Math240 Fall 2003

Elementary Differential Equations Kansas State University

Exact Equations (Section 1.4):

Solutions for Selected Problems
dy
(1) 2xy + x2 dx = 0.

Step 1: [2xy] = 2x;

y the equation is exact.
2
x = 2x
x
Step 2: F = 2xy;
x
F
= x2 .
y Z
Step 3: F (x, y) = 2xy dx + C(y) = x2 y + C(y).
Z
Step 4: F (x, y) = e
x2 dy + C(x) e
= x2 y + C(x).
e
Step 5: F (x, y) = x2 y + C(y) = x2 y + C(x) e
C(y) C(x) =0
e 2
C(y) = 0 and C(x) = 0.Step 6: F (x, y) = x y.

K
x2 y = K or y =
x2

x 2 2 1 dy
(3) e + 2xy + 2x y = 0.
y dx

Step 1: ex + 2xy 2 = 4xy;


y
1 the equation is exact.
2
2x y = 4xy


x y

Step 2: F = ex + 2xy 2 ;
x
F 1
= 2x2 y .
y Z y
x
Step 3: F (x, y) = e + 2xy 2 dx + C(y) = ex + x2 y 2 + C(y).
Z
2 1 e e
Step 4: F (x, y) = 2x y dy + C(x) = x2 y 2 ln |y| + C(x).
y
e
Step 5: F (x, y) = ex + x2 y 2 + C(y) = x2 y 2 ln |y| + C(x)
e
C(y) C(x) = ln |y| ex
C(y) = ln |y| and C(x)e = ex .
2 2 x
Step 6: F (x, y) = x y + e ln |y|.

x2 y 2 + ex ln |y| = K

1
 dy yex + y
(5) = x .
dx e +x
First, we rewrite the equation as
dy
yex + y + (ex + x) = 0.
dx


Step 1: [ye + y] = e + 1;
x x
y the equation is exact.
x x

[e + x] = e + 1
x
Step 2: F = yex + y;
x
F
= ex + x.
y Z
Step 3: F (x, y) = (yex + y) dx + C(y) = yex + yx + C(y).
Z
Step 4: F (x, y) = e
(ex + x) dy + C(x) e
= yex + yx + C(x).
e
Step 5: F (x, y) = yex + xy + C(y) = yex + xy + C(x) e
C(y) C(x) =0
e
C(y) = 0 and C(x) = 0.
Step 6: F (x, y) = yex + xy.
K
yex + xy = K or y = .
ex +x
dy
(7) x2 y + 2xy 2 = 0.
dx

Step 1: x2 y = x2 ;

y the equation is not exact.


2xy 2 = 2y 2
x

By dividing the original equation by y, we can make this into a separable equation.
We rewrite the equation as

1 2 2 dy 1 dy
x y + 2xy = 0 x2 + 2xy = 0.
y dx y | {zdx }
Modified Equation

dy
Step 1: x2 + 2xy = 0 2y dy = x dx.
dx
1
Step 2: y 2 = x2 + C.
2
r
1
Step 3: y = C x2
| {z 2 }
General Solution

2
 Step 4: Check for singular solutions: to rewrite the equation, we divided by y
dy
Is y(x) = 0 a solution to the original equation x2 y + 2xy 2 = 0?
dx
Yes, it is.
(notice that it is not a solution of the modified equation).
Is the solution
r y(x) = 0 represented in the general solution?
1 1
y = C x2 = 0 C = x2
2 2
(no good, since C must be a constant.)
No, it is not represented.
y(x)=0 is a singular solution.
r r
1 2 1
y = C x , y = C x2 , and y = 0.
2 2
dy x+1
(9) = .
dx y+1
First, we rewrite this equation as
dy
(x + 1) (y + 1) .
dx

Step 1:
[x + 1] = 0;
y the equation is exact.

[(y + 1)] = 0
x
Step 2: F = x + 1;
x
F
= y + 1.
y Z
1
Step 3: F (x, y) = (x + 1) dx + C(y) = x2 + x + C(y).
Z 2
e 1 e
Step 4: F (x, y) = (y + 1) dy + C(x) = y 2 + y + C(x).
2
1 1 e
Step 5: F (x, y) = x2 + x + C(y) = y 2 + y + C(x)
2 1 2 2
e
C(y) C(x) = 2 y + y 12 x2 + x
1 e 1
C(y) = y 2 + y and C(x) = x2 + x.
2 2
1 2 2

Step 6: F (x, y) = x + y + x + y.
2
1 2
x + y 2 + x + y = K.
2

3
 dy
(11) 3x2 tan(y) + 1 + x3 sec2 (y) 1 = 0; y(0) = 1.
dx
First: Find all solutions, if the equation is exact.


Step 1: 3x2 tan(y) + 1 = 3x2 sec2 (y);
y the equation is exact.
3 2
x sec (y) 1 = 3x2 sec2 (y)
x
Step 2: F = 3x2 tan(y) + 1;
x
F
= x3 sec2 (y) 1.
y Z
2
Step 3: F (x, y) = 3x tan(y) + 1 dx + C(y) = x3 tan(y) + x + C(y).
Z
3 2
Step 4: F (x, y) = e
x sec (y) 1 dy + C(x) e
= x3 tan(y) y + C(x).
e
Step 5: F (x, y) = x3 tan(y) + x + C(y) = x3 tan(y) y + C(x)
e
C(y) C(x) = y x C(y) = y and C(x)e = x.
3
Step 6: F (x, y) = x tan(y) + x y.
The solutions satisfy x3 tan(y) + x y = K.
Second: Use the initial condition.
y(0) = 1 03 tan(1) + 0 1 = K K = 1.

x3 tan(y) + x y = 1.
dy
(13) 2x + y + 2y = 0; y(0) = 1.
dx
First: Find all solutions, if the equation is exact.

Step 1: [2x + y] = 1;
y the equation is not exact.


[2y] = 0
x
dy
(15) cos(y) x sin(y) = 0; y(0) = .
dx 2
First: Find all solutions, if the equation is exact.

Step 1:
[cos(y)] = sin(y);
y the equation is exact.


[x sin(y)] = sin(y)
x
Step 2: F = cos(y);
x
F
= x sin(y).
y
Step 3: F (x, y) = x cos(y) + C(y).
e
Step 4: F (x, y) = x cos(y) + C(x).
e
Step 5: C(y) = 0 and C(x) = 0.
Step 6: F (x, y) = x cos(y).

4
 The solutions satisfy x cos(y) = K.
Second: Use the initial condition.

y(0) = 0 cos(/2) = K K = 0.
2

So, x cos(y) = 0, which implies that y = (2k + 1) , where k is an integer. Among
2

these solutions only y = satisfies the initial condition.
2
dy x+y
(17) = ; y(0) = 1.
dx 2y x
First: Find all solutions, if we can rewrite the equation as an exact equation.
dy
(x + y) + (x 2y) = 0.
dx
Step 1: [x + y] = 1;
y the equation is exact.


[x 2y] = 1
x
Step 2: F = x + y;
x
F
= x 2y.
y
1
Step 3: F (x, y) = x2 + xy + C(y).
2
e
Step 4: F (x, y) = y 2 + xy + C(x).
e 1
Step 5: C(y) = y 2 and C(x) = x2 .
2
1 2 2
Step 6: F (x, y) = x + xy y .
2
1 2
The solutions satisfy x + xy y 2 = K.
2
Second: Use the initial condition.
1
y(0) = 1 02 + 0 1 12 = K K = 1.
2
1
Hence y 2 xy x2 1 = 0, which implies that
2
q
x x2 4 12 x2 1 1 1 2
y= y = x 3x + 4.
2 2 2
The initial condition now tells us that we should take the positive root.
1 1 2
y = x+ x + 4.
2 2
dy ex y
(19) = ; y(0) = 0.
dx x + cos(y)
First: Find all solutions, if we can rewrite the equation as an exact equation.
dy
(ex y) (x + cos(y)) = 0.
dx

5

Step 1: [ex y] = 1;

y the equation is exact.


[x cos(y)] = 1
x
Step 2: F = ex y;
x
F
= x cos(y).
y
Step 3: F (x, y) = ex xy + C(y).
e
Step 4: F (x, y) = xy sin(y) + C(x).
e
Step 5: C(y) = sin(y) and C(x) = ex .
x
Step 6: F (x, y) = e xy sin(y).
ex xy sin(y) = 1.