THERMAL POWER PLANT

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the

award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

by

KARAN RAJ AMBWANI

(Registration No - 1301021061)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. AJAY SINGH

&

Mr. SANDEEP KUMAR

School of Engineering

JECRC UNIVERSITY
JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN

(JULY 2017)

1
 CERTIFICATES

This is to certify that the Project work titled Operations of Thermal Power Plant. that is being
submitted by Karan Raj Ambwani is in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Bachelors of Technology, is a record of bonafide work done under our guidance. The contents of
this Project work, in full or in parts, have neither been taken from any other source nor have been
submitted to any other Institute or University for award of any degree or diploma.

Mr. Ajay Singh Mr. Sandeep Kumar

(Faculty Internship Guide) (Industry Guide)

Internal Examiner External Examiner

2
 APPROVAL

This Project Report on Operations of Thermal Power Plant by Karan Raj Ambwani
is approved for the award of the degree of Bachelors of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering

Examiner (s)

Guide (s)

HOD

Date:
Place: Jaipur

3
 CANDIDATES DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where others ideas
or words have been included, I have adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also
declare that I have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not
mispresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that
any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke
penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

KARAN RAJ AMBWANI

Registration No. - 1301021061

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This project report is a part of partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelors of
Technology in Mechanical Engineering at JECRC University. This Internship has been an interesting
challenge and a good learning experience for me. Throughout this internship period, people have
contributed either directly or by providing support and guidance in the completion of the research.
This dissertation not has been possible without the help and support of my family members, and
faculty members.

I would like to thank my Guide( Mr. Ajay Singh) My industry Guide( Mr. Sandeep Kumar) and our
Head of department Dr. M.S. Sodhi for their patience, knowledge, encouragement, and mentorship.
They provided considerable insights to find the way of doing my project. They offered excellent
advices whenever I met a problem. This journey would have been directionless and less interesting
without their perspectives and guidance.

KARAN RAJ AMBWANI

5
 LIST OF FIGURES

Page No.

Figure 1.1 View of KTPS 2

Figure 2.1 Layout of power plant 3

Figure 2.2 Cross Sectional view of four major part of power plant 5

Figure 3.1 Ash Handling Plant 8

Figure 3.2 Furnace 10

Figure 3.3 Pulverised System 11

Figure 3.4 Steam Drum 12

Figure 3.5 Economiser 14

Figure 3.6 Air Pre-heater 14

6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.

CERTIFICATE ii

APPROVAL iii

CANDIDATES DECLARATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

LIST OF FIGURE vi

CHAPTER - I: INTRODUCTION 8

CHAPTER - II: GENERAL LAYOUT AND BASIC IDEA 10

CHAPTER - III: METHODOLOGY 13

CHAPTER - IV: PROTECTION 25

CHAPTER - V: SALIENT FEATURES OF KSTPS 26

LEARNING AND ROLE 28

CONCLUSION 29

REFERENCES 30

7
 CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION

Kota Thermal Power Plant is Rajasthans first major coal-fired power plant. It is located on the east
bank of the Chambal River near Kota. Kota Thermal Power Station has received Meritories
productivity awards during 1984, 1987, 1989, 1981 and every year since 1992 onwards. It has 7 units
installed, first unit established in January 1983. Total generation capacity 1240 MW.

1.1 Different Stages of KSTPS, Kota:

Stage Unit Number Installed capacity Status
1 Unit 1 110 Running
Unit 2 110 Running
2 Unit 3 210 Running
Unit 4 210 Running
3 Unit 5 210 Running
4 Unit 6 195 Running
5 Unit 7 195 Running

1.2 SITE SELECTION CRITERIA

1.2.1 LOCATION:-
The Kota Thermal Power Station is ideally on the left bank of Chambal River at Up Stream of Kota
Barrage. The large expanse of water reached by the barrage provides an efficient direct circulation of
cooling system for the power station. The 220 KV GSS is within Kms. from the power station.
.
1.2.2 COAL:-
Coal India limited owns and operates all the major coal fields in India through its coal producing
subsidiary companies viz. Northern Coal Fields Limited, South Eastern Coal Fields Limited, Coal
India limited is supply coal from its coal mines of coal producing subsidiaries SECL & NCL to Kota
Thermal Power Station through railway wagons. The average distances of SECL, NCL are 800, 950

8
Kms. respectively.

1.2.3 WATER:-
The source of water for power station is reservoir formed by Kota Barrage on the Chambal River. In
case of large capacity plants huge quantities of coal and water is required. The cost of transporting
coal and water is particularly high. Therefore, as far as possible, the plant must be located near the
pit rather than at load centre for load above 200 MW and 375 MW. The transportation of electrical
energy is more economical as compared to the transportation of coal.

1.3 DESIGN FEATURES:-

The satisfactory design consists of the flowing steps.

Estimation of cost.
Selection of site.
Capacity of Power Station.
Selection of Boiler & Turbine.
Selection of Condensing Unit.
Selection of Electrical Generator.
Selection of Cooling System.
Design of Control and instrumentation system.

The design of steam power station requires wide experience as the subsequent operation and
maintenance are greatly affected by its design. The most efficient design consist of properly sized
component designed to operate safely and conveniently along with its auxiliaries and installation.

9
 CHAPTER -2

General Layout & Basic Idea

A control system of station basically works on Rankin Cycle. Steam is produced in Boiler is exported
in prime mover and is condensed in condenser to be fed into the boiler again. In practice of good
number of modifications are affected so as to have heat economy and to increase the thermal
efficiency of plant.

Figure 2.1 Layout of Power Plant

The Kota Thermal Power Station is divided into four main circuits:-

1. Fuel and Ash Circuit

2. Air and Gas Circuit
3. Feed Water and Steam Circuit
4. Cooling Water Circuit

10
2.1 Fuel & Ash Circuit:-
Fuel from the storage is fed to the boiler through fuel handling device. The fuel used in KSTPS is
coal, which on combustion in the boiler produced the ash. The quantity of ash produced is
approximately 35-40% of coal used. This ash is collected at the back of the boiler and removed to ash
storage tank through ash disposal equipment.

2.2 Air and Gas Circuit:-

Air from the atmosphere is supplied to the combustion chamber of Boiler through the action of forced
draft fan and induced draft fan. The flue gas gases are first pass around the boiler tubes and
superheated tubes in the furnace, next through dust collector (ESP) & then economizer. Finally, they
are exhausted to the atmosphere through fans.

2.3 Feed Water and Steam Circuit:-

The condensate leaving the condenser is first heated in low pressure (LP) heaters through extracted
steam from the lower pressure extraction of the turbine. Then its goes to dearator where extra air and
non-condensable gases are removed from the hot water to avoid pitting / oxidation. From deaerator it
goes to boiler feed pump which increases the pressure of the water. From the BFP it passes through
the high pressure heaters. A small part of water and steam is lost while passing through different
components therefore water is added in hot well. This water is called the makeup water. Thereafter,
feed water enters into the boiler drum through economizer. In boiler tubes water circulates because
of density difference in lower and higher temperature section of the boiler. The wet steam passes
through superheated. From superheated it goes into the HP turbine after expanding in the HP turbine.
The low pressure steam called the cold reheat steam (CRH) goes to the reheater (boiler). From
reheater it goes to IP turbine and then to the LP turbine and then exhausted through the condenser
into hot well.

11
2.4 Cooling Water Circuit:-

A large quantity of cooling water is required to condense the steam in condenser and marinating low
pressure in it. The water is drawn from reservoir and after use it is drained into the river.

Figure 2.2 CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF FOUR MAJOR PART FORM A

POWER PLANT

12
 CHAPTER -3

METHODOLOGY

Ash handling system:

It is very import to control the ash coming from the furnace.
1. Wet ash handling system
2. Dry ash handling system

A pipe line from ESP which contains the ash in divided in two parts. Use of Dry ash Evacuation
instead of WET deashing System: Dry deashing system consumers less power & also minimizes
waste reduction. The dry ash is directly transferred by vacuum system at desired place in plant it
transfers to nearest cement factory. It is act as a good source of income for the plant.
The wet ash is transferred to the wet ash handling, in this vacuum created by water flow. Ash mix
with the water and transferred to the ash pump from there it is drain out from the plant in to the lake.
From here it is given to the raw water storage. The ASH produced in the boiler is transported to ASH
dump area by means of sluicing type hydraulic ASH handling system.

This plant can be divided into 3 sub plants as follows:-

1) Fuel and Ash Plant.

2) Air and Gas Plant.

3) Ash Disposal and & Dust Collection Plant.

3.1 Fuel and ash plant:-

Coal is used as combustion material in KTPS, In order to get an efficient utilization of coal mills. The
Pulverization also increases the overall efficiency and flexibility of boilers. However for light up and
with stand static load , oil burners are also used. Ash produced as the result of combustion of coal is
connected and removed by ash handling plant. Ash Handling Plant at KTPS consists of specially
designed bottom ash and fly ash in electro static precipitator economizer and air pre-heaters hoppers.

13
3.2 Air & Gas Plant:-

Air from atmosphere is supplied to combustion chamber of boiler through the action of forced draft
fan. In KTPS there are two FD fans and three ID fans available for draft system per unit. The air
before being supplied to the boiler passes through pre-heater where the flue gases heat it. The pre
heating of primary air causes improved and intensified combustion of coal.

The flue gases formed due to combustion of coal first passes round the boiler tubes and then it passes
through the super heater and then through economizer. In re-heater the temperature of the steam
(CRH) coming from the HP turbines heated with increasing the number of steps of re-heater the
efficiency of cycle also increases. In economizer the heat of flue gases raises the temperature of feed
water. Finally the flue gases after passing through the Electro-Static Precipitator is exhausted through
chimney.

3.3 Ash Disposal & Dust Collection Plant:-

KSTPS has dry bottom furnace. Ash Handling Plant consists of especially designed bottom and fly
ash system for two path boiler. The system for both units is identical and following description is
applied to both the units the water compounded bottom ash hopper receives the bottom ash from the
furnace from where it is stores and discharged through the clinker grinder. Two slurry pumps are
provided which is common to both units & used to make slurry and further transportation to ash
dyke through pipe line.

Dry free fly ash is collected in two number of 31 fly ash hoppers which are handled by two
independent fly ash system. The ash is removed from fly ash hoppers in dry state is carried to the
collecting equipment where it is mixed with water and resulting slurry sump is discharged

3.4 Utilisation:-

Utilisation of coal-ash is always practise than its disposal. There are various methods of utilisation of
coal-ash along with established engineering technologies some of them are mentioned below:

1. Manufacturing of building materials.

2. Making of concrete.

14
3. Manufacturing of pozzuolana cement.

4. Road construction etc.

In all the above cases financial constraint discourages the entrepreneurs to take up the work. In view
of the environmental impact of disposal, Government may give attractive subsidy and create
marketing facility so that entrepreneurs may come forward to use as their raw material.

Figure 3.1 ASH HANDING PLANT

3.5 BOILER

A boiler (or steam generator) is a closed vessel in which water, under pressure is converted into steam.
It is one of the major components of a thermal power plant. A boiler is always designed to absorb
maximum amount of heat released in process of combustion. This is transferred to the boiler by all
the three modes of heat transfer i.e. conduction, convection and radiation.

15
3.5.1 Boilers are classified as:-

a) Fire tube boiler: -

In this type the products of combustion pass through the tubes which are surrounded by water. These
are economical for low pressure only.

b) Water tube boiler:-

In this type of boiler water flows inside the tubes and hot gases flow outside the tubes. These tubes
are interconnected to common water channels and to steam outlet.

The water tube boilers have many advantages over the fire tube boilers

High evaporation capacity due to availability of large heating surface.

Better heat transfer to the mass of water.

Better efficiency of plant owing to rapid and uniform circulation of water in tubes.

Better overall control.

Easy removal of scale from inside the tubes.

In KSTPS, Natural circulation, tangentially fired, over hanged type, Water tube boilers are used. Oil
burners are provided between coal burners for initial start up and flame stabilization. Firstly, light oil
(diesel oil) is sprayed for initialization then heavy oil (high speed diesel oil) is used for stabilization
of flame. Pulverized coal is directly fed from the coal mills to the burners at the four corners of the

furnace through coal pipes with the help of heated air coming from PA fan. Four nos. of ball mills of
34MT/hr. capacity each have been installed for each boiler. The pressure inside boiler is -ive so as to
minimized the pollution and looses & to prevent the accidents outside the boiler.

16
3.6 Furnace:

Figure 3.2 Furnace

Furnace is primary part of the boiler where the chemical energy available in the fuel is converted into
thermal energy by combustion. Furnace is designed for efficient and complete combustion. Major
factors that assist for efficient combustion are the temperature inside the furnace and turbulance,
which causes rapid mixing of fuel and air. In modern boilers, water-cooled furnaces are used.

17
3.7 PULVERISED FUEL SYSTEM:-

The boiler fuel firing system is tangentially firing system in which the fuel is introduced from wind
nozzle located in the four corners inside the boiler.

The crushed coal from the coal crusher is transferred into the unit
coalbunkers where the coal is stored for feeding into pulverizing
mill through rotary feeder The rotary
feeders feed the coal to pulverize mill at a definite rate.
Then coal burners are employed to fire the pulverized
coal along with primary air into furnace. These burners
are placed in the corners of the furnace and they send
horizontal streams of air and fuel tangent to an imaginary
circle in the center of the furnace. Figure 3.3 Pulverised System

3.8 Fuel Oil System:-

The functional requirement of the fuel burning system is to supply a controllable and uninterrupted
flammable furnace input of fuel and air and to continuously ignite and burn the fuel as rapidly as it
is introduced into the furnace. This system provides efficient conversion of chemical energy of fuel
into heat energy. The fuel burning system should function such that fuel and air input is ignited
continuously and immediately upon its entry into furnace.

The Fuel air (secondary air) provided FD fan, surrounds the fuel nozzles. Since this air provides
covering for the fuel nozzles so it is called as mantle air. Dampers are provided so that quantity of
air can be modulated. Coal burners distribute the fuel and air evenly in the furnace.

Ignition takes place when the flammable furnace input is heated above the ignition temperature. No
flammable mixture should be allowed to accumulate in the furnace. Ignition energy is usually
supplied in the form of heat. This ignition energy is provided by oil guns and by igniters.

3.9 Boiler Drum:-

The drum is a pressure vessel. Its function is to separate water and steam from mixture (of steam &
water) generated in the furnace walls. It provides water storage for preventing the saturation of tubes.
It also houses the equipment needed for purification of steam. The steam purification primarily
depends on the extent of moisture removal, since solids in steam are carried by the moisture associated
with it. The drum internals reduce the dissolved solids content of the steam to below the acceptable
18
limit. drum is made up of two halves of carbon steel plates having thickness of 133 mm.

The top half and bottom half are heated in a plate heating furnace at a very high temperature and are
pressured to form a semi cylindrical shape. The top and bottom semi cylinders with hemispherical
dished ends are fusion welded to form the boiler drum. The drum is provided with stubs for welding
all the connecting tubes i.e. down comer stubs, riser tubes stubs and super-heater outlet tube stubs.

Boiler drum is located at a height of 53m from ground. The drum is provided with manholes and
manhole covers. Manhole is used for facilitating the maintenance person to go inside the drum for
maintenance.

Figure 3.4 Steam Drum

The drum form the part of boiler circulating system i.e. movement of fluid from the drum to the
combustion zone and back to boiler drum. Feed water is supplied to the drum from the economizer
through feed nozzles. Water from the drum goes to water walls through six down comers.

Main parts of boiler drum are:-

Feed pipe
Riser tube
Down comer
Baffle plate
Chemical dosing pipe
Turbo separation
19
 Screen dryer
Drum level gauge

3.10 Draft System:-

The combustion process in a furnace can take place only when it receives a steady flow of air and has
the combustion gases continuously removed. Theoretically balanced draft means keeping furnace
pressure equal to atmospheric pressure, but in practice the furnace is kept slightly below atmospheric
pressure. It ensures that there is no egress of air or hot gas and ash into boiler house.

3.11 Draught Fans:-

A fan can be defined as volumetric machine which like pumps moves quantities of air or gas from
one place to another. In doing this it overcomes resistance to flow by supplying the fluid with the
energy necessary for contained motion. The following fans are used in boiler house.

3.11.1 Primary air fan (P.A. fan) or Exhauster fan-

Pulverized coal is directly fed from coal mills to the burners at the four corners of the furnace through
coal pipes with the help of heated air coming from PA fan. Secondly, this fan also dries the coal.
Usually sized for 1500 RPM due to high pressure.

3.11.2 Forced draught fan (F.D. fan):-

The combustion process in the furnace can take place only when it receives a steady flow of air. This
air is supplied by FD fan. Thus FD fan takes air from atmosphere at ambient temperature & so
provides additional draught. Its speed varies from 600-1500 RPM.

3.11.3 Induced draught fan (I.D. fan):-

The flue gases coming out of the boiler are passed to the ESP & then dust free gases are discharged
up by the chimney to the atmosphere through the ID fan.

20
3.12 Economizer:-

Figure 3.5 Economizer

The flue gases coming out of the boiler carry lot of heat. An economiser extracts a part of

this heat from the flue gases and uses it for heating the feed water before it enters into the

steam drum. The use of economiser results in saving fuel consumption and higher boiler

efficiency but needs extra investment. In an economizer, a large number of small diameter

thin walled tubes are placed between two headers. Feed water enters the tubes through

the other. The flue gases flow outside the tubes.

3.13 Air preheaters:-

Air preheaters are employed to recover the heat from the flue gases leaving the economiser and are
used to heat the incoming air for combustion. This raises the temperature of the furnace gases,
improves combustion rates an efficiency and lowers the stack (chimney) temperature, thus improving
the overall efficiency of the boiler. Cooling of flue gases by 20% raises the plant efficiency by 1%.

21
Air preheaters are employed to recover the heat from the flue gases leaving the economiser and are
used to heat the incoming air for combustion. This raises the temperature of the furnace gases,
improves combustion rates and efficiency and lowers the stack (chimney) temperature, thus
improving the overall efficiency of the boiler. Cooling of flue gases by 20% raises the plant efficiency
by 1%.

In KSTPS regenerative type of preheater is used. They use a cylindrical rotor made of corrugated
steel plate. The rotor is placed in a drum which is divided into two compartments, i.e. air compartment
(primary air coming from primary air fan and secondary air for air coming from FD fan with +ve
pressure) and flue gases (from economizer with ve pressure) compartments. To avoid leakage from
one compartment to other seals are provided.

The rotor is fixed on an electrical shaft rotating at a speed of 2 to 4 rpm. As the rotor rotates the flue
gases, are pass through alternatively gas and air zone. The rotor elements are heated by flue gases in
their zone and transfer the heat to air when they are in air zone. The air temperature required for
drying in the case of coal-fired boiler decided the size of the air heaters

3.14 Super heater:-

Superheated steam is that steam, which contains more heat than the saturated steam at the same
pressure i.e. it, has been heated above the temperature corresponding
to its pressure. This additional heat provides more energy to the turbine and thus the electrical
power output is more.

A superheater is a device which removes the last traces of moisture from the
saturated steam leaving the boiler tubes and also increases its temperature.
The steam is superheated to the highest economical temperature not only to increase the efficiency
but also to have following advantages

Reduction in requirement of steam quantity for a given output of energy owing to its high
internal energy reduces the turbine size.
Superheated steam being dry, turbine blades remain dry so the mechanical resistance to the
flow of steam over them is small resulting in high efficiency.
No corrosion and pitting at the turbine blades occur owing to dryness of steam.

3.15 Re-heater:-
Re-heaters are provided to raise the temperature of the steam from which part of energy has already

22
been extracted by HP turbine. This is done so that the steam remains dry as far as possible through
the last stage of the turbine. A re-heater can also be convection, radiation or combination of both.

3.16 Soot Blower:-

The boiler tubes are cleaned with the help of steam by the process called soot blowing. We are well
known that a greater no. of tubes are presented inside the boiler. Slowly and slowly the fine ash
particles are collected on the tube surface and from a layer this is called soot. Soot is a thermal
insulating material.
There are mainly three types of soot blower are used in KSTPS: -

Water wall soot blower

Super heater soot blower
Air pre heater soot blower

3.17 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF BOILER

1.Type : Direct fired, natural circulation

2. No. of Units. : Two.

3.Make : BHEL.

4.Capacity. : 375 tonnes per hour.

5.Steam Pressure. : 139 Kg./Cm2

6.Efficiency : 86.6 %.

7. No. of fans in service.

a) ID fans. : 2 Nos.

b) FD fans. : 2 Nos.

c) PA fans. : 2 Nos.

d) Seal Air fan. : 1 No.

e) Scanner Air fan. : 1 No.

f) Igniter fan. : 1 No.

23
8. Steam Temperature : 540oC.

9. No. of coal mills in : 3 Nos. service.

10. No. of soot blowers : 70 Nos.

24
 CHAPTER -4

PROTECTION
1. Field Protection.

2. Pole Slipping.

3. Plane Overload Protection.

4. Inter-turn Fault

5. Negative Phase Sequence Protection.

6. Reverse Power Protection.

7. Forward Power Protection.

8. Under Frequency & Over Frequency Protection.

9. Generator Voltage Protection.

10. Rotor Earth Fault Protection.

4.1 General Protection:

It is most important electrical equipment of many generating station. Tripping of even a generating
unit may cause overloading of associated machines and even to system un-stability. The basis
function of protection applied to generator is to reduce voltage to minimum by rapid discrimination
clearance of faults. Unlike other apparatus the opening of C.B. to isolate faulty generator is not
sufficient to prevent future damage.

25
 CHAPTER - 5

SALIENT FEATURE OF K.S.T.P.S.

1. LOCATION Sakatpura, Kota.

2. CAPACITY

A) 1ST Stage. 2x110 MW.

B) 2nd Stage. 2x210 MW.

C) 3rd Stage. 1x210 MW.

D) 4th Stage. 1x195 MW.

E) 5th Stage 1x195 MW

3. SOURCE OF WATER. Chambal River.

4. BOILER

a) type. tangentially fired natural

circulation, balance draft ,
direct fired radiant reheat, water tube boiler.

b) No. of units. 7

c) Max. efficiency. BHEL (86.6 + 1) %

d) Capacity. 375 t/hr , 710 t/hr

(110 MW) / (210 MW)

e) Steam Pressure 139 Kg/cm2 / 150 Kg/cm2

f) Steam Temp. 540oC,

g) No. of draft fans in i) FD fans 2 Unit ( Each boiler)

Service. ii) ID fan 2 Unit (Each boiler).

h) No. of Air fans in Service.

i) Primary 2 Unit.

ii)Seal Air fan. 1 Unit.

26
 iii) Scanner. 1 Unit.

i) No. of coal mills in service. 3 Unit.

j) No. of Soot blower in service. 68

k) No. of oil burners. 8

5. Fuels:-

A) COAL:-

i)Type. Stack Coal.

ii) Calorific Value. 3300 K.Cal./Kg.

iii) Qty. Used. 80 t/hr, 140 t/hr

iv) Ash contents. 40%

v) Sulphur contents. 0.5%.

vi)Type of Handling. Belt Conveyor.

27
 LEARNING AND ROLE

Learning
>Internship in KSTPS involved familiarization with the power plant, a
basic understanding was developed of various elements in production
cycle like flow of steam, DM water, coal handling plant etc.

> Also a detailed study of installed 110 MW turbine and its concept like
axial shift, barring gears.

> Got a brief idea of coal handling plant and its transformation till it
reaches boiler.

>Learning of steam and water cycles in the plant.

Role
My role in plant is to maintain unit parameters.

Working with unit XEN and AEN to operate plant components like
mills, boiler, turbines etc.

Operating system in unit control work with CMC simulation

28
 CONCLUSION

The first phase of practical training has proved to be quiet fruitful. It provided an opportunity for
encounter with such huge machines like wagon tippler .110 MW, 210 MW & 195 MW turbines and
generators.

The architecture of the power plant the way various units are linked and the way working of whole
plant is controlled make the student realize that engineering is not just learning the structured
description and working of various machines, but the greater part is of planning proper management.

It also provides an opportunities to lean low technology used at proper place and time can cave a lot
of labour e.g. wagon Tripler (CHP).But there are few factors that require special mention. Training
is not carried out into its tree sprit. It is recommended that there should be some project specially
meant for students where presence of authorities should be ensured. There should be strict monitoring
of the performance of students and system of grading be improved on the basis of work done.

However training has proved to be quite fruitful. It has allowed an opportunity to get an exposure of
the practical implementation to theoretical fundamentals.

29
 REFERENCES

http://www.mapsofindia.com/kota/industries/super-thermal-power-plant.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station

www.geocities.com

http://www.energymanagertraining.com/power_plants/ThermalPowerPlants.htm

30