Integrals: 5.1 The Indefinite Integral

Chapter 5
Integrals
5.1 The Indefinite Integral

Z
1. 3 dx = 3x + C
Z
2. ( 2 1) dx = ( 2 1)x + C
Z
1 6
3. x5 dx = x +C
6
Z
4. 5x1/4 dx = 4x5/4 + C
Z Z
dx 3 2/3
5. = x1/3 dx = x +C
3
x 2
Z Z
3 3 5/3
6. x2 dx = x2/3 dx = x +C
5
Z
1 0.48
7. (1 t0.52 ) dt = t t +C
0.48
Z Z

8. 10w w dw = 10w3/2 dw = 4w5/2 + C
Z
9. (3x2 + 2x 1) dx = x3 + x2 x + C
Z Z
9 4 1
10. 2 t t 2 dt = (2t1/2 t 9t2 ) dt = t3/2 t2 + 9t1 + C
t 3 2
Z Z
2 4
11. x(x2 2) dx = (x5/2 2x1/2 ) dx = x7/2 x3/2 + C
7 3
286
5.1. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 287
Z Z
5 2
12.
3 2
+ ds = (5s2/3 + 2s3/2 ) ds = 15s1/3 4s1/2 + C
s s3
Z Z
16 3
13. (4x + 1)2 dx = (16x2 + 8x + 1) dx = x + 4x2 + x + C
3
Z Z
1 2 4 3/2
14. ( x 1) dx =
2
(x 2x1/2 + 1) dx = x x +x+C
2 3
Z Z
15. (4w 1) dw =
3
(64w3 48w2 + 12w 1) dw = 16w4 16w3 + 6w2 w + C
Z Z
15 4
16. (5u 1)(3u2 + 2) du = (15u3 3u2 + 10u 2) du = u u3 + 5u2 2u + C
4
Z Z
r2 10r + 4
17. dr = (r1 10r2 + 4r3 ) dr = ln |r| + 10r1 2r2 + C
r3
Z Z
(x + 1)2 2 4
18. dx = (x3/2 + 2x1/2 + x1/2 ) dx = x5/2 + x3/2 + 2x1/2 + C
x 5 3
Z 1 Z
x x2 + x3 1 1 1
19. dx = (x3 x4 + x5 ) dx = x2 + x3 x4 + C
x 2 2 3 4
Z 3 Z
t 8t + 1 1 1 1 3
20. dt = (t 1
8t3
+ t4
) dt = ln |t| + 4t 2
t +C
(2t)4 16 16 3
ln |t| 1 2 1
= + t t3 + C
16 4 48
Z
21. (4 sin x 1 + 8x5 ) dx = 4 cos x x 2x4 + C
Z
22. (3 cos x + 4 sec2 x) dx = 3 sin x + 4 tan x + C
Z Z
23. csc x(csc x cot x) dx = (csc2 x csc x cot x) dx = cot x + csc x + C
Z Z
sin t
24. dt = tan t sec t dt = sec t + C
cos2 t
Z Z
2 + 3 sin2 x
25. dx = (2 csc2 x + 3) dx = 2 cot x + 3x + C
sin2 x
Z Z
2
26. 40 d = (40 2 cos ) d = 40 2 sin + C
sec
Z
27. (8x + 1 9ex ) dx = 4x2 + x 9ex + C
Z
28. (15x1 4 sinh x) dx = 15 ln x 4 cosh x + C
288 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
Z Z
2x3 x2 + 2x + 4 5
29. dx = 2x 1 + 2 dx = x2 x + 5 tan1 x + C
1 + x2 x +1
Z Z
x6 1 1 1
30. dx = x x +1 2
4 2
dx = x5 x3 + x tan1 x + C
1 + x2 x +1 5 3
Z Z
31. tan2 x dx = (sec2 x 1) dx = tan x x + C
Z Z Z
x 1 1 cos x 1 sin x
32. cos2 dx = (1 + cos x) dx = + dx = x+ +C
2 2 2 2 2 2
d 2 1
33. ( 2x + 1 + C) = =
dx 2 2x + 1 2x + 1

d 1 1
34. (2x2 4x)10 + C = (2x2 4x)9 (4x 4) = (2x2 4x)9 (x 1)
dx 40 4

d 1 4
35. sin 4x + C = cos 4x = cos 4x
dx 4 4

d 1 2
36. sin2 x + C = sin x cos x = sin x cos x
dx 2 2

d 1 2x
37. cos x2 + C = sin x2 = x sin x2
dx 2 2

d 1 (2 sin2 x) 0 1 (4 sin x cos x) cos x
38. +C = =
dx 2 sin x
2
4 sin4 x sin3 x

d 1
39. (x ln x x + C) = x + ln x 1 = ln x
dx x
d
40. (xex ex + C) = xex + ex ex = xex
dx
Z
d d 1 3
41. (x2 4x + 5) dx = x 2x2 + 5x + C = x2 4x + 5
dx dx 3
Z Z
d 2
42. (x 4x + 5) dx = (2x 4) dx = x2 4x + C
dx
Z
43. y = (6x2 + 9) dx = 2x3 + 9x + C
Z
44. y = (10x + 3x1/2 ) dx = 5x2 + 2x3/2 + C
Z
1
45. y = x2 dx = x1 + C = +C
x
5.1. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 289
Z Z
(2 + x)2 4 1
46. y = = (4x5 + 4x4 + x3 ) dx = x4 x3 x2 + C
x5 3 2
Z
47. y = (1 2x + sin x) dx = x x2 cos x + C
Z
48. y = sec2 x dx = tan x + C
R
49. We have f (x) = (2x 1) dx = x2 x + C. Solving 3 = f (2) = 4 2 + C = 2 + C we obtain
C = 1. Thus f (x) = x2 x + 1.
R
50. We have f (x) = x1/2dx = 2x1/2 + C. Solving 1 = f (9) = 2 9 + C = 6 + C we obtain
C = 5. Thus f (x) = 2 x 5.
Z Z
1
51. f (x) = 2x dx = x + C1 ; f (x) = (x2 + C1 ) dx = x3 + C1 x + C2
0 2
3
R
52. We have f 0 (x) = 6 dx =R 6x + C. Solving 2 = f 0 (1) = 6 + C we obtain C = 8. Then
f 0 (x) = 6x+8 and f (x) = (6x+8) dx = 3x2 +8x+C. Solving 0 = f (1) = 38+C = 5+C
we obtain C = 5. Thus f (x) = 3x2 + 8x + 5.
R
53. We have f 0 (x) = (12x2 + 2) dx = 4x3 + 2x + C.R Solving 3 = f 0 (1) = 6 + C we obtain
C = 3. Then f 0 (x) = 4x3 + 2x 3 and f (x) = (4x3 + 2x 3) dx = x4 + x2 3x + C.
Solving 1 = f (1) = 1 + C we obtain C = 2. Thus f (x) = x4 + x2 3x + 2.
54. f (x) = an1 xn1 + an2 xn2 + + a1 x + a0
55. G is an antiderivative of f . In other words, since G0 (x) = f (x), f is the slope function for
G. Observe where G is increasing, and the graph of f is always positive. Also, G appears to
have no relative extrema on the interval shown, and correspondingly the graph of f does not
cross the x-axis.
56. F is an antiderivative of f . In other words, since F 0 (x) = f (x), f is the slope function for F .
Observe where the tangent lines to the graph of F have positive (negative) slope, the graph
of f is positive (negative). Also, the graph of F has two relative extrema and the graph of f
correspondingly crosses the x-axis.
Z 2
2 2
57. y = x dx = x + C. From Figure 5.1.5 we see that y(0) = 0. Thus, 0 = y(0) = C,
g 2g
2 2
x
and y = .
2g
Z
qL q 2 qL 2 q 3 L
58. We have f 0 (x) = x x dx = x x + C. Solving 0 = f 0 =
2EI 2EI 4EI 6EI 2
qL3 qL3 qL3 qL 2 q 3 qL3
+ C we obtain C = . Then f 0 (x) = x x and
16EI Z48EI 24EI 4EI 6EI 24EI
3 3
qL 2 q 3 qL qL 3 q qL
f (x) = x x dx = x x4 x + C. Solving 0 =
4EI 6EI 24EI 12EI 24EI 24EI
q
f (0) = C we obtain C = 0. Thus f (x) = (2Lx3 x4 L3 x).
24EI

d 1 1 1
59. (ln | ln x| + C) = =
dx ln x x x ln x
d 2 x
60. (x e 2xex + 2ex + C) = x2 ex + 2xex 2xex 2ex + 2ex = x2 ex
dx
R 1
61. Since f 0 (x) = x2 , f (x) = x2 dx = x3 + C. Since y = 4x + 7 is a tangent line to the
3
1
graph of f , then 4x + 7 = x3 + C at some point on f . In addition, the slope at this point
3
1
is 4 = f 0 (x) = x2 , so x = 2. Thus, 4(2) + 7 = (2)3 + C, so C = 37/3 or 5/3. Thus,
3
1 37 1 5
f (x) = x3 + or f (x) = x3 + .
3 3 3 3
4 4
R
62. e4 = e4 ln |x|+C = eln x eC = C1 eln x = C1 x4
dx/x

d 1
63. (x + 1) + C = (x + 1)3
4
dx 4

d 1 4 3 2
x + x + x + x + C = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1 = (x + 1)3
3
dx 4 2
Thus, both results are correct.
d 1
64. Since sin x = cos x, the antiderivative F of cos x would be of the form sin x + C.
dx
1 3 1 1 1
Solving F (3/2) = 0 = sin + C we obtain C = . Thus, F (x) = sin x + .
2
5.2 Integration by the u-Substitution

Z Z
1
1. 1 4x dx = (1 4x)1/2 (4 dx) u = 1 4x, du = 4 dx
4
Z
1 1 1
= u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = (1 4x)3/2 + C
4 6 6
Z Z
1
2. (8x + 2)1/3 dx = (8x + 2)1/3 (8 dx) u = 8x + 2, du = 8 dx
8
Z
1 3 4/3 3
= u1/3 du = u +C = (8x + 2)4/3 + C
8 32 32
Z Z
1 1
3. dx = (5x + 1)3 (5 dx) u = 5x + 1, du = 5 dx
(5x + 1)3 5
Z
1 1 1
= u3 du = u2 + C = +C
5 10 10(5x + 1)2
Z Z
4. (7 x)49 dx = (7 x)49 (dx) u = 7 x, du = dx
Z
1 1
= u49 du = u50 + C = (7 x)50 + C
50 50
5.2. INTEGRATION BY THE u-SUBSTITUTION 291
Z p Z
1 p 2
5. x x + 4 dx =
2 x + 4 (2x dx) u = x2 + 4, du = 2x dx
2
Z
1 1 1
= u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = (x2 + 4)3/2 + C
2 3 3
Z Z
t 1
6. dt = (t2 + 9)1/3 (2t dt) u = t2 + 9, dt = 2t dt
t +9
3 2
2
Z
1 3 3
= u1/3 du = u2/3 + C = (t2 + 9)2/3 + C
2 4 4
Z Z
1
7. sin5 3x cos 3x dx = (sin5 3x)(3 cos 3x dx) u = sin 3x, du = 3 cos 3x dx
3
Z
1 1 6 1
= u5 du = u +C = sin6 3x + C
3 18 18
Z Z
1
8. sin 2 cos4 2 d = (cos4 2)(2 sin 2 d) u = cos 2, du = 2 sin 2 d
2
Z
1 1 1
= u4 du = u5 + C = cos5 2 + C
2 10 10
Z Z
1
9. tan2 2x sec2 2x dx = (tan2 2x)(2 sec2 2x dx) u = tan 2x, du = 2 sec2 2x dx
2
Z
1 1 1
= u2 du = u3 + C = tan3 2x + C
2 6 6
Z Z
10. tan x sec2 x dx = (tan x)1/2 (sec2 x dx) u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx
Z
2 2
= u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = (tan x)3/2 + C
3 3
Z Z
1 1
11. sin 4x dx = (sin 4x)(4 dx) = cos 4x + C
4 4
Z Z
x x dx x
12. 5 cos dx = 10 cos = 10 sin + C
2 2 2 2
Z Z Z
1 2 2 3/2 1
13. ( 2t cos 6t) dt = 2 t dt 1/2
(cos 6t)(6 dt) = t sin 6t + C
6 3 6
1 1
= (2t) sin 6t + C
3/2
3 6
Z Z
1 1
14. sin(2 3x) dx = sin(2 3x)(3 dx) = cos(2 3x) + C
3 3
Z Z
1 1
15. x sin x2 dx = (sin x2 )(2x dx) = cos x2 + C
2 2
Z Z
cos(1/x)
16. dx = [cos(1/x)](dx/x2 ) = sin(1/x) + C
x2
Z Z
1 1
17. x sec x dx =
2 2 3
(sec2 x3 )(3x2 dx) = tan x3 + C
3 3
Z Z
1
18. csc2 (0.1x) dx = (csc2 0.1x)(0.1 dx) = 10 cot(0.1x) + C
0.1
Z Z
csc x cot x csc x cot x
19. dx = 2 dx u = x, du = dx/2 x
x 2 x
Z

= 2 csc u cot u du = 2 csc u + C = 2 csc x + C
Z
1
20. tan 5v sec 5v dv = sec 5v + C
5
Z Z
1 1 1
21. dx = (7 dx) u = 7x + 3, du = 7 dx
7x + 3 7 7x + 3
Z
1 1 1 1
= du = ln |u| + C = ln |7x + 3| + C
7 u 7 7
Z Z
1 1
22. (5x + 6)1 dx = (5 dx) u = 5x + 6, du = 5 dx
5 5x + 6
Z
1 1 1 1
= du = ln |u| + C = ln |5x + 6| + C
5 u 5 5
Z Z
x 1 2x dx 1
23. dx = = ln(x2 + 1) + C
x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1 2
Z Z
x2 1 15x2 dx 1
24. dx = = ln |5x3 + 8| + C
5x + 8
3 15 5x3 + 8 15
Z Z Z Z
x x+11 dx
25. dx = dx = dx = x ln |x + 1| + C
x+1 x+1 x+1
Z Z 2 Z
(x + 3)2 x + 6x + 9 1 1
26. dx = dx = x+4+ dx = x2 + 4x + ln |x + 2| + C
x+2 x+2 x+2 2
Z
1 1 1 1
27. dx = dx u = ln x, du = dx
x ln x ln x x x
Z
1
= du = ln |u| + C = ln | ln x| + C
u
Z Z
1 sin 1
28. d = [(1 sin ) d] u = + cos , du = (1 sin ) d
+ cos + cos
Z
1
= du = ln |u| + C = ln | + cos | + C
u
Z Z
sin(ln x) 1 1
29. dx = sin(ln x) dx u = ln x, du = dx
x x x
Z
= sin u du = cos u + C = cos(ln x) + C
Z Z
1 1 1 1
30. dx = dx u = ln x, du = dx
x(ln x)2 (ln x)2 x x
Z
1 1 1
= du = + C = +C
u2 u ln x
Z Z
1 1 10x
31. e10x dx = e10x (10 dx) = e +C
10 10
Z Z
1 1 1
32. dx = e4x (4 dx) = e4x + C
e 4x 4 4
Z Z
3 1 3 1 3
33. x2 e2x dx = e2x (6x2 dx) = e2x + C
6 6
Z 3 Z
e1/x 1 3 1 3
34. dx = ex (3x4 dx) = e1/x + C
x4 3 3
Z Z
e x 1
35. dx = 2 e x
dx = 2e x + C
x 2 x
Z Z

36. ex dx = ex/2 dx = 2ex/2 + C
Z Z
ex ex 1
37. dx = [(ex ex ) dx] u = ex + ex , du = (ex ex ) dx
ex + ex ex + ex
Z
1
= du = ln |u| + C = ln(ex + ex ) + C
u
Z p Z
1
38. e 3x
1 + 2e dx =
3x (1 + 2e3x )1/2 (6e3x dx) u = 1 + 2e3x , du = 6e3x dx
6
Z
1 1 1p
= u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = (1 + 2e3x )3 + C
6 9 9
Z
1 x
39. dx = sin1 + C
5x 2 5
Z Z
1 1 1 1 4x
40. dx = p (4 dx) = sin1 +C
9 16x 2 4 9 (4x) 2 4 3
Z Z
1 1 1 1
41. dx = (5 dx) = tan1 5x + C
1 + 25x2 5 1 + (5x)2 5
Z Z !
1 1 1 1 1 x 1 3x
42. dx = dx = p tan p
1
+ C = tan1 + C
2 + 9x2 9 2/9 + x2 9 2/9 2/9 3 2 2
Z Z
ex 1
43. dx = (ex dx) u = ex , du = ex dx
1 + e2x 1 + (ex )2
Z
1
= du = tan1 u + C = tan1 ex + C
1 + u2
Z Z
1 1 1
44. d = p (2 d) = sin1 2 + C
1 4 2 1 ( )
2 2 2
Z Z Z
2x 3 1 3
45. dx = (2x dx) dx u = x2 , du = 2x dx
1x 2 1x 2 1 x2
Z Z
1 1
= du 3 dx = 2(1 u)1/2 3 sin1 x + C
1u 1 x2
= 2(1 x2 )1/2 3 sin1 x + C
Z Z Z
x8 1 1 8
46. dx = (2x dx) dx u = x2 + 2, du = 2x dx
x +2
2 2 x +2
2 x +2
2
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 1 x
= du 8 dx = ln |u| 8 tan +C
2 u ( 2)2 + x2 2 2 2
1 x
= ln(x2 + 2) 4 2 tan1 + C
2 2
Z Z
tan1 x 1 1
47. dx = (tan 1
x) dx u = tan1 x, du = dx
1 + x2 1 + x2 1 + x2
Z
1 2 1
= u du = u + C = (tan1 x)2 + C
2 2
s
Z Z
sin1 x 1 1
48. dx = (sin1 x)1/2 dx u = sin1 x, du = dx
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
Z
2 3/2 2
= u1/2 du = u + C = (sin1 x)3/2 + C
3 3
Z Z
1 1
49. tan 5x dx = (tan 5x)(5 dx) = ln | cos 5x| + C
5 5
Z Z
50. ex cot ex dx = (cot ex )(ex dx) u = ex , du = ex dx
Z
= cot u du = ln | sin u| + C = ln | sin ex | + C
Z Z
1 1
1
51. sin2 x dx = (1 cos 2x) dx = sin 2x + C x
2 2
2
Z Z
1 1 1
52. cos2 x dx = (1 + cos 2x) dx = x+ sin 2x + C
2 2 2
Z Z
1 1 1
53. cos 4x dx =
2
(1 + cos 8x) dx = x + sin 8x + C
2 2 8
Z Z
2 3 1 1 1
54. sin x dx = (1 cos 3x) dx = x sin 3x + C
2 2 2 3
Z Z Z
1
55. (3 2 sin x) dx =
2
(9 12 sin x + 4 sin x) dx = 9x + 12 cos x + 4
2
(1 cos 2x) dx
2

1
= 9x + 12 cos x + 2 x sin 2x + C = 11x + 12 cos x sin 2x + C
2
Z Z Z
1
56. (1 + cos 2x) dx = (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos 2x) dx = x + sin 2x +
2 2
(1 + cos 4x) dx
2

1 1 3 1
= x + sin 2x + x + sin 4x + C = x + sin 2x + sin 4x + C
2 4 2 8
Z Z
3
57. y= 3
1 x dx = (1 x)1/3 (dx) = (1 x)4/3 + C
4
Z Z
(1 tan x)5 1
58. y= dx = (1 tan x)5 ( sec2 x dx) = (1 tan x)6 + C
cos x
2 6
R
59. We have f (x) = (1 6 sin 3x) dx = x + 2 cos 3x + C. Solving 1 = f () = + 2 cos 3 + C =
2 + C we obtain C = 1 . Thus f (x) = x + 2 cos 3x + 1 .
Z
1 1
60. We have f 0 (x) = (1 + 2x)5 dx = (1 + 2x)6 + C. Solving 0 = f 0 (0) = + C we obtain
12 12
1
C = . Then
12
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
f (x) = (1 + 2x) 6
dx = [(1 + 2x) 1] dx =
6
(1 + 2x) x + C.
7
12 12 12 12 14

1 1 1 1 1 1
Solving 0 = f (0) = +C we obtain C = . Thus f (x) = (1+2x)7 x .
12 14 168 168 12 168
Z Z
61. (a) sin x cos x dx = sin x(cos x dx) u = sin x, du = cos x dx
Z
1 1
= u du = u2 + C1 = sin2 x + C1
2 2
Z Z
(b) sin x cos x dx = cos x( sin x dx) u = cos x, du = sin x dx
Z
1 1
= u du = u2 + C2 = cos2 x + C2
2 2
Z Z
1 1
(c) sin x cos x dx = sin 2x dx = cos 2x + C3
2 4

d 1
62. (a) sin2 x + C1 = sin x cos x
dx 2

d 1
cos x + C2 = cos x sin x
2
dx 2

d 1 1
cos 2x + C3 = sin 2x = sin x cos x
dx 4 2

1 1 1 1 1
(b) sin x + C1 = (1 cos x) + C1 = cos x + C1 +
2 2 2
= cos2 x + C2
2 2 2 2 2
Z Z
1 1
(c) sin x cos x dx + sin x cos x dx = sin x + C1 cos x + C2
2 2
2 2
Z
1
2 sin x cos x dx = (cos2 x sin2 x) + (C1 + C2 )
2
Z
1 1
sin x cos x dx = (cos2 x sin2 x) + (C1 + C2 )
4 2
1
= cos 2x + C3
4
r
L s
63. (a) From the given derivative, we have t(s) = sin1 + C. Solving t(0) = 0, we
g sC
obtain Cs = 0.
s s
L sC L L
(b) t(sC ) = sin 1
= sin 1 =
1
g sC g 2 g
r r
L L
(c) By symmetry, T = 4t(sC ) = 4 = 2 .
2 g g
Z Z Z
64. y = cos3 x dx = cos2 x cos x dx = (1 sin2 x) cos x dx
Z Z
= cos x (sin2 x)(cos x dx) u = sin x, du = cos x dx
Z Z
1 1
= cos x u2 du = sin x u3 + C = sin x sin3 x + C
3 3
1 2 2 1 2
Solving f (/2) = 0 = 1 +C = +C we obtain C = . Thus f (x) = sin x sin3 x .
3 3 3 3 3
Z Z Z 2 Z
1 1
65. cos4 x dx = (cos2 x)2 dx = (1 + cos 2x) dx = (1 + 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x) dx
2 4
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= x + sin 2x + (1 + cos 4x) dx = x + sin 2x + (1 + cos 4x) dx
4 4 4 2 4 4 8
1 1 1 1 3 1 1
= x + sin 2x + x + sin 4x + C = x + sin 2x + sin 4x + C
4 4 8 32 8 4 32
Z Z Z 2 Z
1 1
66. sin x dx = (sin x) dx =
4 2 2
(1 cos 2x) dx = (1 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x) dx
2 4
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= x sin 2x + (1 + cos 4x) dx = x sin 2x + (1 + cos 4x) dx
4 4 4 2 4 4 8
1 1 1 1 3 1 1
= x sin 2x + x + sin 4x + C = x sin 2x + sin 4x + C
4 4 8 32 8 4 32
Z Z
1 1
67. dx = (2x dx) u = x2 , du = 2x dx
x x 16
4 2x x4 16
2
Z u
1 1 1 1 x2
= du = sec1 + C = sec1 +C
2 u u2 42 4 4 4 4
Z Z
e2x ex
68. dx = x
e x dx
ex + 1 e +1
Z Z
1
= ex dx (ex dx) u = ex + 1, du = ex dx
ex + 1
Z
1
= ex du = ex ln |u| + C = ex ln(ex + 1) + C
u
Z Z Z Z
1 1 1 + cos x 1 + cos x 1 + cos x
69. dx = dx = dx = dx
1 cos x 1 cos x 1 + cos x 1 cos2 x sin2 x
Z Z
1 cos x
= + dx = (csc2 x + csc x cot x) dx
sin2 x (sin x)(sin x)
= cot x csc x + C
Z Z Z Z
1 1 1 sin 2x 1 sin 2x 1 sin 2x
70. dx = dx = dx = dx
1 + sin 2x 1 + sin 2x 1 sin 2x 1 sin 2x
2 cos2 2x
Z Z
1 sin 2x
= dx = (sec2 2x sec 2x tan 2x) dx
cos 2x (cos 2x)(cos 2x)
2
1 1
= tan 2x sec 2x + C
2 2
Z Z
1
71. f 0 (8x) dx = f 0 (8x)(8 dx) u = 8x, du = 8 dx
8
Z
1 1 1
= f 0 (u) du = f (u) + C = f (8x) + C
8 8 8
Z Z
1
72. xf (5x ) dx =
0 2
f 0 (5x2 )(10x dx) u = 5x2 , du = 10x dx
10
Z
1 1 1
= f 0 (u) du = f (u) + C = f (5x2 ) + C
10 10 10
Z p Z
1
73. f (2x)f 0 (2x) dx = [f (2x)]1/2 [2f 0 (2x) dx] u = f (2x), du = 2f 0 (2x) dx
2
Z
1 1 1
= u1/2 du = u3/2 + C = [f (2x)]3/2 + C
2 3 3
Z Z
f 0 (3x + 1) 1 1
74. dx = [3f 0 (3x + 1) dx] u = f (3x + 1), du = 3f 0 (3x + 1) dx
f (3x + 1) 3 f (3x + 1)
Z
1 1 1 1
= du = ln |u| + C = ln |f (3x + 1)| + C
3 u 3 3
Z Z
1
75. For any f , f 00 (4x) dx = f 00 (4x)(4 dx) u = 4x, du = 4 dx
4
Z
1 1 1
= f 00 (u) du = f 0 (u) + C = f 0 (4x) + C
4 4 4

Given f (x) = x4 + 1 = (x4 + 1)1/2 , we have f 0 (x) = 2x3 (x4 + 1)1/2 . Thus,
Z
1 0 1 32x3
f 00 (4x) dx = f (4x) + C = {2(4x)3 [(4x)4 + 1]1/2 } + C = + C.
4 4 256x4 + 1
96x2 16384x6
To check this, take the derivative of the above function, yielding p ,
256x4 + 1 (256x4 + 1)3
6x2 4x6
which should be the same as f 00 (4x). Since f 00 (x) = p , we have f 00 (4x) =
x4 + 1 (x4 + 1)3
6(4x)2 4(4x)6 96x2 16384x6
p p = p .
(4x)4 + 1 [(4x)4 + 1]3 256x4 + 1 (256x4 + 1)3
Z
76. First evaluating sec2 3x dx, we get
Z Z
1
sec2 3x dx =(sec2 3x)(3 dx) u = 3x, du = 3 dx
3
Z
1 1 1
= sec2 u du = tan u + C = tan 3x + C
3 3 3
Z Z Z
1
Next, evaluating sec2 3x dx dx = tan 3x + C dx, we get
3
Z Z
1 1
tan 3x + C dx = (Cx + C1 ) + tan 3x dx
3 3
Z
1
= (Cx + C1 ) + (tan 3x)(3 dx) u = 3x, du = 3 dx
9
Z
1 1
= (Cx + C1 ) + tan u du = (Cx + C1 ) ln | cos u| + C2
9 9
1
= Cx ln | cos 3x| + C3 .
9
5.3 The Area Problem

1. 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15
2. 1 + 1 + 3 + 5 + 7
3. 2 + 2 + 8/3 + 4
3 9 27 81
4. + + +
10 100 1000 10, 000
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5. + + + + +
7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
6. 1 + + + +
4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100
5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM 299
7. 0 + 3 + 8 + 15
8. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25
9. 1 + 1 1 + 1 1
1 1
10. 1 + 0 +0+
3 5
7
X
11. (2k + 1)
k=1
6
X
12. 2k
k=1
13
X
13. (3k 2)
k=1
10
X
14. (4k 2)
k=1
5
X (1)k+1
15.
k
k=1
5
X (1)k k
16.
k+1
k=1
8
X
17. 6
k=1
9
X
18. k
k=1
4
X (1)k+1 k
19. cos x
k2 p
k=1
5
X (1)k+1 f (k) (1)
20. (x 1)k
2k 1
k=1
20
X 20
X
20 21
21. 2k = 2 k=2 = 420
2
k=1 k=1
50
X 50
X
50 51
22. (3k) = 3 k = 3 = 3825
2
k=0 k=1
10
X 10
X 10
X 10 11
23. (k + 1) = k+ 1= + 10 1 = 65
2
k=1 k=1 k=1
1000
X 1000
X 1000
X
1000 1001
24. (2k 1) = 2 k 1=2 1000 1 = 1, 000, 000
2
k=1 k=1 k=1
6
X 6
X 6
X 6 7 13
25. (k 2 + 3) = k2 + 3= + 6 3 = 109
6
k=1 k=1 k=1
5
X 5
X 5
X
5 6 11 56
26. (6k 2 k) = 6 k2 k=6 = 315
6 2
k=1 k=1 k=1
10
X 10
X 10
X 102 112
27. (p3 + 4) = 0 + 4 + p3 + 4=4+ + 10 4 = 3069
p=0 p=1 p=1
4
10
X 10
X 10
X 10
X
102 112 10 11
28. (2i3 5i + 3) = 2 i3 5 i+ 3=2 5 + 10 3 = 5805
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
4 2

60 6 ba 6k 6k
29. Using x = = and f a+k =f = we have
n n n n n
n
X n
6k 6 36 X 36 n(n + 1) 1
A = lim = lim k = lim 2 = lim 18 1 + = 18.
n n n n n2 n n 2 n n
k=1 k=1

31 2 ba 2k 4k
30. Using x = = and f a+k =f 1+ =2+ we have
n n n n n
n n n n
!
X 2 4k X 4 8k 4X 8 X
A = lim = lim
2+ + = lim 1+ 2 k
n n
n n n n2 n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

4 8 n(n + 1) 1
= lim n+ 2 = lim 4 + 4 1 + = 8.
n n n 2 n n

4 ba 8k
31. Using x = and f a+k =3+ we have
n n n
n
n n n
!
X 4 8k X 12 32k 12 X 32k X
A = lim = lim
3+ + 2 = lim 1+ 2 k
n n
n n n n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

12 32k n(n + 1) 1
= lim n+ 2 = lim 12 + 16 1 + = 28.
n n n 2 n n

2 ba 6k
32. Using x = and f a+k = we have
n n n
n
X n
6k 2 12 X 12 n(n + 1) 1
A = lim = lim k = lim 2 = lim 6 1 + = 6.
n n n n n2 n n 2 n n
k=1 k=1

2 ba 4k 2
33. Using x = and f a+k = we have
n n n2
n
X n
4k 2 8 X 2
2 8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
A = lim = lim 3 k = lim
n n2 n n n n n3 6
k=1 k=1

4 3 1 8
= lim 2+ + 2 = .
n 3 n n 3

3 ba 12k 9k 2
34. Using x = and f a+k =4 + 2 we have
n n n n
n
X Xn

12k 9k 2
3 12 36 27k 2
A = lim 4 + 2 = lim 2+ 3
n n nn n n n n
k=1 k=1
n n n
!
12 X 36 X 27 X 2
= lim 1 2 k+ 3 k
n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1

12 36 n(n + 1) 27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= lim n 2 + 3
n n n 2 n 6

1 9 3 1
= lim 12 18 1 + + 2+ + 2 = 12 18 + 9 = 3.
n n 2 n n

2 ba 4k 4k 2
35. Using x = and f a+k = 2 we have
n n n n
n n n
!
X 4k 2 2
4k 8 X 8 X 2
A = lim 2 = lim k 3 k
n n n n n n2 n
k=1 k=1 k=1

1 4 3 1 8 4
= lim 4 1 + 2+ + 2 =4 = .
n n 3 n n 3 3

2 ba 2k 24k 8k 2
36. Using x = and f a+k =f 3 + = 21 + 2 we have
n n n n n
n n n n
!
X 24k 8k 2 2 42 X 48 X 16 X 2
A = lim 21 2 = lim 1 2 k+ 3 k
n n n n n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

1 8 3 1 16 70
= lim 42 24 1 + + 2+ + 2 = 42 24 + = .
n n 3 n n 3 3

1 ba 4k k2
37. Using x = and f a+k =3+ + 2 we have
n n n n
n n n n
!
X 4k k2 1 3X 4 X 1 X 2
A = lim 3+ + 2 = lim 1+ 2 k+ 3 k
n n n n n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

1 1 3 1 1 16
= lim 3 + 2 1 + + 2+ + 2 =3+2+ = .
n n 6 n n 3 3

2 ba 4k 2 4k
38. Using x = and f a+k = 2 + 1 we have
n n n n
n n n n
!
X 4k 2 4k 2 8 X 2 8 X 2X
A = lim +1 = lim k 2 k+ 1
n n2 n n n n3 n n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

4 3 1 1 8 2
= lim 2+ + 2 4 1+ +2 = 4+2= .
n 3 n n n 3 3

1 ba k3
39. Using x = and f a+k = 3 we have
n n n
n
X n
k3 1 1 X 3 1 2 1 1
A = lim = lim 4 k = lim 1+ + 2 = .
n 3
n n n n n 4 n n 4
k=1 k=1

2 ba 8k 3 12k 2
40. Using x = and f a + k = 3 2 + 4 we have
n n n n
n n n n
!
X 8k 3 12k 2 2 16 X 3 24 X 2 8 X
A = lim 2 +4 = lim k 3 k + 1
n n3 n n n n4 n n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

2 1 3 1
= lim 4 1 + + 2 4 2 + + 2 + 8 = 4 8 + 8 = 4.
n n n n n
41. Let A = A1 + A2 where A1 is the area under f (x) = 2 on [0, 1) and A2 is the area under
1 ba
f (x) = x + 1 on [1, 4]. For A1 , we have x = , f a + k = 2, and
n n
Xn n
1 2X 2n
A1 = lim 2 = lim 1 = lim = 2.
n n n n n n
k=1 k=1

3 ba 3k
For A2 , we have x = , f a + k =2+ , and
n n n
n n n
!
X 3k 3 6X 9 X
A2 = lim 2+ = lim 1+ 2 k
n n n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1

6n 9 1 9 21
= lim + 1+ =6+ = .
n n 2 n 2 2
21 25
Then A = 2 + = .
2 2
42. Let A = A1 + A2 where A1 is the area under f (x) =x + 1 on [0,

1) and A2 is the area under
1 ba k
f (x) = x + 2 on [1, 3]. For A1 , we have x = , f a + k = 1 , and
n n n
n n n
!
X k 1 1X 1 X 1 1 1
A1 = lim 1 = lim 1 2 k = lim 1 1+ = .
n n n n n n n 2 n 2
k=1 k=1 k=1

2 ba 2k
For A2 , we have x = ,f a+k =3+ , and
n n n
n n n
!
X 2k 2 6X 4 X 1
A2 = lim 3 = lim 1+ 2 k = lim 6+2 1+ = 10.
n n n n n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1
1 17
Then A = +8= .
2 2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 77
43. AR = 1 + + + = 2
2 3 2 2 2 5 2 60
1 1 2 1 1 1 25 1
AL = 2 + 1 + + =
2 2 3 2 2 2 12
1 2 3
1

2 2 (1 + 2)
44. AR = +1 + +0 =
2 4 4 2 4 4 4
! !
2 2 (1 + 2) 2 2
AL = 0 + +1 + =
4 2 4 4 2 4 4 -1
2 (1) 3 3
45. Using x = = and xk = 1 + (k 1) we obtain
n n n
n n
( 2 )
X X 3 3
A = lim f (xk )x = lim

4 1 + (k 1)
n n n n
k=1 k=1
n
3X k1 (k 1)2
= lim 3+6 9
n n n n2
k=1
" n n n
#
3 X 6X 9 X 2
= lim 3 1+ (k 1) 2 (k 2k + 1)
n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1
" n n n n n n
#
3 X 6X 6X 9 X 2 18 X 9 X
= lim 3 1+ k 1 2 k + 2 k 2 1
n n n n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

9 18 n(n + 1) 18 27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 54 n(n + 1) 27
= lim n+ 2 2n 3 + 3 3n
n n n 2 n n 6 n 2 n

1 18 9 1 1 27 1 27
= lim 9 + 9 1 + 1+ 2+ + 1+ 2
n n n 2 n n n n n
= 9 + 9 0 9 + 0 0 = 9.
2 (1) 3 2k 1 3
46. Using x = = and xk = 1 + we obtain
n n 2 n
n n
" 2 #
X X 2k 1 3 3
A = lim f (xk )x = lim

4 1 +
n n 2 n n
k=1 k=1
n
3X 2k 1 9 (2k 1)2
= lim 3+3
n n n 4 n2
k=1
" n n n
#
3 X 3X 9 X 2
= lim 3 1+ (2k 1) 2 (4k 4k + 1)
n n n 4n
k=1 k=1 k=1
" n n n n n n
#
3 X 6X 3X 9 X 2 9 X 9 X
= lim 3 1+ k 1 2 k + 2 k 2 1
n n n n n n 4n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

9 18 n(n + 1) 9 27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 27 n(n + 1) 9
= lim n+ 2 2n 3 + 3 3n
n n n 2 n n 6 n 2 4n

1 9 9 1 1 27 1 9
= lim 9 + 9 1 + 1+ 2+ + 1+ 2
n n n 2 n n 2n n 4n
= 9 + 9 0 9 + 0 0 = 9.

ba
47. Identify b a = 2. Taking a = 0, we have f a + k = 2
n
s 2
2k 2k
f = 4 . Then A is the area under f (x) = 4 x2 -2 2
n n
from x = 0 to x = 2. -2

ba
48. Identify b a = . Taking a = 0, we have f a + k = 2
n
k k
f = sin . Then A is the area under f (x) = sin x from -
n n
x = 0 to x = . -2
X 1 8
1 1 1
49. 0.11111111 = + 2 + + 8 =
10 10 10 10k
k=1
5
X
37 37 37 1 1 1 1
50. 0.3737373737 = + + + = 37 + + + = 37
100 1002 1005 100 1002 1005 100k
k=1
60
X 60
X 20
X 60 61 121 20 21 41
51. k2 = k2 k2 = = 70, 940
6 6
k=21 k=1 k=1
6
X 7
X 8
X
52. (k + 6); (k + 5); (k + 4)
k=0 k=1 k=2
n
X n
X n
X n
1X
53. 0 = xk x= xk nx; x= xk
n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
n
X
54. (a) [f (k) f (k 1)] = [f (1) f (0)] + [f (2) f (1)] + [f (3) f (2)] +
k=1
+ [f (n 1) f (n 2)] + [f (n) f (n 1)]
= f (n) f (0)
400
X

(b) f (k) = k; ( k k 1) = 400 0 = 20
k=1
n
X
55. (a) Identifying f (k) = (k + 1)2 in part (a) of Problem 54, we have [(k + 1)2 k 2 ] =
k=1
(n + 1)2 12 = n2 + 2n.
n
X n
X n
X n
X n
X
(b) [(k + 1)2 k 2 ] = (2k + 1) = 2k + 1=2 k+n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
(c) Comparing the results of (a) and (b), we find that equating them leads to summation
formula (ii):
n
X n
X n2 + 2n n n2 + n n(n + 1)
2 k + n = n2 + 2n; k= = =
2 2 2
k=1 k=1
Using f (k) = (k + 1)3 similarly to (a), we obtain
n
X
[(k + 1)3 k 3 ] = (n + 1)3 13 = n3 + 3n2 + 3n.
k=1
Analogously for (b), we also have
n
X n
X n
X n
X
[(k + 1)3 k 3 ] = (3k 2 + 3k + 1) = 3 k2 + 3 k + n.
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
Combining these, we obtain
n
X n
X
3 k2 + 3 k + n = n3 + 3n2 + 3n
k=1 k=1
n
X 3n(n + 1)
3 k2 + + n = n3 + 3n2 + 3n
2
k=1
n
X 3n2 + 3n
3 k 2 = n3 + 3n2 + 2n
2
k=1
Xn
2n3 + 6n2 + 4n 3n2 3n 2n3 + 3n2 + n
k2 = =
6 6
k=1
n(2n2 + 3n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
= = .
6 6
56. The pattern illustrated in Figure 5.3.9 indicates that the summation of cubes is the square
n n
!2
X X
of the summation of the numbers being cubed. That is: k =
3
k . Expanding the
k=1 k=1
n n
!2 2
X X n(n + 1) n (n + 1)
2 2
summation, we get k3 = k = = .
2 4
k=1 k=1
h2 h1
57. The equation of the line through (0, h1 ) and (b, h2 ) is f (x) = x + h1 .
b y
b ba kb k(h2 h1 ) (b, h2)
Using x = and f a + k =f = + h1 we find
n n n n
" # h2
Xn Xn n h1
k(h1 h2 ) b b bh1 X
A = lim + h1 = lim (h2 h1 ) k+ 1
n n n n n2 n b
k=1 k=1 k=1

b(h2 h1 ) 1 bh1 n b(h2 h1 )
= lim 1+ + = + bh1
n 2 n n 2

bh2 bh2 + 2bh1 h1 + h2
= = b.
2 2
58. Since the total number of cans is 136 and there is one additional can per row, we have
Xn
n(n + 1)
k= = 136. Solving for n will yield the number of cans in the bottom row, so
k=1
2
we have n2 + n 272 = 0 and (n 16)(n + 17) = 0, yielding n = 16 or n = 17. Thus, there
are 16 cans in the bottom row.

4 ba 128k 384k 2 512k 3 256k 4
59. Using x = and f a+k = + we have
n n n n2 n3 n4
n
X
128k 384k 2 512k 3 256k 4 4
A = lim 2
+ 3

n n n n n4 n
k=1
n n n n
!
512 X 1536 X 2 2048 X 3 1024 X 4
= lim k 3 k + 4 k 5 k
n n2 n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1

1 3 1 2 1 512 15 10 1
= lim 256 1 + 256 2 + + 2 + 512 1 + + 2 6+ + 2 4
n n n n n n 15 n n n
1024 256
= 256 512 + 512 = .
5 5
60. We note that A2 = 1 A

1 where A1is the2 area under y = x from 0 to
2
1 ba k
1. Using x = and f a + k = 2 we find 1
n n n A1
n 2
X n
k 1 1 X 2 1 3 1 1 A2
A1 = lim = lim k = lim 2 + + = .
n 2
n n n n 3 n 6 n n 2 3
k=1 k=1 1
1 2
Thus, A2 = 1 = .
3 3
61. We note that A2 = 16

A1 where A1is the area under y = x3 from 0 to
2 ba 8k 3
2. Using x = and f a + k = 3 we find
n n n 2
A1
n
X n
X
8k 2 3
16 2 1 A2
A1 = lim = lim k 3 = lim 4 1 + + = 4.
n n3 n n n4 n n n2 8
k=1 k=1
Thus, A2 = 16 4 = 12.

x0 ba kx0 k 2 x2 kx0
62. (a) Using x = and f a+k =f = a 20 + b + c we have
n n n n n
n n n n
!
X k 2 x20 kx0 x0 x30 X 2 x20 X x0 X
A = lim a 2 +b +c = lim a 3 k +b 2 k+c 1
n n n n n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
3
x 3 1 x2 1 x3 x2
= lim a 0 2 + + 2 + b 0 1 + + cx0 = a 0 + b 0 + cx0 .
n 6 n n 2 n 3 2
(b) Let A1 be the area under the graph on [0, 2] and A2 the area under the graph on [0, 5].
Then the area under the graph on [2, 5] is
3 3
5 52 2 22
A = A2 A1 = 6 + 2 + 1.5 6 + 2 + 1.2
3 2 3 2
= (250 + 25 + 5) (16 + 4 + 2) = 258.
63. By (8) of this section,
Xn Xn
1 1 1
A = lim f 0 + [k 1] = lim e(k1)/n
n n n n n
k=1 k=1
1h i
= lim 1 + e1/n + e2/n + + e(n1)/n
n n
1h i
= lim 1 + e1/n + (e1/n )2 + + (e1/n )n1 .
n n
Using a = 1, r = e1/n , we obtain

1 1 (e1/n )n 1
A = lim 1 = (1 e) lim
n n 1e 1/n n n(1 e1/n )
1 e1/n
Now, lim n(1 e1/n ) = lim (form 0)
n n 1/n
h e1/n (1/n2 )
= lim = lim e1/n = 1,
n 1/n2 n

1
so A = (1 e) = e 1.
1
5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 309
n
X n
X n
X
64. 1 + 3 + 5 + + 2n 1 = (2k 1) = 2 k 1 = n(n + 1) n = n2
k=1 k=1 k=1
The total distance moved is thus proportional to 1 + 3 + 5 + + 2n 1 = n2 .
5.4 The Definite Integral

1. From x1 = 1, x2 = 2/3, x3 = 2/3, and x4 = 2/3 we see that the norm of the partition
is kP k = 1. Using f (x1 ) = 5/2, f (x2 ) = 5, f (x3 ) = 7, and f (x4 ) = 9 we compute the
Riemann sum
X4
5 2 2 2 33
f (xk )xk = (1) + 5

+7 +9 = .
2 3 3 3 2
k=1
2. From x1 = 1, x2 = 1/2, x3 = 1, x4 = 5/2, and x5 = 2 we see that the norm of the

partition is kP k = 5/2. Using f (x1 ) = 11/2, f (x2 ) = 9/2, f (x3 ) = 4, f (x4 ) = 2, and
f (x5 ) = 0 we compute the Riemann sum
X5
11 9 1 5 67
f (xk )xk =

(1) + + (4)(1) + (2) + 0(2) = .
2 2 2 2 4
k=1
3. From x1 = 3/4, x2 = 1/2, x3 = 1/2, and x4 = 1/4 we see that the norm of the
partition is kP k = 3/4. Using f (x1 ) = 9/16, f (x2 ) = 0, f (x3 ) = 1/4, and f (x4 ) = 49/64 we
compute the Riemann sum
X4
9 3 1 1 1 49 1 189
f (xk )xk =

+0 + + = .
15 4 2 4 2 64 4 256
k=1
4. From x1 = 1/2, x2 = 1, and x3 = 1/2 we see that the norm of the partition is kP k = 1.
Using f (x1 ) = 41/16, f (x2 ) = 65/16, and f (x3 ) = 10 we compute the Riemann sum
X3
41 1 65 1 331
f (xk )xk =

+ (1) + 10 = .
16 2 16 2 32
k=1
5. From x1 = , x2 = /2, and x3 = /2 we see that the norm of the partition is kP k = .

Using f (x1 ) = 1, f (x2 ) = 1/2, and f (x3 ) = 2/2 we compute the Riemann sum
3 !
X 1 2 (3 2)
f (xk )xk = 1() +

+ = .
2 2 2 2 4
k=1
6. From x1 = /4, x2 = /4, x3 = /3, and x 4 = /6 we see that the norm of the
partition is kP k = /3. Using f (x1 ) = 1/2, f (x2 ) = 3/2, f (x3 ) = 2/2, and f (x4 ) = 1/2
we compute the Riemann sum

1 1 (5 + 3 3 + 4 2)
X4
3 2
f (xk )xk =

+ + + = .
2 24 2 4 2 3 2 6 24
k=1
7. We have xk = 1 and xk = k for k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Using f (x1 ) = 1, f (x2 ) = 0, f (x3 ) = 1,

f (x4 ) = 2, and f (x5 ) = 3 we compute the Riemann sum
5
X
f (xk )xn = 1(1) + 0(1) + 1(1) + 2(1) + 3(1) = 5.
k=1
k1
8. We have xk = 1/3 and xk = for k = 1, 2, 3. Using f (x1 ) = 1, f (x2 ) = 7/9, and
3
f (x3 ) = 7/9 we compute the Riemann sum
X3
1 7 1 7 1 23
f (xk )xn = 1

+ + = .
3 9 3 9 3 27
k=1
Z 4 p
9. 9 + x2 dx
2
Z /4
10. tan x dx
0
11. Identify a = 0 and b = 2. Then

2k 2 ba ba ba 2k 2k
1+ = f a+k and f a + k =f =1+ .
n n n n n n n
Xn Z 2
2k 2
Taking f (x) = x + 1 we have lim 1+ = (x + 1) dx.
n n n 0
k=1
12. Identify a = 1 and b = 4. Then

3 3
3k 3 ba ba ba 3k 3k
1+ = f a+k and f a + k =f 1+ = 1+ .
n n n n n n n
Xn 3 Z 4
3k 3
Taking f (x) = x3 we have lim 1+ = x3 dx.
n n n 1
k=1

ba 4 ba 4k
13. Using = and f a + k = 3 + we have
n n n n
Z 1 n n n
!
X 4k 4 12 X 16 X
x dx = lim 3 + = lim 1+ 2 k
3 n n n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1

12n 1
= lim +8 1+ = 12 + 8 = 4.
n n n

ba 3 ba 3k
14. Using = and f a + k = we have
n n n n
Z 3 Xn n
3k 3 9 X 9 1 9
x dx = lim = lim 2 k = lim 1+ = .
0 n n n n n n 2 n 2
k=1 k=1

2
ba 1 ba k k k2k
15. Using = and f a+k 1+ = = + 2 we have
1+
n n n n n n n
Z 2 n n n
!
X k k2 1 1 X 1 X 2
(x x) dx = lim
2
+ = lim k+ 3 k
1 n n n2 n n n2 n
k=1 k=1 k=1

1 1 1 3 1 1 1 5
= lim 1+ + 2+ + 2 = + = .
n 2 n 6 n n 2 3 6
2
ba 5 ba 5k 20k 25k 2
16. Using = and f a+k = 2 + 4= + 2 we have
n n n n n n
Z n n n
!
3 X 20k 25k 2 5 100 X 125 X 2
(x 4) dx = lim
2
+ 2 = lim 2 k+ 3 k
2 n n n n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1

100 1 125 3 1 125 25
= lim 1+ + 2+ + 2 = 50 + = .
n 2 n 6 n n 3 3

ba 1 ba k3
17. Using = and f a+k = 1 we have
n n n n3
Z n 3 n n
!
1 X k 1 1 X 3 1X
(x 1) dx = lim
3
1 = lim k 1
0 n n3 n n n4 n
k=1 k=1 k=1

1 2 1 n 1 3
= lim 1+ + 2 = 1= .
n 4 n n n 4 4

ba 2 ba 8k 3
18. Using = and f a+k =3 we have
n n n n3
Z n n n
!
2 X8k 3 2 6X 16 X 3
(3 x ) dx = lim
3
3 3 = lim 1 4 k
0 n n n n n n
k=1 k=1 k=1

2 1
= lim 6 4 1 + + 2 = 6 4 = 2.
n n n

ba k(b a)
19. Using f a+k =a+ we have
n n
Z n " n n
#
b X k(b a) b a a(b a) X (b a)2 X
x dx = lim a+ = lim 1+ k
a n n n n n n2
k=1 k=1 k=1

a(b a)n (b a)2 1 (b a)2
= lim + 1+ = a(b a) +
n n 2 n 2
ba ba b2 a 2
= (2a + b a) = (b + a) = .
2 2 2
2
ba k(b a) 2ka(b a) k 2 (b a)2
20. Using f a+k = a+ = a2 + + we have
n n n n2
Z X n
b
2ka(b a) k 2 (b a)2 b a
x dx = lim
2
a +
2
+
a n n n2 n
k=1
" n n n
#
a2 (b a) X 2a(b a)2 X (b a)3 X 2
= lim 1+ k+ k
n n n2 n3
k=1 k=1 k=1
2
a (b a)n 2a(b a)2 1 (b a)3 3 1
= lim + 1+ + 2+ + 2
n n 2 n 6 n n
(b a) 3
ba 2
= a2 (b a) + a(b a)2 + = [3a + 3a(b a) + (b a)2 ]
3 3
ba 2 b3 a 3
= (b + ab + a2 ) = .
3 3
Z 3
1 2
21. x dx = [3 (1)2 ] = 4
1 2
Z 3
1 3 28
22. x2 dx = [3 (1)3 ] =
1 3 3
Z 6
23. 4 dx = 4(6 3) = 12
3
Z 5
24. (2) dx = 2(5 + 2) = 14
2
Z 2
1 1
25. dx = (2 4) = 3
4 2 2
Z 5
26. 10x4 dx = 0
5
Z 1 Z 3
27. 10x dx = 10 x dx = 10(4) = 40
3 1
Z 3 Z 3 Z 3
28. (3x + 1) dx = 3x dx + 1 dx = 3(4) + 1[3 (1)] = 16
1 1 1
Z 1 Z 3
28
29. t2 dt = t2 dt =
3 1 3
Z Z Z
3 3 3
28
30. (3x 5) dx =
2
3x dx
2
5 dx = 3 5[3 (1)] = 8
1 1 1 3
Z 3 Z 3 Z 3 Z 3
31. (3x2 + 4x 5) dx = 3 x2 dx + 4 x dx 5 dx
1 1 1 1
28
= 3
+ 4(4) 5[3 (1)] = 32
3
Z 3 Z 3 Z 3 Z 3
28
32. 6x(x 1) dx = (6x 6x) dx = 6
2
x dx 6
2
x dx = 6 6(4) = 32
1 1 1 1 3
Z 0 Z 3 Z 3
28
33. x2 dx + x2 dx = x2 dx =
1 0 1 3
Z 1.2 Z 1.2 Z 1.2 Z 3 Z 3 Z 3
34. 2t dt 2t dt = 2t dt + 2t dt = 2t dt = 2 t dt = 2(4) = 8
1 3 1 1.2 1 1
Z 4 Z 4 Z 4 Z 4
35. x dx + (9 x) dx = [x + (9 x)] dx = 9 dx = 9(4 0) = 36
0 0 0 0
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
0 2 3 0 2 3 3
28
36. t2 dt + x2 dx + u2 du = x2 dx + x2 dx + x2 dx = x2 dx =
1 0 2 1 0 2 1 3
Z 3 Z 0 Z 3 Z 3
37. x3 dx + t3 dt = x3 dx x3 dx = 0
0 3 0 0
Z 1 Z 1 Z 3 Z 3 Z 3
38. 5x dx (x 4) dx = 0 + (x 4) dx = x dx 4 dx
1 3 1 1 1
= 4 4[3 (1)] = 12
Z 5 Z 5 Z 2
39. f (x) dx = f (x) dx f (x) dx = 8.5 6 = 2.5
2 0 0
Z 3 Z 4 Z 4
40. f (x) dx = f (x) dx f (x) dx = 2.4 (1.7) = 4.1
1 1 3
Z Z Z Z Z
2 2 2 2
1 2
41. [2f (x) + g(x)] dx = 2f (x) dx + g(x) dx = 2 f (x) dx + (3) g(x) dx
1 1 1 1 3 1
Z
1 2
1
= 2(3.4) + 3g(x) dx = 6.8 + (12.6) = 6.8 + 4.2 = 11
3 1 3
Z 2
42. Since [f (x) 5g(x)] dx = 24, we have
2
Z 2 Z 2
f (x) dx 5g(x) dx = 24
2 2
Z 2 Z 2
5 g(x) dx = 24 f (x) dx
2 2
Z 2 Z 2
1 24 + 14 38
g(x) dx = 24 + f (x) dx = = .
2 5 2 5 5
Z b
43. (a) f (x) dx = 2.5
a
Z c
(b) f (x) dx = 3.9
b
Z d
(c) f (x) dx = 1.2
c
Z c Z b Z c
(d) f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 2.5 + 3.9 = 1.4
a a b
Z d Z c Z d
(e) f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 3.9 1.2 = 2.7
b b c
Z d Z b Z c Z d
(f) f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 2.5 + 3.9 1.2 = 0.2
a a b c
Z b
44. (a) f (x) dx = 6.8
a
Z c
(b) f (x) dx = 7.3
b
Z d
(c) f (x) dx = 9.2
c
Z c Z b Z c
(d) f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 6.8 7.3 = 0.5
a a b
Z d Z c Z d
(e) f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 7.3 + 9.2 = 1.9
b b c
Z d Z b Z c Z d
(f) f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 6.8 7.3 + 9.2 = 8.7
a a b c
45. 46. 47. 48.

6 6
1
4 4 2
2 2
2 3
-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4 -2 2
-1
-2 -2
49. From the figure, we see that the area under the graph is a triangle with
6
a base and height of 6. Thus, the area from geometry is
4
bh 6(6)
A= = = 18.
2 2 2
-4 -2 2 4
50. From the figure, we see that the area under the graph consists of two
triangles; one has a base and height of 1 while the other has a base and 4
height of 2. Thus, the area from geometry is

2
b1 h1 b2 h2 1(1) 2(2) 5
A= + = + = .
2 2 2 2 2 2 4
51. From the figure, we see that the area under the graph consists of one-
fourth of a circle of radius 3. Thus, the area from geometry is
4
r2
(3) 2
9
A= = = . 2
4 4 4
-2 2
52. From the figure, we see that the area under the graph consists of a
semicircle of radius 3 above a rectangle of width 6 and height 2. Thus,
4
the area from geometry is
2
r2 (3)2 9
A= + wh = + 6(2) = + 12.
2 2 2
-2 2
53. 54. 55. 56.

6 2 2
2
4
2
-2 2 -2 2 4
2
2 4 6
-2
-2 -2
-4 -2
-4
57. From the figure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 1 and a height of 2 subtracted from the 8
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 8. Thus, the net signed 6
area from geometry is 4

2
b1 h1 b2 h2 4(8) 1(2)
A= = = 15. -2 2 4
2 2 2 2 -2
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 2. Thus, the net signed
area from geometry is
2 4 6 8
b1 h1 b2 h2 4(2) 4(2)
A= = = 0. -2
2 2 2 2
Z 1 p Z 1 Z 1 p
59. (x 1 x2 ) dx can be rewritten as x dx 1 x2 dx, so the net signed area
1 1 1
of the graph below left is the same as the difference between the net signed areas of the graphs
below right. This difference, in turn, is the area of a semicircle of radius 1 subtracted from
the net signed area of two triangles with bases and heights of 1. From geometry, this is

b1 h1 b2 h2 r2 1(1) 1(1) (1)2
A= = = .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
-2 2 = -2 2 -2 2
-2 -2 -2
-2 2
b1 h1 b2 h2 2(1) 1(1) 1
A= = = .
2 2 2 2 2 -2
negative of the area of a triangle with a base of 2 and a height of 2. Thus,
3
the net signed area from geometry is
bh 2(2) -3 3
A= = = 2.
2 2 -3
area of a triangle with a base of 1 and a height of 1 subtracted from the
3
-3 3
b1 h1 b2 h2 3(3) 1(1)
A= = = 4. -3
2 2 2 2
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 4 subtracted from
the sum of the areas of a triangle with a base of 3 and a height of 3, 3
and a rectangle of width 2 and height 3. Thus, the net signed area from
geometry is -3 3
-3
b1 h1 b2 h2 3(3) 4(4) 5
A = (wh + ) = [2(3) + ] = = 2.5.
2 2 2 2 2
sum of the areas of a triangle with a base of 3 and a height of 3, and
a rectangle of width 7 and height 3. Thus, the net signed area from 3
geometry is
3 6 9
bh 3(3) 51
A = wh + = 7(3) + = = 25.5. -3
2 2 2
65. For 1 x 0, ex 1 and ex 1. Then ex ex on [1, 0] and by Theorem 5.4.7(i) we

Z 0 Z 0
have ex dx ex dx.
1 1
66. For 0 x /4, tan x 1. Then sin x/ cos x 1 and sin x cos x. Thus, by Theo-
rem 5.4.7(i) we have
Z /4 Z /4 Z /4 Z /4
cos x dx sin x dx, cos x dx sin x dx 0,
0 0 0 0
Z /4
and (cos x sin x) dx 0.
0
3 2 3
67. Letting f (x) = (x3 + 1)1/2 we have f 0 (x) = x (x + 1)1/2 . For 0 x 1, f 0 (x) 0 and
2
f (0) f (x) f (1). Since f (0) = 1 and f (1) = 2 < 1.42, we identify m = 1 and M = 1.42.
Then by Theorem 5.4.7(ii)
Z 1 Z 1
1(1 0) (x3 + 1)1/2 dx 1.42(1 0) and 1 (x3 + 1)1/2 dx 1.42.
0 0
68. Letting f (x) = x2 2x we have f 0 (x) = 2x 2 and f 00 (x) = 2. Solving f 0 (x) = 0 we obtain
the critical number 1, and since f 00 (x) > 0 for all x, the graph of f is concave up with the
absolute minimum at x = 1. Since f (0) = f (2) = 0, we identify m = 1 and M = 0. Then
by Theorem 5.4.7(ii)
Z 2 Z 2
1(2 0) (x2 2x) dx 0(2 0) and 2 (x2 2x) dx 0.
0 0
Z 1 Z 1
69. On [0, 1], x x = x (1x) 0, so x x . Thus by Theorem 5.4.7(i),
2 3 2 2 3 2
x dx x3 dx.
0 0

70. On [0, 1], x2 x = x(x1) 0, so x2 x. Thus, 4 + x2 4 + x, and by Theorem 5.4.7(i),
Z 1p Z 1

4 + x dx
2 4 + x dx.
0 0
Z b
71. Since f (x) 0 on [a, b], by (12),
2
f 2 (x) dx 0.
a
72. We will use the fact that any interval with nonzero length contains both rational and irra-
Z 1 Xn
tional numbers. Let P be a partition of [1, 1]. Then f (x) dx = lim f (xk )xk .
1 kP k0
k=1
Z 1 n
X
First, choosing each xk to be rational, we obtain f (x) dx = lim 0 xk = 0. Then,
1 kP k0
k=1
Z 1 n
X
choosing each xk to be irrational, we obtain f (x) dx = lim 1 xk = 1 (1) = 2.
1 kP k0
k=1
Z 1
Since 0 6= 2, f (x) dx does not exist.
1
k2 (k 1)2 2k 1
73. Using x = 2
= we have
n n2 n2
Z 1 n
r n
X k 2 2k 1 1 X 2
x dx = lim = lim 3 (2k k)
0 n n2 n2 n n
k=1 k=1
n n
!
2 X 2 1 X 2 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1 n(n + 1)
= lim k k = lim
n n3 n3 n n3 6 n3 2
k=1 k=1

1 1 1 1 1 2 2
= lim 1+ 2+ 1+ = 0= .
n 3 n n 2n n 3 3
1 (2k 1)
74. The midpoint of the kth subinterval is k = . Then
2n 2 2n 4n
Z /2 Xn
(2k 1)
cos x dx = lim cos
0 n 4n 2n
k=1
n h io
= lim cos + cos 3 + + cos (2n 1)
n 2n
4n 4n 4n
sin 2n 4n sin
= lim = lim 2
n 2n 4
2 sin n
n sin
4n 4n
1 4
= lim = = 1.
4 n n sin 4
4n
5.5 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Z 7
1. 7
dx = x]3 = 7 3 = 4
3
Z 10
2. 10
(4) dx = 4x]2 = 40 (8) = 32
2
Z 2 2
3. (2x + 3) dx = (x2 + 3x) 1 = 10 (2) = 12
1
5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 319
Z 4
4
1 3 1
4. t2 dt = t = [64 (125)] = 63
5 3 5 3
Z 3 3
5. (6x2 4x + 5) dx = (2x3 2x2 + 5x) 1
= 51 5 = 46
1
Z 1 1
6. (12x5 36) dx = (2x6 36x) 2
= 34 200 = 234
2
Z /2
7. sin x dx = cos x]0
/2
= 0 (1) = 1
0
Z !
/4
/4 2 3 2+ 3
8. cos d = sin ]/3 = =
/3 2 2 2
Z /2
/2
1 1 3 1 3 1 2 2+ 2
9. cos 3t dt = sin 3t = sin sin = =
/4 3 /4 3 2 3 4 3 6 6
Z 1
1
1 1 1
10. sin 2x dx = cos 2x = (cos 2 cos ) =
1/2 2 1/2 2
Z 3/4
3/4
1 1 4 2
11. du = = (2) =
1/2 u2 u 1/2 3 3
Z 1
2 1
12. dx = 2 ln |x|]3 = 0 2 ln 3 = ln 9
3 x
Z 1
1 1
13. ex dx = ex ]1 = e
1 e
Z 2 2
14. (2x 3ex ) dx = x2 3ex 0
= (4 3e2 ) (3) = 7 3e2
0
Z Z 2
2 2
8 1 2 1 3
2
15. x(1 x) dx = (x x2 ) dx = 0= x x =2
0 0 0 3 2 3 3
Z 2 Z 3 3
1 3 25
16. x(x 2)(x + 2) dx = (x3 4x) dx = x 2x2 =
3 2 4 2 4
Z 1 1
7 4 2 3 5 2
17. (7x3 2x2 + 5x 4) dx = x x + x 4x
1 4 3 2 1

7 2 5 7 2 5 28
= + 4 + + +4 =
4 3 2 4 3 2 3
Z 1 1
1 3 1 122
18. (x2 4x + 8) dx = x 2x2 + 8x = 2 8 (9 18 24) =
3 3 3 3 3
Z Z 4
4
x1 4
2 3/2 16 2 8
19. dx = (x1/2 x1/2 ) dx = x 2x1/2 = 4 2 =
1 x 1 3 1 3 3 3
Z Z 4
4
x2 + 8 4 4 8
20. dx = (1 + 8x2 ) dx = (x 8x1 ) x = 2 (2) = 4
2 x2 2
2 x 2
Z

3
1 3
21. dx = tan1 x 1 = =
1 1+x 2 3 4 12
Z Z
1/4
1 1 1/4
2 1 1 1/4 1
22. dx = p dx = sin 2x 0 = 0 =
0 1 4x 2 2 0 1 (2x)2 2 2 6 12
Z 12
23. z + 4 dz u = z + 4, du = dz
4
Z 16
16
2 3/2 128
= u1/2 du = u =
0 3 0 3
Z 7/2
24. (2x + 1)1/3 dx u = 2x + 1, du = 2 dx
0
Z 8
1 8
1 3 2/3 3 9
= u1/3 du = u =3 =
2 1 2 2 1 4 4
Z 3
x
25. dx u = x2 + 16, du = 2x dx
0 x2 + 16
Z Z
1 25
1 1 25 25
= du = u1/2 du = u 16 = 5 4 = 1
2 16 u 2 16
Z 1
t
26. dt u = t2 + 1, du = 2t dt
2 (t2 + 1)2
Z Z 5
2
1/2 1 5
1 1 1 1 3
= du = u 2
du = u1 = =
5 u 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 2 20
Z 2
1
1 1 1 1
27. 1+ dx u=1+
, du = 2 dx
1/2 x x2 x x
Z 2 Z 3 3
1 4 81 65
= u du =
3
u du = u
3
= 4=
3 2 4 2 4 4
Z p
4 3
1+4 x 2
28. dx u = 1 + 4 x, du = dx
1 x x
Z 9 9
1 1 3 4/3 3
= u du =
1/3
u = (94/3 54/3 )
2 5 2 4 5 8
Z 1
x+1
29. dx u = x2 + 2x + 3, du = 2(x + 1) dx
0 x2+ 2x + 3
Z Z
1 6
1 1 6 6
= du = u1/2 du = u 3 = 6 3
2 3 u 2 3
Z 1
u +u 3
30. du z = u4 + 2u2 + 1, du = 4(u3 + u) du
1 (u4 + 2u2 + 1)5
Z
1 4
1
= dz = 0
4 4 z5
Z /8
31. sec2 2x dx u = 2x, du = 2 dx
0
Z /4
1 /4
1 1
= sec2 u du = tan u =
2 0 2 0 2
Z /2
32. x csc x2 cot x2 dx u = x2 , du = 2x dx
/4
Z /2
1 /2
1 1 21
= csc u cot u du = csc u = (1 2) =
2 /4 2 /4 2 2
Z 3/2
3/2
1 2 1 9 1 1 1
33. (x cos x) dx = x sin x = =1
1/2 2 1/2 8 8
Z
4
cos x 1
34. dx u= x, du = dx
1 2 x 2 x
Z 2
2
= cos u du = sin u]1 = sin 2 sin 1
1
Z /2
35. cos x sin x dx u = cos x, du = sin x dx
0
Z Z 1
0 1
2 3/2 2
= u du = u1/2 du = u =
1 0 3 0 3
Z /3
36. sin x cos x dx u = sin x, du = cos x dx
/6
Z 3/2
3/2
1 3 1 1
= u du = u2 = =
1/2 2 1/2 8 8 4
Z /2
1 + cos
37. d u = + sin , du = (1 + cos ) d
/6 ( + sin )2
Z (+2)/2
(+2)/2
1 2 6 4 + 6
= u2 du = = + =
(+3)/6 u (+3)/6 +2 +3 ( + 3)( + 2)
Z /4 Z /4
38. (sec x + tan x)2 dx = (sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + tan2 x) dx
/4 /4
Z /4
= (sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x + sec2 x 1) dx
/4
Z /4
= (2 sec2 x + 2 sec x tan x 1) dx
/4
/4
= (2 tan x + 2 sec x x)]/4
8
= 2+2 2 2 + 2 2 + =
4 4 2
Z Z 3/4
3/4
1 3/4
1 1
39. sin2 x dx = (1 cos 2x) dx = x sin 2x
0 0 2 2 4 0
3 1 3 3 1
= sin = +
8 4 2 8 4
40. Using the fact that f (x) = cos2 x is even, we have

Z Z Z
/2 /2
1
/2
cos2 x dx = 2 cos2 x dx = 2 (1 + cos 2x) dx
/2 0 0 2
/2
1
= x+ sin 2x = +0 0= .
2 0 2 2
Z 5
1
41. dx u = 1 + 2x, du = 2 dx
1 1 + 2x
Z 11
1 11
1 1 1
= du = ln |u| = (ln 11 ln 3)
2 3 u 2 3 2
Z 1
42. Since f (x) = tan x is an odd function on [1, 1], we have tan x dx = 0.
1
Z x
d
43. tet dt = xex
dx 0
Z x
d
44. ln t dt = ln x
dx 1
Z t
d
45. (3x2 2x)6 dx = (3t2 2t)6
dt 2
Z 9 p p
d
46. 3
u2 + 2 du =
3
x2 + 2
dx x
Z 6x1
d
47. 4t + 9 dt u = 6x 1, du = 6 dx
dx 3
Z u
d du du
= 4t + 9 dt = 4u + 9
du 3 dx dx
p
= 4(6x 1) + 9 6 = 6 24x + 5
Z
d x 1
48. sin t2 dt u = x = x1/2 , du = x1/2 dx
dx 2
Z u
d du 2 du 1 1/2 1
= sin t dt
2
= sin u = sin x x = sin x
du dx dx 2 2 x
Z 0 Z x2 ! Z 3x Z x2 !
d 1 1 d 1 1
49. F 0 (x) = dt + dt = dt + dt
3x t + 1 t3 + 1 t3 + 1 t3 + 1
dx 3 dx
0 0 0
u = 3x, du = 3 dx; z = x2 , dz = 2x dx
Z u Z z
d 1 du d 1 dz
= dt + dt
0 t +1 0 t +1
du 3 dx dz 3 dx
1 1 2x 3
= (3) + 2 3 (2x) = 6
(3x)3 + 1 (x ) + 1 x + 1 27x3 + 1
Z 0 p Z 5x p
d
50. F (x) =
0
t + 1 dt +
2 t + 1 dt
2
dx sin x 0
Z sin x p Z 5x p !
d
= t2 + 1 dt + t2 + 1 dt
dx 0 0
u = sin x, du = cos x dx; z = 5x, dz = 5 dx

Z up Z z p
d du d dz
= t + 1 dt
2 + t + 1 dt
2
du 0 dx dz 0 dx
p p p p
= sin x + 1(cos x) + (5x) + 1(5) = 5 25x + 1 cos x sin2 x + 1
2 2 2
Z x
d d x
51. (6t2 8t + 5) dt =
(2t3 4t2 + 5t) 1
dx1 dx
d
= [(2x3 4x2 + 5x) (2 4 + 5)] = 6x2 8x + 5
dx
Z
d t x d x it d t t
52. sin dx = 3 cos = 3 cos 3 cos = sin
dt 3 dt 3 dt 3 3 3
Z 1
53. (a) f (1) = ln(2t + 1) dt = 0
1
(b) f 0 (x) = ln(2x + 1), so f 0 (1) = ln[2(1) + 1] = ln 3.
2 2 2
(c) f 00 (x) = , so f 00 (1) = = .
2x + 1 2(1) + 1 3
4 4 4
(d) f 000 (x) = , so f 000 (1) = = .
(2x + 1)2 [2(1) + 1]2 9
Z x2
54. (a) G(x2 ) = f (t) dt
a
Z x2
d d
(b) G(x ) =
2
f (t) dt = 2xf (x2 )
dx dx a
Z x3 +2x
(c) G(x3 + 2x) = f (t) dt
a
Z x3 +2x
d d
(d) G(x3 + 2x) = f (t) dt = (3x2 + 2)f (x3 + 2x)
dx dx a
Z Z Z Z Z 0 2
2 0 2 0 2
1 1
55. f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = x dx + x dx = x2
2
+ x3
1 1 0 1 0 2 1 3 0

1 1 19
= 0 + (8 0) =
2 3 6
Z 2 Z 0 Z 2 Z 0 Z 2
56. f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = (2x + 3) dx + 3 dx
1 1 0 1 0
0 2
= (x2 + 3x) 1 + 3x]0 = [0 (2)] + 6 = 8
Z 3 Z 2 Z 3 Z 2 Z 3
2 3
57. f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 4 dx + dx = 4x]0 + x]2
0 0 2 0 2
= (8 0) + (3 2) = 9
Z Z /2 Z Z /2 Z
58. f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = sin x dx + cos x dx
0 0 /2 0 /2
/2
= cos x]0 + sin x]/2 = (0 1) + (0 1) = 0
59. Using the fact that f (x) is an even function on [2, 2], we have
Z 2 Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 Z 1 Z 2
f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 2 4 dx + 2
x dx
2 0 0 1 0 1
2 !
1 1 3 1 38
=2 4x]0 + x = 2 (4 0) + (8 1) = .
3 1 3 3
Z 4 Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
60. bxc dx = bxc dx + bxc dx + bxc dx + bxc dx
0 0 1 2 3
Z 1 Z 2 Z 3 Z 4
2 3 4
= 0 dx + 1 dx + 2 dx + 3 dx = x]1 + 2x]2 + 3x]3
0 1 2 3
= (2 1) + (6 4) + (12 9) = 6
Z Z 0
Z 1
1 0
1 1
1 9 1
61. |x| dx = x dx +
x dx = x2 + x2 = + = 5
3 3 0 2 3 2 0 2 2
Z 4 Z 3 Z 4
3 4
62. |2x 6| dx = (2x 6) dx + (2x 6) dx = (x2 + 6x) 0 + (x2 6x) 3
0 0 3
= (9 0) + [(8) (9)] = 10
Z 3p Z 0 Z 3 0 3
2 2
63. |x| + 1 dx = x + 1 dx + x + 1 dx = (1 x)3/2
+ (x + 1) 3/2
8 8 0 3 8 3 0
2 2
= (1 27) + (8 1) = 22
3 3
Z 2 Z 1 Z 2 1 2
1 1 3
64. |x2 1| dx = (x2 1) dx + (x2 1) dx = x3 + x + x x
0 0 1 3 0 3 1

2 2 2
= 0 + =2
3 3 3
65. Using the fact that f (x) = | sin x| is an even function on [, ] and sin x > 0 for 0 x ,
Z Z Z

| sin x| dx = 2 | sin x| dx = 2 sin x dx = 2 cos x]0 = 2(1 1) = 4.
0 0
Z Z /2 Z
/2
66. | cos x| dx = cos x dx + ( cos x) dx = sin x]0 sin x]/2
0 0 /2
= (1 0) + (0 1) = 2
Z e
(ln 2t)5 1
67. dt u = ln 2t, du =
dt; u(1/2) = 0, u(e) = 1 + ln 2
1/2 t t
Z 1+ln 2 1+ln 2
1 1 (1 + ln 2)6
= u5 du = u6 = [(1 + ln 2)6 0] = 3.9266
0 6 0 6 6
68. (Ask Scott for analytic value of arctan sqrt(2)/2, if any)
(While were at it, 5.2.63 and 64 include definite integral notation, seemingly before it is used,
so ask about their placement also)
(One last set of questions: 84 and [misnumbered] 86 seem to be open-ended; 86 has a few
typos in addition to the numbering)
(And, of course, dont forget to ask about whatever is blank)
Z 1
1
dx
2/2 (tan x)(1 + x2 )
1
1
u = tan1 x, du = dx; u( 2/2) = tan1 ( 2/2), u(1) =
1+x 2 4
Z
/4
1 2
/4
= du = ln |u|]tan1 2/2 = ln ln tan1 0.2438

tan1 ( 2/2) u 4 2
Z 1
e2x
69. dx u = e2x + 1, du = 2e2x ; u(0) = 2, u(1) = 1 + e2
0 e2x +1
Z 1+e2 1+e2
1 1 1 1
= du = ln |u| = [ln(1 + e2 ) ln 2] 0.2831
2 2 u 2 2 2
Z
1/ 2
x
70. dx u = x2 , du = 2x dx; u(0) = 0, u(1/ 2) = 1/2
0 1 x4
Z 1/2
1 1/2
1 1 1
= du = sin1 u = 0 = 0.2618
2 0 1 u2 2 0 2 6 12
2 2
71. (a) Since erf 0 (x) = ex > 0, erf(x) is increasing for all x.

2 dy 2
(b) The derivative of y = ex [1 + erf(x)] is = 2 + 2ex x[1 + erf(x)], so
dx
dy 2 2
2xy = 2 + 2ex x[1 + erf(x)] 2xex [1 + erf(x)] = 2
dx

Also, y(0) = e0 [1 + erf(0)] = 1 + 0 = 1.
Z x
sin t sin x
72. (a) Si(x) = dt, Si0 (x) = , and so Si0 (x) = 0 for x = n, n = 1, 2, . . . . The first
0 t x
x cos x sin x
four positive critical numbers are then , 2, 3, and 4. Now, Si00 (x) = ,
x2
therefore
1 1 1 1
Si00 () = < 0, Si00 (2) = > 0, Si00 (3) = < 0, Si00 (4) = >0
2 3 4
shows that there are relative maxima at x = and x = 3 and relative minima at x = 2
and x = 4.
(b)
2
2 3 4 5 6
n
X Z 3 3
73. lim (2xk + 5)xk = (2x + 5) dx = (x2 + 5x) 1
= 24 (4) = 28
kP k0 1
k=1
Z
x i2
n
X 2
xk x
74. lim cos xk = cos dx = 4 sin =4
kP k0 4 0 4 4 0
k=1
75. Letting xk = /n we have

n n Z
X X

lim sin xk = lim (sin xk )xk = sin x dx = cos x]0 = (1 1) = 2.
n n n 0
k=1 k=1
76. Letting xk = 2/n we have

n n Z 1
2X X 1
1 2 1
lim
xk = lim xk xk = x dx = x = (1 1) = 0.
n n n 1 2 1 2
k=1 k=1
Z Z Z Z
2 x 2 x 2 2
77. 12t2 dt dx = 4t3 1
dx = (4x3 4) dx = (x4 4x) 1 = 8 5 = 3
1 1 1 1
Z /2 Z t Z /2 Z /2
t
78. sin x dx dt = cos x]0 dt = ( cos t + 1) dt
0 0 0 0
2
/2
= ( sin t + t)]0 = 1 + 0=
2 2
79. Since f (x) is even, f (x) = f (x). Then
Z a Z 0 Z a
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx t = x, dt = dx
a a 0
Z 0 Z a Z 0 Z a
= f (t)(dt) + f (x) dx = f (t) dt + f (x) dx
a 0 a 0
Z a Z a Z a
= f (t) dt + f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx.
0 0 0
80. (a) Since f is odd and continuous at x = 0, f (0) = 0.

(b)
-3 3
-3
Z 3 Z 3
(c) F (3) = f (t) dt = 0; F (3) = f (t) dt = 0 since f is odd.
3 3
(d)
-3 3
(e) Since F 0 (x) = f (x), critical numbers occur at x = 3, x = 0, and x 3. Solving

F 00 (x) = f 0 (x) = 0 we see that points of inflection occur at x = 2 and x = 2.

81. The reasoning is flawed at the point that sin t is substituted with 1 cos2 t. The use of the
square root loses sin ts sign changes.
Z 2x p
d
82. (a) x t3 + 7 dt
u = 2x, du = 2 dx
dx 1
Z u p p
d d du d du
= x t3 + 7 dt = x u3 + 7
dx du 1 dx dx dx
d h p i d p
= x 2 (2x)3 + 7 = 2x 8x3 + 7
dx dx
1 p 40x3 + 14
= 2x (8x3 + 7)1/2 (24x2 ) + 2 8x3 + 7 =
2 8x3 + 7
Z 4p Z 4p Z 4p
d
(b) x t3 + 7 dt = t3 + 7 dt, since t3 + 7 dt is a constant.
dx 1 1 1
83. (a)
1 1
2 2
-1 -1
f (x) = cos3 x f (x) = sin3 x

Z 2 Z 2
(b) cos x dx = 0
3 ; sin3 x dx = 0
0 0
84. As this projects exact results may vary for every run of the exercise, no exact solution is
given. In general, the student should see the empirical probability n/N approach the area of
the region as the number of random points increases.
85. (a) At time n the radius of the circle is r0 + cu and the area is A(u) = (r0 + cu)2 . Then
Z Z
RT k(r0 + cu)2
t
K t
= du = (r0 + cu)2 (c du)
Pv 0 V 0 cV 0 0
t
K 1 K
= (r0 + cu)3 = (r0 + ct)3 r03
cV0 3 0 3cV 0
3cV0 RT
= (r0 + ct)3 r03
P Kv
3cV0 RT
(r0 + ct)3 = + r03
rP Kv
3 3cV0 RT
r0 + ct = + r03
P Kv
r
1 3 3cV0 RT r0
t= + r03 .
c P Kv c
(b) Substituting RT /P v = 1.9 106 , K = 0.01 103 , c = 0.01, r0 = 100, and V0 = 10, 000,
we find t 2, 617, 695 seconds, or t 30 days and 7 hours.
(c) The final area is A(2, 617, 695) = [100+0.01(2, 617, 695)]2 2.169109 m2 = 2169 km2 .
CHAPTER 5 IN REVIEW 329
86. Since this exercise involves a research report, no solution is given. The need for the definite
Z 0
integral sec x dx can be found in the derivation of the projection, whose key properties
0
are that it is conformal (i.e., angle-preserving) and that it represent lines of constant course
as straight segments.
Chapter 5 in Review
A. True/False
1. False. Consider f (x) = x3 + x2 + 1.
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False. Continuity implies integrability, but not necessarily the other way around. Consider
the discontinuous function
(
0, x 6= 1
f (x) =
1, x = 1
which is integrable on [0, 2] by (15) in Section 5.4.
7. True, since no portion of the graph of y = x x3 lies below the x-axis on [0, 1].
8. False. This is only true when no portion of the graph lies below the x-axis.

1 1 1
9. False. Consider the partition 0, , , . . . , , 1 of {0, 1}.
n n1 2
10. True
11. True
12. True
R
13. False. sin x dx = cos x + C.
14. True
15. True
16. True
B. Fill in the Blanks

1. f (x)
2. x2 + C
ln x
3.
x

4. 6
5. f (g(x))g 0 (x) dx
1 5
6.
2ex x e25x2
5
X k
7.
2k + 1
k=1
8. 3480
Z 17
9.
5
10. 4; 3
11. 5/2
12. regular
Z 4
4 2 3/2 16
13. x dx; x =
0 3 0 3
14. 4
Z 1 Z x Z 1 Z 1
x
15. e t
dt dx = et 0 dx = (ex 1) dx
1 0 1 1
1 1
= (ex x) 1 = [(e1 1) (e1 + 1)] = e + 2
e
Z Z x Z 1
1
d 1 1
et dt dx = ex dx = ex 1 = e
1 dx 0 1 e
16. 4/3
C. Exercises
Z 1 1
1. (4x3 6x2 + 2x 1) dx = (x4 2x3 + x2 x) 1 = 1 5 = 6
1
Z i9
9
6
2. dx = 12x1/2 = 36 12 = 24
1 x 1
Z
1
3. (5t + 1)100 dt = (5t + 1)101 + C
505
Z p
4. w2 3w3 + 1 dw u = 3w3 + 1, du = 9w2 dw
Z Z
1 1 2 3/2 2p
= u du = u1/2 du = u +C = (3w3 + 1)3 + C
9 9 27 27
Z /4
/4
1 5 1 1
5. (sin 2x 5 cos 4x) dx = cos 2x sin 4x =0 =
0 2 4 0 2 2
Z 2
sin z 1
6. dz u= z, du = dz
2 /9 z 2 z
Z

1
= 2 sin u du = 2 cos u]/3 = 2 1 =3
/3 2
Z 4
7. (2x2 + x1/2 ) dx = 0
4
Z /4 Z /4 Z /4 Z /4
8. dx + tan2 x dx = (1 + tan2 x) dx = sec2 x dx
/4 /4 /4 /4
/4
= tan x]/4 = 1 (1) = 2
Z
9. cot6 8x csc2 8x dx u = cot 8x, du = 8 csc2 x dx
Z
1 1 1
= u6 du = u7 + C = cot7 8x + C
8 56 56
Z
1
10. csc 3x cot 3x dx = csc 3x + C
3
Z Z
1
11. (4x2 16x + 7)4 (x 2) dx = (4x2 16x + 7)4 [8(x 2) dx]
8
u = 4x2 16x + 7, du = 8(x 2) dx
Z
1 1 5 1
= u4 du = u +C = (4x2 16x + 7)5 + C
8 40 40
Z Z
5
12. (x2 + 2x 10)2/3 (5x + 5) dx = (x2 + 2x 10)2/3 [2(x + 1) dx]
2
u = x2 + 2x 10, du = 2(x + 1) dx
Z
5 3 3
= u2/3 du = u5/3 + C = (x2 + 2x 10)5/3 + C
2 2 2
Z Z
x2 + 1 1
13. dx = (x3 + 3x 16)1/3 [3(x2 + 1) dx]
3
x + 3x 16
3 3
u = x3 + 3x 16, du = 3(x2 + 1) dx
Z
1 1 1
= u1/3 du = u2/3 + C = (x3 + 3x 16)2/3 + C
3 2 2
Z Z
x2 + 1 1 1
14. dx = [3(x2 + 1) dx]
x + 3x 16
3 3 x3 + 3x 16
u = x3 + 3x 16, du = 3(x2 + 1) dx
Z
1 1 1 1
= du = ln |u| + C = ln |x3 + 3x 16| + C
3 u 3 3
Z 4
x
15. dx u = x2 + 16, du = 2x dx
0 16 + x2
Z 32
1 32
1 1 1 1 32 1
= du = ln |u| = (ln 32 ln 16) = ln = ln 2
2 16 u 2 16 2 2 16 2
Z 4
4
1 1 x 1
16. dx = tan1 = (tan1 1 tan1 0) =
0 16 + x2 4 4 0 4 16
Z 2
1 x i2 1
17. dx = sin1 = sin1 sin1 0 =
0 16 x2 4 0 2 6
Z 2
x
18. dx u = 16 x2 , du = 2x dx
0 16 x2
Z
1 12 16
= u1/2 du = u 12 = 16 12 = 4 2 3
2 16
Z
1
19. tan 10x dx = ln | cos 10x| + C
10
Z
1
20. cot 10x dx = ln | sin 10x| + C
10
Z 7 Z 5 Z 7 Z 7 Z 7
21. f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx; 2 = 3 + f (x) dx; f (x) dx = 5
0 0 5 5 5
Z 9 Z 4 Z 9
22. f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 2 + (8) = 6
1 1 4
(
x + 1, 0 x < 1
23. Since |x 1| = , we have
x 1, 1 x 3
Z 3 Z 1 Z 3
(1 + |x 1|) dx = (1 + |x 1|) dx + (1 + |x 1|) dx
0 0 1
Z 1 Z 3
= (1 x + 1) dx + (1 + x 1) dx
0 1
1 3
1 1 2 3 9 1 11
= 2x x2 + x = 0 + = .
2 0 2 1 2 2 2 2
Z 1
1
d 10t4 10t4 10
24. dt = =
0 dt (2t3 + 6t + 1)2 (2t3 + 6t + 1)2 0 81
Z /2
sin10 t
25. dt = 0
/2 16t7 + 1
Z 1
26. Since f (t) = t5 sin t2 is an odd function, t5 sin t2 dt = 0.
1
Z 1 Z 1
1 1 1
27. Since f (x) = is an even function, dx = 2 dx. Therefore
1 + 3x2 1 1 + 3x
2
0 1 + 3x
2
Z 1
1
2 dx u = 3x, du = 3 dx
0 1 + 3x
2
Z 3 3
2 1 2
= du = tan u 1
3 0 1 + u2 3 0
2 2 2
= (tan 1
3 tan 0) =
1
0 = .
3 3 3 3 3
Z 2 Z 0 Z 1 Z 2 Z 0 Z 1 Z 2
28. f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx + f (x) dx = x3 dx + x2 dx + x dx
2 2 0 1 2 0 1
0 1 2
1 1 11 1 1 13
= x4 + x3 + x2 =
(0 16) + (1 0) + (4 1) =
4 2 3 1 0 42 3 2 6
n
!
1 + 2 + 3 + + n X 1 n(n + 1) 1
29. lim = lim k = lim
n n2 n n2 n 2 n2
k=1
2
n n 1 1 1
= lim + = lim + =
n 2n 2 2n 2 n 2 2n 2
n
!
1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + + n2 X 1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 1
30. lim = lim k 3 = lim
2
3
n n3 n n n 6 n
k=1
3
2n 3n2 n 1 1 1 1
= lim + 3 + 3 = lim + + =
n 6n3 6n 6n n 3 2n 6n2 3
dV 1 1 1 1 1 1
31. Since = , V = t + C. When t = 0, V = ft3 and C = . Thus, V (t) = t + and
dt 4 4 2 2 4 2
5 5
V (8) = ft3 . The scale at this time will read (62.4) = 156 lbs. The volume of the bucket is
2 " # 2
2
1 1 7 3 7 1 1
V = 3 + (1) + 1 = 2
ft . Solving = t + for t, we obtain t 20 min.
3 2 2 4 4 4 2
1.5(k + 1)
32. (a) The outer radius of the kth disk (from the top) is rk = cm, its inner radius
2 " 2 #
1.5 1.5
is cm, and its thickness is 1.5 cm. Then its volume is (1.5) rk2 =
2 2
k 2 + 2k
(1.5)3 . Thus, the total volume is
4
Xn
n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)
(1.5)3 (k 2 + 2k) = (1.5)3 +2
4 4 6 2
k=1

n(n + 1)(2n + 7)
= (1.5)3 ,
4 6
and therefore the value of the gold is

3 n(n + 1)(2n + 7)
14 19.3 (1.5) 38n(n + 1)(2n + 7).
4 6
(b) For n = 64, the value of the gold is approximately 38(64)(64 + 1)[2(64) + 7] = 38(64
65 135) = 21, 340, 800 $67, 044, 100.50.
Z f (2) Z 2
33. From the figure we note that f 1 (x) dx = 20 2 f (x) dx.
f (1) 1 10
Since 9
Z Z 2
2 2
1 4 1 2 8
f (x) dx = (x3 + x) dx = x + x
1 1 4 2 1
7
6
16 4 1 1 21
= + + = , 5
4 2 4 2 4
4
Z f (2)
21 51 3
we have f 1 (x) dx = 20 2 = .
f (1) 4 4 2

Integrals: 5.1 The Indefinite Integral

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Integrals: 5.1 The Indefinite Integral

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Chapter 5

5.1 The Indefinite Integral

54. f (x) = an1 xn1 + an2 xn2 + + a1 x + a0

5.2 Integration by the u-Substitution

5.3 The Area Problem

42. Let A = A1 + A2 where A1 is the area under f (x) =x + 1 on [0,

Using f (k) = (k + 1)3 similarly to (a), we obtain

Analogously for (b), we also have

Combining these, we obtain

60. We note that A2 = 1 A

61. We note that A2 = 16 

63. By (8) of this section,

Using a = 1, r = e1/n , we obtain

5.4 The Definite Integral

2. From x1 = 1, x2 = 1/2, x3 = 1, x4 = 5/2, and x5 = 2 we see that the norm of the

5. From x1 = , x2 = /2, and x3 = /2 we see that the norm of the partition is kP k = .

7. We have xk = 1 and xk = k for k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Using f (x1 ) = 1, f (x2 ) = 0, f (x3 ) = 1,

11. Identify a = 0 and b = 2. Then

12. Identify a = 1 and b = 4. Then

45. 46. 47. 48.

height of 2. Thus, the area from geometry is

53. 54. 55. 56.

area from geometry is 4

65. For 1 x 0, ex 1 and ex 1. Then ex ex on [1, 0] and by Theorem 5.4.7(i) we

5.5 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

40. Using the fact that f (x) = cos2 x is even, we have

u = sin x, du = cos x dx; z = 5x, dz = 5 dx

75. Letting xk = /n we have

76. Letting xk = 2/n we have

80. (a) Since f is odd and continuous at x = 0, f (0) = 0.

(e) Since F 0 (x) = f (x), critical numbers occur at x = 3, x = 0, and x 3. Solving

f (x) = cos3 x f (x) = sin3 x

which is integrable on [0, 2] by (15) in Section 5.4.

B. Fill in the Blanks

and therefore the value of the gold is

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42. Let A = A1 + A2 where A1 is the area under f (x) =x + 1 on [0,

61. We note that A2 = 16