Physics 317K

Formula Sheet

One dimensional motion

displacement: x = x2 - x1
average velocity: vavg = xt
, instantaneous velocity: v = dx dt
d2 x
average acceleration: aavg = v t
, instantaneous acceleration: a = dv
dt
= dt2
kinematic equation 1: v = v0 + at
kinematic equation 2: x - x0 = v0 t + 21 at2
kinematic equation 3: v2 = v20 + 2a(x - x0 )
kinematic equation 4: x - x0 = 12 (v0 +v) t
kinematic equation 5: x - x0 = vt - 21 at2
Projectile motion
kinematic equation 1: x - x0 = (v0 cos )t
kinematic equation 2: y - y0 = (v0 sin )t - 12 gt2
kinematic equation 3: vy = v0 sin - gt
kinematic equation 4: v2y = (v0 sin )2 - 2g(y-y0 )
Newtons Laws
Force F = ma, Weight W = mg
equilibrium conditions: Fx =0, Fy =0, Fz =0
non-equilibrium conditions: Fx =max , Fy =may , Fz =maz
static friction force fs s Fn , kinetic friction force fk = k Fn
Work and Energy
work: W = F cos x, work =0: W = F x
potential energy: U = mgy = mgh
elastic potential energy stored in a spring: Us = 21 kx2
kinetic energy: K = 12 mv2
work energy theorem: Wnet = Kf - Ki
energy conservation: Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf
non-conservative work: Wnc = (Kf + Uf ) - (Ki + Ui )
power: P = Et = Fv
Momentum conservation and collisions
momentum: p = mv, impulse = F t
impulse-momentum theorem: F t = p = mvf -mvi
conservation of momentum in collisions: (mv)initial = (mv)f inal
Rotational motion
rotational equation 1: = 0 + t
rotational equation 2: - 0 = 0 t + 21 t2
rotational equation 3: 2 = 20 + 2( - 0 )
rotational equation 4: - 0 = 21 ( 0 +) t
rotational equation 5: - 0 = t - 21 t2
tangential velocity: vt = r
tangential acceleration: at = r
2
centripetal (radial) acceleration:
q
ar = vr = 2 r
total acceleration: a = (a2r + a2t )
2
centripetal force: Fr = m ar = m vr
Rotational equilibrium and dynamics
rotational kinetic energy: Kr = 12 I 2
moment of inertia: I = mi r2i
torque: = Fd (d=r sin ), torque: = I
equilibrium conditions: Fx =0, Fy =0, =0
angular momentum: L = I
angular momentum conservation: Ii i = If f

Gravitation
gravitational force: F = G Mr2m
gravitational potential
q
energy: U = G Mrm
escape speed: v = 2GM R
energy in planetary motion: E = K + U = GM 2r
m
GMr m = GM
2r
m

Fluids
density: = mV
, pressure: p = FA
pressure at depth h: p = p0 + gh
buoyant force: Fb = mf g
equation of continuity: Rv = Av = constant
Bernoullis equation: p + 21 v 2 + gy = constant
Oscillation
simple harmonic motion: x(t) = xm cos(t + )
v(t) = xm sin(t + )
a(t) = 2 xm cos(t + ) q q
period of linear oscillator: T = 2 m k
, = 2
T
= k
m
total mechanical energy: E =qK + U = 21 mv 2 + 12 kx2 = 12 kx2m = 12 mvm
2

period of pendulum: T = 2 Lg
Waves
2 2
y(x, t) = ym sin(kx t), k =
q
,= T
= 2f , v = f = T

wave speed in a string: v =
average power transmitted: Pavg = 12 v 2 ym 2

sound intensity: I = PA = 4r Ps
2

sound level: = (10dB) log II0 , I0 = 1012 W/m2

Doppler effect: f 0 = f vvD
vvS
Temperature, Heat
specific heat c: Q = mc(Tf Ti )
heat of transformation: Q = Lm
ideal gas: pV = nRT
work done by a given system: W = pV
V
work in isothermal process: W = nRT ln Vfi
first law of thermodynamics: Eint = Q W
change of entropy: S = Q T
Kelvin temperature scale T : T = TC + 273K
|W |
efficiency of engine: = |Q H|

efficiency of ideal engine: = 1 TTHL

Conversion factors and Constants:
1 ft = 12 in, 1 km = 1000 m, 1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 3.28 ft
1 ton = 1000 kg
1 atm = 1.013 105 Pa
gravitational acceleration a = -g = -9.8 [m/s2 ]
gravitational constant G = 6.6726 1011 Nm2 /kg2
universal gas constant R = 8.31 J/mol K