An Overview of Secure Routing Protocols Mobile AdHoc Network

V.Vandhana,
S.Eswaran,
Department of ECE, Sasurie Academy of Engineering, Coimbatore, India

Abstract:
Mobile Ad hoc Networks are assortment of mobile terminals or nodes, allowing no
Stationary infrastructure and centralized administration. Several routing protocols have been proposed in
recent years for possible deployment of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in military, government and
commercial applications. The strength of its infrastructure (wireless nature) also becomes the point of its
greatest vulnerability. Thus decreasing the confidence level of the system as it pertains to availability,
reliability, data integrity and privacy concerns. Protocols are introduced for improving the routing
mechanism to find route between any source and destination host across the network. In this paper we
present a survey on routing protocols and we review OLSR protocol and improvements on this protocol.

Keywords Ad hoc networks, routing protocols, security, wireless systems, mobile routing.

INTRODUCTION advances, when the high-tech communication

With the widespread rapid development of
computers and the wireless communication, the
mobile computing has already become the field
of computer communications in high-profile
link. Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a
completely wireless connectivity through the
nodes constructed by the actions of the network,
which usually has a dynamic shape and a limited
bandwidth and other features, network members
may be inside the laptop, Personal Digital
Assistant (PDA), mobile phones, MP3 players,
and digital cameras and so on. On the Internet,
the original Mobility (mobility) is the term used
to denote actions hosts roaming in a different
domain; they can retain their own fixed IP
address, without the need to constantly
changing, which is Mobile IP technology.
Mobile IP nodes in the main action is to deal
with IP address management, by Home Agent
and Foreign Agent to the Mobile Node to packet
Tunneling, the Routing and fixed networks are
no different from the original; however, Ad Hoc
Network to be provided by Mobility is a fully
wireless, can be any mobile network
infrastructure, without a base station, all the
nodes can be any link, each node at the same
time take Router work with the Mobile IP
completely different levels of Mobility. Early
use of the military on the Mobile Packet Radio
Networked in fact can be considered the
predecessor of MANET, with the IC technology
equipment, the size, weight continuously
decreases, power consumption is getting low,
Personal Communication System (Personal
Communication System, PCS) concept evolved,
from the past few years the rapid popularization
of mobile phones can be seen to communicate
with others anytime, anywhere, get the latest
information, or exchange the required
information is no longer a dream, And we have
gradually become an integral part of life.
Military purposes, as is often considerable
danger in field environment, some of the major
basic communication facilities, such as base
stations, may not be available, in this case,
different units, or if you want to communicate
between the forces, we must rely on This cannot
MANET network infrastructure limitations. In
emergency relief, the mountain search and
rescue operations at sea, or even have any
infrastructure cannot be expected to comply with
the topographical constraints and the pressure of
time under the pressure, Ad Hoc Network
completely wireless and can be any mobile
feature is especially suited to disaster relief
operations. When personal communication
devices and more powerful, some assembly
occasions, if you need to exchange large
amounts of data, whether the transmission of
computer files or applications that display. if
We can link into a temporary network structure,
then the data transmission will be more efficient
Without the need for large-scale projection
equipment would not have point to point link
equipment (such as network line or transmission
line). The current wireless LAN technology,
Bluetooth is has attracted considerable attention
as a development plan. Bluetooth's goal is to
enable wireless devices to contact with each
other, if the adding the design of Ad Hoc
Network (MANET).
The security of communication in ad hoc
wireless networks is important, especially in
military applications. The absence of any central
coordination mechanism and shared wireless
medium makes MANETs more vulnerable to
digital/cyber attacks than wired networks.
Designing of routing protocol in AdHoc network
depends various factors like mobility,
bandwidth, resource constraint, hidden and
exposed terminal problems etc. Thus, routing
protocol is structured for purposes such as fully
distributed, adaptive frequent and stable
topology, loop free and minimum number of
collisions.
DSR Protocol:
The Dynamic Source Routing protocol
(DSR)(MANET) is a set of mobile devices
(nodes), which over a shared wireless medium is
a simple and efficient routing protocol
communicate with each other without the
designed specifically for use in multi-hop
presence of a predefined infrastructure or a
wireless ad hoc networks of mobile nodes. DSR
central authority. Due to no stationary allows the
network to be completely self- infrastructure, all
nodes can move freely, organizing and self-
configuring, without the topology may change
rapidly and unpredictably need for any existing
network infrastructure or over time, and nodes
have to form their own administration. The
protocol is composed of the mutual
infrastructures. The security of two mechanisms
of Route Discovery and Route communication
in ad hoc wireless networks is Maintenance,
which work together to allow important,
especially in military applications. nodes to
discover and maintain source routes to The
absence of any central coordination arbitrary
destinations in the ad hoc network. mechanism
and shared wireless medium makes Dynamic
source routing protocol (DSR) is an MANETs
more vulnerable to digital/cyber on-demand
protocol designed to restrict attacks than wired
networks. Designing of the bandwidth consumed
by control packets in routing protocol in AdHoc
network depends ad hoc wireless networks by
eliminating the various factors like mobility,
bandwidth, periodic table-update messages
required in the resource constraint, hidden and
exposed table-driven approach. The major
difference between this and the other on-demand
routing protocols is that it is beacon-less and
hence does not require periodic hello packet
(beacon) transmissions, which are used by a
node to inform its neighbors of its presence. The
basic approach of this protocol (and all other on-
demand routing protocols) during the route
construction phase is to establish a route by
flooding Route Request packets in the network.
The destination node, on receiving a Route
Request packet, responds by sending a Route
Reply packet back to the source, which carries
the route traversed by the Route Request packet
received.
AODV Protocol:
An adhoc network is the cooperative
engagement of a collection of mobile nodes
without the required inter vention of any
centralized access point or existing infrastructure
In this paper we present Adhoc On Demand
Distance Vector Routing AODV a novel
algorithm for the operation of such adhoc
networks Each Mobile Host operates as a
specialized router and routes are obtained as
needed on demand with little or no reliance on
periodic advertisements Our new routing
algorithm is quite suitable for a dynamic self
starting network as required by users wishing to
utilize adhoc networks. The AODV (Ad-Hoc
On-Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol
is a reactive routing protocol that uses some
characteristics of proactive routing protocols.
Routes are established on-demand, as they are
needed. However, once established a route is
maintained as long as it is needed. Reactive (or
on-demand) routing protocols find a path
between the source and the destination only
when the path is needed (i.e., if there are data to
be exchanged between the source and the
destination). An advantage of this approach is
that the routing overhead is greatly reduced. A
disadvantage is a possible large delay from the
moment the route is needed (a packet is ready
to be sent) until the time the route is actually
acquired.
DSDV Protocol:
DSDV (Destination-Sequenced Distance
Vector Routing DSDV) is a table driven routing
scheme. Its based on Bellman-Ford algorithm.
Each entry in the routing table contains a
sequence number which is generated by the
destination by the destination and the emitter
needs to send out the next update using this
Number Routing information is distributed
between nodes by sending full dumps
infrequently and smaller incremental updates
more frequently.
II Routing Algorithms Comparisons:
DPRAODV Protocol:
DPRAODV received signal is higher
than the threshold value, then the sender node is
regarded as black hole node and then a blacklist
is constructed with the attacker node increases
the packet delivery ratio with nominal increase
in routing overhead. This method cannot detect
the cooperative black hole attacks. Also the false
detection ratio of this scheme is high.
Secure Adhoc Routing:
Ad hoc network routing protocols
have been based in part on distance vector
approaches, they have generally assumed a trusted
environment. In this research project, we design
and evaluate the Secure Efficient Adhoc Distance
vector routing protocol (SEAD), a secure ad hoc
network routing protocol based on the design of
the Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector
routing protocol (DSDV).
Intrusion Detection System:
An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a
device or software application that monitors
network or system activities for malicious
activities or policy violations and produces
reports to a management station. IDS come
in a variety of flavors and approach the
goal of detecting suspicious traffic in
different ways. There are network based
(NIDS) and host based (HIDS) intrusion
detection systems. Some systems may
attempt to stop an intrusion attempt but this
is neither required nor expected of a
monitoring system. Intrusion detection and
prevention systems (IDPS) are primarily
focused on identifying possible incidents,
logging information about them, and
reporting attempts.
Gray Hole Attack
This usually occurs from a router becoming
compromised from a number of different
causes. One cause mentioned in research is
through a denial-of-service attack on the
router using a known DDOS tool. Because
packets are routinely dropped from a lossy
network, the packet drop attack is very hard
to detect and prevent.
Attacks on AODV Protocol:
At the start of communication routes are
generated by Network Each and every node
has its own sequence number, and this
number increases whenever a link changes.
Sends a route request (RREQ) message by
using broadcasting. The RREQ ID increases
by one every time node S sends an RREQ
message If they have a valid route to the
destination, then they send an RREP
message to node.
Bootstrapping Security Associations for
Routing:
A Cyclic Dependency Problem:
Routing service depends on security services
to authenticate the source of a message (i.e., its
IP address) and the message content. To acquire
secure bindings between a nodes IP address and
key, it must either reach a trusted authority node
or establish trust relationships with other nodes
without relying on trusted authorities.
Breaking the Cyclic Dependency :
We remove dependency by using a secure
binding mechanism for establishing secure node-
to node associations that is independent of
secure routing and other security services. Idea
of a secure binding between an IP address and a
key that is independent of any other security
services by control messages of MIPv6.
Intrusion Detection:
The Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
protocol is a proactive Mobile Ad hoc Network
(MANET) routing protocol.
The OLSR Protocol:
The protocol is an optimization of the
classical link state algorithm tailored to the
requirements of a mobile wireless LAN. The key
concept used in the protocol is that of multipoint
relays (MPRs). MPRs are selected nodes which
forward broadcast messages during the flooding
process. This technique substantially reduces the
message overhead as compared to a classical
flooding mechanism, where every node
retransmits each message when it receives the
first copy of the message. In OLSR, link state
information is generated only by nodes elected
as MPRs. Thus, a second optimization is
achieved by minimizing the number of control
messages flooded in the network. As a third
optimization, an MPR node may chose to report
only links between itself and its MPR selectors.
PRISM: Privacy-friendly Routing in
Suspicious
MANETs (and VANETs):
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) play
an increasingly important role in many
environments and applications, especially, in
critical settings that lack fixed network
infrastructure, such as: emergency rescue,
humanitarian aid, as well as military and law
enforcement. Privacy aspects of mobility. Unlike
most networks, where communication is based
on long-term identities (addresses), we argue
that the location-centric communication
paradigm is better-suited for privacy in
suspicious MANETs. To this end, we construct
an on-demand location-based anonymous
MANET routing protocol (PRISM) that achieves
privacy and security against both outsider and
insider adversaries. We analyze security, privacy
and performance of PRISM and compare it to
alternative techniques. Results show that PRISM
is more computationally efficient and offers
better privacy than prior work.
Application Examples:
Military and law enforcement MANETs
are compelling examples of settings where
privacy, in addition to security, is very
important. Zooming in on the military
example, one can imagine a battlefield
MANET composed of different types of
nodes, like infantry soldiers, vehicles, and
aircrafts as well as other types of personnel
and equipment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank my guide,
Mrs.V.Vandhana (HOD/ECE) and staff of
ECE Department for this guidance and
precious time allotted me for this work. Also
a heartily thank to SASURIE ACADEMY
OF ENGG,CBE for valuable inputs and
directions for shaping this project.
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