GATE 2 0 1 6

EC : ELECTRONICS
& COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Set - 1
N o. of Qu est i on s : 65 M a xi m u m M a r k s : 100

I N ST RU CT I ON S
1. Tot al of 65 quest ions car r ying 100 mar ks, out of which 10 quest ions car r ying a t ot al of 15 mar ks ar e in
Gener al Apt it ude (GA)
2. The Engineer ing M at hemat ics will car r y ar ound 15% of t h e t ot al m ar k s, t he Gener al Apt it ude sect ion
will car r y 15% of t h e t ot al m ar k s and t he r em ai n i n g 70% of t h e t ot al m ar k s.
3. Ty p es of Qu est i on s
(a ) M u l t i p l e Ch oi ce Qu est i on s (M CQ) car r ying 1 or 2 mar ks each in all paper s and sect ions. These
questions ar e object ive in nat ur e, and each will have a choice of four options, out of which the candidate
has t o mar k t he cor r ect answer (s).
(b) N u m er i cal An sw er Qu est i on s of 1 or 2 mar ks each in all paper s and sect ions. For t hese quest ions
t he answer is a r eal number, t o be ent er ed by t he candidat e using t he vir t ual keypad. No choices will
be shown for t hese t ype of quest ions.
4. For 1-m ar k mult iple-choice quest ions, 1/3 m ar k s will be deduct ed for a wr ong answer. L ikewise, for
2-m ar k s mult iple-choice quest ions, 2/3 mar ks will be deduct ed for a wr ong answer. Ther e is no negat ive
mar king for numer ical answer t ype quest ions.

5. Michael lives 10 km away from where I live. Ahmed

GEN ERAL APT I T U D E (GA)
(Q.1 5) : Car r y On e M ar k Each
1. Which of t he following is CORRECT wit h r espect
t o gr ammar and usage?
M ount Ever est is ____________.
(a) t he highest peak in t he wor ld
(b) highest peak in t he wor ld
(c) one of highest peak in t he wor ld
(d) one of t he highest peak in t he wor ld
2. The policeman asked t he vict im of a t heft , What
did you ?
(a) loose (b) lose
(c) loss (d) louse
3. Despit e t he new medi cines ______________ i n
t r eat ing diabet es, it is not ______________widely.
(a) effect iveness --- pr escr ibed
(b) availabilit y --- used
(c) pr escr ipt ion --- available
(d) accept ance --- pr oscr ibed
4. I n a huge pile of apples and or anges, bot h r ipe
and unr ipe mixed together, 15% ar e unr ipe fr uit s.
Of t he unr ipe fr uit s, 45% ar e apples. Of t he r ipe
ones, 66% ar e or anges. I f t he pile cont ains a t ot al
of 5692000 fr uit s, how many of t hem ar e apples?
(a) 2029198 (b) 2467482
(c) 2789080 (d) 3577422
lives 5 km away and Susan lives 7 km away fr om
where I live. Arun is farther away than Ahmed but
closer than Susan fr om wher e I live. Fr om t he
infor mation pr ovided her e, what is one possible
distance (in km) at which I live from Ar uns place?
(a) 3.00
(b) 4.99
(c) 6.02
(d) 7.01
(Q.6 10) : Car r y Tw o M ar k s Each
6. A per son moving t hr ough a t uber culosis pr one
zone has a 50% pr obabilit y of becoming infect ed.
H owever, only 30% of infect ed people develop t he
di sease. What per cent age of peopl e movi ng
t h r ou gh a t uber cul osi s pr one zone r emai ns
infect ed but does not show sympt oms of disease?
(a) 15
(b) 33
(c) 35
(d) 37
7. I n a wor ld filled wit h uncer t aint y, he was glad t o
have many good fr iends. H e had always assist ed
them in times of need and was confident that t hey
would r ecipr ocate. However, the events of the last
week pr oved him wr ong.
Which of t he following infer ence(s) is/ar e logically
valid and can be infer r ed fr om the above passage?
2 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

(i ) His friends were always asking him to help them.
(i i ) H e felt t hat when in need of help, his fr iends
would let him down.
(iii) H e was sur e t hat his fr iends would help him
when in need.
(i v)H is fr iends did not help him last week.
(a) (i ) and (i i ) (b) (i i i ) and (i v)
(c) (i i i ) only (d) (i v) only
8. Leela is older than her cousin Pavithr a. Pavithras
br ot her Shiva is older than Leela. When Pavithr a
and Shiva ar e visiting L eela, all t hr ee like to play
chess. Pavit hr a wins mor e oft en t han L eela does.
Which one of t he following st at ement s must be
TRUE based on t he above?
(a) When Sh i va pl ays chess wi t h L eel a and
Pavit hr a, he oft en loses.
(b) L eela is t he oldest of t he t hr ee.
(c) Shiva is a bet t er chess player t han Pavit hr a.
(d) Pavit hr a is t he youngest of t he t hr ee.
a 1 1 1
9. I f q and r b and s c , t he value of
r s q 5
abc is .
Q : I f f(x) is cont inuous at x = x0, t hen it may not
be differ ent iable at x = x0.
R : I f f(x) is differ ent iable at x = x0, t hen it is also
cont inuous at x = x0.
(a) P is t r ue, Q is false, R is false
(b) P is false, Q is t r ue, R is t r ue
(c) P is false, Q is t r ue, R is false
(d) P is t r ue, Q is false, R is t r ue
4. Which one of t he following is a pr oper t y of t he
solut ions t o t he L aplace equat ion: 2f = 0?
(a) T he sol u t i ons have n ei t h er maxi ma nor
minima anywher e except at t he boundar ies.
(b) T h e sol u t i on s ar e n ot separ abl e i n t h e
coor dinat es.
(c) The solut ions ar e not cont inuous.
(d) T he sol u t i ons ar e not depen den t on t h e
boundar y condit ions.
5. Consider t he plot of f(x) ver sus x as shown below.
f (x )
+2
0 +5 x
2

(a) (r qs) 1 (b) 0 Su ppose F( x)

x

(c) 1 (d) r +q+s

5 f ( y)dy. Wh i ch on e of t h e
following is a gr aph of F(x)?
10. P, Q, R and S ar e wor king on a pr oject . Q can
fi ni sh t he t ask i n 25 days, wor k i ng al one for F(x)
12 hour s a day. R can finish t he t ask in 50 days,
wor king alone for 12 hour s per day. Q wor ked (a) 5 0 +5 x
12 hours a day but took sick leave in the beginning
for two days. R wor ked 18 hour s a day on all days.
What is t he r at io of wor k done by Q and R aft er F(x)
7 days fr om t he st ar t of t he pr oject ?
(a) 10:11 (b) 11:10 (b) 5 0 +5 x

(c) 20:21 (d) 21:20

F(x)
T ECH N I CAL SECT I ON
5 0 +5 x
(Q.1 25) : Car r y On e M ar k Each (c)
1. L et M 4 = I , (wher e I denot es t he ident it y mat r ix)
and M I , M 2 I and M 3 I . Then, for any natur al
F(x)
number k, M 1 equals:
5 +5
(a) M 4k + 1 (b) M 4k + 2 (d)
0 x
(c) M 4k + 3 (d) M 4k
2. The second moment of a Poi sson-di st r i but ed 6. Which one of t he following is an eigen funct ion of
r andom var iable is 2. The mean of t he r andom t h e cl ass of al l con t i n u ou s-t i m e, l i n ear ,
var iable is _______. time-invar iant systems (u(t) denotes the unit-step
3. Given t he following st at ement s about a funct ion funct ion)?
f : , select t he r ight opt ion: (a) ej 0 t u (t ) (b) cos (0t)
P : I f f(x) is cont inuous at x = x0, t hen it is also
(c) ej 0 t (d) sin (0t)
differ ent iable at x = x0.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 3

7. A cont inuous-t ime funct ion x(t) is per iodic wit h 12. Consider t he foll owing st at ement s for a met al
per iod T. The funct ion is sampled unifor mly wit h ox i de sem i con du ct or f i el d ef f ect t r an si st or
a sampling per iod T s. I n which one of the following (M OSFET):
cases is t he sampled signal per iodic? P : As channel length r educes, OFF-stat e cur r ent
incr eases.
(a) T 2 T2
Q : As channel lengt h r educes, out put r esist ance
(b) T = 1.2 T s incr eases.
(c) Always R : As channel lengt h r educes, t hr eshold volt age
(d) Never r emains const ant .
8. Consi der t he sequence x[n] = a nu[n] + bn u[n], S : A s ch an n el l en gt h r edu ces, ON cu r r en t
wher e u[n] denot es t he unit -st ep sequence and incr eases.
0 < | a| < | b| < 1. The r egion of conver gence Which of the above statements ar e I NCORRECT?
(ROC) of t he z-t r ansfor m of x[n] is
(a) P and Q
(a) | z| > | a|
(b) P and S
(b) | z| > | b|
(c) Q and R
(c) | z| < | a|
(d) R and S
(d) | a| < | z| < | b|
13. Consider t he const ant cur r ent sour ce shown in
9. Consider a two-port network with the transmission t he figur e below. L et r epr esent t he cur r ent gain
A B of t he t r ansist or.
mat r ix: T . I f the net wor k is r ecipr ocal, +V CC
C D
t hen
(a) T 1 = T R
(b) T 2 = T
(c) Det er minant (T) = 0
(d) Det er minant (T) = 1 V ref

10. A cont inuous-t ime sinusoid of fr equency 33 H z is +
mult iplied wit h a per iodic Dir ac impulse t r ain of R2
fr equency 46 H z. The r esult ing signal is passed R1
t hr ough an ideal analog low-pass filt er wit h a RL
cut off fr equency of 23 H z. The fundament al
fr equency (in H z) of t he out put is _________.
11. A small per cent age of impur it y is added t o an
int r insic semiconduct or at 300 K . Which one of
t he following st at ement s is t r ue for t he ener gy
band diagr am shown in t he following figur e? The load cur r ent I 0 t hr ough RL is
Conduct i on Band 1 Vr ef Vr ef
Ec (a) I 0 (b) I 0
R 1 R
N ew Ener gy L evel 0.01eV 1 Vr ef Vr ef
(c) I 0 (d) I 0
2R 1 2R
Ev 14. The fol lowing si gnal V i of peak vol t age 8 V is
Valence Band
applied t o t he non-inver t ing t er minal of an ideal
(a) Intrinsic semiconductor doped with pentavalent opamp. The t r ansist or has V BE = 0.7 V, =100;
atoms to form n-type semiconductor V L ED = 1.5 V, V CC = 10 V and V CC = 10 V.
(b) I nt r insic semiconduct or doped wit h t r ivalent 10V 10V
at oms t o for m n-t ype semiconduct or
(c) I n t r i n si c sem i con du ct or doped w i t h 100

pen t av al en t at om s t o f or m p-t y pe 8 k
+V CC
semiconduct or L ED

(d) I nt r insic semiconduct or doped wit h t r ivalent
2 k +
at oms t o for m p-t ype semiconduct or Vi 15 k
V CC
4 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

Vi The cor r esponding fr equencies synt hesized ar e:

6V (a) 10 kH z, 20 kH z, 40 kH z, 80 kH z
4V
(b) 20 kH z, 40 kH z, 80 kH z, 160 kH z
2V
t (c) 80 kH z, 40 kH z, 20 kH z, 10 kH z
2V (d) 160 kH z, 80 kH z, 40 kH z, 20 kH z
4V
6V 17. The out put of t he combi nat i onal ci r cui t gi ven
below is
The number of t imes t he L ED glows is ________.
A
15. Consider the oscillator cir cuit shown in the figur e.
The funct ion of t he net wor k (shown in dot t ed
B Y
lines) consist ing of t he 100 k r esist or in ser ies C
wit h t he t wo diodes connect ed back-t o-back is t o:
1nF 158k
(a) A + B + C (b) A(B + C)
158k +VCC (c) B(C + A) (d) C(A + B)
1nF
18. What is t he volt age V out in t he following cir cuit ?
+ V DD
VCC 22.1k

D1

100k
D2

10k
(a) introduce amplitude stabilization by preventing
the op amp from saturating and thus producing
sinusoidal oscillations of fixed amplitude
(b) int r oduce amplit ude st abilizat ion by for cing
t he opamp t o swi ng bet ween posi t i ve and
n egat i ve sat u r at i on an d t h us pr odu ci n g
squar e wave oscillat ions of fixed amplit ude
(c) int r oduce fr equency st abilizat ion by for cing
t he cir cuit t o oscillat e at a single fr equency
(d) enable t he loop gain t o t ake on a value t hat
pr oduces squar e wave oscillat ions
16. The block di agr am of a fr equency synt hesi zer
consist ing of a Phase L ocked L oop (PL L ) and a
divide-by-N count er (compr ising 2, 4, 8, 16
out put s) i s sket ched bel ow. The synt hesizer is
excit ed wit h a 5 kH z signal (I nput 1). The fr ee-
r unning fr equency of t he PL L is set t o 20 kH z.
Assume t hat t he commut at or swi t ch mak es
cont act s r epeat edly in t he or der 1-2-3-4.
I nput 1 Phase
Det ect or
Ampli fier
Count er VCO
1 2
2 4 C t he number of r ight -half s-plane poles.
3 8 R
4 16
Synt hesizer
out put
10k
V out
(a) 0 V
(b) (| V T of PM OS| + V T of NM OS) / 2
(c) Swit ching t hr eshold of inver t er
(d) V DD
19. M at ch t he infer ences X, Y, and Z, about a syst em,
t o t he cor r esponding pr oper t ies of t he element s
of fir st col umn in Rout hs Table of t he syst em
char act er ist ic equat ion.
X : The syst em is st able ...
Y : The syst em is unst able ...
Z : The t est br eaks down ...
P : ... when all element s ar e posit ive
Q : ... when any one element is zer o
R : ... when ther e is a change in sign of coefficients
(a) X P, Y Q, Z R
(b) X Q, Y P, Z R
+VCC (c) X R, Y Q, Z P
(d) X P, Y R, Z Q
L ow Pass 20. A cl osed-l oop cont r ol syst em i s st abl e i f t he
Filt er
N yqui st pl ot of t he cor r espondi ng open-l oop
t r ansfer funct ion
(a) enci r cles t he s-pl ane point ( 1 + j0) i n t he
count er clockwise dir ect ion as many t imes as
V CC
(b) enci r cl es t he s-pl ane poi nt (0 j 1) i n t he
cl ock wi se di r ect i on as many t i mes as t he
number of r ight -half s-plane poles.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 5

(c) enci r cles t he s-pl ane point ( 1 + j0) i n t he 28. I n t he following int egr al, t he cont our C encloses
count er clockwise dir ect ion as many t imes as t he point s 2j and 2j
t he number of left -half s-plane poles.
(d) enci r cles t he s-pl ane point ( 1 + j0) i n t he 1 sin z
2
C ( z 2j )3 dz

count er clockwise dir ect ion as many t imes as
t he number of r ight -half s-plane zer os.
The value of t he int egr al is ________.
21. Consider binar y dat a t r ansmission at a r at e of
29. The r egi on speci fi ed by {(, , z): 3 5,
56 kbps using baseband binar y pulse amplit ude
modul at i on (PAM ) t hat i s desi gned t o have a , 3 z 4.5} in cylindr ical coor dinat es
r ai sed-cosi n e spect r u m . T h e t r an sm i ssi on 8 4
has volume of _______.
bandwidt h (in kH z) r equir ed for a r oll-off fact or
of 0.25 is ________. 30. The Laplace transform of the causal periodic square
wave of per iod T shown in the figure below is
22. A super het er odyne r ecei ver oper at es i n t he
f (t )
fr equency r ange of 58 M H z 68 M H z. The
i nt er medi at e fr equency f I F and l ocal osci l l at or
fr equency f L O ar e chosen such t hat f I F f L O. I t is 1
r equir ed t hat t he image fr equencies fall out side
t he 58 M H z 68 M H z band. The mi ni mum
r equir ed f I F (in M H z) is ________. 0 T/2 T 3T/2 2T t
23. T h e am pl i t u de of a si n u soi dal car r i er i s
modul at ed by a si ngl e si nusoi d t o obt ai n t he 1 1
(a) F( s) (b) F(s)
amplit ude modulat ed signal s(t) = 5 cos 1600t 1 e sT/2
sT

+ 20 cos 1800t + 5 cos 2000t . The value of t he s 1 e 2

modulat ion index is __________
24. Concent r ic spher ical shells of r adii 2 m, 4 m, and 1 1
8 m car r y unifor m sur face char ge densit i es of (c) F(s) (d) F( s)
s(1 e sT ) 1 e sT
20 nC/m 2, 4 nC/m 2 and s, r espectively. The value 31. A net wor k consist ing of a finit e number of linear
of s (nC/m 2) r equir ed t o ensur e t hat t he elect r ic r esi st or (R), i nduct or (L ), and capaci t or (C)

flux densit y D 0 at r adius 10 m is _________. element s, connect ed all in ser ies or all in par allel,
25. The pr opagation const ant of a lossy t r ansmission is excit ed wit h a sour ce of t he for m
line is (2 + j5)m 1 and its char acter istic impedance 3

a cos( k0 t ), wher e a 0, 0.
is (50 + j0) at = 106 r ad s 1. The values of t he k 1
k k 0

line const ant s L , C, R, G ar e, r espect ively, The sour ce has nonzer o impedance. Which one
(a) L = 200 H /m, C = 0.1 F/m, R = 50 /m, of t he following is a possible for m of t he out put
G = 0.02 S/m measur ed acr oss a r esist or in t he net wor k?
(b) L = 250 H /m, C = 0.1 F/m, R = 100 /m, 3
G = 0.04 S/m (a) b k cos( k0 t k ), where bk ak , k
(c) L = 200 H /m, C = 0.2 F/m, R = 100 /m, k 1

G = 0.02 S/m 4

(d) L = 250 H /m, C = 0.2 F/m, R = 50 /m, (b) b k cos( k0 t k ), where bk 0, k

k 1
G = 0.04 S/m
3
(Q.26 55) : Car r y Tw o M ar k s Each (c) ak cos( k0 t k )
1 k 1
26. The i nt egr al ( x y 10) dx dy, wher e D
2 D 2
denot es t he disc: x2 + y2 4, evaluat es t o_____. (d) ak cos( k0 t k )
k 1
27. A sequence x[n] is specified as
n
32. A fir st -or der low-pass filt er of t ime const ant T is
x[ n ] 1 1 1 excit ed wit h di ffer ent i nput signals (wi t h zer o
x[ n 1] 1 0 0 , for n 2.
initial conditions up t o t = 0). M atch t he excitat ion
The init ial condit ions ar e x[0] = 1, x[1] = 1, and si gnal s X, Y, Z wi t h t he cor r espondi ng t i me
x[n] = 0 for n < 0. The value of x[12] is ______. r esponses for t 0:
6 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

X : I mpulse P : 1 e t/T 37. Consider an n-channel metal oxide semiconductor

Y : Unit st ep Q : t T(1 e t/T ) field effect tr ansist or (MOSFET) with a gate-to-
Z : Ramp R : e t/T W
sour ce vol t age of 1.8 V. Assume t hat 4,
(a) X R, Y Q, Z P L
N Cox = 70 10 AV , the thr eshold voltage is 0.3V,
6 2

(b) X Q, Y P, Z R and the channel length modulation par ameter is

(c) X R, Y P, Z Q 0.09 V 1. I n t he sat ur at i on r egi on, t he dr ai n
(d) X P, Y R, Z Q conductance (in micr o seimens) is ________.
33. An AC volt age sour ce V = 10 sin(t) volts is applied 38. The figur e below shows t he doping dist r ibut ion
to the following net wor k. Assume that R1 = 3 k, in a p-t ype semiconduct or in log scale.
R2 = 6 k and R3 = 9 k, and that the diode is
ideal. N A(cm 3) 1016
1014
e R3 h
1 2

R2 R2 R3 Posi t ion (m)

R3 The magnit ude of t he elect r ic field (in kV/cm) in
f R2 g t he semi conduct or due t o non unifor m dopi ng
d c
is _________.
R2 R1
39. Consider a silicon sample at T = 300 K , wit h a
R1 R2
R3
u n i f or m don or den si t y N d = 5 10 16 cm 3 ,
i l l umi nat ed uni for ml y such t hat t he opt i cal
a b
I rms
AC
R1
gener at i on r at e i s G opt = 1.5 10 20 cm 3 s 1
V = 10 sin( t )
t hr oughout the sample. The incident r adiat ion is
t ur ned off at t = 0. Assume low-level inject ion t o
RM S cur r ent I r m s (i n mA) t hr ough t he di ode be valid and ignor e sur face effect s. The car r ier
is ________. lifet imes ar e p0 = 0.1 s and n0 = 0.5 s.
34. I n t he cir cuit shown in t he figur e, t he maximum
power (i n wat t ) del i ver ed t o t he r esi st or R n-t ype Si
is __________.
The hol e concent r at i on at t = 0 and t he hol e
concent r at ion at t = 0.3 s, r espect ively, ar e
3 k 10 k
100 vo (a) 1.5 1013 cm 3 and 7.47 1011 cm 3
+ +
vo + (b) 1.5 1013 cm 3 and 8.23 1011 cm 3
5V 2 k 40 k R

(c) 7.5 1013 cm 3 and 3.73 1011 cm 3
(d) 7.5 1013 cm 3 and 4.12 1011 cm 3
35. Consider t he signal 40. An ideal opamp has volt age sour ces V 1, V 3, V 5, ...,
x[n] = 6 [n + 2] + 3[n + 1] + 8[n] V N 1 connect ed t o t he non-inver ting input and V 2,
V 4, V 6, ..., V N connect ed t o t he inver t ing input as
+ 7[n 1] + 4[n 2] .
shown i n t he fi gu r e bel ow (+V CC = 15 vol t ,
I f X(ej) is t he di scr et e-t ime Four i er t r ansfor m V CC = 15 volt ). The volt ages V 1, V 2, V 3, V 4, V 5,
1 V 6, ... ar e 1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, 1/5, 1/6, ... vol t ,
of x[ n ] , t h en X (ej )sin 2 (2) d i s equal r espect ively. As N appr oaches infinity, t he out put

volt age (in volt ) is ___________.
t o _________.
10 k
36. Consider a silicon p-n junct ion wit h a unifor m V2 10 k
10 k
accept or doping concent r at ion of 1017 cm 3 on t he V4
p-side and a unifor m donor doping concent r at ion +V CC
VN
of 1016 cm 3 on t he n-side. No ext er nal volt age is
10 k V0
appl i ed t o t he di ode. Gi ven: k T /q = 26 m V, +
1 k V CC
n i = 1.5 1010 cm 3, Si = 120, 0 = 8.85 10 14 F/m, V1
and q = 1.6 10 19 C. 1 k
V3
The char ge per unit junct ion ar ea (nC cm 2) in
1 k
t he deplet ion r egion on t he p-side is ___________. VN 1
1 k
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 7

41. A p-i -n phot odi ode of r esponsi vi t y 0.8A/W i s (b) M emor y wr i t e oper at i ons ar e sl ower t han
connected to the inver ting input of an ideal opamp memor y r ead oper at i ons i n an 8085 based
as shown in t he figur e, +V cc = 15 V, V cc = 15V, syst em.
L oad r esist or RL = 10 k. I f 10 W of power is (c) The stack pointer needs to be pr e-decr emented
incident on t he phot odiode, t hen t he value of t he befor e wr iting r egister s in a PUSH, wher eas a
photocur r ent (in A) thr ough the load is ________ POP oper ation uses the addr ess alr eady in the
1 M
stack pointer.
(d) Or der of r egist er s has t o be int er changed for
+V CC
a PUSH oper at ion, wher eas POP uses t heir

V0 nat ur al or der.
+
1 M
45. The open-loop transfer function of a unity-feedback
V CC 10k cont r ol syst em is

+V CC K
G(s) = 2
42. I dent ify t he cir cuit below. s 5s 5
The val ue of K at t he br eak away poi nt of t he
OP0 I P0
f eedback con t r ol sy st em s r oot -l ocu s pl ot
OP1 I P1
X2
OP2 I P2
Y2 is________.
X1 3:8
OP
3 I P3 8:3
Y1 46. The open-l oop t r ansfer f unct i on of a uni t y-
Decode OP4 I P 4 Encoder
feedback cont r ol syst em is given by
OP5 I P5
X0 OP6 I P6 Y0
OP7
K
I P7
G(s) =
s(s 2)
(a) Binar y t o Gr ay code conver t er For t he peak over shoot of t he closed-loop syst em
(b) Binar y t o XS3 conver t er t o a unit st ep input t o be 10%, t he value of K
(c) Gr ay t o Binar y conver t er is ____________.
(d) XS3 t o Binar y conver t er 47. The t r ansfer funct ion of a linear t ime invar iant
43. The funct i onal i t y i mpl ement ed by t he ci r cui t syst em is given by
below is H (s) = 2s4 5s3 + 5s 2
P The number of zer os i n t he r i ght hal f of t he
Q
R
s-plane is ________.
S
Y 48. Consi der a di scr et e memor yl ess sour ce wi t h
O0 alphabet S = {s0, s1, s2, s3, s4, ...} and r espect ive
C1 O1
1 1 1 1 1
2:4 probabilities of occurrence P , , , , ...,.
C0 Decoder O2
2 4 8 16 32
O3
The ent r opy of t he sour ce (in bit s) is _______.
Enable = 1
49. A digital communicat ion syst em uses a r epetition
is a t r ist at e buffer code for channel encodi ng/decodi ng. Dur i ng
(a) 2-t o-1 mult iplexer t r ansmi ssion, each bit is r epeat ed t hr ee t i mes
(b) 4-t o-1 mult iplexer (0 is t r ansmit t ed as 000, and 1 is t r ansmit t ed as
(c) 7-t o-1 mult iplexer 111). I t i s assumed t hat t he sour ce put s out
(d) 6-t o-1 mult iplexer sy m bol s i n depen den t l y an d w i t h equ al
44. I n an 8085 syst em, a PUSH oper at ion r equir es pr obabilit y. The decoder oper at es as follows: I n a
mor e clock cycles t han a POP oper at ion. Which block of thr ee r eceived bit s, if the number of zer os
one of t he following opt ions is t he cor r ect r eason exceeds t he number of ones, t he decoder decides
for t his? in favor of a 0, and if t he number of ones exceeds
(a) For POP, t he dat a t r ansceiver s r emain in t he t he number of zer os, t he decoder decides in favor
sam e di r ect i on as f or i n st r u ct i on f et ch of a 1. Assuming a binary symmetr ic channel with
(memor y t o pr ocessor ), wher eas for PU SH cr ossov er pr obabi l i t y p = 0.1, t h e av er age
t heir dir ect ion has t o be r ever sed. pr obabilit y of er r or is ________.
8 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

50. An anal og pul se s(t) i s t r ansmi t t ed over an 53. Two lossless X-band hor n antennas ar e separ at ed
addit ive whit e Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. by a dist ance of 200. The amplit ude r eflect ion
The r eceived signal is r (t) = s(t) + n(t), wher e n(t) coefficient s at t he t er minals of t he t r ansmit t ing
i s addi t i ve whi t e Gaussi an noi se wi t h power an d r ecei vi n g an t en n as ar e 0.15 an d 0.18,
N0 r espect ively. The maximum dir ect ivit ies of t he
spectr al density . The r eceived signal is passed t r ansmit t ing and r eceiving ant ennas (over t he
2
t hr ough a filt er wit h impulse r esponse h(t). L et i sot r opi c an t en n a) ar e 18 dB an d 22 dB ,
E s and E h denot e t he ener gies of t he pulse s(t) r espect ively. Assuming t hat t he input power in
an d t h e f i l t er h (t ), r espect i vel y. Wh en t h e t he lossless t r ansmission line connect ed t o t he
signal-t o-noise r at io (SNR) is maximized at t he ant enn a i s 2 W, and t hat t he ant ennas ar e
ou t pu t of t h e f i l t er (SN R m ax ), wh i ch of t h e per fect ly aligned and polar izat ion mat ched, t he
following holds? power ( i n mW) del i ver ed t o t he l oad at t he
r eceiver is ________.
2E s
(a) E s E h ; SNR max N 54. T h e el ect r i c f i el d of a u n i f or m pl an e wave
0
t r avelling along t he negat ive z dir ect ion is given
Es by t he following equat ion:
(b) E s E h ; SNR max 2N
0 E iw (a x ja y )E 0 ejkz
2E s This wave is incident upon a r eceiving ant enna
(c) E s E h ; SNR max N placed at t he or igin and whose r adiat ed elect r ic
0
field t owar ds t he incident wave is given by t he
2E h following equat ion:
(d) E s E h ; SNR max N
0
1
51. The cur r ent densit y in a medium is given by E a (a x 2a y )E 1 e jkr
r
400sin
j r Am 2 T h e pol ar i zat i on of t h e i n ci den t wav e, t h e
2 p(r 2 4) polar izat ion of t he ant enna and losses due t o t he
polar izat ion mismat ch ar e, r espect ively,
The total cur r ent and the aver age cur r ent density
flowing t hr ough t he por tion of a spher ical sur face (a) L inear, Cir cular (clockwise), 5dB
(b) Cir cular (clockwise), L inear, 5dB
r = 0.8 m , ,0 2 ar e gi v en , (c) Cir cular (clockwise), L inear, 3dB
12 4
r espect ively, by (d) Cir cular (ant i clockwise), L inear, 3dB
(a) 15.09 A, 12.86 Am 2 55. The far -zone power densit y r adiat ed by a helical
(b) 18.73 A, 13.65 Am 2 ant enna is appr oximat ed as:
(c) 12.86 A, 9.23 Am 2
C 1 cos4
W r ad W aver age a
(d) 10.28 A, 7.56 Am 2 r 0
r2
52. An ant enna point ing in a cer t ain dir ect ion has a The r adiat ed power densit y is symmet r ical wit h
n oi se t em per at u r e of 50 K . T h e am bi en t r espect t o an d ex i st s on l y i n t h e u pper
t emper at ur e is 290 K . The ant enna is connect ed
t o a pr e-amplifier t hat has a noise figur e of 2 dB
hemisphere: 0 ; 0 2; C0 is a constant.
and an available gain of 40 dB over an effect ive 2
bandwidt h of 12 M H z. The effect ive input noise The power r adiated by the antenna (in watts) and
t emper at ur e T e for t he amplifier and t he noise t h e m ax i m u m di r ect i v i t y of t h e an t en n a,
power Pao at t he out put of t he pr eampl i fi er, r espect ively, ar e
r espect ively, ar e (a) 1.5 C0, 10 dB
(a) T e = 169.36 K and Pao = 3.73 10 10 W (b) 1.256 C0, 10 dB
(b) T e = 170.8 K and Pao = 4.56 10 10 W (c) 1.256 C0, 12 dB
(c) T e = 182.5 K and Pao = 3.85 10 10 W (d) 1.5 C0, 12 dB
(d) T e = 160.62 K and Pao = 4.6 10 10 W
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 9

AN SWERS
GEN ERAL APT I T U D E

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)

T ECH N I CAL SECT I ON

1. (c) 2. (1) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c)

7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (13) 11. (a) 12. (c)

13. (b) 14. (3) 15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b)

19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (35) 22. (5) 23. (0.5) 24. ( 0.25)

25. (b) 26. (20) 27. (233) 28. ( 133.87) 29. (4.714) 30. (b)

31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (1) 34. (0.8) 35. (8) 36. (4.836)

37. (28.35) 38. (0.0133) 39. (c) 40. (15) 41. ( 8) 42. (a)

43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (1.25) 46. (2.87) 47. (3) 48. (2)

49. (0.028) 50. (a) 51. (* ) 52. (a) 53. (2.99) 54. (c; d)

55. (b)

* None of the gi ven opti on i s cor r ect

EXPL AN AT I ON S
GEN ERAL APT I T U D E Tot al no. of apples = 384210 + 1644988
2. L ose (ver b) = 2029198
3. H er e effect i veness is noun and pr escr ibed is 5. Fr om given dat a, t he following diagr am can be
ver b. So t hese wor ds ar e apt and befit t ing wit h possible.
t he given wor d medicine. 7 km S
4. Given, 6.02 m A
Tot al no. of fr uit s = 5692000 5 km Ah
I M
Unr ipe t ype of apples = 45% of 15% of 5692000
10 km
45 15 H er e S Susan
= 5692000
100 100 A Ar un
= 384210
Ah Ahmed
Ripe t ype of apples = (100 66)% (100 15)%
M M ichael
5692000
Fr om t he above diagr am, Ar un lives far t hest
34 85 away t han Ahmed means mor e than 5 km but
= 5692000
100 100 closer than Susan means less than 7 km, fr om
= 1644988 t he given alt er nat ives.
So, only opt ion c is possible.
10 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

6. The per cent age of peopl e movi ng t hr ough a 10. Q can finish 1 days 1 hour s wor k
tuber culosis pr one zone r emains infected but does
1 1
not show sympt oms of disease. =
25 12 300
= (100 30)% 50% R can finish 1 days 1 hour s wor k
70 50 35 1
= 35%
100 100 100 =
50 12
8. Fr om t he given quest ion t wo st at ement s will be
1
followed. =
600
For st at ment I
Now Q wor king hour s
Ar r ange t he given dat a accor ding t o t heir ages
= (7 2) 12
Shi va
= 60 hr
Age L eela R wor king hour s = 7 18 = 126

Pavit hra Aft er 7 days, t he r at io of wor k done by Q & R is
For st at ement I I Q :R
Ar r ange the given data accor ding to their winning 60 126
Pavit hra
:
300 600
Q : R = 120 : 126
L eela = 20 : 21
So, fr om st at ement I and I I , it is clear t hat only
T ECH N I CAL SECT I ON
opt ion (d) is possible (i.e., st at ement I ).
1. Given, M4 =I
1 M8 = M4 = I
9. Given qa
=
r
M7 = M 1
1 1 M 12 = M8 = I
=
q a r
M 11 = M 1
q =r
a
...(i ) M 16 = M 12 = I
1 M 15 = M 1
r b =
s ............................
1 1 M 1 = M 4k + 3
=
rb s wher e k is a nat ur al number.
s = rb ...(i i ) 2. H er e, E(x2) = 2
1 V(x) = E(x2) (E(x))2
s c =
q L et mean of t he poisson r andom var iable be x.
1 1 x = 2 x2
=
sc q 2
x2
Since V (x) x and (E(x))
s =qc
...(i i i )
x +x 2
2
=0
Fr om equat ion (i ),
x + 2x x 2
2
=0
qa = r
x(x + 2) 1 (x + 2) =0
(sc)a = r (fr om eq. (i i i ))
(x 1) (x + 2) =0
S ac
=r
x = 1, 2
1
sac = s b (fr om eq. (i i )) M ean of r andom var iable () = 1
3. Si n ce con t i n u ou s f u n ct i on m ay n ot be
sabc = s = s1
differ entiable at x = x0, but differ ent iable function
abc = 1 is always cont inuous.
So t he value of abc is 1 5. Fr om t he given quest ion int egr at ion of r amp is
par abolic, int egr at ion of st ep is r amp.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 11

So, t he r equir ed gr aph of f (x) is shown below.

13. +VCC
+ 10V
+
+
R VZ IE
VZ
5 5

+ R2

RL t0 = IC
R1

Parabolic Fr om t he given figur e, we have

region
(ve) Parabolic
Parabolic V P = V N (Vir t ual shor t )
region
Linear region (+ve)
region (+ve) Linear VZ
I0 = IC = IE
(ve)
Parabolic
region
1 1 R
(+ve)
region
(+ve)
Vr ef
=
1 R

14. +10 V
0
7. I f is a r at ional number, t hen discr et e t ime
2 100
signal x(n) = cos(0n) will be per iodic.
8. Given sequence LED
10(2k)
x(n) = ( a) n x(n ) (b) n x(n ), = 2V
8k + 2k
Also given 0 a b 1 + Vop 15 k

The r egion of conver gence (ROC) Vi

= z a z b
= zb
9. A t wo por t net wor k is r ecipr ocal in t r ansmission
par amet er s if (AD BC) = 1
i.e., t he value of Det er minant (T) = 1
10. Given, f m = 33 H z,
f s = 46 H z
The fr equency in sampled singal = 33, 13, 79,
59, 125. .............. The above fr equenci es ar e
passed t o a L PF of cut -off fr equency 23 H z. The
out put fr equency = 13 H z.
11. Donor ener gy level close t o conduct ion band.
12. As per t he given st at ement
P : TRUE
Q : F A L SE , A s ch an n el l en gt h r edu ces,
out put r esist ance r educes.
R : F A L SE , A s ch an n el l en gt h r edu ces,
t hr eshold volt age r educes
S : TRUE
So, t he given st at ement Q and R ar e incor r ect .
Vi
2V
(1) (2) (3)
V i cr osses 2V, 3 t imes
So, t he L ED glows 3 t imes.
15. The ci r cui t shown (i n fi g.) i s a wei n br i dge
oscillat or. So t he amplit ude of oscillat ions can be
det er mined and st abilized by using a nonlinear
cont r ol net wor k . As t he osci l l at i ons gr ow, t he
di odes st ar t t o con du ct i n g t h at cau ses t h e
effect ive r esist ance in t he feedback t o decr ease.
Ther efor e equi l i br i um wi l l be r eached at t he
out put amplit ude t hat causes t he loop gain t o be
exact ly unit y.
12 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

16. H er e t h e r equ i r ed di agr am of f r equ en cy H er e X = The syst em is st able

synt hesizer consist ing of phase locked loop (PPL ) Y = The syst em is unst able
and a divide by-N count er is shown below.
Z = The t est br eaks down
Phase
Amplifier 20. H er e t he N yqui st pl ot of t he cor r espondi ng
fin and VCO
Detector
Filter Nfin
open-loop t r ansfer funct ion is

j
Divide S-plane
by N

f in Divide by N VCO out put (Nf in)
Nyquist path
5kH z 2 10kH z N=P Z
5kH z 4 20kH z
For closed loop st abilit y
5kH z 8 40kH z
Z = 0, N = P
5kH z 16 80kH z
So, t he point ( 1, j0) encir cles t he s-plane is t he
So, the cor r esponding fr equencies synt hesizer ar e
count er clockwise dir ect ion equaling P poles of
r espect ively 10 kH z, 20kH z, 40kH z, 80kH z.
t he r ight -half s-plane.
17. Fr om t he given combinat ional cir cuit out put (Y) 21. Fr om given dat a
= ABC AB BC
binar y dat a t r ansmission (Rb) = 56 kbps
= AB (C 1) BC
Roll-off fact or () = 0.25
= ABC BC (Since C 1 = C 1 1 C )
Tr ansmission bandwidt h
= C0 C
= 0C Rb
(BW) = 1
= C 2

= B AC C 56
= 1 0.25 kH z
2
= B AC C C AC
= 28 1.25 kH z
= 35 kH z



= B AC C A C
22. Fr om given dat a
The fr equency r ange of super heter odyne r eceiver
= B AC AC C Since C C (f s) = 58 M H z - 68M H z
= B AC C A 1
When f s = 58 M H z

f si = f s + 21F > 68 M H z
= B C AC
Since A 1 1 21F > 10 M H z
= B[C + A]
1F 5 M H z
Y = B(C + A)
P
So, t he minimum r equir ed F 1F is 5 M H z.
19. +
23. H er e t he amplit ude modulat ed signal
Stable
+ (when all elements are positive) s(t) = 5 cos1600t + 20 cos1800t + 5cos 2200t
+
A c
s(t) = cos2 f c f m t A c cos2f ct
2
Q
+
A c
Roath array
cos2 f c f m t
0 (when any on element is zero) 2
breaks
+
So, A c = 20 and A c = 10
R A c
+ or =5
Un-stable
2

(when there is a change in sign of coefficients)
10 1
+ = 0.5
20 2
X P, Y R, Z Q
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 13

24. 2 5
s = s G + jC = j
3
50 50
s 2
s1
2 1
G =
50 25
2 = 0.04 s/m
4
5
and C =
50

5
8 = F/m
50 106

1
4 net = 10 6
D=0 10
= 0.1 F/m
Given unifor m change densit ies ar e
H ence line const ant L , C, R & G ar e r espect ively
S1 = 20 nc/m 2
L = 250 H /m
S2 = 4 nc/m 2
C = 0.1 F/m
S3 = ? (unknown)
R = 100 /m
Now elect r ic flux densit y at r = 10 m is given by
and G = 0.04 s/m
net leaving t he spher e of r adius r = 10 m
D = a r 26. Given integr al is conver ted into polar coor dinates,
Ar ea of spher e of r adius r = 10 m
we get
but D = 0
1
net at r = 10 =0 2 x y 10 dxdy
D
20 10 9 4(2)2 + ( 4 10 9) 4(4)2 + S34(8)2 = 0 2 2
1
S3 = S = 0.25 nc/m 2 =
2 (r cos r sin 10) pdr d
25. Given, r 0 0

Pr opagat ion cont act of a lossy t r ansmission line 2 2

1 2
(P) = (2 + j5) m , 1 =
(r cos r 2 sin 10r ) dr d
2
r 0 0
char act er ist ic impedance
(z0) = 50 , 2 2
1 r 3 r3
angular fr equency () = 10 r ad/sec, 6 = cos sin 5r 2 d
2 3 3 0
0 0
Now P = R j L G j C

1 8 8
R j L = cos sin 20 d

z0 = 2 3 3
0
G jw C
Pz0 = R + jL 2
1 8 8
= sin cos 20
R + jL = (100 + j 250)
2 3 3 0
R = 100 /m
1 8 8 8 8
250 = sin 2 cos2 40 sin 0 cos0
L = 2 3 3 3 3

250 1 8 8
L = 250 H / m = 0 40
106 2 3 3
(Since = 106 r ad/s)
P 1 8 8
= G + jC = 40
z0 2 3 3
14 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

= 34 + 21 = 55
1 8 8
= 40 x(10) = x(9) + x(8)
2 3 3
= 55 + 34 = 89
1 x(11) = 89 + 55 = 144
= 40
2
x(12) = 144 + 89 = 233
= 20
So, t he r equir ed value of x(12) is 233.
27. Given sequence x[n] is given by
28. Given int egr al
n
x(n ) 1 1 1 1 sin z 1 f (2j )
= 1 0 0 , n 2
x(n 1)

2 Z 2j
C
3
dz =
2
2i
2!

Put n = 2, we get Now f(z) = sin z

2
f (z) = cos z
x(2) 1 1 1
= f (z) = sin z
x(1) 1 0 0 f (z0) = sin 2 j

2 1 1 2 1 sin z 1 sin (2j )

=
1 1 0 1
Now
2 z 2j
c
3
dz =
2
2j
2

x(2) = 2 sin h 2
= j j
x(1) = 1 2
n=3 1
sin h 2 = 133.87
=
2
3
x(3) 1 1 1 So, t he value of int egr al is 133.87
=
x (2) 1 0 0 29. The r egion of cylinder is given by
3 5
3 2 1 3
=
2 1 0 2 8

4
x(3) = 3 3 z 4.5
x(2) = 2 Now t he differ ent ial volume of cylinder is
Fr om the above values we can wr it e the r ecur sive dv = d dz
r elat ion is as 5 4 4.5
x(n) = x(n 1) + x(n 2) Volume (V) = d d dz
x(2) = x(1) + x(0) 3 z 3
8
=1+1=2

x(3) = x(2) + x(1) 2
5
4 4.5
=2+1=3 = z3
2
3
x(4) = x(3) + x(2) 8
=3+2=5
1
x(5) = x(4) + x(3) = 25 9 4.5 3
2 4 8
=5+3=8
1 3
x(6) = x(5) + x(4) = 16
2 8 2
= 8 + 5 = 13
V = 4.714 m 3
x(7) = x(6) + x(5)
30. Fr om t he given figur e.
= 13 + 8 = 21
One per iod of signal
x(8) = x(7) + x(6)
x1(t) = u(t) u(t T/2)
= 21 + 13 = 34
1 e sT 2
x(9) = x(8) + x(7) X 1(s) =
s s
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 15

1 e sT 2 1
= V I (s) =
s s2
1 V 0(s) = H (s) V I (s)
X(s) = X 1 ( s)
1 e sT 1
= 2
1 e sT 2 s 1 s
H ere X 1 (s)
s 1 t
=
s2
s s 1
1
X(s) =
s 1 e sT
2
0(t) = t 1 e t
(Ramp)
i(t) R L
31. 33. For diode is ideal t he cir cuit net wor k is given by
a 3k
d
+ C
3k 6k
v(t) i(t) 6k
3k e
10 sint

6k 6k c 9k
b
L et us consider a ser ies RL C-cir cuit (wit h volt age 6k 9k 9k
sour ce) g
h

H er e
At same pot ent ial we can join nodes, t her efor e
V(t) = a1 cos 0t + a2cos 20t + a3 cos3 0t net wor k becomes
i (t) = b1cos (0t + 2) + b3cos (20t + 2) b,d,f c,e,g
+ b3cos (30t + 3) a 6k
h
3 3k 6k 9k
i (t) = b cos k t
k 1
k 0 k 3k 6k 9k

10 sint 6k
Wher e bk ak , k 3k 9k

32. Tr ansfer funct ion 6k

1 6k
H (s) = ID
1 s
V 0(s) = H (s) V I (s)
(a) if V i (t) = (t) 10 sint 5k 2m
V 1(s) = 1
0 2 t
1
V 0(s) = H (s) V I (s) = 2m
1 s I D(RM S) = 1 mA
t
2
1 So, t he RM S cur r ent (I RM S) t hr ough t he diode is
0(t) = e (impulse)
1 mA.
(b) if vi (t) = u(t) 34. Fr om t he given cir cuit
1 8 K
V I (s) =
s
1 1 1
V 0(s) = = 160V R = 8 Kfor PMT
s 1 s s s 1

t

0(t) = 1 e

(Unit st ep) 5
V0 = 2 k 2V
(c) vi (t) = r (t) 5k
16 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

V OC = V t h = V 40k 36. Fr om given dat a

= i 40k 40k
WP
200
= 40 k
50 k p n
= 160 V

200
I sc = 20 mA
10k
si = 12 0
Vth = 12 8.85 10 14 F/m
So, Rt h =
I sc N D = 1016 cm 3
= 1022 m 3
160v N A = 1017 cm 3
= 8 k
20 mA
= 1023 m 3
The maximum power deliver ed t o t he r esist er R
kT N N
V0 = n A 2 D
vs2 q ni
(Pmax) =
4 RL
23 22

2 10 10
160 = 0.026n 2
W = 16
4 8k
1.5 10

160 160 = 0.757 V
= = 0.8 w
4 8 1000
35. Plancher als r elat ion is given by 2 1 1
W = V0
q N
A N D

1
X ej Y ej d =
x (n ) y( n )
2
n 2 12 8.85 10 14 1 1
= 19
0.757 23 22
1.6 10 10 10
1 cos 4
Y(ej) = sin 2 (2) = 3.325 10 8 m
2
= 3.325 10 6 cm
1 1 j 4 1 j 4
= e e ND
2 4 4 Wp =
NA ND
1 1 1
y(n) = (n ) (n 4) (n 4)
2 4 4 1022
= 3.325 10 8
1022 1023

1 1 1 = 3.023 10 9 m
y(n) = ,0,0,0, ,0,0,0,
4 2

4
= 3.023 10 7 cm
Q = W PN A eA

x(n) = 6,3,8,7,4


Q
= W PN A
A
1 e = 3.023 10 7 1017 1.6 10 19
X ej Y ej d = 2
x ( n ) y (n )
= 4.836 10 9 cm 2
n
= 4.836 nC-cm 2
H en ce, t h e ch ar ge per u n i t f u n ct i on ar ea
2 x(n) y(n) = 2 8 12 8 (nC-cm 2) in t he deplet ion r egion on t he p-side is
n 4.836 nC-cm 2.
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 17

37. H er e Dr ain conduct ance (in sat ur at ion r egion), ln (1016) = 36.84

1
gd = .I D = 0.026 36.84 32.23
rd 0.01 0.001

1 W 2 = 0.0133 /cm
ID = m Cox V gs VT
H ence, t he magni t ude of el ect r i c fi el d i n t he
2 L
semi conduct or due t o non-uni for m dopi ng i s
1 2 0.0133 / cm.
= 70 10 6 4 1.8V 0.3V
2 39. The hole Concent r at ion
t p
1 Pn(t) = Pn0 Pn 0 e
= 7 105 4 (1.5)2
2
at low level injuct ion
5
= 14 10 2.25 Pn (neglect ive)
0

= 31.5 10 5 A Pn 0
GR =
= 0.315 mA n0
gd = 0.09 0.315 mA/V
Pn (0) = GR n
gd = 28.35 10 6 A/v 0 0
= 1.5 1020 0.5 10 6
= 28.35 Seimens
= 7.5 1013/cm 3
So, t he dr ain conduct ance is 28.35 seimens.
At t = 0
38. The doping dist r ibut ion in P-t ype semiconduct or
(in log scale) is shown below in t he figur es. P(t) = Pn(0) e0
= 7.5 1013 /cm 3
3
NA (cm ) At t = 0.3 s

Ln (NA)

1016 36.84 0.3

14 14 P(t ) = Pn 0 e0.1
10 10
32.24
1 2 0.001 0.01
= 3.73 1011 /cm 3
m(log scale)
So, t h e h ol e con cen t r at i on at t = 0 an d at
t = 0.3 s ar e 7.5 1013 cm 3 and 3.73 104 cm 3
dp r espect ively.
qD p = q p p
dx 40. H er e an ideal opamp has volt age sour ce V 1, V 3,
dp = p V 5, _ _ _ _ _ _ _, V N 1 connected to the non-inverting
p VT p input and V 2, V 4, V 6, _ _ _ _ _ _ _, V N connect ed t o
dx
t he inver t ing input as shown in t he fig. below.
VT dp
=
p dx
p NA
VT d N A
=
N A dx

d
= VT ln N A ( x)
dx
log10 x1 = 1 m
x1 = 101 m
= 0.001 cm
log10 x2 = 2m
x2 = 102 m
= 0.01 cm
ln (1014) = 32.23
18 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

Using super posit ion, t he out put can be shown by I f t he ser ies appr oaches t hen

Rf 1 1 1 1 1 1
V 0 = 1 V 0 = 1 ....... .......
RN 3 5 7 2 4 6

Rp 1 1 1 1
Rp R = 1 ....... =
V p1 V p2 ............ P V pn 2 3 4 5
R p1 R p2 R PN
This ser ies is called har monic ser ies which is a
diver gent infinit e ser ies
Rf Rf Rf
VN1 VN 2 ............ VN n V 0 = + = + V sat
R N1 RN 2 RN n = +V CC = 15V
Wher e RN = R N1 R N 2 ..... R Nn H ence, t he out put volt age is 15 V (posit ive).
41. Fr om given dat a
and Rp = R p1 R p2 .....R PN R PO The phot o diode wit h r esponsivit y 0.8 A/W

I n t he pr oblem given Diode cur r ent = 0.8A W 10 W

Rf = RN1 = RN2 = ...... = 8 10 6 A
= RNn = 10 k = 8 A
Rp1 = Rp2 = Rp3 = ...... V 0 = 8 (1M )
= RPN = RPO = 1 k = 8 10 6 10 6 V
= 8V

10 k 8 8
V 0 = 1 IL = =
10 k 10k 10 103
n 8
8 10 4 A
=
104
1k = 800 10 6 A
1k
1 n 1 n = 800 A
VP1 V ......
P2 1 M
1k 1k

+VCC

V0 = 8(1M) = 8V
10 k 10 k 8A
VN1 VN2 ..... + IL
10 k 10 k 10k

V 0 = (V P1 + V P2 + ..... V Pn) VCC

(V N1 + V N2 + ..... V Nn) H en ce, t h e v al u e of ph ot o cu r r en t

(t hr oughput t he load) is 800 A.

42. H er e t he t r ut h t able for t he given cir cuit is shown below.

X2 X1 X0 OPo OP1 OP2 OP3 OP4 OP5 OP6 OP7 I P0 I P1 I P2 I P3 I P4 I P5 I P6 I P7 Y2 Y1 Y0

0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

H ence it will be binar y t o Gr ay Code Conver t er.

SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 19

43. C1 C0 Y 2.3 =
1 2
0 0 P
= 0.59
0 1 Q
K
1 0 R Also given G(s) =
s s 2
1 1 S
CE:-
Thus it is 4 t o 1 mult iplexer (it means 4 input s 1 + G(s) = 0
and 1 out put ) s + 2s + K = 0
2

44. Push t akes 12T st at es due t o pr e decr ement and 2 n = 2

pop t akes 10T st at es.
2 0.59 n = 2
45. T h e open -l oop t r an sf er f u n ct i on of a u n i t y n = 1.69 r /sec
feedback cont r ol syst em is
2
K = n = 1.69 1.69
K
G(s) = 2 = 2.87 r /sec
s 5s 5
H ence t he value of K is 2.87 r /sec.
dk
For br eak away point =0 47. The t r ansfer funct ion of a linear t ime invar iant
ds
syst em
d 1 H (s) = 2s4 5s3 + 5s 2
=0
ds s 5s 5
2
Now, RH Cr it er ia
2 d (1) d 2
s
5s 5
ds
1
ds

s 5s 5
=0
+S
4
2 0 2
2
s2 5s 5 1
S3 5 +5
0 (2s + 5) = 0 3
2
2s + 5 = 0 +S 2 2

s = 2.5 is a br eak away point

+ S1 0(2)
T h e v al u e of K i s Obt ai n f r om m agn i t u de 3 0
S
condit ion 2
3 Sign Changes
K
=1 3 Root s (Zer os) in t he r ight half of t he s-Plane.
s2 5s 5 s2.5
48. The ent r opy of t he sour ce
1 1 1
K (H ) = log 2 (2) log 2 (4) log 2 (8)
=1 2 4 8
2.52 5 2.5 5 1
log 2 (16) .....
16
K
=1 1 1 2 1 3
6.25 12.5 5 = 1 log 2 (2 ) log 2 (2 )
2 4 8
K = 1.25 1
log 2 (24 ) .....
So, t he value of K at t he br eakaway point is 1.25. 16
46. Gi ven t he peak over shoot of t he cl osed-l oop 1 1 1 1
syst em t o a unit st ep input = 1 log 2 (2) 3 log 2 (2)
2 4 8 16
%M p = 10%
4 log 2 (2) .....
M p = 0.1
1 1 1 1
1 2 H= 1 2 3 4 .....
Mp = e
2 4 8 16
1 2 1
0.1 = e

n
1 2 2
= n = 2
2
n 0 1
ln(0.1) = 1 2
1 2
20 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

49. Pr obabilit y of er r or
1
Pe = P3 + 3P2 (1 P) J =
Ar ea of r 0.8m spher e
P = 0.1
Pe = (0.1)3 + 3 (0.1)2 (1 0.1) 7.45
= 0.001 + 3 0.01 0.9 =
4 2
= 0.001 + 0.027 (0.8)2 sin d d
= 0.028
0
2
Thus t he aver age pr obabilit y of er r or is 0.028.
50. The impulse r esponse of t he filt er is same on t he 7.45
signal, so we have E s = E h =
1.04
Signal-t o-noise r at io
J = 7.15 A/m 2
2E s H ence t he t ot al cur r ent and aver age cur r ent
SNR = N densit y ar e 7.45 A and 7.15 A/m 2.
o

Es = Es 52. TA = 50k

2E s
SNR =
No Pre amp
NF = 2dB
G = 40 dB
2E s
H ence, t he out put of t he fit t er (SNRmax) is .
No
10 log10 NF = 2dB
51. Cor r ect opt ion is not given log10 NF = 0.2
Cur r ent densit y in a medium is given by NF = 100.2
Noise t emper at ur e = (NF 1) T o
400sin
J = ar A/m 2 = (100.2 1) 290
2(r 2 4)
= 169.36 K
N ow cur r ent passi ng t hr ough t he por t i on of
spher e of r adius (r ) = 0.8 m is given by Noise power (i/p)
= k T eB
I = J.ds (r const ant ) =1.38 10 23 (169.36 + 50) 12 106
s
Noise power at (o/p) = (3.632 10 14) 104
2

ds = r sin d d ard ( r 0.8 m) = 3.73 10 10 wat t s
53. For lossless hor n ant ennas

4 2 T = R = 1
400sin 2
I = 0 2(r 2 4) r sin d d Power Gain = Dir ect ivit y

2 Dir ect ivit y of Tr ansmit t ing ant enna,
D T = 18 dB
400(0.8)2 10 log D T = 18
=
2(0.82 4) 4 12
GT (or ) D T = 63.09
Dir ect ivit y of Receiving ant enna,

sin sin (2) D R = 22 dB
2
6
10 log D R = 22
I = 7.45 A GR (or ) D R = 158.48
The aver age cur r ent densit y t hr ough t he given input power Pin = 2 W
spher e sur face is given by
Spacing, r = 200
SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1) 21
r = 200 at z = 0;

E iw = E 0 cos t a x E 0 sin t a y
(in t ime var ying for m)
Pin at t = 0
T = 0.15 PL R = 0.18
ZL E iw = E 0 a x
P in PL

at t =
GT GR 2

E iw = E 0 ( a y )
Transmitting Antenna Receiving Antenna
As a tip of electr ic field intensity is tr acing a cir cle
Fr iis t r ansmission for mula in given by when t ime var ies, hence t he wave is said t o be

2 cir cular ly pol ar i zed i n cl ock wi se di r ect i on (or )
PL = G T G R Pin RHCP. Polar izing vector of incident wave is given
4r by,
wher e :
a x j a y
Pin : I nput power (pr ime indicat es power due t o Pi =
2
r eflect ion) r adiat ed elect r ic field fr om t he ant enna is
2
Pin = 1 T Pi n 1 jk
E a = (a x 2a y )E I e
2
= 1 (0.15) 2
at r = 0
Pin = 1.955 W
E a = E I cos t a x 2E I cos t a y
2

PL = 63.09 158.48
(in t ime var ying for m)
1.955
4 200 As bot h x and y component s ar e in-phase hence
= 3.1 10 3 t he wave is said to be linear polar ized. Polar izing
As t h er e i s a r efl ect i on at t he t er mi nal s of (a x 2a y )
r eceiving ant enna power deliver ed t o t he load in v ect or of r adi at ed f i el d i s Pa
5
given by polar izing mismat ch; The polar izing mismat ch
is said t o have, if t he polar izat ion of r eceiving
2

PL = 1 R PL ant enna is not same on t he polar izat ion of t he
incident wave. The polar izat ion loss fact or (PL F)
= 1 (0.18) 3.1 10
2 3
ch ar act er i zes t h e l oss of E M power du e t o
PL = 2.99 mW polar izat ion mismat ch.
2
H ence, t he power deli ver ed t o t he l oad at t he .P
PL F = P
i a
r eceiver is 2.99 mW.
in dB; PL F (dB) = 10 log (PL F)
54. Given
Elect r ic field of incident wave is given by a x ja y a x 2a y
PL F = .
2 5
E iW = (a x ja y )E 0 e
jkz

2
Y 1 j2
=
(clock wise)
2 5
CW
1
(or) 0.5

2
Z E0
X
PL F (dB) = 10 log 0.5
= 3.0102
= 3 dB(appr ox)
So, t he loss due t o t he polar izat ion is 3 dB.
^ )
(ay
22 SOLVED PAPER 2016 (SET-1)

55. Given Now Maximum dir ectivity of the antenna in given

Power densit y r adiat ed by t he ant enna is given by
by U max
D = 4
C Pr ad
Wr ad 02 cos4 a r W/m 2
r U = r 2 W r ad
Power r adiat ed (or ) aver age power r adiat ed by C0
t he ant enna in given by U = r2 cos4
r2

Pr ad = Wr ad . ds U = C0 cos4
s

/ 2 2
U max = C0
C0 4 2
= cos r sin d d 4C0
0 0 r2 D= = 10
1.256 C0
( r adiat ed only in t he upper hemispher e)
D (dB) = 10 log 10
1
= C0 (2) D = 10 dB
5
Thus t he power r adiat ed by t he ant enna and t he
Pr ad = 1.256 C0 Wat t maxi mum di r ect i vi t y of t he t he ant enna ar e
1.256 C0 Wat t and 10 dB r espect ively..