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Very Near: Tall
Very Near: Tall
n Hedges
Fuzzy Sets - Hedges
Definition
Characteristics
Adriano Joaquim de Oliveira Cruz NCE e IM, UFRJ Examples
adriano@nce.ufrj.br
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The hedge very The hedge somewhat
n Zadeh defined the hedge somewhat as the
square root of the membership function.
n Very: somewhat A(x)=[A(x)]1/2
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0.4
n The power 3 is sometimes used as the hedge
0.3
extremely
0.2
n A number in the range 2 to 3 is used as the
0.1
0
hedge slightly.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
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Applying hedges The Commutability of hedges
n Hedges can be applied in different
orders.
n very alto(x) <= alto(x)
n Not very high = not (very high)
n not very alto(x) = 1 - [alto(x)]2
n very not high = very (not high)
n very not high <> not very high n very not alto(x) = [1 - alto(x)]2
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0.2
tall
very tall
n This is against the rules of language
not very tall
very not tall
0
160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200
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Around and Close Around e Close
n Around and close are hedges used to 1
sc alar = 50
approximate scalars. 0.9 around s calar = 50
clos e sc alar = 50
0.8
0.6
0.5
n If age is around middle age. 0.4
0.3
n If age is close to 50. 0.2
0.1
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Below Below
n Below should be applied to functions n Let A = A(x)
that increase in the universe of n Below A = not GREQ (A)
discourse.
n GREQ(A) = A(x) for x < x*
n Below is not the same as not! n . =1 for x >= x*
n If age is below around 35. n x* = min(x | A(x) = 1) (leftmost value of
X with membership = 1)
n if height is below medium.
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Greater or Equal Below = Not Greater or Equal
1.2 1.2
Medium Height
Greater or Equal Medium Height
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
Medium Height
Below Medium Height
GrEq Medium Height
0 0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
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Above Above
n Above should be applied to functions n A = A(x)
that decrease in the universe of n Above A = not SMEQ (A)
discourse.
n SMEQ(A) =1 for x < x*
n If age is above around 35.
n Above is not the same as not!
n if height is above short.
n . = A(x) for x >= x*
n x* = min(x | A(x) = 1) (leftmost value of
X with membership = 1)
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Smaller or Equal Above
1.2
1.2
Medium Height
Smaller or Equal Medium Height
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2 Medium Height
Above Medium Height
0 SMEQ Medium Height
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200
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Intensifying - positively
n Positively increases the values of the
membership function when (x)>=0.5
and diminishes all the values when (x)
<0.5
n It approximates the values to 0 and 1,
therefore reducing the fuzziness.
2 A2 ( x ) if A ( x ) 0. 5
0.8
pos A ( x ) =
1 2 (1 A ( x )) if A ( x ) > 0. 5
2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
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Generally In Between
1.2
Tall
n In between A and B = Norm(above A
1
Generally Tall
and below B)
0.8
n Norm((x)) = (x) / max((x))
0.6
n Norm (not SMEQ(A) and not GREQ(B))
0.4
0.2
0
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
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From A to B
n From A to B = GREQ(A) and SMEQ(B)