BS en 13145 - Railway Applications - Track-Wood Sleepers and Bearers

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BRITISH STANDARD BS EN
www.xaydung360.vn 13145:2001
Railway applications
Track Wood sleepers
and bearers
The European Standard EN 13145:2001 has the status of a

British Standard
ICS 79.040; 93.100
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

BS EN 13145:2001
www.xaydung360.vn
National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of

EN 13145:2001.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
RAE/2, Railway track components, which has the responsibility to:
aid enquirers to understand the text;
present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the

interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests
informed;
monitor related international and European developments and
promulgate them in the UK.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on

request to its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European
publications referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards
Catalogue under the section entitled International Standards Correspondence
Index, or by using the Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic
Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of
a contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct
application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
This British Standard, having

been prepared under the
direction of the Engineering Summary of pages
Sector Committee, was This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
published under the authority pages 2 to 17, and a back cover.
of the Standards Committee
and comes into effect on The BSI copyright date displayed in this document indicates when the
15 March 2001 document was last issued.
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Comments
BSI 03-2001
ISBN 0 580 36884 X

EUROPEAN STANDARD
www.xaydung360.vn EN 13145
NORME EUROPENNE
EUROPISCHE NORM January 2001
ICS 79.040; 93.100
English version
Railway applications Track Wood sleepers and bearers
Applications ferroviaires Voie Bahnanwendungen Oberbau Gleis- und

Traverses et supports en bois Weichenschwellen aus Holz
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 December 2000.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

COMIT EUROPEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPISCHES KOMITEE FR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13145:2001 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Page 2
EN 13145:2001
www.xaydung360.vn
Contents
Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Normative references............................................................................................................................... 4
3 Terms and definitions.............................................................................................................................. 4
4 Species....................................................................................................................................................... 9
5 Forms, dimensions and tolerances........................................................................................................ 10
6 Defects and quality features.................................................................................................................. 11
7 Durability and preservation.................................................................................................................. 14
8 Factory production control ................................................................................................................... 16
9 Marking .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Annex A (informative) Most commonly used dimensions for sleepers and bearers.......................... 17
BSI 03-2001
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www.xaydung360.vn EN 13145:2001
Foreword
This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256, Railway applications, the
Secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by July 2001, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by July 2001.
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and
the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
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EN 13145:2001
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1 Scope
This European Standard defines wood species, quality requirements, origin, manufacturing conditions, forms,
dimensions and tolerances as well as the durability and preservation of wood sleepers and bearers for use in
railway tracks. It does not cover specific finishing processes that may be required by the customer. It does not
apply to other track timbers.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates, by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These
normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For
dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this
European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest
edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).
EN 252 Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood
preservative in ground contact.
EN 335-1 Durability of wood and wood-based products Definition of hazard classes of biological
attack Part 1: General.
EN 350-2 Durability of wood and wood-based products Natural durability of solid wood
Part 2: Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance
in Europe.
EN 351-1 Durability of wood and wood-based products Preservative-treated solid wood
Part 1: Classification of preservative penetration and retention.
EN 599-1 Durability of wood and wood-based products Performance of wood preservatives as
determined by biological tests Part 1: Specification according to hazard class.
EN 844-3:1995 Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 3: General terms relating to sawn timber.
EN 844-7:1997 Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 7: Terms relating to the anatomical
structure of timber.
EN 844-9:1997 Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 9: Terms relating to features of sawn
timber.
EN 844-10:1998 Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 10: Terms relating to stain and fungal
attack.
EN 844-11:1998 Round and sawn timber Terminology Part 11: Terms relating to degrade by insects.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply:
3.1
wood sleeper
wood beam which supports running rails, check rails and where appropriate conductor rails at right angles to its
axis
Usually the beam supports two running rails to form one track.
3.2
wood bearer
wood beam, similar to a sleeper but generally longer, used to support running rails, check rails and where
appropriate conductor rails, crossings and operating mechanisms in switches and crossings
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3.3
heartwood
inner zone of wood that, in the growing tree, has ceased to contain living cells or to conduct sap
[EN 844-7:1997]
3.4
sapwood
outer zone of wood that, in the growing tree, contains living cells and conducts sap [EN 844-7:1997]
3.5
included sapwood
presence in the heartwood of a complete or incomplete ring having the colour and the properties of sapwood
[EN 844-9:1997]
3.6
red heart in beech
red or brown stain affecting the central portion of beech wood, sharply defined [EN 844-10:1998]
3.7
grey , purple heart
grey or purple discoloration of the heartwood due to fungal attack
3.8
grain
general direction or arrangement of fibres [EN 844-7:1997]
3.9
edge grain
timber converted so that the growth rings meet the upper face of the sleeper or bearer at an angle greater than
45 when measured at the centre of the upper face (see Figure 1)
Figure 1 Edge grain
The line a-b is a tangent to the growth ring where it meets the upper face of the sleeper or bearer. The angle is
measured at c.
3.10
annual ring
growth ring corresponding to an annual period of growth [EN 844-7:1997]
3.11
wane
original rounded surface of a log, with or without bark, on any face or edge of sawn timber (see Figure 2)
[EN 844-3:1995]
BSI 03-2001
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EN 13145:2001
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Figure 2 Wane
3.12
chairing area
for sleepers, the area on the upper surface covering a length of 250 mm on both sides of the centre of each rail
to be mounted
For bearers, the chairing area covers the whole length with the exception of 250 mm at each end.
3.13
rot
decomposition of wood by fungi or other micro-organisms resulting in softening, progressive loss of mass and
strength, and often a change of texture and colour [EN 844-10:1998]
3.14
knot
portion of a branch embedded in the wood [EN 844-9:1997]
3.15
sound knot
knot showing no indication of rot [EN 844-9:1997]
3.16
intergrown knot
knot that, on the surface considered, is intergrown with the surrounding wood for more than 3/4 of its
cross-sectional perimeter [EN 844-9:1997]
3.17
dead knot
knot that, on the surface considered, is intergrown with the surrounding wood for less than 1/4 of its
cross-sectional perimeter [EN 844-9:1997]
3.18
loose knot
dead knot that is not held firmly in place [EN 844-9:1997]
3.19
unsound knot
knot affected by rot [EN 844-9:1997]
3.20
indent
recess caused by mechanical removal of an unsound knot down to the sound part of the timber
3.21
bark pocket
bark that is partly or wholly enclosed in the wood [EN 844-9:1997]
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3.22
fissure
longitudinal separation of fibres [EN 844-9:1997]
3.23
split
fissure that extends from one surface to another [EN 844-9:1997]
3.24
frost crack
radial fissure caused by frost action on the standing tree that extends from the sapwood to the pith and for a
certain distance longitudinally [EN 844-9:1997]
NOTE: Frost crack is accompanied by darkening of the adjacent wood and deviation of the annual rings.
3.25
check
short, narrow and shallow fissure [EN 844-9:1997]
NOTE: Caused by drying.
3.26
end shake
fissure showing on the end surface [EN 844-9:1997]
NOTE: For sawn timber, possibly extending to a face or edge.
3.27
heart shake
radial end shake originating at the pith [EN 844-9:1997]
3.28
ring shake
fissure following the line of a growth ring [EN 844-9:1997]
3.29
spring
lengthwise curvature of a piece of timber normal to the edge (see Figure 3) [EN 844-3:1995]
top view
Figure 3 Spring
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EN 13145:2001
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3.30
bow
lengthwise curvature of a piece of timber normal to the face (see Figure 4) [EN 844-3:1995]
side view
Figure 4 Bow
3.31
cup
curvature of a piece of timber across the width of the face (see Figure 5) [EN 844-3:1995]
Figure 5 Cup
3.32
twist
lengthwise spiral distortion of a piece of timber (see Figure 6) [EN 844-3:1995]
Figure 6 Twist
3.33
resin pocket
lens-shaped cavity in timber containing, or that has contained, a resin [EN 844-9:1997]
3.34
gum vein
vein in timber containing, or that has contained, a resinous substance
3.35
bore hole
hole or tunnel in timber caused by insects [EN 844-11:1998]
3.36
pith
zone within the first growth ring that consists chiefly of soft tissue [EN 844-7:1997]
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3.37
creosote
oil distilled from coal tar
3.38
tropical hardwood
hardwood grown in the tropics and all other southern hemisphere forests
4 Species
The requirements of this European Standard relate to the following recommended wood species (see Table 1).
Table 1 List of wood species
Botanical name Common name (for guidance only)

European hardwoods
Quercus robur European oak
Quercus petraea
Quercus pubescens
Fagus sylvatica Beech
European softwoods
Pinus sylvestris Scots pine
Pinus pinaster (Pinus maritima) Maritime pine
Pinus pinea Stone pine
Pinus nigra Corsican/Austrian pine

Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir
Larix Sp.1) Larch
Tropical hardwoods
Lophira alata Azob, Ekki, Bongossi
Shorea laevis, Shorea sp. div. 1) Bangkirai, Selangan Batu,
Balau kumus
Dicorynia guianensis Basralocus
Eucalyptus marginata Jarrah
Eucalyptus diversicolor Karri
Ocotea rodiaei, Greenheart
Lauraceae family
Mora Excelsa Mora
1)
Different species of a kind
BSI 03-2001
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EN 13145:2001
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5 Forms, dimensions and tolerances
5.1 Forms
5.1.1 Sleepers
Sleepers shall have a nominally rectangular cross-section in one of the forms as shown in Figure 7.
The customer shall specify which form he accepts.
d d
e e
r r
l l
Form E1 Form E2
Figure 7 Forms for sleepers
5.1.2 Bearers
Bearers shall have a nominally rectangular cross-section in the form as shown in Figure 8.
d
e
r
Figure 8 Form for bearers
5.2 Dimensions
When ordering, the customer shall define dimensions l, e and d (see Figures 7 and 8) effectively needed, as well
as the length. These dimensions shall apply to sleepers and bearers ready for use or preservative treatment.
NOTE: A list of the dimensions most commonly used can be found in informative annex A.
5.3 Tolerances
The following tolerances shall apply to all sleepers and bearers ready for use and/or preservative treatment:
- length: 30 mm;
- width: 10 mm/-3 mm;
- height: 10 mm/-3 mm;
- rectangular cross-section 90: max. deviation 3.
NOTE: The length tolerance is conditional on both ends being cross cut at right angles to the length of
the sleeper or bearer.
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Any deviating tolerances for sleepers or bearers which are to be installed on special, well-established
conditions, shall be defined by the customer.
6 Defects and quality features
6.1 Raw materials
All sleepers and bearers shall be produced from freshly felled trees. Logs from windfall, snow or ice-breaks, hit
by lightning or affected by fire, shall be excluded. When sawn, the sleepers and bearers shall be clean, without
earth, mud, ice, sawdust or any foreign matter.
The logs for the production of beech sleepers and bearers shall be felled outside the regional growing season.
6.2 Untreated sleepers and bearers
A period of seasoning (drying), depending on species, is normally required prior to use or processing. Defects
and quality features as listed in Table 2 shall be measured/assessed after seasoning but before use or
preservative treatment.
Table 2 Defects and quality features
Defect/Quality feature Applicable to (species) Permissible

sapwood tropical hardwoods permitted, when sound, with a
maximum of 50 % of the nominal
width except in the chairing area
of sleepers or 25 % of the nominal
width of the whole length of the
upper surface of bearers

European hardwoods permitted, when sound
European softwoods permitted, when sound. If the pith

is not present, sapwood shall be
permitted up to the following
percentages of the cross-sectional
area at either end:
- Pseudotsuga menziesii: 25 %
- Pinus sylvestris: 75 %
- Pinus pinaster: 75 %
- Pinus nigra: 75 %
included sapwood all not permitted
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EN 13145:2001
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Table 2 Defects and quality features (continued)

red heart beech shall be dense and free from
defects and fungi attack and in
line with Figure 9
Dimensions in millimetres
min.
40
50
max.
70
max. 150 max. 80

max. 100
Figure 9 Maximum accepted dimensions for red beech heart

grey and purple heart all not permitted
grain all shall be straight. Maximum

permissible deviation from the
longitudinal axis 1 in 10 when
measured over a length of
600 mm
annual rings softwoods shall not be less than 5 per 25 mm
wane all acceptable limits governed by the
form (see 5.1)
rot all not permitted

sound knot European softwoods permitted when intergrown with a
tropical hardwoods diameter not exceeding 25 % of
the width of the face on which it
appears in sleepers and bearers
but not in the chairing area of
sleepers
European hardwoods permitted, when intergrown
dead knot all permitted outside the chairing
loose knot area of sleepers and bearers with a
maximum diameter of 20 % of the
width of the face on which it
appears. Drainage of water shall
be ensured.
unsound knot all not permitted in excess of 10 mm
diameter
indent European hardwoods permitted if the cross-section of
the sleepers is not reduced by
more than 1/15th; drainage shall
be ensured
not permitted in the chairing area
and in the area located vertically
underneath
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bark pocket all permitted in bearers and outside
the chairing area of sleepers on
one face only and limited to
150 mm in length
splits European hardwoods permitted within 250 mm of the
ends
European softwoods permitted within 75 mm of the
ends
tropical hardwoods permitted within 200 mm of the
ends
NOTE: On request of the customer, the ends shall be secured with an approved system.
frost cracks all not permitted
check all permitted
heart shake all permitted if they do not reach the
upper surface of the wood
ring shake all only permitted on one end when
the diameter of the annual ring in
which it occurs does not exceed
50 mm
spring tropical hardwoods max. 6 mm for sleepers

max. 2 mm/m for bearers
European hardwoods max. 2 % of the length for
sleepers
max. 1 % of the length for bearers
European softwoods max. 0,5 % of the length for
sleepers and bearers
NOTE: Upon request of the customer, these maxima may be reduced (relaxed) by maximum 50 %.
bow all permitted provided that all
chairing areas are co-planar but
limited to:
- max. 0,6 % of the total length
for sleepers
- max. 0,2 % of the total length
for bearers
NOTE 1: Planing of the chairing area shall be permitted to fulfil the preceding requirements.
NOTE 2: Upon request of the customer, these maxima may be reduced (relaxed) by
maximum 50 %.
cup all not permitted
twist all max. 0,4 % of the total length for
sleepers and bearers
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EN 13145:2001
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resin pocket all up to 150 mm long 12 mm wide
measured radially, but on sleepers
and bearers not to be in the
chairing area
tight gum vein all aggregate length on any face not
exceeding one-half of the length
of the piece
loose gum vein all not extending from face to face,
width not exceeding 3 mm, and
length not exceeding one-half of
the length of the piece
bore hole all permitted when the mechanical
properties of the sleeper or bearer
are not affected
The requirements listed in Table 3 are not normative but may be explicitly specified by the customer:
Table 3 Additional defects and quality features

pith softwoods limited to 25 mm from the

lower face and 65 mm from the
edges at one end and limited to
65 mm from the lower face and
65 mm from the edges at the
other end
tropical hardwoods not permitted
edge grain European softwoods not permitted
tropical hardwoods
7 Durability and preservation
7.1 Durability
Wood for sleepers and bearers shall have a natural or conferred durability allowing its use in hazard class 4 as
defined in EN 335-1.
Wood with a natural durability of class 1 or 2 according to EN 350-2 has natural durability for use in
hazard class 4. Wood with a natural durability of class 3, 4 or 5 or containing non-durable sapwood shall be
treated to achieve a conferred durability which allows its use in hazard class 4. The longevity of class 2 species
may be increased by treatment.
BSI 03-2001
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7.2 Preservation
7.2.1 Sleepers and bearers
If a preservative treatment is necessary, the sleepers and bearers shall be free from features which would
prevent a proper application of preservative and thus impair the function of the preservative-treated sleepers
and bearers in service.
All dressing, notching, pre-cutting, planing and boring shall be completed before preservative treatment. Prior
to planing, boring or preservative treatment, the moisture content of the sleeper and bearer shall be at a level
appropriate to the wood preservative and method of treatment used.
NOTE: To enable good preservative penetration, resistant wood species may need to be incised before
impregnation. The customer may specify the moisture content of the wood before impregnation.
If the sleepers and bearers need to be drilled or machined after the preservative treatment, as for example for
turnouts and turnout junction rails, suitable protective treatment shall be applied.
Deviations from the procedures described above shall be agreed between customer and supplier.
7.2.2 Wood preservative
The wood preservative used shall be creosote or shall conform to the performance requirements of
hazard class 4 preservatives as defined in EN 599-1. The determination of compliance with the performance
requirements of EN 599-1 shall include data from the field test according to EN 252 and any of the additional
local tests given in EN 599-1 deemed necessary.
The customer shall specify the type of preservative to be used.

7.2.3 Penetration
Following completion of the treatment, treated sleepers and bearers shall meet the requirements of
penetration class 8 (P8: full sapwood penetration) of EN 351-1.
7.2.4 Retention
Following completion of the preservation process, the minimum retention requirement for treated sleepers and
bearers shall be equal to the critical value for hazard class 4 of the preservative used (see EN 599-1). This
critical value shall be calculated from the prescribed biological tests defined in EN 599-1 including the field test
according to EN 252. Multiples greater than one may be applied to the critical value to give increased
service-life.
When creosote oil is specified the customer may indicate the retention requirements.
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EN 13145:2001
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8 Factory production control
In order to ensure consistent quality of sleepers and bearers and of the preservative treatment, a factory
production control system shall be operated according to EN 351-1. Such a system shall include the option of
including direct or indirect testing methods.
Where direct testing methods are used to assess the quality of preservative treatment, such methods shall be
carried out on every charge of sleepers and bearers.
Where a consistent relationship has been established between both the penetration and retention requirements
given in 7.2.3 and 7.2.4 and other properties associated with the treated sleepers and bearers (e.g. specific
quantifiable parameters of the treatment process), the latter may be used to determine the quality of preservative
treatment on a charge basis.
NOTE: A customer inspection of the sleepers or bearers may be performed at any time.
9 Marking
Every sleeper and bearer for which compliance with this standard is claimed shall bear an identification mark
of the producer.
Every delivery of sleepers and bearers for which compliance with this standard is claimed shall be
accompanied by documentation to give at least the following information:
- a reference to this European Standard;

- wood species;
- dimensions.
If treated:
- the treatment plant;
- name of preservative;
- P8;
- retention;
- charge No.;
- year of preservation.
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Annex A (informative)
Most commonly used dimensions for sleepers and bearers
The dimensions given in Tables A.1 and A.2 relate to the forms as given in 5.1.1 and 5.1.2
Table A.1 Dimensions of sleepers
1)
Group l e d r 1)
Form E1 Form E2 Form E1 + E2
1 260 160 160 200 80
2 260 150 160 200 80
3 260 130 130 170 60
4 240 150 160 180 70
5 240 160 160 180 80
6 240 140 160 180 70
7 240 130 130 170 60
8 220 130 130 160 50
9 250 125 205 230 100
10 305 125 255 280 100
11 305 150 255 280 125
12 250 130 200 225 105
13 300 130 250 275 105

14 200 120 110 140 40
1)
minimum dimensions
The values given under d for forms E1 and E2 are critical for the chairing area and for areas where a
conductor rail may be mounted.
Table A.2 Dimensions of bearers
1)
Group l e d r 1)
1 300 150 240 120
2 280 140 220 120
3 260 160 200 100
4 260 150 210 120
5 240 150 200 90
6 240 160 160 80
7 240 140 200 80
8 300 130 200 80
1)
minimum dimensions
BSI 03-2001
BS EN
13145:2001
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A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to

This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most

The European Standard EN 13145:2001 has the status of a

ICS 79.040; 93.100

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

This British Standard is the official English language version of

aid enquirers to understand the text;

present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on

This British Standard, having

Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

ISBN 0 580 36884 X

ICS 79.040; 93.100

Railway applications Track Wood sleepers and bearers

Applications ferroviaires Voie Bahnanwendungen Oberbau Gleis- und

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 December 2000.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

3 Terms and definitions

45 when measured at the centre of the upper face (see Figure 1)

Figure 1 Edge grain

NOTE: Caused by drying.

NOTE: For sawn timber, possibly extending to a face or edge.

radial end shake originating at the pith [EN 844-9:1997]

Table 1 List of wood species

Botanical name Common name (for guidance only)

Pinus nigra Corsican/Austrian pine

5 Forms, dimensions and tolerances

Figure 8 Form for bearers

6 Defects and quality features

6.1 Raw materials

6.2 Untreated sleepers and bearers

Table 2 Defects and quality features

Defect/Quality feature Applicable to (species) Permissible

upper surface of bearers

European softwoods permitted, when sound. If the pith

Table 2 Defects and quality features (continued)

Defect/Quality feature Applicable to (species) Permissible

max. 150 max. 80

Figure 9 Maximum accepted dimensions for red beech heart

grain all shall be straight. Maximum

rot all not permitted

Table 2 Defects and quality features (continued)

Defect/Quality feature Applicable to (species) Permissible

spring tropical hardwoods max. 6 mm for sleepers

Table 2 Defects and quality features (continued)

Defect/Quality feature Applicable to (species) Permissible

Table 3 Additional defects and quality features

Defect/Quality feature Applicable to (species) Permissible

pith softwoods limited to 25 mm from the

7 Durability and preservation

7.2.1 Sleepers and bearers

7.2.2 Wood preservative

The customer shall specify the type of preservative to be used.

8 Factory production control

- a reference to this European Standard;

Most commonly used dimensions for sleepers and bearers

Table A.1 Dimensions of sleepers

13 300 130 250 275 105

Table A.2 Dimensions of bearers

BSI British Standards Institution