cellulose v hot ng ca enzyme catalase.
Trong khi , ch s dng phn v c vi lng N cao a n gim mt s v
hot ng ca vi sinh vt t. Do lin quan n gim s phn hy cht hu c
trong t v gim kh nng cung cp dng cht t t. V th bn phn hu c vi
sinh kt hp phn v c lng thp c hiu qu ci thin cht lng t v mt
sinh hc t qua tng cng ph nhiu t trong vn trng da xen cacao
ti Chu Thnh, Bn Tre.

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