Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vanity Fair's I Am The Man They Used To Call "Deep Throat"
Vanity Fair's I Am The Man They Used To Call "Deep Throat"
THEY CALLED
DEEP THROAT”
Despite three decades of intense speculation, the identity of “Deep Throat”—
the source who leaked key details of Nixon’s Watergate cover-up to Washington Post
reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein—has never been revealed.
Now, at age 91, W. Mark Felt, number two at the F.B.I. in the early 70s, is finally
admitting to that historic, anonymous role. In an exclusive,
JOHN D. O’CONNOR puts a name and face to one of American democracy’s heroes,
learning about the struggle between honor and duty that nearly led Felt
to take his secret to the grave
VF
12x-999
86
O
VA N I T Y FA I R
VF
12x-999
CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
APRs IN not in yet. pls. place Text Revise
notes: Art Director Color Revise
been asking whether her father—the number-two man in the bit odd. Her father had been dodging reporters all week, but
F.B.I. during the Watergate years—was “Deep Throat,” the leg- had seemed totally comfortable with this one. And why had
endary inside informant who, on the condition of anonymity, Woodward taken such precautions? Joan trusted her instincts.
had systematically passed along clues about White House mis- Though she still hadn’t made the connection between Woodward,
deeds to two young reporters. Joan figured that similar phone The Washington Post, and the Watergate scandal, she was con-
calls were probably being placed to a handful of other Deep vinced that this was a less than serendipitous visit.
Throat candidates. (See sidebar on page 131.) Sure enough, in the years to follow, Mark Felt and his daugh-
These names, over the years, had become part of a parlor ter, along with Joan’s brother, Mark junior, and her son Nick,
game among historians: Who in the top echelons of government would continue to communicate with Woodward by phone (and
had mustered the courage to leak secrets to the press? Who had in several e-mail exchanges) as Felt progressed into his 90s. Felt
sought to expose the Nixon administration’s conspiracy to obstruct suffered a mild stroke in 2001. His mental faculties began to de-
justice through its massive campaign of political espionage and its teriorate a bit. But he kept his spirit and sense of humor. And
subsequent cover-up? Who, indeed, had helped bring about the always, say Joan, aged 61, and Mark junior, 58, Woodward re-
most serious constitutional crisis since the 1868 impeachment trial mained gracious and friendly, occasionally inquiring about Felt’s
of Andrew Johnson—and, in the process, changed the fate of the health. “As you may recall,” Woodward e-mailed Joan in August
nation? of 2004, “my father [is] also approaching 91. [He] seems happy—
Joan was suddenly curious. Unlike the others, this reporter the goal for all of us. Best to everyone, Bob.”
had come by in person. What’s more, he claimed to be a friend
of her father’s. Joan excused herself and spoke to her dad. He hree years after Woodward’s visit, my wife, Jan,
was 86 at the time, alert though clearly diminished by the years.
Joan told him about the stranger at the door and was surprised
when he readily agreed to see “Bob.”
She ushered him in, excused herself, and the two men talked
for half an hour, Joan recalls. Then she invited them to join her
for a drive to the market nearby. “Bob sat in the backseat,” she
says. “I asked him about his life, his job. He said he’d been out
here on the West Coast covering [Arizona senator] John Mc-
Cain’s [presidential] campaign and was in Sacramento or Fres-
no”—four hours away—“and thought he’d stop by. He looked
about my age. I thought, Gee, [he’s] attractive. Pleasant too. Too
T and I happened to be hosting a rather lively din-
ner for my daughter Christy, a college junior, and
seven of her friends from Stanford. The atmos-
phere had the levity and intensity of a reunion, as
several of the students had just returned from
sabbaticals in South America. Jan served her typ-
ical Italian-style feast with large platters of pasta, grilled chicken,
and vegetables, and plenty of beer and wine. Our house, in Marin
County, overlooks the San Rafael Hills, and the setting that spring
evening was perfect for trading stories about faraway trips.
Nick Jones, a friend of Christy’s whom I had known for three
bad this guy isn’t single.” years, listened as I related a story about my father, an attorney
Woodward and Felt waited in the car while Joan popped into who had begun his career in Rio during World War II by serv-
the grocery store. On the way home, Joan remembers, Wood- ing as an undercover F.B.I. agent. When talk turned to the allure
and intrigue of Rio in the 40s, Nick men-
Joan was too polite to ask tioned that his grandfather, also a lawyer, had
joined the bureau around that time and had
gone on to become a career agent. “What’s
VF
12x-999
CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
APRs IN not in yet. pls. place Text Revise
notes: Art Director Color Revise
AGENT, PROVOCATEUR
Ruckelshaus, resigned in protest, becoming national heroes.)
From top: quick-draw Felt at a firearms
Deep Throat, in fact, had been the hero who started it all— range in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1956;
along with the two reporters he assisted, Bob Woodward and Felt (far left) with F.B.I. director
Carl Bernstein (both of whom would go on to make their jour- and mentor J. Edgar Hoover (third from
nalistic reputations, and riches, through their Watergate revela- left); Washington Post reporters
tions). And my daughter’s friend, I suspected, was the famous Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward in
the paper’s newsroom in 1974;
source’s grandson. “Mark Felt!,” I exclaimed. “You’re kidding Robert Redford, as Woodward, at a
me. Your granddad is Deep Throat! Did you know that?” rendezvous with Deep Throat (played
Nick answered calmly, and maybe with an air of uncertainty, by Hal Holbrook) in the 1976 film
“You know, Big John, I’ve heard that for a long time. Just re- All the President’s Men.
cently we’ve started to think maybe it’s him.”
We let the subject drop that night, turning to other matters.
But a few days later Nick phoned and asked me, in my role as
an attorney, to come over and meet his grandfather. Nick and
his mother wanted to discuss the wisdom of Felt’s coming for-
ward. Felt, Nick said, had recently admitted his secret identity,
privately, to intimates, after years of hiding the truth even from
his family. But Felt was adamant about remaining silent on the
subject—until his death—thinking his past disclosures somehow
dishonorable.
Joan and Nick, however, considered him a true patriot. They
were beginning to realize that it might make sense to enlist some-
one from the outside to help him tell his story, his way, before he
passed away, unheralded and forgotten.
I agreed to see Mark Felt later that week.
ocrat).
Funds for the break-in, laundered through a Mexican bank
account, had actually come from the coffers of CRP, headed by
John Mitchell, who had been attorney general during Nixon’s
first term. Following the break-in, suspicions were raised through-
out Washington: What were five men with Republican connec-
tions doing with gloves, cameras, large amounts of cash, and
bugging equipment in the Democrats’ top campaign office?
The case remained in the headlines thanks to the dogged re-
porting of an unlikely team of journalists, both in their late 20s:
Carl Bernstein, a scruffy college dropout and six-year veteran of
the Post (now a writer, lecturer, and Vanity Fair contributor), and
Bob Woodward, an ex–navy officer and Yale man (now a cele-
brated author and Post assistant managing editor). The heat was
also kept on because of a continuing F.B.I. investigation, headed
by the bureau’s acting associate director, C O N T I N U E D O N P A G E 1 2 9
J U LY 2 0 0 5
VF
12x-999
CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK
Deep Throat Whoever Deep Throat might have been,
he was certainly a public official in private
brook assumed the Deep Throat role.)
Soon public outcry grew. Other media
turmoil. As the two Post reporters would ex- outlets began to investigate in earnest. The
Mark Felt, whose
C O N T I N U E D F RO M PA G E 8 9 plain in their 1974 behind-the-scenes book Senate convened riveting televised hear-
teams interviewed 86 administration and CRP about Watergate, All the President’s Men, ings in 1973, and when key players such as
staffers. These sessions, however, were quick- Deep Throat lived in solitary dread, under John Dean cut immunity deals, the entire
ly undermined. The White House and CRP the constant threat of being summarily fired plot unraveled. President Nixon, it turned
had ordered that their lawyers be present or even indicted, with no colleagues in whom out, had tape-recorded many of the meet-
at every meeting. Felt believed that the C.I.A. he could confide. He was justifiably suspi- ings where strategies had been hashed
deliberately gave the F.B.I. false leads. And cious that phones had been wiretapped, out—and the cover-up discussed (in viola-
most of the bureau’s “write-ups” of the in- rooms bugged, and papers rifled. He was tion of obstruction-of-justice laws). On
terviews were being secretly passed on to completely isolated, having placed his career August 8, 1974, with the House of Repre-
Nixon counsel John Dean—by none other and his institution in jeopardy. Eventually, sentatives clearly moving toward impeach-
than Felt’s new boss, L. Patrick Gray. (Gray, Deep Throat would even warn Woodward ment, the president announced his res-
the acting F.B.I. director, had taken over and Bernstein that he had reason to believe ignation, and more than 30 government
after J. Edgar Hoover’s death, and campaign officials in and
six weeks before the break-in.) around the Nixon White House
Throughout this period, the Nix- would ultimately plead guilty
on camp denied any White House to or be convicted of crimes. In
or CRP involvement in the Water- brief, Watergate had reaffirmed
gate affair. And after a three- that no person, not even the
month “investigation” there was no president of the United States,
evidence to implicate any White is above the law.
House staffers. Due in no small part to the
The Watergate probe appeared secrets revealed by the Post,
to be at an impasse, the break-in sometimes in consort with Deep
having been explained away as Throat, the courts and the Con-
a private extortion scheme that gress have been loath to grant a
didn’t extend beyond the suspects sitting president free rein, and
in custody. McGovern couldn’t are generally wary of adminis-
gain campaign traction with the trations that might try to impede
issue, and the president was re- access to White House docu-
elected in November 1972 by an ments in the name of “executive
overwhelming majority. privilege.” Watergate helped set
in motion what would become
D
lawyer who hoped to permanently land Hoo- Bernstein.” . . .
ver’s job. Gray, with his eyes on that prize,
chose to leave an increasingly frustrated Felt
in charge of the F.B.I.’s day-to-day opera-
I said, “Pat, I haven’t leaked anything to
anybody. They are wrong!” . . .
“I believe you,” Gray answered, “but the
‘ eep Throat”—a phrase derived
from the title of the popular porn
film at the time—was the code
White House doesn’t. Kleindienst has told me
tions. Then came the break-in, and a pitched
on three or four occasions to get rid of you name by which Washington Post insiders
battle began. “We seemed to be continually but I refused. He didn’t say this came from
at odds with the White House about almost referred to Bob Woodward’s confidential
higher up but I am convinced that it did.”
everything,” Felt wrote, regarding the dark Watergate source. “Watergate” was the
days of 1972. He soon came to believe that
he was fighting an all-out war for the soul
of the bureau.
I t is clear from the Watergate tapes that
Felt was indeed one of the targets of
Nixon’s wrath. In October 1972, Nixon in-
nickname used for the political-conspiracy-
and-cover-up scandal that had been set
in motion in 1972 when five men were
sisted he would “fire the whole Goddamn
arrested during a botched break-in at the
A s the F.B.I. pushed on with its Water-
gate investigation, the White House
threw up more and more barriers. When Felt
Bureau,” and singled out Felt, whom he
thought to be part of a plot to undermine
him through frequent press leaks. “Is he a
headquarters of the Democratic Nation-
al Committee, located in the Watergate,
and his team believed they could “trace the Catholic?” he asked his trusted adviser H. R. Washington, D.C.’s famous hotel-apartment-
source of the money that had been in the Haldeman, who replied that Felt was Jew- and-office complex.
possession of the Watergate ‘burglars’” to a ish. (Felt, of Irish descent, is not Jewish and Other figures who have been men-
bank in Mexico City, Gray, according to claims no religious affiliation.) Nixon, who tioned as plausible Deep Throat suspects
Felt, “flatly ordered [Felt] to call off any in- sometimes suggested that a Jewish conspir-
terviews” in Mexico because they “might acy might be at the root of his problems, include: F.B.I. officials Robert Kunkel and
upset” a C.I.A. operation there. Felt and seemed surprised. “Christ,” he said, “[the L. Patrick Gray (the bureau’s acting direc-
his key deputies sought a meeting with bureau] put a Jew in there? . . . It could be tor, who lived four blocks from Wood-
Gray. “Look,” Felt recalled telling his boss, the Jewish thing. I don’t know. It’s always a ward); Nixon speechwriters Patrick
“the reputation of the FBI is at stake. . . . possibility.” Buchanan, David Gergen, and Raymond
Unless we get a request in writing [from the It was Gray, however, not Felt, who be- Price; Deputy Press Secretary Gerald
C.I.A.] to forgo the [Mexico] interview, we’re came the fall guy. At Gray’s confirmation
going ahead anyway! hearings, in February 1973, he was aban-
Warren; Republican strategist John
“That’s not all,” Felt supposedly added. doned by his onetime allies in the West Sears; White House counsels Len Gar-
“We must do something about the complete Wing and was left to “twist slowly, slowly in ment and Jonathan Rose; Assistant
lack of cooperation from John Dean and the wind,” in the words of Nixon aide John Attorney General Henry Peterson; presi-
the Committee to Reelect the President. It’s Ehrlichman. With Gray now gone, Felt had dential aide Stephen Bull; Alexander
obvious they’re holding back—delaying and lost his last sponsor and protector. Next up Butterfield, Nixon’s deputy assistant (who
leading us astray in every way they know. was interim F.B.I. director Ruckelshaus,
disclosed the existence of Nixon’s Oval
We expect this sort of thing when we are in- who ultimately resigned as assistant attor-
vestigating organized crime. . . . The whole ney general in Nixon’s Saturday Night Mas- Office tape-recording system); Al Haig,
thing is going to explode right in the Presi- sacre. Felt left the bureau that same year top aide to national-security adviser
dent’s face.” and went on the lecture circuit. Henry Kissinger; and Kissinger himself.
At a subsequent meeting, according to Then, in 1978, Felt was indicted on As a project in his University of Illinois
Felt, Gray asked whether the investigation charges of having authorized illegal F.B.I. investigative-journalism class, Professor
could be confined to “these seven subjects,” break-ins earlier in the decade, in which
Bill Gaines had his students attempt to
referring to the five burglars, plus Hunt and agents without warrants entered the resi-
Liddy. Felt responded, “We will be going dences of associates and family members of identify Deep Throat; in 2003 they de-
much higher than these seven. These men suspected bombers believed to be involved termined the likeliest prospect to be Fred
are the pawns. We want the ones who with the Weather Underground. The career Fielding, White House deputy counsel
moved the pawns.” Agreeing with his team, agent was arraigned as hundreds of F.B.I. and assistant to John Dean, who became
Gray chose to stay the course and continue colleagues, outside the courthouse, demon- a central Watergate player. Other sus-
the probe. strated on his behalf. Felt, over the strong
pects who have emerged in recent years
Felt’s book gives no indication that dur- objections of his lawyers that the jury had
ing this same period he decided to go out- been improperly instructed, claimed that he have included Gerald Ford (Nixon’s
side the bounds of government to expose was following established law-enforcement vice president) and the U.N. ambas-
the corruption within Nixon’s team—or to procedures for break-ins when national se- sador at the time, George H. W. Bush.
overcome the impediments they were plac- curity was at stake. Even so, Felt was con- Ex–Washington Post editor Barry Suss-
ing on his ability to do his job. There are victed two years later. Then, in a stroke of man has provided strong evidence that
only scant clues that he might have decid- good fortune while his case was on appeal,
Deep Throat was an F.B.I. source; the
ed to pass along secrets to The Washington Ronald Reagan was elected president and,
Post; in fact, Felt makes a point of categor- in 1981, gave Felt a full pardon. case for Felt has been made persuasively
ically denying he is Deep Throat. But, in Felt and his wife had always looked for- by several writers, including Ronald Kess-
truth, the White House had begun asking for ward to a retirement where they could live ler and James Mann.
J U LY 2 0 0 5
Deep Throat thought he wouldn’t be revealed until he
was dead.”
that month, he and Joan heard his name
come up as a Deep Throat candidate. Joan,
Joan pounced. “Announcing what?” she trying to elicit a response, deliberately ques-
comfortably and bask proudly in his ac- wanted to know. tioned her father in the third person: “Do
complishments. But as he endured years of La Garde, apparently sensing that Joan you think Deep Throat wanted to get rid of
courtroom travails, they both felt betrayed did not know the truth, pulled back, then Nixon?” Joan says that Felt replied, “No,
by the country he had served. Audrey, al- finally owned up to the secret she had I wasn’t trying to bring him down.” He
ways an intense person, suffered profound kept for years. Felt, La Garde said, had claimed, instead, that he was “only doing
stress, anxiety, and nervous exhaustion, confided to her that he had indeed been his duty.”)
which both of them bitterly blamed on his Woodward’s source, but had sworn her
legal troubles. Long after her early passing,
in 1984, Felt continued to cite the strain of
his prosecution as a major factor in the death
to silence. Joan then confronted her father,
who initially denied it. “I know now that
you’re Deep Throat,” she remembers tell-
O n that Sunday in May when I first met
Mark Felt, he was particularly con-
cerned about how bureau personnel, then
of his wife. ing him, explaining La Garde’s disclosure. and now, had come to regard Deep Throat.
His response: “Since that’s the case, well, He seemed to be struggling inside with
his chief concerns, which were twofold, as I ward had at least two phone conversations of the truth. Felt, having long harbored the
recall. First, was this something that Joan with Felt “without anyone else listening. ambivalent emotions of pride and self-
and I were pushing on Felt, or did he actu- Dad’s memory gradually has deteriorated reproach, has lived for more than 30 years
ally want to reveal himself of his own ac- since the original lunch they had, [but] Dad in a prison of his own making, a prison
cord? (I interpreted this to mean: was he remembered Bob whenever he called. . . . I built upon his strong moral principles and
changing the long-standing agreement the said, ‘Bob, it’s unusual for Dad to remem- his unwavering loyalty to country and cause.
men had kept for three decades?) Second, ber someone as clearly as you.’” She says But now, buoyed by his family’s revelations
was Felt actually in a clear mental state? To that Woodward responded, “He has good and support, he need feel imprisoned no
make his own assessment, Woodward told reason to remember me.” more. ■
J U LY 2 0 0 5 www.vanityfair.com VA N I T Y FA I R 133