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Digital Signal Prossessing I Part01
Digital Signal Prossessing I Part01
Measurements and analysis: Preconditioning the measured signal by rejecting the disturbing noise and
interference. The digital filters can be found in ECG and EEG equipment to record the weak signals in the
presence of heavy background noise and interference. DSP techniques are also used for the analysis of radar and
sonar echoes. In most GPS receivers today advanced DSP techniques are employed to enhance resolution and
reliability. [+ patient monitoring, X-ray storage, enhancement]
Telecommunications: DSP is used in telephone systems for DTMF (dual-tone multi-frequency) signaling, echo
cancelling of telephone lines, equalizers for high-speed telephone modems, etc. Error-correcting codes are used
to protect digital signals from bit errors during data trans-missions. Data compression algorithms are utilized to
reduce the number of data bits to represent given information. DSP is used for speech coding in GSM (global
system for mobile communication) telephones, in modulators and demodulators etc. [+video conferencing, data
communication]
Audio and television: Digital signal processing is mandatory in CD players, digital audio tape (DAT) and digital
compact cassette (DCC) recorder. Digital methods are also used in digital audio broadcasting (DAB). HDTV
systems are utilizing lots of digital image processing techniques.
Digital image processing: Digital image processing is used for restoring blurred or distorted images, data
compression, identification and analysis of pictures and photos. [+pattern recognition, satellite weather map,
facsimile]
Automotive: In automotive business DSP is used for control purposes. For example, ignition and injection
control system, intelligent suspension system, anti-skid brakes, climate control systems, intelligent cruise
controllers, airbag controllers etc. Some speech recognition and speech synthesis are being tasted in
automobiles. Experiments have been performed for background noise cancellation in cars using adaptive digital
filters.
The analog input filter is used to band-limit the input signal before digitization to reduce aliasing. The ADC converts the
analog input signal into a digital form. The heart of the system is the digital processor (Motorola MC68000, Texas
Instruments TMS320C25). The digital processor may implement one of the several DSP algorithms, such as, digital
filtering. After processing the signal may be stored in a computer memory for later use or it may be displayed graphically
on a display unit.
Sampling
Sampling is the acquisition of a continuous signal at discrete time intervals. The sampled signal is continuous in
amplitude but defined only in discrete points in time. The process is shown in Figure above. The signal obtained in this
way is called discrete-time signal and is represented as x(n) .
x(n) xa (nT ) ; n
where, T is the sampling period. The inverse of it is sampling frequency, Fs . [ Fs 1/ T ]
Basic signals
1. Unit sample or unit impulse, (n)
1 n 0
( n)
0 n 0
x(n) 1.5 (n 2) (n 1) 1.2 (n) 0.5 ( n 2)
1.6 (n 3)
Note: Any D.T. signal can be expanded into, x(n) x(k ) (n k ) .
k
1 n 0
u ( n)
0 n 0
3. Sinusoidal signals
A continuous-time sinusoidal signal is defined as, x(t ) A cos(0t ) . A discrete-time sinusoid is obtained by
sampling a continuous-time sinusoid with sampling interval, Ts as,
x(n) x(nTs ) A cos(0 nTs ) A cos(0 n )
2 F0
where, 0Ts 2 f 0 0 is called the digital frequency.
Fs
4. Exponential signal, a n (or e n where, a e and j )
15
0 or
8 8
7
0 or
4 4
3
0 or
2 2
As increases from to 2 . This is illustrated in Figure above. A frequency ( x) actually appears as the frequency
( x) .
s
Or, s
2 2
This implies that the highest frequency of an analog signal must be less than half the sampling frequency to avoid
aliasing.
Example:
Consider the analog signal xa (t ) 3cos 2000 t 5sin 6000 t 10cos12000 t . What is the Nyquist rate for this
signal? If the sampling rate is 5000 samples/sec what is the discrete-time signal obtained after sampling? What is the
analog signal ya (t ) we can reconstruct from the samples if we use ideal interpolation?
-------------------------
Nyquist rate is the minimum sampling frequency to avoid aliasing. This is double the maximum frequency of input signal.
Here, F1 1000 Hz, F2 3000 Hz and F3 6000 Hz.
Thus, Nyquist rate, FN 12000 Hz .
2000 6000 12000 2 6 12
x(n) xa (nTs ) 3cos n 5sin n 10 cos n 3cos n 5sin n 10 cos n
5000 5000 5000 5 5 5
2 4 2 2 4 2
Or, x(n) 3cos n 5sin(2 )n 10 cos(2 n) 3cos n 5sin n 10 cos n
5 5 5 5 5 5
2 4 1 2
Or, x(n) 13cos n 5sin n. f1 , f 2
5 5 5 5
1 2
For perfect reconstruction, F1 f1 Fs 5000 Hz=1000 Hz , and F2 f 2 Fs 5000 Hz=2000 Hz .
5 5
Thus, ya (t ) 13cos 2000 t 5sin 4000 t .
Note that, F1 is less than 2500 Hz. So no aliasing will occur. F2 is greater than 2500 Hz by 500 Hz. So this frequency will
appear as a lower frequency of (2500 - 500)=2000 Hz. Alternately, (3000-5000)= - 2000 Hz.
The third frequency will change to (6000 - 5000) = 1000 Hz.
The quantizer has (L+1) decision levels x1 , x2 , , xL 1 that divide the amplitude range for x(n) into L intervals.
For an input x(n) that falls in the interval I k , the quantizer assigns a value within the interval x (k ) to x(n) . This
process is shown in Figure above.
xk 1 xk .
The number of levels in a quantizer is generally of the form, L 2 B 1 for a B+1 bit binary code word.
A 3-bit uniform quantizer in which the quantizer output is rounded to the nearest quantization level is shown in Figure
below.
With L quantization levels, the range of the quantizer is, R 2B 1 . If the quantizer input is bounded, x(n) X max .