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Engleski Gramatika
Engleski Gramatika
Engleski Gramatika
Kada se do, be i have koriste kao pomoni glagoli, oni prave razliite glagolske oblike.
do
U prostom sadanjem i prostom prolom vremenu nema pomonog glagola, pa se do,
does i did koriste za pravljenje upitnog i odrinog oblika (sem sa be i have got).
Where do you live?
He doesnt like his job.
What did she buy?
She didnt buy anything.
be
1. Be + glagol + -ing se koristi za pravljenje trajnih vremena. Ovaj glagolski oblik se
koristi za opisivanje aktivnosti koje su u toku ili koje su privremene.
Shes washing her hair.
They were going to the cinema.
Ive been learning English for two years.
2. Be + proli particip se koristi za pravljenje pasiva.
Paper is made from wood.
My car was stolen last night.
The house has been redecorated.
have
Have + proli particip se koristi za pravljenje perfect vremena.
He has worked in 5 different countries.
She was crying because she had had some bad news.
Id like to have met Napoleon.
Perfect znai pre, pa Present Perfect znai pre sadanjeg trenutka, a Past Perfect znai
pre odreenog trenutka u prolosti.
Upitni oblik se pravi inverzijom subjekta i pomonog glagola. Ako nema pomonog
glagola, koristi se do/does/did.
What is she wearing?
Why arent you working?
Where were you born?
Has Tom been to Japan?
Kratki odgovori su veoma uobiajeni u govoru. Ako kaete yes ili no, to moe zvuati
nepristojno. Zato se koriste kratki odgovori nakon yes ili no. Da biste napravili kratak odgovor,
ponovite pomoni glagol.
Are you coming with me? Yes, I am.
Have you had dinner? No, I havent.
Dont forget to write. No, I wont.
Sadanje vreme svih glagola obrazuje se tako da se uz glagolska vremena uvek stavljaju
line zamenice. Jedino se tree lice jednine prezenta razlikuje od ostalih lica, jer dobija nastavak
"-s" ili "-es", osim glagola: to be - biti, to have - imati, can, may - moi, must - morati, ought to -
trebati.
Nastavak "-s" za sadanje vreme izgovara se kao "s" ako dolazi iza bezvunog suglasnika,
ili "z" ako dolazi iza zvunog suglasnika ili samoglasnika: he speaks (hi spi:ks), he reads (hi
ri:dz).
Glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na "-y", kad ispred "y" stoji suglasnik, menjaju "y" u
"i", u treem licu jednine: to cry (he cries), to try (to tries).
Odrini oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vreme pomonog
glagola "to do", pa se zatim doda negacija "not" i infinitiv glagola, bez predloga "to":
Upitni oblik sadanjeg vremena pravi se tako to se uzme sadanje vreme pomonog
glagola "to do" u inverziji i infinitiv glagola, bez predloga "to".
You write (ti pie) - Do you write? (pie li?)
-da oznai radnju ije trajanje nije odreeno: I write (ja piem), I work (ja radim);
-da potvrdi jednu poznatu istinu: Fish live in water (ribe ive u vodi);
-da oznai radnju koja se vri po navici: I always get up early (uvek ustajem rano);
-da oznai radnju koja se ponavlja: I have an English lesson three times a week (imam as
engleskog tri puta nedeljno).
Prilozi uestalosti
Izuzetak 2
Ako glagol zavrava na ie, menjamo ie u y:
lie > lying
die > dying
Izuzetak 3
Ako glagol zavrava na vokal + suglasnik + e, izostavljamo e:
come > coming
mistake > mistaking
Meutim, radnja se ne mora odvijati tano sada, ali se deavala neto ranije i moda e se
deavati posle trenutka kada o njoj govorimo:
-da oznai radnju ije je trajanje neprekidno, i tada se obino upotrebljavaju prilozi
always, constantly, forever itd:
The Sun is rising constantly. (Sunce izlazi svaki dan)
You are always complaining about your mother-in-law. (uvek se alite na svoju tatu)
-da se izrazi radnja koja je ve isplanirana i desie se u budunosti:
I'm meeting my girlfriend tonight. (veeras u se nai sa devojkom)
Glagoli koji oznaavaju neko stanje, a ne radnju, obino se ne koriste u trajnom obliku.
- glagoli oseanja (feel, see, hear, taste,smell) se esto koriste sa glagolom 'can':
I can see... (mogu da vidim) itd.
- * Ovi glagoli se mogu koristiti u trajnoj formi ali sa drugim znaenjem, npr:
This coat feels nice and warm. (ovaj brod je lep i udoban, to je naa percepcija, oseaj
kvaliteta broda)
John's feeling much better now. (Don se osea mnogo bolje sada, njegovo zdravlje se
poboljava);
She has three dogs and a cat. (ona ima tri psa i maku, posedovanje)
She's having supper. (ona veera, ona jede);
1. Postoje odreene grupe glagola koje se koriste obino samo sa sadanjim prostim
vremenom, zato to su njihova znaenja povezana sa stanjima koja predstavljaju
injenice, a ne aktivnosti. Grupe glagola su sledee:
Glagoli razmiljanja i miljenja: believe, agree, mean, think, doubt, imagine, understand,
know, realize, suppose, remember, deserve, expect, forget, prefer
Glagoli emocija i oseanja: like, love, hate, care, hope, wish, want, admit
Glagoli posedovanja i postojanja: belong, own, have, possess, contain, cost, seem,
appear, need, depend on, weigh, come from, resemble
2. Neki od ovih glagola se mogu koristiti sa sadanjim trajnim vremenom, ali im se menja
znaenje. Oni u trajnom vremenu izraavaju aktivnost, ne stanje.
I think you are right. (opinion)
Were thinking of going to the cinema. (mental activity)
She has a lot of money. (possession)
Shes having a bad day. (activity)
Pasiv
to be + proli particip
Da bi napravili prolo svreno vreme koristimo infinitiv i proli oblik (preterit) glagola.
a) potvrdna reenica:
subjekat + glavni glagol u prolom obliku (preteritu)
I lived in that house when I was young. (iveo sam u toj kui kada sam bio mlad)
She played basketball last week. (ona je igrala koarku prole nedelje)
b) odrina reenica:
subjekat + preterit od "do" + not + infinitiv glavnog glagola
He didn't like the movie. (nije mu se dopao film)
Mary did not go to work last Monday. (Mary nije otila na posao prolog ponedeljka)
c) upitna reenica:
preterit od "do"+ subjekat + infinitiv glavnog glagola
Did you play tennis last week? (jesi li igrao tenis prole nedelje)
Did he watch TV last night? (da li je gledao TV sino)
Glagol be nema u svim licima isti oblik, upitnu reenicu pravimo zamenom subjekta
i glagola.
Ako se glagol zavrava na suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak naglaen vokal, krajnji
samoglasnik se udvostruava:
plan - planned
skip - skipped
Ako glagol zavrava na "-y" ispred kojeg se nalazi suglasnik, "y" menja u "i":
worry - worried
cry - cried
-da se izrazi radnja koja se desila u prolosti i potpuno zavrila pa nema nikakve veze sa
sadanjou:
I was in Liverpool last year. (bio sam u Liverpulu prole godine);
-da se izrazi radnja koja je trajala neko vreme u prolosti bez ikakve veze sa sadanjou:
We went to school when we were children. (ili smo u kolu kada smo bili deca);
Kada kaemo kada ili gde se radnja dogodila, moramo koristiti prosto prolo vreme,
a ne sloeno sadanje vreme (present perfect tense).
Prolo trajno vreme
Past Continuous Tense
-da se opie pozadina, odnosno da se pred itaoce postavi scena prie pisana u prolom
vremenu. Obino pria poinje prolim trajnim vremenom, a zatim se nastavlja prostim prolim
vremenom, npr:
"James Bond was driving through town. It was raining. The wind was blowing hard.
Nobody was walking in the streets. Suddenly, Bond saw the killer in a telephone box...";
-da se opie radnja koja je trajala do trenutka kada ju je prekinula neka druga prola radnja:
I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang. (divno sam sanjao kada se
alarm oglasio);
I was watching TV when you telephoned. (gledao sam TV kada si nazvao)
I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead.
(mislio sam da provedem dan na plai ali sam odluio da odem na izlet)
The children were playing while their mothers were chatting. (deca su se igrala dok
njihove majke avrljale)
I knew that he was talking to her about her daughter. (znao sam da sa njom razgovara o
njenoj erki).
1. Nekada moemo koristiti ili jedno ili drugo vreme. Past Simple se fokusira na prolu
aktivnost kao jednostavnu injenicu. Past Continuous se fokusira na trajanje prolih
situacija ili aktivnosti.
I didn't see you at the party last night.
No, I was watching football at home.
2. Pitanja u Past Simple i Past Continuous vremenima se odnose na razliite vremenske
periode. Past Continuous pita za aktivnosti pre, dok Past Simple pita za ono to se desilo
posle.
What was Peter doing when the war broke out? He was studying.
What did Peter do when the war broke out? He went home to his parents.
-da bi se izrazila radnja u prolosti koja se desila pre neke druge radnje u prolosti, takoe
izraava radnju za koju se pretpostavljalo da je trebalo da se dogodi u prolosti - pre neke druge
radnje:
We had left home before he came. (bili smo otili pre nego to je on doao)
The train left at 9 a.m. We arrived at 9.15 a.m. The train had left when we arrived.
(voz je krenuo u 9 sati. Mi smo stigli u 9 i 15. Voz je bio otiao kada smo mi stigli.)
-iza izraza: as if (kao da), if only (kad bi barem), I wish (kamo sree da).
Past Perfect se koristi da se izrazi neto to nije ostvareno u prolosti:
I wish I had met you before. (kamo sree da sam te ranije sreo)
If only you had sent me SMS. (da si mi barem poslala SMS)
He played the basketball as if he had played in NBA. (igrao je koarku kao da je igrao u
NBA)
Ovo su modalni pomoni glagoli: can, could, may, might, must, should, ought to,
will i would.
Sledee im je zajedniko:
1. Oni pomau drugom glagolu. Oblik glagola je infinitiv bez to. Osim ought to.
Napomena
Could se koristi u prolom vremenu kada se govori o sposobnosti.
I could swim when I was three.
Kada se govori o sposobnosti u jednoj odreenoj prilici, koristi se was able to/ managed
to.
The prisoner was able to/managed to escape by climbing on to the roof of the prison.
can i be allowed to
Can, could, will i would su modalni glagoli. Koristimo ih kad neto traimo.
Could je malo formalniji, dok je can neformalniji. Could I? i Could you? su veoma
korisni jer se mogu upotrebiti u mnogim razliitim situacijama.
Can I ask you a question?
Could you pass the salt, please?
Would you mind if I opened the window?
Will you help me, please?
will i shall/should
U engleskom jeziku ima nekoliko oblika koji se mogu koristiti kada elimo da govorimo o
budunosti. Will, going to i Present Continuous su neki od njih. Razlika izmeu njih nije
bliska ili dalja budunost, niti sigurnost. Govornik bira koji oblik e izabrati u zavisnosti od toga
kako vidi budui dogaaj. Da li je to plan, odluka, namera, ponuda, predvianje ili dogovor?
Napomena
Izbegavamo da kaemo going to come ili going to go. Umesto toga kaemo:
Were coming tomorrow.
When are you going home?
will
Will se koristi kao modalni glagol da izrazi odluku, nameru ili ponudu datu u trenutku
govora.
going to
Going to se koristi da izrazi budui plan, odluku ili nameru koja se desila pre trenutka
govora.
will
Najee se will koristi kao pomoni glagol kako bi se prikazalo budue vreme. Izraava
buduu injenicu ili predvianje. Naziva se ista budunost ili Future Simple.
Well be away for three weeks.
Kad will koristimo za predvianje, to moe biti zasnovano vie na miljenju nego na
injenici.
I dont think Tom will do very well in his exams. He doesnt do any work.
going to
Going to takoe moe da izrazi predvianje, posebno kada je zasnovano na trenutnoj
injenici. Sada postoji dokaz da e se neto desiti sigurno.
Shes going to have a baby.
Nekada nema nikakve razlike izmeu dogovora ( Present Continuous) i namere (going to).
We are going to get married in the spring.
We are getting married in the spring.
Like
what...like?
What is/are/was/were...like? se koristi kada pitamo za stalnu prirodu ljudi i stvari. Na ovaj
nain pitamo za neki opis ili poreenje.
What's the film like?
What are the new students like?
1. Relativne reenice koristimo kada elimo da kaemo o kojoj osobi ili stvari govorimo.
Pomou njih je mogue dati vie informacija o osobi ili stvari o kojoj govorimo.
The book is very good.
The book that I bought yesterday is very good.
2. Who koristimo kada govorimo o ljudima (takoe moemo koristiti that).
The book is about the girl who gets lost.
That koristimo kada govorimo o stvarima (takoe moemo koristiti which).
What was the name of the dog that won the race?
3. Kada su who ili that objekat relativne reenice, mogu se izostaviti.
The person you need to talk to is on holiday.
Ali kada su subjekat relativne reenice, ne mogu se izostaviti.
I want a telephone that is easy to use.
4. Which moe da se koristi za celu prethodnu reenicu ili ideju.
I passed all my exams, which surprised everyone.
5. Whose koristimo kada govorimo o onome to nekome pripada.
That's the man whose dog ran away.
6. Where koristimo kada govorimo o mestima.
We went back to the place where we first met.
-da se opie radnja ili stanje koje je poelo u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti:
I have lived in Belgrade since 1980. (ivim u Beogradu od 1980-te, i jo uvek ivim);
-da se oznai radnja koja je zavrena nekad u prolosti, ali je rezultat radnje vaan:
I have buoght a car. (kupio sam auto, vano je da je auto kupljen, nije bitno kada);
-uz priloge koji oznaavaju neprekidan razmak vremena: ever, never, yet, already, since,
for:
Have you ever been to Serbia? (jeste li ikada bili u Srbiji?);
-da se izrazi radnja koja se upravo dogodila (uz priloge "just'' ili ''just now''):
The guests have just entered the hall. (gosti su upravo uli u dvoranu).
Pazite na been i gone.
She's been to the United States. (iskustvo-nije sada tamo)
He's gone to the United States. (trenutno stanje-sada je tamo)
1. Present Perfect koristimo za nesvrene radnje, Past Simple za one koje su zavrene.
I've lived in Texas for six years. ( jo uvek ivim tamo)
I lived in Texas for six years. (vie ne ivim tamo)
2. Vidimo da se Present Perfect odnosi na neodreeno vreme, dok se Past Simple odnosi na
odreeno vreme, to moemo primetiti po izrazima za vreme koji se koriste sa njima.
Present Perfect indefinite: for, since, before, recently, already, yet...
Past Simple definite: yesterday, last week, two days ago, in 1989, when I was young, for
a long time, at 7 o'clock...
Frazalni glagoli
Tip 1
Glagol + reca (bez objekta)
a He put his coat and went out.
b She didn't put enough wood on the fire and it went out.
Tip 2
Glagol + reca + objekat (odvojeno)
a I put up the picture.
b I put up my sister for the night.
U prvoj reenici, glagol i reca su upotrebljeni bukvalno, dok u drugoj predstavljaju
idiomatski izraz. Put up znai primiti nekoga obino na jednu no ili par dana.
Tip 2 se moe odvojiti. Objekat (imenica ili zamenica) moe stajati izmeu glagola i rece.
I put up my sister.
I put my sister up.
Tip 3
Glagol + reca + objekat (neodvojiv)
a She came across the room.
b He came across an old friend.
Tip 4
Glagol + reca + reca
Tip 4 frazalnih glagola je skoro uvek idiomatski. Objekat ne moe da menja mesto. Ne
moe da stoji ispred ili izmeu reca.
Nulti kondicional
Nulti kondicional se ne odnosi samo na sadanjost ili budunost. On izraava situaciju koja
je uvek istinita. If u ovom sluaju znai when ili whenever.
If you spend over $100 at that supermarket, you get a five per cent discount.
Prvi kondicional
If I work hard, I will pass my exams. (Ako vredno uim, poloiu ispite.)
Ill pass my exams if I work hard.
Uslovna ili if reenica moe stajati na poetku ili na kraju. Ako stoji na poetku posle nje
stavljamo zarez. Ako stoji na kraju, ne stavljamo zarez.
Napomena:
- u engleskom jeziku se koristi sadanje vreme u uslovnoj reenici, ne oblik za budunost.
If it rains NE If it will rain
- if pokazuje mogunost da e se neto desiti, a when ono to govornik smatra da e se
sigurno desiti.
If I find your book, Ill send it to you.
When I get home, Ill have a cup of tea.
- if se moe zameniti sa unless ili in case.
Unless I hear from you, Ill come at 7.00.
Ill take my umbrella in case it rains.
Drugi kondicional
Would = d
If I worked hard, I would pass my exams. (Kad bi vredno uio, poloio bih ispite.)
Id pass my exams if I worked hard.
Uslovna ili if reenica moe stajati na poetku ili na kraju. Ako stoji na poetku posle nje
stavljamo zarez. Ako stoji na kraju, ne stavljamo zarez.
Were se esto koristi umesto was u uslovnoj reenici.
If I were you, Id go to bed.
If she were cleverer, shed know she was making a mistake.
- drugi kondicional se koristi da izrazi nerealanu ili neverovatnu situaciju ili uslov i njegov
mogu rezultat u sadanjosti ili budunosti. Uslov je nerealan jer se razlikuje od
injenica. Uvek moemo rei ali...
If I were a Prime Minister, Id increase tax for rich people. But Im not Prime
Minister. (Kad bih ja bio Premijer, poveao bih porez za bogate ljude. Ali nisam Premijer.)
If I lived in a big house, I would have a party. (but I live in a small house)
- drugi modalni glagoli se mogu upotrebiti umesto would.
You could buy some new clothes if you had some money.
- if I were you, Id se koristi za davanje saveta.
If I were you, Id apologize to her.
Napomena:
- upotreba prolog vremena (if I had) i would se ne odnosi na prolo vreme. I prvi i drugi
kondicional se odnose na sadanjost i budunost. Oblici glagola u prolom vremenu se
koriste da bi pokazali da se ovo razlikuje od realnog stanja.
If I win the tennis match, Ill be happy. (mislim da imam dobre anse da pobedim)
If I won the thousand pounds, Id buy (mislim da ih neu osvojiti)
- would se ne koristi u uslovnoj reenici.
If the weather was nice NOT If the weather would be nice
So do I! Neither do I!
too i either/neither
prezent perfekt glagola "to be" (have/has been) + sadanji particip glavnog glagola
-da izrazimo radnju koja se nedavno ili upravo zavrila. I obino sada imamo neku
posledicu:
I'm tired because I've been running. (umoran sam (sada) jer sam trao)
Why is the grass wet? Has it been raining? (zato je trava vlana (sada)? je li padala kia?)
You don't understand because you haven't been listening. (ne razumete (sada), jer niste
sluali).
-da izrazimo radnju radnju koja je poela u prolosti i nastavlja se u sadanjosti, u ovom
sluaju esto se koriste for i since:
I've been reading for two hours. (itam ve dva sata, i jo uvek itam)
How long have you been learning English? (koliko dugo ui engleski? jo ga ui)
We have not been smoking. (nismo puili, a ni sada ne puimo).
Tara hasn't been feeling well for two weeks. (Tara se ne osea dobro ve dve nedelje)
ali
Tara didn't feel well for two weeks, and now she feels well. (Tara se nije dobro oseala
dve nedelje, a sada se osea dobro).
Since koristimo kada znamo od koje vremenske take se odvija radnja: u 9 sati, 7. januara,
u petak
I've been studying for three hours. (uim ve tri sata)
I've been watching TV since 7 p.m. (gledam TV od 7 sati posle podne)
Tara hasn't been visiting us since March. (Tara nas nije posetila od marta)
For se moe koristiti u svim vremenima, since se obino koristi samo sa perfect
vremenima.
Vremenske odrednice
Past Simple
I lived in London for five years.
I saw Mary two days ago.
They met during the war.
She got married while she was at university.
Present Perfect
We've been married for six years.
They've been living in New York since June.
Future
We're going on holiday for a few days.
The class ends in 15 minutes.
I'll be home in an hour.
in: September, 1982, summer, the holidays, the 1950ss, the 19th century
on: Monday, Monday morning, 28 July, Christmas Day, holiday
at: 8 o'clock, the end of December, Christmas, the age of five, lunch-time
Indirektan govor
Present Past
I love you He said he loved me.
Im going out now Tom said he was going out.
Will Would
Ill mend it for you She said that she would mend it for me.
Can Could
I can swim He said he could swim.
May Might
I may come She said she might come.
Napomena:
Obratite panju na upotrebu say/tell.
Say + (that)
She said (that) they were happy together.
Tell + person (that)
He told me (that) he loved Mary.
Red rei u upitnim reenicama u indirektnom govoru je drugaiji. Nema inverzije subjekta
i pomonog glagola i nema do/does/did.
Why have you come here?
I asked him why he had come here.
Napomena:
- ne koristimo upitnik u pitanjima u indirektnom govoru
- ne koristimo say u pitanjima u indirektnom govoru
He said, How old are you?
He asked me how old I am.
- ako nema upitne rei, koristi se if ili whether