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legitimate authority, and of common observance and the end that no one will be unjustly enriched or
benefit. benefited at the expense of another.
Article III Sec. 1 No person shall be deprived of life, Negotiorum gestio is the voluntary management of
liberty, or property without due process of law, nor the property or affairs of another without the
shall any person be denied the equal protection of knowledge or consent of the latter.
the laws.
Solutio indebiti is the juridical relation which is
Article 1156 An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, created when something is received when there is
to do or not to do. no right to demand it and it was unduly delivered
through mistake.
Passive subject the person who is bound to the fulfillment
of the obligation; he who has duty. Quasi-delict is an act or omission by a person which
causes damage to another in his person, property,
Active subject the person who is entitled to demand the or rights giving rise to an obligation to pay for the
fulfillment of the obligation; he who has right. damage done, there being fault or negligence but
there is no pre-existing contractual relation
Object or prestation the conduct required to observe by
between the parties.
the debtor. It may consist in giving, doing, or not
doing. Specific/Determinate particularly designated or
physically segregated others of the same class.
Judicial or legal tie that which binds or connects the
parties to the obligation. Generic/Indeterminate it refers only to a class or
genus to which it pertains and cannot be pointed
Right the power which a person has under the law, to
out with particularity.
demand from another any prestation.
Natural fruits are the spontaneous products of the soil
Wrong an act or omission of one party in violation of the
and the young and other products of animals.
legal right or rights of another.
Industrial fruits are those produce by lands of any
Injury wrongful violation of the legal right of another.
kind through cultivation or labor.
Real obligation is that in which the subject matter is thing
Civil fruits are those derived by virtue of a juridical
which the obligor must deliver to the oblige.
relation.
Personal obligation is that in which the subject matter is
Personal rights the right or power of the a person
an act to be done or not to be done.
(creditor) to demand from another (debtor), as a
Contract is meeting of minds between two persons definite passive subject, the fulfillment of the
whereby one binds himself, with respect to the other, latters obligation to give, to do, or not to do.
to give something or to render some service.
Real rights the right or interest of a person over a
Compliance in good faith compliance or performance in specific thing, without a definite passive subject
accordance with the stipulations or terms of the against whom the right may be personally
contract or agreement. enforced.
Quasi-contract is that juridical relation resulting from Accessions are the fruits of a thing or additions to
lawful, voluntary and unilateral acts by virtue of or improvements upon a thing.
Accessories are things joined to or included with Fortuitous event is any event which cannot be
the principal thing for the latters foreseen, or which, though foreseen, is
embellishment, better use, or completion. inevitable.
Ordinary delay is merely the failure to perform an Usury is contracting for or receiving interest in
obligation on time. excess of the amount allowed by law for
the loan use of money, goods, chattels or
Legal delay or default or mora is the failure to credits.
perform an obligation on time which failure
constitutes a breach of the obligation. Presumption the interference of a fact not actually
known arising from its usual connection
Mora solvendi the delay on the part of the debtor with another which is known or proved.
to fulfill his obligation.