MODELS 2017 COMPLETE MODEL ANSWER

Chapters (6 & 7)
Exam (1)
Q1

A. Define each of the following:

a. X-rays.
They are invisible e.m radiations of short wave lengths (10-13 10-8) m, located between U.V and gamma
rays in the e.m spectrum.
b. Emission spectrum.
The emission resulted from the transition of excited atoms from higher level to lower level.
c. Line spectrum.
The spectrum includes specific wave lengths, and not continuously distributed.
d. Continuous spectrum.
The spectrum includes certain range of wave lengths in continuous manner.
e. Fraunhoffer lines.
The spectral lines exist in solar spectrum, as elements like hydrogen and helium in the solar atmosphere
absorb their own wave lengths from the released radiations, appears as dark lines over coloured back
ground.
B. First; mention the three basic elements in the structure of a LASER production device.
1. Active medium. 2. Source of energy. 3. Resonance cavity.
Second; mention one factor affecting each of the following:
a. The minimum wave length in the continuous spectrum of x-rays.
The accelerating P.D between anode and cathode.
b. The wave length of the characteristic line spectrum. The type of target material.
The kinetic energy of the accelerated electrons in Coolidge tube.
The accelerating P.D between anode and cathode.
C. As the accelerating voltage in a cathode rays tube is 1000 volt, calculate:
a. The maximum kinetic energy gained by an electron = e.V = 1.610-19 1000 = 1.610-16 Joule.
.
b. The maximum speed gained by an electron = = = 1.875 107 m/s.
.

Q2
A. Give reasons for:
a. The associating wave length for a moving electron decreases by increasing its velocity.

According to De-Broglie relation, = , the associating wave length for a moving electron is inversely
proportional to its velocity.
b. X-rays are characterized by its high penetration power.
Due to its shorter wave lengths compared with the intermolecular spaces.
c. X-rays are used to detect defects in metallic structures of industry.
Due to its high penetration power and affecting photographic plates.
d. A three-dimensional image can be formed using LASER rays.
As photons of LASER are characterized by its coherent nature, so it reveals intensity and path difference
for surface topology.
e. The wave length of Pfund's series is the longest of all in Hydrogen atomic spectra.
As it originates due to the transition of electrons from higher energy levels to level (5) producing
photons in remote IR range, of least frequency and longest wave lengths in Hydrogen spectra.
B. First; mention the role of;
a. The electric field between anode and cathode in Coolidge tube.
Providing enough K.E for accelerated electrons, to produce X-rays when hitting the target.
b. Filament in Coolidge tube.
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Release of electrons when being heated.

c. The objective lens in spectroscope.
Focuses the rays of the same color along the focal plane of lens.
Second; mention three characteristics of LASER.
1. Monochromaticity. 2. Coherence. 3. Intensity.
C. Calculate the shortest wave length for the X-rays produced in Coolidge tube, using a potential difference of:
6.625 3
a. 10000 volt. Minimum = = .
= 1.2410-12 m.
6.625 3
b. 50 000 volt. Minimum = = .
= 2.4810-11 m.

Q3

A. Choose the correct answer:

a. The solar spectrum is considered a spectrum.
i. Continuous
ii. Absorption line
iii. Emission line
b. The line spectrum of Balmer series is produced in Hydrogen atoms due to the transfer of electrons
from higher levels to level
i. One
ii. Two
iii. Three
c. The spectrum includes all possible wave lengths in certain range is called spectrum.
i. Atomic
ii. Continuous
iii. Line
d. Paschen series of Hydrogen spectrum is in the region of the e.m spectrum.
i. Ultra violet
ii. Visible
iii. Infra-red
e. The spectrum of Hydrogen that can be seen is produced due to the transition of electrons from
higher energy levels to level
i. Two
ii. Three
iii. Four
B. First; what happens in the following cases?
a. The relaxation of an electron from higher energy level to level two.
Obtaining visible spectrum called Balmer's series.
b. The absence of two mirrors at the ends of the resonance cavity in LASER production device.
No amplification for the emitted photons and no LASER production.
c. The spending of life time for an excited atom in higher state without absorbing an external photon.
The atom gets rid of its excitation energy in the form of photon spontaneously.
Second; mention three uses for X-rays.
1. Studying crystalline structure. 2. In radiology for imaging bones. 3. Security checks.
C. A photon of wave length 486.1 nm is released from Hydrogen atom:
a. Calculate the energy of this photon.
.
E=
= .
= 4.0810-19 J.

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b. Determine the two levels between which an electron transfer to emit such photon, knowing that the
visible range in the e.m spectrum is (400 nm 700 nm).
The wave length 486.1 nm shows that such photon is related to Balmer's series as it is located in the
4.08
visible range, photon energy in electron volt = .
= 2.55 ev, shows that the transition is from
level N to level L [-0.85 (-3.4) = 2.55 ev]

Q4
A. Write the scientific term:
a. The spectrum produced due to the transition of excited atom from a higher level to a lower level.
Emission spectrum.
b. The spectrum which includes all possible wave lengths in certain spectrum range.
Continuous spectrum.
c. The type of emission mostly common in the ordinary light sources. Spontaneous emission.
d. A LASER beam is used to obtain a three-dimensional image that interferes with the reflected beam
from the object upon the photographic plate. Reference beam.
e. The property of having similar phase for LASER photons. Coherence.
B. First; mention the mathematical relation being used to determine:
13.6
a. The energy value for a shell in Hydrogen atom. En = - n2

b. The characteristic wave length for X-rays. =

c. The radius of energy level in Hydrogen atom due to Bohr's assumptions. n = 2r
Second; mention one condition for each of the following:
a. Stimulated emission. As an excited atom relaxes to lower state before spending a life time, and
the effect of external photon.
b. LASER action. Driving the atoms of active medium into a state of population inversion.
c. Liberation of photo-electrons from a metallic surface.
The energy of incident photons is more than the work function of the metallic surface.
C. The following table relates the wave length of e.m photons () and the reciprocal of linear momentum of
each photon (1/PL).
x 10-10 (m) 1 3 5 7 9
1/PL x 1022 (s/kg.m) 15.1 45.3 75.5 105.7 135.9

Plot the graphical relation

between the wave length ()
on the vertical axis and the
reciprocal of linear
momentum (1/PL) on the
horizontal axis, then use the
plot to determine:

( 9 1 )1010
a. The value of Planck's constant = Slope = (135.915.1 )1022 = 6.6210-34.
1
b. The photon whose wave length is 6 Angstrom has a linear momentum = 90.61022 = 1.110-24 J.S.

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Exam (2)

Q1

A. Choose the correct answer:

a. One essential element in a LASER production device is
i. Active medium
ii. Holes
iii. Electrons
b. One characteristic of LASER is
i. Spectral purity
ii. High speed
iii. Change in phase
c. The spectral purity of LASER rays means its photons
i. Have one direction
ii. Have a single wave length
iii. Coherent
d. Helium-Neon LASER is considered a LASER.
i. Gaseous
ii. Solid
iii. Liquid
e. Holography is the method of photography for obtaining a image.
i. Single dimensional
ii. Two dimensional
iii. Three dimensional
B. First; mention the three essential elements in all LASER production devices.
1. Active medium. 2. Source of energy. 3. Resonance cavity.

Second; give reasons for:

a. Choosing both of Helium and Neon as an active medium for LASER production.
Due to the near equality of their meta stable energy levels.
b. The presence of two mirrors one fully reflecting and the other is semi-reflecting in He-Ne LASER.
To amplify the intensity of LASER photons by multiple reflections, improving its monochromaticity and
coherence.
c. LASER rays propagate in parallel lines.
As the diameter of LASER beam keeps constant, without much spreading over long distance.
C. Calculate the radius of the second energy level in Hydrogen atom, knowing that the wave length
associating the moving electron in such shell is 9.9 Angstrom.
2 9.9 1010
n = 2r , r = = 3.15 10-10 m.
2 3.14

Q2
A. What is meant by:
a. Hologram. A 3D coded image formed due to the interference two LASER beams one
reference beam and the other is the reflected beam from object, it carries all information of object.
b. Stimulated emission. The emission of photon due to the transition of excited atom to a lower
state before spending a life time in excitation state, using an external photon.
c. Spontaneous emission. The emission of photon due to the transition of excited atom to a lower
state after spending a life time in excitation state,
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d. Population inversion. The state at which the concentration of excited atoms exceeds the
concentration of atoms in lower state, it is the condition for LASER action.
e. Optical pumping.
The process of excitation for atoms in active medium using light energy as in Ruby LASER.

B. First; mention three postulates from Bohr's atomic model. [see the text book]
Second; explain without drawing a method to generate X-rays using Coolidge tube.

The hot filament releases electrons by thermionic effect.

Such electrons are accelerated using the high potential difference between anode and cathode gaining
enough K.E.
As such fast electrons hit the target they lose some or all of their energy in the form of x-rays.
C. As the energy needed to release the characteristic x-rays radiation is 1.987510-15 Joule, calculate the wave
length corresponds such photon.
.
=
= .
= 110-10 m = 1 Angstrom.

Q3

A. Mention five practical applications for LASER.

a. Medical applications.
b. In fine industry.
c. In military.
d. In holography.
e. In printing.

B. First; mention three energy sources for LASER production devices.

Elelctric energy Light energy chemical energy.
Second; the given figure for the released wave lengths from certain atom
due to the transition of electrons from higher levels to level one, calculate
the energy of released photons due the transition of electron from the
fourth level to the second level.
6.6251034 3108 6.6251034 3108
E = E2 E4 = 1 2
= 267109
299109
= 7.9 10-20 J.

C. An X-rays production tube works at 40 Kilovolt p.d, and the intensity of

electron beam is 5 milliampere, calculate:
h.c 6.6251034 3108
a. The minimum wave length of x-rays produced. = = = 3.105 10-11 m.
E 40 0001.61019
. 5103
b. The number of electrons released per second = =
= 1.61019 = 3.125 1016 electrons.

Q4
A. Mention one function for each of the following:
a. Filament in Coolidge tube. The source of electrons.
b. Resonance cavity. The container and the activating catalyst for amplification process.
c. Reference beam. In holography, to interfer with the reflected beam from object.
d. Electric field in Coolidge tube to accelerate electrons, providing enough K.E for electrons to release X-rays
on hitting the target, and in LASER production device is a source of excitation for atoms in active medium.
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B. First; compare between spontaneous and stimulated emission, due to:

P.O.C spontaneous emission stimulated emission

a. The reason for occurrence. The transfer of an excited
atom to a lower state after
spending a life time.
b. The change in the concentration of
photons with distance travelled by the Concentration of photons
beam of photons. decreases with distance.
c. The direction of propagating photons. Photons propagate random
The transfer of an excited atom to a
lower state before spending a life
time.
Intensity of photons remains constant.
Photons propagate with similar phase

Second; using the given figure, as the electron of hydrogen atom is at the fourth energy level:
a. What is the least frequency photon could be emitted in this case?
Due to the transition from level 4 to level 3,
4 3 (0.85 + 1.51) 1.6 1019
=
= 6.625 1034
= 1.591014 Hz.
b. What is the highest frequency photon could be
emitted in this case?
Due to the transition from level 4 to level 1,
4 3 (0.85 + 13.6) 1.6 1019
=
= 6.625 1034
= 3.081015 Hz.
c. The number of possibilities for photons emission for a single electron to transfer between the four
levels = 6 possibilities.

C. The given figure for a standing wave pattern associating a moving electron in
a Hydrogen atom for one of its shells (n) according to Bohr postulates.
a. The order of such shell (n) = 3.
b. Calculate the wave length associating the moving electron in such shell if its radius is 4.71 10 -10 m.

2 3.14 4.71 1010

As; n. = 2r, so; = = 9.85 10-10 m.
3

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