Boiler Interlocks and Burner Management System - Upload

Boiler Interlocks and Burner
Management system
1
Basics
Interlock means to fit or fasten together
Developed using electrical contacts
Contacts are wired to accomplish logical tasks
Nomenclature :
The normal means status of contacts when a switch

is under a condition of minimum physical stimulus.
E.g. For a momentary-contact pushbutton switch, this

would be the status of the switch contact when it is not
being pressed.
2
H.G.Dholakia India Boiler Dot Com
Basics
Industry uses discrete input (process sensors) and

output devices for interlocks
Discrete means having two states : ON and OFF
normal definitions for various discrete sensor types:
Hand switch: no one pressing the switch
Limit switch: target not contacting the switch
Proximity switch: target far away
Pressure switch: low pressure (or even a vacuum)
Level switch: low level (empty)
Temperature switch: low temperature (cold)
Flow switch: low flow rate (fluid stopped)
3
Discrete Input Devices
Hand Switches :
Symbol
Limit Switches Symbols :
4
Proximity Switches :
Non contact sensor that senses closeness of the object
Uses Magnetic, Electric or Optical means
Inductive proximity switches sense the presence of
metallic objects using a high-frequency magnetic field.
Capacitive proximity switches sense the presence of
non-metallic objects using a high-frequency electric
field.
Optical switches detect the interruption of a light beam
by an object.
Similar to Limit switch
except the switch symbol
is enclosed by a diamond
shape, indicating a
powered (active) device
5
Proximity Probe

6
Proximity Switch Mounting

7
Pressure Switches : diaphragm, bellows or bourdon tube
as sensor
A glass bulb partially filled with mercury or a microswitch is
used as the electrical switching element
Mercury
Contacts
Advantages of mercury tilt switches include immunity to

switch contact degradation from harmful atmospheres (oil
mist, dirt, dust, corrosion) as well as safety in explosive
atmospheres .
Disadvantages include the possibility of intermittent
electrical contact resulting from mechanical vibration, as
well as sensitivity to mounting angle
8
Discrete Input Devices - Pressure
Switches
Pressure Switch Symbol
Sample Pressure Switches

9
Discrete Input Devices - Level Switches
Level Switches detect

level of liquid or solid
(granules or powder) in a
vessel.
Types of level switches :
Float
Vibrating fork
Ultrasonic
Capacitance, etc.
Level Switch Symbol
10
Temperature Switch:
Uses Metal bulb filled with fluid
Expansion of fluid due to temperature actuates
switch as in case of pressure switch
Electronic switches employ RTD or Thermocouple
sensors
Symbol :
11
Flow Switch :
Uses Paddles as the flow sensing
element
Symbol
12
Discrete Output Devices
The Discrete Output Device has only two states :
ON and OFF or
OPEN and CLOSE or
ENERGISED and DE- ENERGISED etc.
Typical Output Devices :

ON /OFF Valves
13
Fluid Powered Systems :
14
Example of Fluid Powered System
15
16
Solenoid Valve Actuators :
It is a coil of wire that produces a magnetic force
when electrically energised.
Movable iron called Armature moves under
influence of magnetic field.
2 - Way Solenoid Valve
17
3 Way Solenoid Valve :
Symbols of Solenoid for P&ID :
18
Control Relays :
It is Electrical Switch actuated by an electromagnet coil.
It switches electrical contacts when coil is energised or
de-energised.
Types of Relays :
SPST : Single Pole Single Throw - 1 NO or 1 NC
SPDT : Single Pole Double Throw - 1 NO , 1 NC
DPDT : Double Pole Double Throw - 2 NO, 2 NC
19
Industrial Relay has clear plastic case and multi

pins for connection.
DPDT Relay
20
Ladder Diagram
Ladder diagrams (also called "ladder logic") are a type of
electrical notation and symbology used to illustrate how
electromechanical switches and relays are interconnected.
The two vertical lines are called "rails" and attach to
opposite poles of a power supply, usually 120 volts AC.
L1 designates the "hot" AC wire and L2 the "neutral" (may
be grounded) conductor.
Horizontal lines in a ladder diagram are called "rungs,"
each one representing a unique parallel circuit branch
between the poles of the power supply.
Typically, wires in control systems are marked with
numbers and/or letters for identification.
The rule is, all permanently connected (electrically
common) points must bear the same label.
21
Ladder Diagram Symbols
22
Ladder Diagram
Rails
Rung
Rung Number
23
Ladder Diagram
Digital Logic Function :

Standard Binary Notation : 0 for de-energised,
1 for energised
On Rung, 2 NO contacts
are in parallel.
Lamp comes ON if
either contact A or B
is actuated .
This is OR Logic
function
24
Ladder Diagram
AND Logic Function :

On ladder, 2 NO contacts are wired in series.
Lamp glows only if contacts A AND B both are
actuated.
25
Ladder Diagram
NOT Logical Function :
Use of NC contact instead of NO contact in ladder
results in logical inversion.
Now, the lamp energizes if the contact is not
actuated, and de-energizes when the contact is
actuated.
26
Ladder Diagram
NAND Logical Function : (NOT + AND)
When OR function receives inverted input , the
resultant output will be NAND function as per
DeMorgans Theorem.
The lamp will be energized if either contact is
unactuated. It will go out only if both contacts are
actuated simultaneously.
27
Ladder Diagram
NOR Logical Function : ( NOT + OR)
When AND function receives inverted input
through NC contacts, resultant output is NOR
function.
Lamp is ON if both inputs are NOT actuated. Lamp
goes OFF if any of the input is actuated
28
Ladder Diagram
Exclusive OR logic Function :
TOP NOT/AND GATE
2 PARALLEL
RUNGS FORM
OR GATE
BOTTOM NOT/AND
GATE
29
Ladder Diagram
OUTPUT INVERSION :
We have seen INPUT is inversed by using NC
contact in place of NO contact.
For OUTPUT INVERSION a Relay having NC contact
is required.
Control Relay
STOP
CR1 RUN
3
30
Ladder Diagram v/s Logic Function
From the earlier discussion we can conclude :
Parallel contacts are equivalent to an OR gate.
Series contacts are equivalent to an AND gate.
Normally-closed contacts are equivalent to a NOT gate

(inverter).
A relay must be used to invert the output of a logic gate

function, while simple normally-closed switch contacts are
sufficient to represent inverted gate inputs.
3
H.G.Dholakia India Boiler Dot Com 1
Permissive and Interlock
The practical example of foregoing is given below
3
Basic Boiler Interlocks
PURGE INTERLOCK
Prevents fuel from being admitted to an unfired furnace
until the furnace has been thoroughly air purged.
LOW AIR FLOW INTERLOCK OR FAN INTERLOCK

Fuel is shut off upon loss of air flow or combustion air
fan or blower.
LOW FUEL SUPPLY INTERLOCK

Fuel is shut off upon loss of fuel supply that would
otherwise result in unstable flame conditions.
LOSS OF FLAME INTERLOCK

All fuel is shut off upon loss of flame in the furnace, or
fuel to an individual burner is shut off upon loss of flame
to that burner.
Basic Boiler Interlocks
FAN INTERLOCK
Stops forced draft upon loss of induced draft fan.
LOW WATER INTERLOCK (OPTIONAL)
Shuts off fuel on low water level in boiler drum.
HIGH COMBUSTIBLES INTERLOCK (OPTIONAL)
Shuts off fuel on highly combustible content in the

flue gases.
34
Boiler Burner Management
What is a BMS?
A Burner Management System is defined as the

following:
A Control System that is dedicated to boiler safety,

operator assistance in the starting and stopping of
fuel preparation and burning equipment, and the
prevention of mis-operation of and damage to fuel
preparation and fuel burning equipment. 1
1. From NFPA 8501 Standard for Single Burner Boiler

Operation
35
Burner Management Objectives
Sequence burner through safe start-up
Insure a complete pre-purge of boiler
Supervise safety limits during operation
Supervise the flame presence during operation
Sequence a safe shutdown at end of cycle
Integrate with combustion control system for proper

fuel and air flows
36
BMS Design Standards
Each Burner Management System should be designed
in accordance with the below listed guidelines to control
and monitor all sequences of the start-up and shutdown
of the burner
n National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 8501
/8502 or others)
n Industrial Risk Insurers (IRI)
n Factory Mutual loss prevention guidelines
o Each burner management system should be designed

to accomplish a safety shutdown in the event of an
unsafe condition. (FAIL SAFE)
37
BMS Design Standards
National standards - typical requirements
Governs safety system design on virtually all boilers
(regardless of the process to be used to combust the
fuel)
Requires the separation of the Burner Management
System from any other control system
Requires the use of a hardwired backup tripping
scheme for microprocessor based systems
Requires that a single failure NOT prevent an
appropriate shutdown
38
BMS Definitions
Furnace Explosions
Ignition of accumulated combustible mixture within
the confined space of a furnace or associated boiler
passes, ducts, and fans that convey gases of
combustion to the stack1
Magnitude and intensity of explosion depends on
relative quantity of combustibles and the proportion
of air at the time of ignition
1. From NFPA 8502 Prevention of Furnace Explosions

/ Implosions in Multiple Burner Boilers
41
BMS Definitions
Furnace Explosions can occur with any or a
combination of the following:
Momentary loss of flame followed by delayed re-
ignition
Fuel leakage into an idle furnace ignited by source
of ignition (such as a welding spark)
Repeated Light-off attempts without proper purging
Loss of Flame on one Burner while others are in
operation
Complete Furnace Flame-out followed by an
attempt to light a burner
1. From NFPA 8502 Prevention of Furnace

Explosions / Implosions in Multiple Burner Boilers
42
BMS Definitions
Furnace Implosions
More common in large Utility Boilers
Caused by any of the following:
Malfunction of equipment regulating boiler gas

flow resulting in furnace exposure to excessive
induced draft fan head capability
Rapid decay for furnace gas temperature and

pressure due to furnace trip
1. From NFPA 8502 Prevention of Furnace Explosions

/ Implosions in Multiple Burner Boilers
43
BMS Basic Definitions
Common Terminology
Supervised Manual
Manual Burner Lightoff with Interlocks
Automatic Recycling (Single Burner Only)

Automatic Burner Start and Stop based on preset
operating range (ie.. Drum pressure)
Automatic Non Recycling (Single Burner Only)

Automatic Burner Start and Stop based on
Manual command to start.
44
BMS Functions
The BMS is typically designed to perform the following
functions:
Prevent firing unless a satisfactory furnace purge has
first been completed.
Prohibit start-up of the equipment unless certain
permissive interlocks have first been completed.
Monitor and control the correct component sequencing
during start-up and shut-down of the equipment.
Conditionally allow the continued operation of the
equipment only while certain safety interlocks remaining
satisfied.
Provide component condition feedback to the operator
and, if so equipped, to the plant control systems and/or
data loggers.
4
BMS Functions
Provide automatic supervision when the equipment
is in service and provide means to make a Master
Fuel Trip (MFT) should certain unacceptable firing
conditions occur.
Execute a MFT upon certain adverse unit operating

conditions.
46
BMS
Furnace Purge :
Before Fuel Firing is Permitted, following purge
requirement must be satisfied
1. Drum level within operating range (not high, not
low)
2. Instrument air header pressure within operating

range
3. Fan is in service
4. Purge airflow capable of a minimum of 70% of the

full load airflow established through the unit.
5. All flame scanners reading "No Flame

47
BMS Furnace Purge (contd)
6. Natural gas block valves are proven closed
7. Fuel oil block valves are proven closed
8. Air dampers are in the fully open position
9. Natural gas, or fuel oil, header pressure upstream

of block valve is satisfactory
10. Pilot gas header pressure is satisfactory
11. Burner Control System is energized
12. A "No Master Fuel Trip condition" state is

established
48
BMS Furnace Purge sequence
Once all of the above conditions are satisfied, indicator
light glows as "PURGE PERMISSIVES" on the operator
control console.
START PURGE switch is enabled by the system logic.
Activating the START PURGE control.
Timed furnace purge cycle begins as indicated by a light
illuminating "PURGE IN PROGRESS".
Purge time is set for at least 8 air changes in the furnace
At the end of purge cycle,
The "PURGE COMPLETE" light will illuminate
The boiler trip circuit shall be ready for reset, and so
indicated by a " RESET MFT " light.
The damper control shall position the inlet damper for
light-off, approximately 10% to 30% airflow.
49
BMS Furnace Purge sequence
PURGE COMPLETE light remains for 10 minutes within
which Operator has to RESET MFT else PURGE
COMPLETE goes off and entire purge cycle has to be
repeated.
Upon pressing RESET MFT button, MFT RESET light

comes on and boiler control system is ready for main
flame start up sequence.

50
Purge Interlocks
BOILER TRIPPED
AND PURGE / RESET PB
START-UP
TIMER
START FD FAN
PERMISSIVES SATISFIED:
- MAIN FUEL VALVES CLOSED
- NO FLAME PRESENT
- FD FAN RUNNING AND
- MINIMUM AIR FLOW SWITCH MADE
- WATER LEVEL SATISFACTORY
- ATOMIZING MEDIUM ON
- FUEL SUPPLY PRESSURE NOT LOW
ENERGIZE FUEL RELAY
NOT AND
PURGE SIGNAL TO CCS
PURGE AIR FD DAMPER IN

FLOW SWITCH AND FULL OPEN
MADE POSITION
PURGE TIMER SET
PURGE COMPLETE
NO
YES
SYSTEM TRIP
51
REMOVE PURGE TO CCS
BMS Main Flame Start up sequence
Lighting off of Pilot flame to Main Flame typically follows
automated sequence.
The sequence starts when START BOILER button is
pressed. ( can be terminated by STOP BOILER button).
PreRequisite for Pilot Flame Light-Off

For Pilot Igniter
MFT relay reset
Pilot gas header pressure normal
For Natural Gas
All of the above mentioned for the pilot igniter
Natural gas pressure normal
Natural gas control valve is in light-off position
5
For Fuel Oil
All of the above mentioned for the pilot igniter
Oil gun is in place in the burner
Oil pressure is normal
Fuel oil atomizing interlocks are satisfied
Fuel oil atomizing medium is provided to the burner
Oil control valve is in light-off position
Other Conditions:
No MFT condition after purge
All flame scanners report no flame
All natural gas, or all fuel oil, block valves shown
closed
All air dampers are in light-off position
5
Pilot Flame Sequence :
Fuel vent valves get closed

Fuel Block valve opens
For 10 seconds the igniter transformer energised.
If flame scanner proves flame, main flame sequence
continues.
Pilot flame failure initiates shutdown.
Additional attempts are permitted within 10 minutes
after furnace purge completion
5
Igniter Interlocks
PURGE COMPLETE
AIR DAMPER IN LOW FIRE FUEL VALVE IN LOW FIRE

AND
POSITION POSITION
ENERGIZE IGNITER AND

IGNITER HEADER VALVES
10 SECOND DELAY
10 SEC PILOT TRIAL

FOR IGNITION
TIMER COMPLETE
FLAME
PROVEN NOT
AND
SYSTEM TRIP
PERMIT FOR MAIN 55
FLAME
Main Flame Light off :
Upon pilot flame establishment, header block valve

opens for selected fuel.
Timer for gas = 15 secs, FO = 20 Secs.
5 sec before time out pilot fuel system stops and main
flame proving checked.
Successful main flame detection brings boiler in
NORMAL RUN condition.
Under No Flame condition Boiler trip is activated that
requires fresh furnace purge.
56
Main Flame Interlocks
IGNITER TIMER
COMPLETE
FLAME
AND
PROVEN
ENERGIZE MAIN
FUEL VALVES
10 SEC MAIN FLAME

TRIAL
TIMER COMPLETE
NOT
AND
DE-ENERGIZE
IGNITION
COMPONENTS
RELEASE TO
MODULATE TO CCS SYSTEM TRIP
57
Boiler Master Fuel Trip
Following is list of Conditions causing Boiler trip.
Boiler trip calls for Furnace purge before restart up
Fuel Oil System

Excessive steam pressure.
Low water level.
Low fuel pressure.
Low oil temperature.
Loss of combustion air supply.
Loss of flame.
Loss of control system power.
Loss of atomizing medium, if used.
58
Boiler Master Fuel Trip
For natural gas:
Excessive steam pressure or water temperature.
Low water level.
High or low gas pressure.
Loss of combustion air supply.
Loss of flame.
Loss of control system power.
Upon trip Boiler returns to pre purge state
59
Timing diagram for typical multifuel burner light-
off sequence.
60
Ignitors
The gas fired igniter is a device whose flame is designed
to ignite a main burner.
A high voltage is generated from an input voltage
(mains voltage), which generates an ignition spark at
the gas nozzle.
The resulting flame generates a flame signal via the
flame rod. This flame signal is amplified in the ionization
flame monitor and enables the main burner.
The flame is monitored by the flame rod, which must

be immersed in the direction of the flame.
Alternating voltage is applied to this flame rod.
The burning flame creates an electrically conductive
connection to the igniter earth and at the same time
acts as a rectifier for the ionization current.
61
Ignitors
This direct current signal is measured and amplified in
the ionization flame monitor.
The amplified ionization current activates the flame
relay with one SPDT contact (special version) and the
flame signal output.
62
Ignitors
An ion is a charged atom that has either gained an
electron to become negatively charged (anion) or has
lost an electron to become positively charged (cation).
The energy released during a combustion process will
cause electrons to be knocked loose from an atom,
resulting in a positively charged particle and a free
electron.
This ionization, if monitored properly, can be used to
generate a safe and reliable indication of a flame.
Normal combustion:
CH4 + 2O2----->CO2 + 2H2O
64
Ignitors
There is sometimes an intermediate step in which a uniform
proportion of the molecules in this reaction do the following
CH4 + 2O2----->C++ O2 + 2H2O + e- ----->CO2 + 2H2O
The number of ions produced is greatest where the

chemical reaction is the strongest.
If the air-fuel ratio is optimal, the reaction will be the
strongest, and more free ions and electrons will be
produced.
Since the electrons are so much lighter than the ions, the
electrons travel much faster and move away from the
burner mouth toward the tip of the flame much more
quickly than the heavier ions.
This leaves a greater concentration of positively charged
ions in the area near the burner mouth than free electrons.
65
Types of Flame Scanners
Infrared (IR) Detectors
Single Burner Applications
More Suitable with Oil Burning Flames
Ultra-Violet (UV) Detectors

Multiple Burner Applications
More Suitable for Gas Burners and Combination Gas
/ Oil Burners
Self Check Scanners

Flame Signal is interrupted at set intervals to verify
proper operation of scanner
66
Flame Scanners
Flame scanners are a crucial part of a boiler's safety
system. Their primary responsibility is to identify
potential dangerous "flame out" conditions where
ignition has ceased and continued addition of fuel
could cause an explosion.
Because of the flame scanners importance, they must
be extremely reliable and rugged
The monitoring can be performed by the combination
of a flame sensor (also flame scanner) that
transforms characteristic properties of the flame into
an electrical signal, with a control unit that provides
the flame signal and ensures error free operation.
Alternatively these two parts are combined in one
compact flame monitor
69
Flame Scanners
Flame detection is the technology for detecting flames,
using a flame detector.
Flame detectors are optical equipment for the detection
of flame phenomena of a fire.
There are two types :
Flame detector for the detection of a fire in a fire alarm
system.
Flame scanner for monitoring the condition of a flame
in a burner
70
Flame Scanners
The optical flame detector is a detector that uses

optical sensors to detect flames.
There are also ionization flame detectors, which use
current flow in the flame to detect flame presence.
Some use thermocouple as flame detectors.
71
Flame Scanners
ULTRAVIOLET
An ultraviolet (UV) sensor is often sensitive for radiation
in the 185 to 260 nm range. This frequency range is the
least sensitive for natural background radiation sources
like cosmic radiation and especially sunlight.
The sunlight is, in the higher frequencies, absorbed by

almost all vapors and gases; especially by ozone and
smoke but also by an oil or grease film on the window of
a flame detector.
Almost every fire radiates UV light, and the UV sensor is

a good all round flame detector.
72
Flame Scanners
NEAR INFRARED :
A near Infrared(IR) sensor (0.7 to 1.1 m) is
especially able to monitor flame phenomena, without
too much hindrance from water and water vapor.
Pyro electric sensors operating at this wavelength can
be relatively cheap.
Multiple channel or pixel array sensors monitoring
flames in the near IR band are arguably the most
reliable technologies available for detection of fires.
Digital image processing can be utilized to recognize
flames through analysis of the video created from the
near IR images react to radiation having a wavelength
of 800 nm or higher.
It is only the flickering of the flame which is analyzed.
Constant radiation sources, such as the glowing of the
furnace walls, are not detected as a flame.
74
Flame Scanners
Flames radiating in the UV range, but whose UV
component is absorbed by dust, steam or other
substances, can often also be monitored using infra-
red detectors.
The detection element of the Infrared Flame Detector
consists of two pyroelectric sensors (sensor 1 and 2)
and a silicon photo diode (sensor 3).
Flame most useful for its detection, is the
electromagnetic radiation produced by it. This
radiation covers the spectral range from infrared to
far ultraviolet. Infrared and visible radiations, are
functions of flame temperature and emissivity.
Since furnace and burner parts become heated by the
flame, they become potential secondary sources of
infrared and visible radiation, which must be
discriminated against.
75
Flame Scanners
A UV/IR detector consists of an UV and single
frequency IR sensor paired to form one unit.
The two sensors individually operate the same as

previously described, but additional circuitry
processes signals from both sensors. This means the
combined detector has better false alarm rejection
capabilities than the individual UV or IR detectors.
76
Flame Scanners
Strengths of the UV/IR detector are;
Virtually immune to false alarms
High speed response under 500 milliseconds
Solar, welding, lightning, X-rays, sparks, arcs, and
corona insensitive
Limitations of UV/IR detector are;

Not recommended for non carbon fires
Some gases and vapors will inhibit detection due to
blinding of the UV sensor
77
Flame Scanners
Since the UV/IR detector pairs two sensor types, it will
typically only detect fires that emit both UV and
flickering IR radiation. UV detectors will respond to
virtually all fires including hydrocarbon (liquids, gases,
and solids), metals (magnesium), sulfur, hydrogen,
hydrazine and ammonia. IR detectors typically only
respond to hydrocarbon fires.
Since the IR detector is not sensitive to burning metals,
ammonia, hydrogen and sulfur the combined unit will
not respond to these fires.
The detector is suitable for applications where
hydrocarbon fires are likely and other sources of
radiation may be present (X-rays, hot surfaces, arc
welding). They maintain constant protection while arc
welding takes place. The UV/IR detectors are highly
reliable with fast response times and low propensity to
false alarms. 78
Logic Diagram
BMS OPERATE
TOTAL FLAME FAILURE
79
Logic Diagram
MFT RESET
FG MAIN VLV / FG VENT VLV
80
Logic Diagram
LDO MAIN VLV / LDO RECIRC. VLV
81
Logic Diagram
FO MAIN VLV/ FO RECIRC. VLV
82
Logic Diagram
LDO BURNER VALVE OPEN AND LDO TIME OVER
83
Logic Diagram
NO.1 BNR (FG) SEQUENCE
84
Logic Diagram
IGNITOR VLV / IGNITOR VENT VALVE
85
Simplified BMS Interlock narration
86
87
Exercise - Interlocks
Explain how this interlock functions and name
L1 the input / output in logic diagram L2
OHL 1
OHH 2
CR2
CR2 CR3
3
CR3
4 4

88
OHH
OHL
Exercise on Interlock Design of scheme
O O
Overhead Tank H
H
H
L
Design Interlock for
following application :
Pump starts only when

OHL is reached, if UGL is
NOT activated
Pump stops only when

OHH is reached or UGL is
U U reached whichever is
G
L
G
H earlier.
Pump starts when UGH is

activated irrespective of
status of OHL.
Underground Tank

Exercise on Interlock
UGL
CR1
UGH
CR2
OHL
CR3
OHH
CR4
CR3.1 CR1.1 CR4.1

CR5
CR5.1
CR2.1
Logic Diagram
DURING PURGE & PURGE COMPLETE
92
Logic Diagram
DURING PURGE & PURGE COMPLETE
93
H.G.DHOLAKIA
94

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Boiler Interlocks and Burner

The normal means status of contacts when a switch

E.g. For a momentary-contact pushbutton switch, this

Industry uses discrete input (process sensors) and

Limit Switches Symbols :

H.G.Dholakia India Boiler Dot Com

H.G.Dholakia India Boiler Dot Com

Advantages of mercury tilt switches include immunity to

Sample Pressure Switches

H.G.Dholakia India Boiler Dot Com

Level Switches detect

Typical Output Devices :

Example of Fluid Powered System

2 - Way Solenoid Valve

3 Way Solenoid Valve :

Symbols of Solenoid for P&ID :

Industrial Relay has clear plastic case and multi

Digital Logic Function :

AND Logic Function :

TOP NOT/AND GATE

From the earlier discussion we can conclude :

Parallel contacts are equivalent to an OR gate.

Series contacts are equivalent to an AND gate.

Normally-closed contacts are equivalent to a NOT gate

A relay must be used to invert the output of a logic gate

LOW AIR FLOW INTERLOCK OR FAN INTERLOCK

LOW FUEL SUPPLY INTERLOCK

LOSS OF FLAME INTERLOCK

Stops forced draft upon loss of induced draft fan.

LOW WATER INTERLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Shuts off fuel on low water level in boiler drum.

HIGH COMBUSTIBLES INTERLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Shuts off fuel on highly combustible content in the

A Burner Management System is defined as the

A Control System that is dedicated to boiler safety,

1. From NFPA 8501 Standard for Single Burner Boiler

Insure a complete pre-purge of boiler

Supervise safety limits during operation

Supervise the flame presence during operation

Sequence a safe shutdown at end of cycle

Integrate with combustion control system for proper

n Factory Mutual loss prevention guidelines

o Each burner management system should be designed

1. From NFPA 8502 Prevention of Furnace Explosions

1. From NFPA 8502 Prevention of Furnace

Malfunction of equipment regulating boiler gas

Rapid decay for furnace gas temperature and

1. From NFPA 8502 Prevention of Furnace Explosions

Automatic Recycling (Single Burner Only)

Automatic Non Recycling (Single Burner Only)

Execute a MFT upon certain adverse unit operating

2. Instrument air header pressure within operating

4. Purge airflow capable of a minimum of 70% of the

5. All flame scanners reading "No Flame

7. Fuel oil block valves are proven closed

8. Air dampers are in the fully open position

9. Natural gas, or fuel oil, header pressure upstream

10. Pilot gas header pressure is satisfactory

11. Burner Control System is energized

12. A "No Master Fuel Trip condition" state is

Upon pressing RESET MFT button, MFT RESET light

H.G.Dholakia India Boiler Dot Com