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Optimizacija parametara obrade tokarenja s vie kriterija kvalitete uporabom Grey relacijske analize
Franko Puh, Zoran Jurkovic, Mladen Perinic, Miran Brezocnik, Stipo Buljan
Keywords: ANOVA; Grey relational analysis; multi-objective optimization; Taguchi method; turning
Optimizacija parametara obrade tokarenja s vie kriterija kvalitete uporabom Grey relacijske analize
Kljune rijei: ANOVA; Grey relacijska analiza; Taguchijeva metoda; tokarenje; viekriterijska optimizacija
affecting the Grey relational grade followed by cutting based experimental design, a L9 (34) orthogonal arrays,
speed and feed rate. with three levels (coded by: 1; 2 and 3) of three main
Similarly, the researchers have applied the Grey cutting parameters, namely, cutting speed V, feed rate f
relational analysis (GRA) to different processes with and depth of cut d (shown in Tab. 3).
multiple performance characteristics and greatly
Table 3 Cutting parameters and their limits
improved through this approach. Tosun [5] investigated
Parameters Levels
optimization of drilling parameters to minimize surface
Symbol Coding orthogonal
roughness and burr height, Chang and Lu [6] investigated array
1 2 3
optimization of cutting parameters for side milling A X1 = V (m/min) 400 450 500
operations, Datta et al. [7] investigated optimization of B X2 = f (mm/rev.) 0,1 0,15 0,2
bead geometry in submerged arc welding process, C X3 = d (mm) 0,4 0,8 1,2
Chakradhar and Gopal [8] investigated optimization of
electrochemical machining of EN31 steel, etc. In the The necessary number of test runs is nine. The last
recent times researchers have also tried to optimize the column (for the fourth factor) in the L9 (34) orthogonal
machining parameters using various methods like Genetic array is left empty for this specific study. The
Algorithm, Particle swarm optimization, ANN, Simulated experimental results and the Taguchi L9 (34) orthogonal
annealing method, Multi-Objective Evolutionary array are shown in Tab. 4.
Algorithm, etc. [912].
Table 4 Orthogonal array L9(34) of the experimental runs and results
2 Experimental procedure Exp. A B C MRR
Ra (m)
2.1 Machining conditions No. V f d (cm3/min)
1. 1 1 1 0,77 16
Experimental research was performed on lathe 2. 1 2 2 1,33 48
machine "Georg Fisher NDM-16". Test samples were 3. 1 3 3 2,14 96
carbon steel bars DIN Ck45 with 100 mm in diameter and 4. 2 1 2 1,11 36
380 mm in length. Chemical composition and mechanical 5. 2 2 3 1,13 81
properties of DIN Ck45 steel are given in Tab. 1 and Tab. 6. 2 3 1 2,01 36
7. 3 1 3 1,19 60
2. Experiments were carried out by the external
8. 3 2 1 1,05 30
machining turning tool with the holder mark DDJNL
9. 3 3 2 1,93 80
3225P15 and the coated inserts type DNMG 150608-
PM4025 under dry cutting conditions. The tool geometry
3 Results and discussions
was: rake angle 17, clearance angle 5, main cutting edge
3.1 Grey relational analysis
93 with nose radius 0,8 mm. Before each cut, the insert
was changed to eliminate the effect of toolwear. Surface
Grey relational analysis was proposed by Deng in
roughness measurements were performed with
1989 [17] and it is widely used for measuring the degree
SurftestMitutoyo SJ-201P. The surface roughness
of relationship between sequences by Grey relational
measured in the paper is the arithmetic mean deviation of
grade [18].
surface roughness of profile Ra [1315].The material
By employing Grey relational analysis associated
removal rate of the work piece is the volume of the
with the Taguchi method, optimization of the complicated
material removed per minute. It can be calculated using
multi-response characteristics can be converted into
the following equation:
optimization of a single response characteristic with Grey
relational grade as an objective function.
MRR = Vfd , (1)
In the present work the objectives are to minimize the
surface roughness and maximize the MRR of finish
where three main cutting parameters are cutting speed V turning process. Thus, surface roughness and material
(m/min), feed rate f (mm/r) and depth of cut d (mm). removal rate as the multi-responses are combined by Grey
relational grade using Grey relational analysis.
Table 1 Chemical composition of carbon steel Ck45 (wt%)
Element C Si Mn P S Ni Mo 3.2 Grey relational generation
Content 0,467 0,309 0,657 0,014 0,021 0,039 0,0087
In Grey relational analysis the first step is to perform
Table 2 Mechanical properties of carbon steel Ck45
Tensile Yield
the Grey relational generation in which the results of the
% of Hardness experiments are normalized in the range between 0 and 1
Material strength strength
Elongation (HB) due to different measurement units. Data pre-processing
(MPa) (MPa)
Ck45 650 420 24,2 179 converts the original sequences to a set of comparable
sequences. Normalizing the experimental data for each
2.2 Design of experiments quality characteristic is done according to the type of
performance response. Thus, the normalized data
The Taguchi method uses a special design of processing for Ra corresponding to smaller-the-better
orthogonal arrays to study the entire parameter space with criterion can be expressed as:
a limited number of experiments [16]. The experiments
have been carried out by using the standardized Taguchi-
measure of the magnitude of a data set relative to the As indicated in Fig. 1. and 2., the optimal parameter
standard deviation. In the Taguchi method, signal to-noise condition for turning of the C45 carbon steel regarding
S/N ratio is used to represent a performance characteristic surface roughness and material removal rate multiple
and the largest value of S/N ratio means the optimal level performance characteristics are levels: A-level 1, B-level
of the turning parameters. 1, C-level 3. Namely, cutting speed of V = 400 m/min,
There are three types of S/N ratio: the larger-the- feed rate of f = 0,1 mm/rev and depth of cut d = 1,2 mm.
better, the nominal-the better, and the smaller-the-better.
Tab. 6 shows the S/N ratio based on the larger-the-better 3.5 Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
criterion for the overall Grey relational grade calculated
using Eq. (9): The purpose of the analysis of the variance
(ANOVA) is to investigate which turning parameters
1 n 1 significantly affect the quality characteristic. By using the
S / N = 10 log 2 , (9) Grey relational grade value, ANOVA is indicated for
n i =1 yi identifying the significant factors. In addition to degree of
freedom (DF), mean of squares (MS), sum of squares
where n is the number of measurements, and yi is the (SS), F-ratio and contribution (C) associated with each
measured characteristic value. The mean response for the factor was presented. The higher the percentage
Grey relational grade with its grand mean and the main contribution was, the more important the factor was for
effect plot of the Grey relational grade are very important affecting the performance characteristics. The results of
because the optimal process condition can be evaluated ANOVA for the Grey grade values are represented in
from this plot, (shown in Fig. 1. and 2.). The dashed line Tab. 8. The results of the ANOVA indicate that the
is the value of the total mean of the S/N ratio and mean percentage contribution of cutting speed (V), feed rate ( f )
effect plot. and the depth of cut (d) influencing the multiple
performance characteristics were 12,63 %, 8,41 % and
34,62 %, respectively. From the percentage contribution
of the ANOVA, the cutting speed and depth of cut were
two parameters significantly influencing the Grey
relational grade. And the depth of cut was the most
effective factor on the performance.
o
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