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Decision Making
1
Decision Making Lessons
Lesson 1: Introduction to Decision Making Lesson 13: Logical Puzzles - Conditional Scenarios
Lesson 2: Syllogisms I Lesson 14: Interpreting Information - Introduction
Lesson 3: Syllogisms II Lesson 15: Interpreting Information - Graphs I
Lesson 4: Venn Diagrams I Lesson 16: Interpreting Information - Graphs II
Lesson 5: Venn Diagrams II Lesson 17: Interpreting Information - Maps
Lesson 6: Probabilistic Reasoning I Lesson 18: Interpreting Information - Text
Lesson 7: Probabilistic Reasoning II Lesson 19: Interpreting Information - Tables
Lesson 8: Logical Puzzles (Crosshatch vs Fill-In I) Lesson 20: Recognising Assumptions - Theory
Lesson 9: Logical Puzzles (Crosshatch vs Fill-In II) Lesson 21: Recognising Assumptions - Examples I
Lesson 10: Logical Puzzles Ordered Questions Lessons 22 : Recognising Assumptions - Examples II
Lesson 11: Logical Puzzles - Tabular Questions Lesson 23: Tips from the Experts
Lesson 12: Logical Puzzles - Spatial Equations Lesson 24: Summary and Overview
Introduction to Decision Making
Lesson 1
3
Introduction
What is Decision Making?
to Decision Making
New section for 2017
Tests your ability to:
11. Apply logic to reach a conclusion
22. Analyse statistical information
33. Evaluate arguments

31 MINUTES
29 QUESTIONS
29 SCENARIOS
64 SECONDS PER QUESTION
5
What are the different question types?
Syllogisms - When you are given two or more statements and have to use logical reasoning
to decide what conclusions follow.
Venn Diagrams - You may be presented with a set of statements and set of different Venn
diagrams as response options.
Probabilistic Reasoning - Select best possible response for a question relating to

probability.
What are the different question types?
Logical Puzzles - Given a series of statements and facts and need to infer information from
this.
Interpreting Information - Find which conclusion best follows an argument.
Recognising Assumptions - Test your ability to evaluate how strong an argument is in

support for or against a solution to a particular problem.
Syllogisms I
Lesson 2
8
Syllogisms
What are syllogisms?
Syllogisms contain two or more statements which are followed by a series of conclusions.
Use logical reasoning to deduce which conclusions follow from information given.
The information may not make actual sense
e.g. All bananas are vegetables. All vegetables are desserts.

Syllogisms
Key tips for syllogism questions
Once you crack the technique for syllogisms, it becomes much easier.
Read all the information multiple times, until it makes logical sense.
Pay special attention to words such as some, none, all, and only.
Do not make assumptions about the information using external knowledge.
Draw Venn Diagrams wherever possible.

Syllogisms
The Venn Approach
It is recommended that you use Venn diagrams.These are not as straightforward as the ones in
mathematics exams.
We will now go through the different types of Venn diagrams and when to use them.
Pure Theory of Venn Diagrams
12
Syllogisms
Pattern 1: Some A are B
Some A are not B

Some B are not A
Some A are B
A B Some B are A
Syllogisms
Example - Some Giraffes are Sharks
Some giraffes are not sharks

Some sharks are not giraffes
Giraffes Sharks Some giraffes are sharks
Some sharks are giraffes
Syllogisms
Pattern 2: All A are B
B
All A are B
Some A are B
Some B are A
A
Syllogisms
Example: All beaches are sights
Sights
All beaches are sights

Some beaches are sights
Beaches Some sights are beaches
Syllogisms
Pattern 3: Some A are not B
What can be deduced?
Some A are B
A B
Syllogisms
Example - Some snakes are not reptiles
Some Snakes are Reptiles
S R
Syllogisms
Pattern 4: No A are B
A B No A is B
Syllogisms
Example: No spreads are peanut butter
Peanut
Spreads No Spreads are Peanut Butter
Butter
Syllogisms
Pattern 5: Some A are B and some B are C
A B C
Between A and B Between B and C

Between A and C
Some A are B Some B are C
Unknown Relationship
Some B are A Some C are B
Syllogisms
A B C
Between A and C
There could be a relationship - either there can be items that are A, B and C, or there can be items that are just
A. However, we do not know this so when we answer questions we assume there is no relationship.
Syllogisms
A B C
Example Statements:
Some A is C Not a conclusion

All A is C Not a conclusion
No A is C Not a conclusion (there could be a relationship)
Syllogisms
Example: Some buildings are skyscrapers. Some skyscrapers are towers
Buildings & Skyscrapers

Some buildings are skyscrapers
Some skyscrapers are buildings
Buildings Skyscrapers Tower Skyscrapers & Towers

Some skyscrapers are towers
Some towers are skyscrapers
Buildings & Towers

Unknown relationship
Syllogisms
Pattern 6: All A are B and all B are C
Between A and C
C All A are C
B Some A are C
Between A and B Some C are A
All A are B
A Some A are B
Some B are A Between B and C
All B are C
Some B are C
Some C are B
Syllogisms
Example: All cities are countries and all countries are continents
Continents
Cities & Continents
Countries All cities are continents
Some cities are continents
Cities & Countries Some continents are cities
Cities
All Cities are countries
Some cities are countries
Countries & Continents
Some countries are cities
All countries are continents
Some countries are continents
Some continents are countries
Syllogisms
Pattern 7: Some A are B, and all B are C
Between A and C
Some A are C
Some C are A
Between A and B
Some A are B
A B C Some B are A Between B and C
All B are C
Some B are C
Some C are B
Syllogisms
Example: Some shoes are slippers and all slippers are footwear
Shoes & Slippers

Some shoes are slippers
Some slippers are shoes
Slippers & Footwear

Shoes Slippers All slippers are footwear
Some slippers are footwear
Some footwear are slippers
Shoes & Footwear

Some shoes are footwear
Footwear
Some footwear are shoes
Syllogisms
Pattern 8: All A are B, and some B are C
B Between A and C
Between A and B
A C All A are B
Some A are B
Some B are A
Between B and C
Some B are C
Some C are B
Syllogisms
Example: All mobiles are gadgets and some gadgets are portable
Gadgets Between mobiles and

portables
Between mobiles and
gadgets
Mobiles Portables All mobiles are gadgets
Some mobiles are gadgets
Some gadgets are mobiles Between gadgets and
portables
Some gadgets are portables
Some portables are gadgets
Syllogisms
Pattern 9: All B are A and all C are A
Between A and C
A All C are A
Some C are A
C Between A and B Some A are C
All B are A
B Some B are A
Some A are B
Between B and C
Syllogisms
Example: All cars are trucks and all lorries are trucks
Between trucks and

Trucks lorries
All lorries are trucks
Between trucks and Some lorries are trucks
Lorries cars Some trucks are lorries
All cars are trucks
Cars Some trucks are cars
Some cars are trucks Between cars and
lorries
Syllogisms
Pattern 10 - All A are B and no B are C
Between A and C
No A are C
No C are A
Some A are not C
Between A and B
Some C are not A
All A are B
A B C Some A are B
Some B are A Between B and C
No B are C
No C are B
Some B are not C
Some C are not B
Syllogisms
Example - All symphonies are trumpets and no trumpets are clarinets
Symphonies and clarinets

No symphonies are clarinets
No clarinets are symphonies
Symphonies and Some clarinets are not
trumpets symphonies
All symphonies are Some symphonies are not
trumpets clarinets
Some symphonies are
Symphonies Clarinets trumpets
Some trumpets are Trumpets and clarinets
symphonies No trumpets are clarinets
No clarinets are trumpets
Some clarinets are not trumpets
Trumpets Some trumpets are not clarinets
Syllogisms
Pattern 11 - All A are B and no A are C
Between A and C
No A are C
No C are A
Some A are not C
Between A and B Some C are not A
B
All A are B
A C Some A are B
Some B are A
Between B and C
Some B are not C
Syllogisms
Example: All cherries are pencils and no cherries are pillows
Between cherries and

pillows
Between cherries and No cherries are pillows
pencils No pillows are cherries
Some cherries are not pillows
All cherries are pencils
Some pillows are not cherries
Cherries Pillows Some cherries are
pencils
Some pencils are
cherries Between pencils and
pillows
Pencils Some pencils are not
pillows
Syllogisms
Pattern 12 - Some A are B and no B are C
Between A and C
Some A are not C
Between A and B
Some A are B
A B C Some B are A
Between B and C
No B are C
No C are B
Some B are not C
Some C are not B
Syllogisms
Example: Some psychology students are graduates and no graduates are mathematicians
Between A and C
Some psychology students
are not mathematicians
Between psychology
Between graduates and
Psychology Graduates Mathematicians students are graduates
mathematicians
Some psychology
No graduates and
students are graduates
mathematicians
Some graduates are
No mathematicians are
psychology students
graduates
Some graduates are not
mathematicians
Syllogisms
General Rules
Take the approach of the question of being a riddle. Use these shortcuts
No x + No y No relationship
All x + All y All connected
All x + Some y No immediate conclusion
Some x + All y Some relationship
Some x + No y Some are not related
Some x + Some y No immediate conclusion
Syllogisms II
Lesson 3
40
Syllogisms: Example 1
41
Syllogisms
Example 1: Syllogisms
Some cockroaches are crocodiles. All the crocodiles are strawberries.
Place Yes if the conclusion follows. Place No if the conclusion does not follow.
1. All the cockroaches are crocodiles.
2. Some cockroaches are strawberries.
3. Some crocodiles are strawberries
4. All the cockroaches are strawberries.
42
Syllogisms
Some cockroaches are crocodiles. All the crocodiles

are strawberries.
Cockroaches Crocodiles Strawberries


Pattern 7
43
Syllogisms

are strawberries. All the cockroaches are crocodiles.
FALSE
3. Some crocodiles are strawberries Cockroaches Crocodiles Strawberries
44
Syllogisms
Some cockroaches are crocodiles. All the crocodiles Some cockroaches are strawberries
are strawberries.
TRUE


45
Syllogisms
Some cockroaches are crocodiles. All the crocodiles Some crocodiles are strawberries
are strawberries.
TRUE


46
Syllogisms

All the cockroaches are strawberries
are strawberries.
FALSE


47
48
Syllogisms
A group of friends at Cambridge university are from

either London or Manchester. They study either
Geography or Economics. Some of the students are
from London and the rest study Economics
Place Yes if the conclusion does follow

Place No if the conclusion does not follow
All of the Economic students are from Manchester.
49
Syllogisms
A group of friends at Cambridge university are from either London or Manchester. They study
either Geography or Economics. Some of the students are from London and the rest study
Economics
All the students from London Remaining students

Some of the students are from London The rest study Economics
Study either subject Study Economics

Live in London Live in Manchester
50
Syllogisms

Geography or Economics. Some of the students are No
We do not know what the students
Place Yes if the conclusion does follow in London study - some could study
Place No if the conclusion does not follow Economics.
All of the Economic students are from Manchester.
51
Syllogisms


None of the students from London study

Economics.
52
Syllogisms

Geography or Economics. Some of the students are No
Place Yes if the conclusion does follow in London study
None of the students from London study

Economics.
53
Syllogisms


Some of the Manchester students study

Economics.
54
Syllogisms

Geography or Economics. Some of the students are Yes
All of the Manchester students
Place Yes if the conclusion does follow study Economics, so this is true.
Some of the Manchester students study

Economics.
55
Syllogisms


There is a possibility that some students in

London study Economics and some study
Geography
56
Syllogisms

Geography or Economics. Some of the students are Yes
Place Yes if the conclusion does follow in London study, so there is a
Place No if the conclusion does not follow possibility this is true.
There is a possibility that some students in

London study Economics and some study
Geography
57
58
Syllogisms
Some cupboards are trees. Some trees are leaves. All leaves are jungles
Place Yes if the conclusion follows. Place No if the conclusion does not follow.
1. Some leaves are cupboards
2. Some jungles are cupboards
3. All trees are leaves
4. Some trees are jungles
59
Syllogisms
Some cupboards are trees. Some trees

are leaves. All leaves are jungles
Which of these conclusions are true?

Cupboards Trees Leaves Jungles

60
Syllogisms



Syllogisms

Some leaves are cupboards
FALSE


Syllogisms

Some jungles are cupboards
FALSE


Syllogisms

All trees are leaves
FALSE


Syllogisms

Some trees are jungles
TRUE


Syllogisms
Some cupboards are trees. Some trees are

leaves. All leaves are jungles.
1. Some leaves are cupboards - FALSE
2. Some jungles are cupboards - FALSE

3. All trees are leaves - FALSE
4. Some trees are jungles - TRUE

Syllogisms
Summary
1. Learn how to draw Venn Diagrams for each type of statement
2. Always draw a Venn Diagram to summarise the information.
3. Go through each statement one by one, using the Venn Diagram
4. Do not use external knowledge - the statements wont make sense most of the time.
67
Venn Diagrams I
Lesson 4
68
Venn Diagrams
Types of Venn Diagram Question
Text to Venn
They give you text, and ask you to choose which of the 4 Venns fit the information best.
Implicit Text to Venn

They dont explicitly ask you to draw a Venn, but doing so will help to solve the problem.
Euler Diagrams
They give you real-life categories, and you use your own knowledge to pick the right Venn.
69
Venn Diagrams
Types of Venn Diagram Question
Venn to Text
They give you a Venn diagram, and you have to choose the correct statement.
Non-circular Venn Diagrams

They give you a Venn diagram, made of non circular shapes, and you have to choose the
correct statement.
70
Text to Venn
Type 1
71
Venn Diagrams
Type 1 - Text to Venn
They give you a text scenario
They ask you to choose the correct Venn Diagram to fit the scenario
You have to use the information step by step to find the correct Venn Diagram
72
Venn Diagrams
Type 1 - Text to Venn
They ask you to choose the correct Venn Diagram to fit the scenario
You have to use the information step by step to find the correct Venn Diagram
Which diagram best represents the information
Your are given a text scenario, and are asked to choose which of the four
Venn diagrams most accurately represents the information.
73
Venn Diagrams
Example 1: Venn Diagrams
Hilary is making 16 cakes for her tea party. She is putting toppings on them - sprinkles,
smarties and cookies. 7 contain sprinkles, 3 contain all three toppings, 2 cakes contain 2
toppings. The same number of cakes have sprinkles only as those that have only cookies.
Which diagram best represents the information?
A B. C. D.
74
Venn Diagrams
Step 1 1. Check that they all add up to correct number
Hilary is making 16 cakes for her tea party. She is putting Hilary is making 16 cakes
toppings on them - sprinkles, smarties and cookies. 7
When counting up the numbers for each Venn
contain sprinkles, 3 contain all three toppings, 2 cakes diagram we find:
contain 2 toppings. The same number of cakes have
sprinkles only as those that have only cookies. A - 16, B - 19, C - 16, D - 16
A B. C. D.
75
Venn Diagrams
Step 2
Use the information with the most categories
first. The scenario has information involving:
Hilary is making 16 cakes for her tea party. She is putting
toppings on them - sprinkles, smarties and cookies. 7 3 categories
contain sprinkles, 3 contain all three toppings, 2 cakes 2 categories
1 category
sprinkles only as those that have only cookies. So start with the information with 3 categories
A B. C. D.
76
Venn Diagrams
Step 2
2. 3 contain all three toppings
Hilary is making 16 cakes for her tea party. She is putting Make sure the diagram has 3 in the middle where
toppings on them - sprinkles, smarties and cookies. 7 all circles intersect.
contain sprinkles, 3 contain all three toppings, 2 cakes
This works for all remaining options here. So this
is no help.
sprinkles only as those that have only cookies.
A B. C. D.
77
Venn Diagrams
Step 3
3. 2 cakes contain 2 toppings
Hilary is making 16 cakes for her tea party. She is putting The three regions involving only two overlapping
toppings on them - sprinkles, smarties and cookies. 7 circles have to sum up to 2.
This does not help us either as all four diagrams
satisfy this.
A B. C. D.
78
Venn Diagrams
Step 4
4. The same number have sprinkles as
those that have cookies
toppings on them - sprinkles, smarties and cookies. 7 This means that at the centre of each circle there
contain sprinkles, 3 contain all three toppings, 2 cakes should be two numbers that are the same.
This doesnt work for D, so knock it out.
A B. C. D.
79
Venn Diagrams
Step 4
4. The same number have sprinkles as
those that have cookies
toppings on them - sprinkles, smarties and cookies. 7 This means that at the centre of each circle there
contain sprinkles, 3 contain all three toppings, 2 cakes should be two numbers that are the same.
This doesnt work for D, so knock it out.
A B. C. D.
80
Venn Diagrams
Step 5
5. 7 contain sprinkles
Hilary is making 16 cakes for her tea party. She is putting There has to be at least one enclosed region
toppings on them - sprinkles, smarties and cookies. 7 adding up to 7.
This is only true for A.
A B. C. D.
81
Venn Diagrams
Step 5
5. 7 contain sprinkles
Hilary is making 16 cakes for her tea party. She is putting There has to be at least one enclosed region
toppings on them - sprinkles, smarties and cookies. 7 adding up to 7.
This is only true for A.
A B. C. D.
82
Venn Diagrams
Example 1: Venn Diagrams
Hilary is making 16 cakes for her tea party. She is putting toppings on them - sprinkles,
smarties and cookies. 7 contain just sprinkles, 3 contain all three toppings, 2 cakes contain 2
toppings. The same number of cakes have sprinkles only as those that have only cookies.
A B. C. D.
83
Too many Doesnt add up to 7 2 dont contain the same
Correct Answer
numbers sprinkles number of toppings
Implicit Text to Venn
Type 2
84
Venn Diagrams
Type 2 - Implicit Text to Venn
They ask you to choose the correct statement or answer to fit the scenario
You have to draw a Venn Diagram even though they dont tell you to
85
Venn Diagrams
Example
The local council were doing a survey how many people have gadgets. They surveyed
100 people in total.
7 people have TVs, tablets and mobiles 33 people have TVs

11 people have TVs and tablets 30 people have mobiles
8 people have tablets and mobiles. 27 people have tablets
26 people have TVs and mobiles
How many people had neither tablets nor mobile phones?
A. 51
B. 55
C. 45
D. 40 86
Venn Diagrams
Step by Step Guide
The local council were doing a survey how many people Tablets
have electronic gadgets. They surveyed 100 people in total.
7 people have TVs, tablets and mobile phones

11 people have TVs and tablets
8 people have tablets and mobile phones.
26 people have TVs and mobile phones
33 people have TVs
30 people have mobile phones
27 people have tablets
How many people had neither tablets or mobile phones?

A. 51
B. 55 87
C. 45
D. 40 TVs Mobile Phones
Venn Diagrams
Step by Step Guide

33 people have TVs
27 people have tablets 7
How many people had neither tablets or mobile phones?

A. 51
B. 55 88
C. 45
Venn Diagrams
Step by Step Guide

33 people have TVs
11 8
How many people had neither tablets or mobile phones? 26

A. 51
B. 55 89
C. 45
Venn Diagrams
Step by Step Guide

33 people have TVs
4 1
How many people had neither tablets or mobile phones? 19

A. 51
B. 55 90
C. 45
Venn Diagrams
Step by Step Guide

27
33 people have TVs
4 1
How many people had neither tablets or mobile phones? 33 19 30

A. 51
B. 55 91
C. 45
Venn Diagrams
Step by Step Guide

15
33 people have TVs
4 1

A. 51
B. 55 92
C. 45
Venn Diagrams
Step by Step Guide

15
33 people have TVs 4 1
They surveyed 100 people in total. 2 19 3
Number with at least one gadget is 52.

93
So the number with no gadgets is 100 - 52 = 48
TVs Mobile Phones
Venn Diagrams
Step by Step Guide

15
33 people have TVs
4 1
People that only had TVs = 3

94
People that had no tables = 48
People with neither tablets or mobile phones = 51 TVs Mobile Phones
Venn Diagrams
Step by Step Guide

15
33 people have TVs
4 1

A. 51
B. 55 95
C. 45
Venn Diagrams II
Lesson 5
96
Euler Diagrams
Type 3
97
Venn Diagrams
Type 3 - Euler Diagrams
They give you a list of items which are sets
They ask you to choose the correct Venn Diagram to represent the group of items
You have to group the items using your own knowledge, and then find the correct Venn
98
Venn Diagrams
They give you a list of items which are sets
They ask you to choose the correct Venn Diagram to represent the group of items
You have to group the items using your own knowledge, and then find the correct Venn
A Venn diagram show all possible logical relationships between a series of sets.
But an Euler diagram only shows relationships that exist in real world.
99
Venn Diagrams
Syllogisms do not make sense logically
e.g. Apples are Pizzas
100
Venn Diagrams
Syllogisms do not make sense logically
e.g. Apples are Pizzas
Euler diagrams do make sense logically
e.g. Apples and Pizzas are in one group, Paper and Pens are in another group.
101
Venn Diagrams
Example
Which of the following Venn diagrams correctly represents the is the relationship between
cakes, Italian Food, plants, trees, forests, and glass?
A B C D
Venn Diagrams
Example
A B C D
Step 1: Separate them out into groups

Venn Diagrams
Example
A B C D
Step 1: Separate them out into groups Cakes Plants Glass

Italian Food Trees
Forests
Venn Diagrams
Example
A B C D
Step 1: Separate them out into groups Cakes Plants Glass

Italian Food Trees
Forests
Venn Diagrams
Example
A B C D
Step 2: Make sure there are 6 items in each Venn

Venn Diagrams
Example
A B C D
Step 2: Make sure there are 6 items in each Venn

Venn Diagrams
Example
A B C D
Step 3: Compare category by category

Venn Diagrams
Example
A B C D
Step 3: Compare category by category Cakes Plants Glass

Italian Food Trees
Forests
Venn Diagrams
Example
A B C D
Step 3: Compare category by category

Venn Diagrams
Example 2
Which of the following Venn diagrams correctly represents the is the relationship between ball-
points, pens, rubbers and correction pens?
Venn to Text
Type 4
112
Venn Diagrams
Type 4 - Venn to Text
They give you a circular Venn Diagram (possibly with sections missing)
They ask you to choose the correct statement based on the Venn Diagram
You have to use the information in the circular Venn to form conclusions
113
Venn Diagrams
Type 4 - Venn to Text
They give you a circular Venn Diagram (possibly with sections missing)
You have to use the information in the circular Venn to form conclusions
For these questions, it is best to look at the statements given and see which can be ruled out
immediately or ones that take the least amount of time to rule out. Process of elimination is the
way forward.
114
Venn Diagrams
Example
The following diagram displays the number of flowers in the gardens of 100 citizens in Berkshire. Every home
has at least one flower.
Which of the following statements is true?
A. There are more gardens that have tulips than

roses.
B. There are exactly 21 gardens with only one type
of flower.
C. The number of gardens with all four flowers can
be calculated
D. There are more gardens that have roses than
daffodils. 115
Venn Diagrams
The following diagram displays the number of flowers in the gardens of 100 citizens in Berkshire.
Every home has at least one flower.
A. There are more gardens that have tulips than roses.

B. There are exactly 21 gardens with only one type of flower.
C. The number of gardens with all four flowers can be calculated
D. There are more gardens that have roses than daffodils.
First of all, we can see there are two missing values that are X and Y. It is a good idea to identify what
these values represent:
X represents the number of gardens with daffodils, tulips, roses but not dandelions.
Y represents the number of gardens with tulips, roses but not daffodils and dandelions. 116
Venn Diagrams

C. The number of gardens with all four flowers can be
calculated
Statement C
Looking at these statements, the easiest to rule out is C because we just have to check if there is a region that
has all four circles overlapping or not. There is no such region, so zero gardens have all four flowers - C is false.
117
Venn Diagrams

Statement B
The second easiest to rule out is B because we just have to add up the numbers that are not in overlapping
regions. Adding up 4 + 3 + 7 + 6 = 20 - B is false.
118
Venn Diagrams

Statement A Gardens with Roses Gardens with Tulips

There are more gardens
=9+X+Y+6+8+3 =2+3+6+8+X+Y with roses than tulips.
= 26 + X + Y = 19 + X + Y
119
Venn Diagrams

Statement D Gardens with Daffodils Gardens with Roses

Statement D is correct
=4+2+9+X =9+X+Y+6+8+3
= 15 + X = 26 + X + Y 120
Non Circular Venn to Text
Type 5
121
Venn Diagrams
Type 5 - Non Circular Venn to Text
They give you a non-circular Venn Diagram
You have to use the information in the non-circular Venn to form conclusions
122
Venn Diagrams
The Venn Diagram below shows lunch options

chosen by Medic Mind staff.
How many more people have a meal with at least

sweet potato pie than at least chicken breast?
A. 6
B. 7
C. 8
D. 13
Venn Diagrams
The Venn Diagram below shows lunch options

chosen by Medic Mind staff.
How many more people have a meal with at least

sweet potato pie than at least chicken breast?
A. 6
B. 7
C. 8
D. 13
(7 + 6 + 5 + 2) - (2 + 5) = 13
Summary: Venn Diagrams
125
Venn Diagrams
Summary
When you are presented with questions that do not already have a Venn diagram presented
to you, draw your own!
Do not fall for the trap of just putting the numbers in the Venn without calculating them
properly.
Read over the information as many times as you need.
If it is a Euler diagram question, try and think of as many possible conditions as possible.
126
Probabilistic Reasoning I
Lesson 6
127
Probabilistic Reasoning
Introduction
You will be required to select the best possible response out of four statements regarding a
probability scenario.
It will require you to use the basic principles of probability which we will now go over
The questions will be more likely to ask your reasoning behind a certain answer. This will meant
that you will have to work out the answer, and display the step by step working that you have used.
Basic Probability
You express a probability as either:
A decimal between 0 and 1
A percentage between 0 and 100%
A fraction between 0 and 1
0 means that an event is impossible. 1 means that an event is guaranteed.

Basic Probability
Probability of an event happening is:
Number of desired outcomes
Total number of outcomes

Example: Basic Probability
Worked Example
What is the probability of rolling a 3 on a normal dice?
Number of desired outcomes - 1 (There is only one face with a 3 on the dice)
Total number of outcomes - 6
Probability = 1/6
Question
Is it likely to be sunny for over three days over a two week period if the probability of
it being sunny on any given day is 1/7?
A.Yes, because it will be sunny for 7 days as 14 x 1/2 = 7

B.Yes, because it is more likely to be sunny than not sunny
C.No, because it will be sunny for 2 days, as 14 x 1/7 = 2
D.No, because it is less likely to be sunny than not sunny
Question
Is it likely to be sunny for over three days over a two week period if the probability of
it being sunny on any given day is 1/7?
A.Yes, because it will be sunny for 7 days as 14 x 1/2 = 7

B.Yes, because it is more likely to be sunny than not sunny
C.No, because it will be sunny for 2 days, as 14 x 1/7 = 2
D.No, because it is less likely to be sunny than not sunny
Expected Frequency = Probability x Number of Repeats
Probability is 1/7. The number of repeats is the number of days, which is 14. Expected Frequency
= 14 x 1/7 = 2 days
Repeat of Same Events
This is when the same event occurs three times and the probability of each event does
not change one after the other.
Probability of A three times = Probability of A x Probability of A x Probability of A

Example: Repeat of same events
Question
There are four marbles in a bag. 3 of which are green and one of which is red.
What is the probability of picking a red marble from a bag three times if the marble is
replaced in the bag after each selection?
A.0
B.1 / 16
C.1 / 64
D.1 / 256
Question
There are four marbles in a bag. 3 of which are green and one of which is red.
What is the probability of picking a red marble from a bag three times if the marble is
replaced in the bag after each selection?
A.0
B.1 / 16
C.1 / 64
D.1 / 256
Solution
Remember, because the marbles are replaced each event is independent.
Probability of red three times = Probability of red x Probability of red x Probability of red
Probability of red three times = 1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4 = 1/64

Different events that are mutually exclusive
When there are two different events, and the probability of one event does not affect the
chance of the other event happens.
Probability of A and B = Probability of A x Probability of B

Example: Different events that are mutually exclusive
Question
The probability of England winning the World Cup is 1/24. Olivier Giroud plays three matches. In each individual match, the
probability of him scoring is 1/5.
Is the probability of Olivier Giroud scoring in every match greater than the probability of England winning and Giroud scoring in
at least one match.
A. Yes, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is 1/144, and the probability of Giroud
scoring in every match is 1/216.
B. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is 1 / 144, and the probability of Giroud
C. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is 61/3000, and the probability of Giroud
D. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is equal to the probability of Giroud scoring in
every match.
Example: Different events that are mutually exclusive
Question
The probability of England winning the World Cup is 1/24. Olivier Giroud plays three matches. In each individual match, the
probability of him scoring is 1/5.
Is the probability of Olivier Giroud scoring in every match greater than the probability of England winning and Giroud scoring in
at least one match.
A. Yes, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is 1/144, and the probability of Giroud
B. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is 1 / 144, and the probability of Giroud
C. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is 61/3000, and the probability of
Giroud scoring in every match is 1/125.
D. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud scoring is equal to the probability of Giroud scoring in
every match.
Question
The probability of England winning the World Cup is 1/24. Olivier Giroud Probability of England Winning and Giroud Scoring At
plays three matches. In each individual match, the probability of him scoring
is 1/5.
Least Once
Is the probability of Olivier Giroud scoring in every match greater than the First work out the probability of Giroud scoring at least once:
probability of England winning and Giroud scoring in at least one match.
A. Yes, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier = 1 - probability of him not scoring in any match
Giroud scoring is 1/144, and the probability of Giroud scoring in every match is = 1 - (4/5 x 4/5 x 4/5)
1/216. = 1 - 64/125
B. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier
Giroud scoring is 1 / 144, and the probability of Giroud scoring in every match is
= 61/125
1/216.
C. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier We need to multiply the probability of England winning by the
Giroud scoring is 61/3000, and the probability of Giroud scoring in every match
probability of Giroud scoring at least once:
is 1/125.
D. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier
Giroud scoring is equal to the probability of Giroud scoring in every match. 1/24 x 61/125 = 61/3000 = 2.03% chance
Question
The probability of England winning the World Cup is 1/24. Olivier Giroud
Probability of Giroud in Every Match
plays three matches. In each individual match, the probability of him scoring
is 1/5.
Probability of A x A x A
Is the probability of Olivier Giroud scoring in every match greater than the
probability of England winning and Giroud scoring in at least one match.
1/5 x 1/5 x 1/5 = 1/125 = 0.8% chance
A. Yes, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier
Giroud scoring is 1/144, and the probability of Giroud scoring in every match is The probability of Giroud scoring three times is lower than the
1/216.
B. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier
probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier Giroud
Giroud scoring is 1 / 144, and the probability of Giroud scoring in every match is scoring a goal.
1/216.
C. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier
Giroud scoring is 61/3000, and the probability of Giroud scoring in every match
is 1/125.
D. No, because the probability of England winning the World Cup and Olivier
Giroud scoring is equal to the probability of Giroud scoring in every match.
Probabilistic Reasoning II
Lesson 7
144
Either One of Two Events (where both cannot happen)
Sometimes you get questions where they ask you to work out the probability of either A or B
happening, but both are not possible. For example, if you roll a dice, the probability of
getting 1 or 2 is the sum of each individual probability.
Probability of A or B = Probability of A + Probability of B

Example: Either One of Two Events (where both cannot happen)
What is the probability of rolling a 3 or 4 on a normal dice?

Example: Either One of Two Events (where both cannot happen)
What is the probability of rolling a 3 or 4 on a normal dice?
Probability of 3 or 4 = Probability of rolling 3 + Probability of rolling 4

Probability of 3 or 4 = 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3
Either One of Two Events (where both can happen)
If you had separate events which could both happen, the previous formula does not
work because you need to factor in the possibility that both could happen.
Probability of A or B = 1 - Probability of neither happening

Example: Either One of Two Events (where both can happen)
Worked Example
The chance of Khaled wearing a flowery shirt is 1/4, and the chance of Yogi wearing a black t-
shirt is 1/3. What is the probability of at least one happening?
Worked Example
To work out the probability of either happening you need to add:
The probability of just Khaled wearing a flowery shirt
The probability of just Yogi wearing a black t-shirt
The probability of both Khaled wearing a flowery shirt and Yogi a black t-shirt.
Worked Example
To work out the probability of either happening you need to add:
The probability of just Khaled wearing a flowery shirt
The probability of just Yogi wearing a black t-shirt
The probability of both Khaled wearing a flowery shirt and Yogi a black t-shirt.
Worked Example
Probability of Khaled not wearing a flowery shirt = 3/4

Proability of Yogi not wearing a black T shirt = 2/3
Probability of neither happening = 3/4 x 2/3 = 6/12 = 1/2
Probability of either happening = 1 - 1/2 = 1/2

Repeat of same events without replacement
If you are calculating the probability of multiple events happening, where one event affects another,
then you have to adjust your calculation. A common example of this is the classic marbles from a bag
question.
Example: Repeat of same events without replacement
Question
A bag has 6 balls. 3 are red and are blue. If Sam takes out a ball in a bag and doesnt
replace it, what is the chance of getting two red balls in a row?
A.0.2 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.5 and the second time is 0.4
B.0.2 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.4 and the second time is 0.5
C.0.9 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.4 and the second time is 0.5
D.0.9 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.5 and the second time is 0.4
Question
A bag has 6 balls. 3 are red and are blue. If Sam takes out a ball in a bag and doesnt
replace it, what is the chance of getting two red balls in a row?
A.0.2 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.5 and the second time is 0.4
B.0.2 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.4 and the second time is 0.5
C.0.9 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.4 and the second time is 0.5
D.0.9 because the probability of getting red first time is 0.5 and the second time is 0.4
Solution
Probability of Red twice = Probability of Red 1st time x Probability of Red 2nd time
The probability of getting a red first time is 3/6, as there are 3 red balls out of 6 in total.
If Sam picked a red first time, then there will be 2 red balls out of 5 in total for the second pick. Remember,
Sam is not replacing the balls. Therefore the probability of getting a red second time is 2/5.
Probability of Red twice = 3/6 x 2/5 = 6/30 = 1/5

Summary
Probability of A three times = Probability of A x Probability of A x Probability of A
Probability of A and B = Probability of A x Probability of B
Probability of A or B = 1 - Probability of neither happening

Logical Puzzles
Crosshatch v Fill-In I
Lesson 8
158
Logical Puzzles
Logical Puzzle Questions
Here you are presented with information in the

form of tables, text or many other graphics.
You will be asked to take either one or several

steps to infer how the puzzle can be solved.
159
Logical Puzzles
Example 1: Logical Puzzle
Two teams with red and blue bibs were playing a four a side Which of the following MUST be true?
football match. The winning team was made up of the A. Adrian wore red socks.
players Aaron, Shivam, Adrian and Sergio. All four of them B. Sergio wore yellow boots.
were wearing different coloured boots and different coloured C. Shivam did not wear blue boots.
socks. One of them was wearing red boots, another yellow D. Sergio wore red boots.
boots, another green boots and another blue boots. One of
them was wearing red socks, another blue socks, another
green socks and one of them yellow socks.
Adrian wore yellow boots.

Shivam wore green socks and Sergio wore yellow socks.
The person wearing red socks wore blue boots.
The person wearing yellow socks did not wear red boots 160
Logical Puzzles
Method 1
Shivam wore green socks and Sergio wore yellow socks. Fill In Method
Logical Puzzles
Example 1: Logical Puzzle Which of the following MUST be true?

A. Adrian wore red socks.
Two teams with red and blue bibs were playing a four a B. Sergio wore yellow boots.
side football match. The winning team was made up of the C. Shivam did not wear blue boots.
players Aaron, Shivam, Adrian and Sergio. All four of them D. Sergio wore red boots.
were wearing different coloured boots and different
coloured socks. One of them was wearing red boots,
another yellow boots, another green boots and another Go through each statement 1 by 1
blue boots. One of them was wearing red socks, another
Player Socks Boots
blue socks, another green socks and one of them yellow
socks. Adrian Yellow
Shivam
Shivam wore green socks and Sergio wore yellow socks. Sergio
The person wearing red socks wore blue boots. ?
The person wearing yellow socks did not wear red boots ? 162
Logical Puzzles

another yellow boots, another green boots and another
Player Socks Boots
Shivam Green
Shivam wore green socks and Sergio wore yellow socks. Sergio Yellow
The person wearing red socks wore blue boots. ?
Logical Puzzles

Player Socks Boots
Shivam Green
The person wearing red socks wore blue boots. ? Red Blue
Logical Puzzles

Player Socks Boots
Shivam Green
The person wearing yellow socks did not wear red boots ? Yellow (Not Red)
165
Logical Puzzles

another yellow boots, another green boots and another Shivam did not wear blue boots
Player Socks Boots
Shivam Green
The person wearing yellow socks did not wear red boots ? Yellow (Not Red)
166
Logical Puzzles
Method 2
Shivam wore green socks and Sergio wore yellow socks. Cross Hatch Method
Logical Puzzles
Which of the following MUST be true?
Example 1: Logical Puzzle A. Adrian wore red socks.
B. Sergio wore yellow boots.
Two teams with red and blue bibs were playing a four a side C. Shivam did not wear blue boots.
football match. The winning team was made up of the D. Sergio wore red boots.
players Aaron, Shivam, Adrian and Sergio. All four of them
were wearing different coloured boots and different coloured
socks. One of them was wearing red boots, another yellow

Logical Puzzles
C. Shivam did not wear blue boots.
Two teams with red and blue bibs were playing a four a side
D. Sergio wore red boots.
football match. The winning team was made up of the
players Aaron, Shivam, Adrian and Sergio. All four of them The person wearing red socks wore blue boots.
were wearing different coloured boots and different coloured Adrian wore yellow boots.

Logical Puzzles
Two teams with red and blue bibs were playing a four a side C. Shivam did not wear blue boots.
football match. The winning team was made up of the D. Sergio wore red boots.
players Aaron, Shivam, Adrian and Sergio. All four of them
No, Adrian wore yellow boots.

Logical Puzzles
players Aaron, Shivam, Adrian and Sergio. All four of them Sergio wore yellow socks. The person wearing
were wearing different coloured boots and different coloured yellow socks did not wear red boots.

Logical Puzzles
players Aaron, Shivam, Adrian and Sergio. All four of them C is the correct answer.

Logical Puzzles
Crosshatch v Fill-In II
Lesson 9
173
Logical Puzzles
Jack and two of his friends each own a car. They all Which subject does Matthew study?
study different subjects.
A.Medicine
A Maths student, a Geography student and the Muzdu B.Geography
owner are members of the Car Appreciation Society at C.Maths
University. D.This cannot be determined
Ole doesnt own a Cargo.

Jack doesnt own a Hudu
The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Method 1
best friends with Matthew, one of the three friends.
Ole who doesnt study Maths also does not have a Cross Hatch Method
Muzdu.
The Geography student has a Hudu. 174
Logical Puzzles
Which subject does Matthew study?

Jack and two of his friends each own a car. They all
study different subjects. A.Medicine
B.Geography
A Maths student, a Geography student and the Muzdu C.Maths
owner are members of the Car Appreciation Society at D.This cannot be determined
University.
Ole doesnt own a Cargo. Jack
Jack doesnt own a Hudu Ole
The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Matthew

Ole who doesnt study Maths also does not have a
Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.
Muzdu Cargo Hudu

Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.
Muzdu Cargo Hudu Maths Geography Medicine
best friends with Matthew, one of the three friends. Maths

Ole who doesnt study Maths also does not have a Geography
Muzdu.
The Geography student has a Hudu. Medicine
177
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.
Muzdu Hudu Cargo Maths Geography Medicine

Muzdu.
Medicine
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

Muzdu.
Medicine
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

Muzdu.
Medicine
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

Muzdu. Medicine
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

Muzdu. Medicine
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.
Ole doesnt own a Cargo. Name ______ ______ ______

The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Subject ______ ______ ______
Car ______ ______ ______
Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.
Ole doesnt own a Cargo. Name Jack Ole Matthew

The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Subject ______ ______ ______
Car ______ ______ ______
Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Subject Geography Maths Medicine
Car ______ ______ ______
Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Subject Geography Maths Medicine
Car Muzdu Cargo Hudu
Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Subject Geography N(Maths) N(Medicine)
Car N(Hudu) Cargo), N(Muzdu)
Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

Jack doesnt own a Hudu Name Jack Ole Matthew
The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Subject N(Maths) N(Medicine)
Car N(Hudu) Hudu
Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Subject Geography N(Medicine)
Car N(Hudu) Hudu
Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Subject Geography N(Medicine)
Car N(Hudu) Hudu
Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles

B.Geography
University.

The Medical student, who also doesnt own a Cargo is Subject N(Maths) Maths
Car N(Hudu) Hudu
Muzdu.
Logical Puzzles - Ordered
Questions
Lesson 10
192
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
These questions will be based on a group of people who are ordered based on an
activity such as racing or on something measurable such as weight or height.
For these questions, we recommend writing down the information in a way that is as
close to chronological or ordered as possible.
193
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
There are five runners competing in a marathon who go for a health-

check. Their names are Jing, Sathu, Geran, Zolt and Farah. The What is Sathus weight?
nurse measures their heart rate, weight, diastolic blood pressure and
blood group. A. 50kg
B. 63kg
In no particular order: C. 78kg
- Their heart rate is 66, 67, 70, 73 and 75 D. 83kg
- Their weights are 50, 63, 72, 78 and 83.
- Their diastolic blood pressures are 67, 77, 85, 99 and 110
One persons diastolic blood pressure that is 85 has a heart rate that
is 2 more than Jing.
Farah weighs 63kg and has the 3rd highest heart rate.
Zolt has a diastolic blood pressure that is 10 more than Geran.
The person who has the third highest diastolic blood pressure has the
highest heart rate and a weight that is lower than Farah. 194
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

B. 63kg
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
There are five runners competing in a marathon who go for a health-check.

1. Find out how many
Their names are Jing, Sathu, Geran, Zolt and Farah. The nurse measures
their heart rate, weight, diastolic blood pressure and blood group. variables there are.
In no particular order:
- Their heart rate is 66, 67, 70, 73 and 75
One persons diastolic blood pressure that is 85 has a heart rate that is 2
more than Jing.
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
There are five runners competing in a marathon who go for a health-check. 1. Find out how many
Their names are Jing, Sathu, Geran, Zolt and Farah. The nurse measures variables there are.
their heart rate, weight, diastolic blood pressure and blood group.
Name
- Their heart rate is 66, 67, 70, 73 and 75 Jing
- Their diastolic blood pressures are 67, 77, 85, 99 and 110 Sathu
One persons diastolic blood pressure that is 85 has a heart rate that is 2 more
Geran
than Jing.
Zolt
The person who has the third highest diastolic blood pressure has the highest
heart rate and a weight that is lower than Farah. Farah
197
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
Heart
Name
Rate
Geran
than Jing.
Zolt has a diastolic blood pressure that is 10 more than Geran. Zolt
198
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
Heart
Name Weight
Rate
Geran
than Jing.
199
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
Heart
Name Weight BP
Rate
Geran
than Jing.
200
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

2. Always start with the
their heart rate, weight, diastolic blood pressure and blood group. clearest information.
more than Jing.
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

more than Jing.
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

Heart
Name Weight BP
In no particular order: Rate
Jing
Sathu
Geran
more than Jing.
Zolt
highest heart rate and a weight that is lower than Farah. Farah 63
203
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

Heart
Name Weight BP
In no particular order: Rate
Jing
Sathu
Geran
more than Jing.
Zolt
highest heart rate and a weight that is lower than Farah. Farah 70 63
204
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
There are five runners competing in a marathon who go for a health-check. 3. Next look for information
Their names are Jing, Sathu, Geran, Zolt and Farah. The nurse measures where there is a difference
between two values.
more than Jing.
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
between two values.
more than Jing.
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
between two values.
In no particular order: Heart
Name Weight BP
- Their heart rate is 66, 67, 70, 73 and 75 Rate
- Their weights are 50, 63, 72, 78 and 83. Jing
Sathu
more than Jing. Geran 67
Zolt has a diastolic blood pressure that is 10 more than Geran. Zolt 77
highest heart rate and a weight that is lower than Farah. Farah 70 63207
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
between two values.
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
between two values.
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

Their names are Jing, Sathu, Geran, Zolt and Farah. The nurse measures Heart
Name Weight BP
their heart rate, weight, diastolic blood pressure and blood group. Rate
Jing 73
Sathu
- Their diastolic blood pressures are 67, 77, 85, 99 and 110 Geran 67
One persons diastolic blood pressure that is 85 has a heart rate that Zolt 77
Farah weighs 63kg and has the 3rd highest heart rate. Farah 70 63
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

check. Their names are Jing, Sathu, Geran, Zolt and Farah. The nurse Heart Diastolic
Name Weight
Rate BP
measures their heart rate, weight, diastolic blood pressure and blood
group.
Jing 73
- Their heart rate is 66, 67, 70, 73 and 75 Sathu
Geran 67
One persons diastolic blood pressure that is 85 has a heart rate that is
2 more than Jing. Zolt 77
The person who has the third highest diastolic blood pressure has the Farah 70 63
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

Name Weight
Rate BP
group.
Jing 73
Geran 67
The person who has the third highest diastolic blood pressure has Farah 70 63
the highest heart rate and a weight that is lower than Farah. 212
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

Name Weight
Rate BP
group.
Jing 73
Geran 67
The person who has the third highest diastolic blood pressure has Farah 70 63
the highest heart rate and a weight that is lower than Farah. 213
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
50kg, 85 BP and 75 HR ?
Name Weight
Rate BP
group.
Jing 73
Geran 67
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions
50kg, 85 BP and 75 HR ?
Name Weight
Rate BP
group.
Jing 73
Geran 67
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

Name Weight
Rate BP
group.
Jing 73
- Their heart rate is 66, 67, 70, 73 and 75 Sathu 75 50 85
Geran 67
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

B. 63kg
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

Name Weight
Rate BP
group.
Jing 73
- Their heart rate is 66, 67, 70, 73 and 75 Sathu 75 50 85
Geran 67
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

B. 63kg
Logical Puzzles
Ordered Questions

Name Weight
Rate BP
group. 73 83 99
Jing
75 50 110
- Their diastolic blood pressures are 67, 77, 85, 99 and 110 65 78 67
Geran
67 72 77
2 more than Jing. Zolt
Zolt has a diastolic blood pressure that is 10 more than Geran. 70 63 85
The person who has the third highest diastolic blood pressure has the Farah
Logical Puzzles - Tabular
Questions
Lesson 11
221
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions
In these questions you will be presented with a series of statements as well as a table with certain aspects of
information missing.
You will have to deduce which of the facts are true based on the information presented.
222
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions
The table below shows the results of a tri-nation rugby tournament. Which of the following statements is
Each team plays each team once only at a neutral ground.
true?
Tries Tries A. England scored 3 tries in their game

Team Played Wins Drawn Lost
Scored Conceded against Wales.
England 2 4
B. In their game with Scotland, their game
Scotland 2 1 had no tries scored and ended in a draw.
Wales 1 1 0 C. Wales only won a single game.
D. Scotland and Wales drew
223
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions
The table below shows the results of a tri-nation rugby tournament. Which of the following statements is
true?
Tries Tries A. England scored 3 tries in their game

Scored Conceded against Wales.
England 2 4
B. In their game with Scotland, their
Scotland 2 1 game had no tries scored and ended in
a draw.
Wales 1 1 0
C. Wales only won a single game.
D. Scotland and Wales drew

224
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions
The table below shows the results of a tri-nation rugby tournament.

A. England scored 3 tries in their game
against Wales.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
225
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

against Wales.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
226
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

against Wales.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
227
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

B. In Wales game with with Scotland, their
game had no tries scored and ended in a
draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
228
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
229
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
230
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
231
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 0 1 1 0
232
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 0 1 1 0
233
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Wales v x
Scotland 2 1
Wales 0-0
0 1 1 0
234
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Wales v x
Scotland 2 1
Wales 0-0
0 1 1 0
235
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Wales v x
Scotland 2 1
Wales 0 1 1 0 0-0
236
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Wales v Scotland
Scotland 2 1
Wales 0 1 1 0 0-0
237
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

draw.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Wales v Scotland
Scotland 2 1
Wales 0 1 1 0 0-0
238
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
239
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
240
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
241
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 0 1 1 0
242
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 0 1 1 0
243
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

D. Scotland beat Wales by 1 try.
Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
244
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
245
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Wales v Scotland
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0 0-0
246
Logical Puzzles
Tabular Questions

Tries Tries
Scored Conceded
England 2 4
Scotland 2 1
Wales 1 1 0
247
Logical Puzzles - Spatial Equations
Lesson 12
248
Logical Puzzles
Spatial Equations
Here, you will be given an equation
comprising of different shapes.
You will have to use logical reasoning to
deduce what the answer to one of the
spatial equations is.
Use Medic Minds Method of Algebra

249
Logical Puzzles
Example 1: Spatial Equations
The question mark represents a

single shape. What shape is this?
A. Star
B. Square
C. Diamond
D. Circle
?
250
Logical Puzzles

A. Star
B. Square
C. Diamond
D. Circle
a
?
Logical Puzzles

A. Star
B. Square
C. Diamond
D. Circle
a b
?
Logical Puzzles

A. Star
B. Square
C. Diamond
D. Circle
a b
?
c
Logical Puzzles

A. Star
B. Square
C. Diamond
D. Circle
a b
?
c d
Logical Puzzles
The question mark represents four

of the same shape. Which shape is
this?
A. Star
B.
C.
Square
Diamond

D. Circle
? Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
255
Logical Puzzles

a=c-b this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
d - a = 3b
D. Circle
c-a=? Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
256
Logical Puzzles

a=c-b this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
d - a = 3b
D. Circle
c-a=? Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
257
Logical Puzzles

2b = c - b this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
d - 2b = 3b
D. Circle
c - 2b = ? Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
258
Logical Puzzles

2b = c - b this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
d - 2b = 3b
D. Circle
c - 2b = ? Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
259
Logical Puzzles

3b = c this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
d - 2b = 3b
D. Circle
c - 2b = ? Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
260
Logical Puzzles

3b = c this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
d = 5b
D. Circle
c - 2b = ? Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
261
Logical Puzzles

3b = c this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
d = 5b
D. Circle
c - 2b = ? Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
262
Logical Puzzles

3b = c this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
d = 5b
D. Circle
c - 2b = ? Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
263
Logical Puzzles

3b = c this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
d = 5b
D. Circle
3b - 2b = ? Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
264
Logical Puzzles

3b = c this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
d = 5b
D. Circle
3b - 2b = b Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
265
Logical Puzzles

3b = c this?
2b = a
A.
B.
C.
Star
Square
Diamond
2b + d = 3b
D. Circle
3b - 2b = b Let:
a = star
b = square
c = diamond
d = circle
266
Logical Puzzles

A. Star
B. Pentagon
C. Diamond
D. Arrow
?
Logical Puzzles

A. Star
B. Pentagon
C. Diamond
D. Arrow
?
Logical Puzzles

A. Star
B. Pentagon
C. Diamond
D. Arrow
a b
?
Logical Puzzles

A. Star
B. Pentagon
C. Diamond
D. Arrow
a b
c
?
Logical Puzzles

A. Star
B. Pentagon
C. Diamond
D. Arrow
a b
c d
? 271
Logical Puzzles

A. Star
B. Pentagon
C. Diamond
D. Arrow
a b
? c d
272
Logical Puzzles

a+a=b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+b=a+c
a b
c+d+a=c+x
c d
? 273
Logical Puzzles

a+a=b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+b=a+c
a b
c+d+a=c+x
c d
? 274
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+b=a+c
a b
c+d+a=c+x
c d
? 275
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+b=a+c
a b
c+d+a=c+x
c d
? 276
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+b=a+c
a b
d+a= x
c d
? 277
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+b=a+c
a b
d+a= x
c d
? 278
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+b=a+c
a b
d+a= x
c d
? 279
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+b=a+c
a b
d+a= x
c d
? 280
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+b=a+c
a b
d+a= x
c d
? 281
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+b=a+c
a b
d+a= x
c d
? 282
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d + 2a = a + c
a b
d+a= x
c d
? 283
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+a=c
a b
d+a= x
c d
? 284
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+a=c
a b
d+a= x
c d
? 285
Logical Puzzles

2a = b A. Star
B. Pentagon
c + d = 2b C.
D.
Diamond
Arrow
d+a=c
a b
d+a= x
c d
? 286
Logical Puzzles - Conditional
Scenarios
Lesson 13
287
Logical Puzzles
Conditional Scenarios
You will be given a set of statements involving a character who
carries out different actions under certain conditions.
Your job is to assimilate this information into a form where each
answer option follows the logical understanding given in the
statements.
288
Logical Puzzles
Khush and Sally are talking about what they do in the park. Sally tells Khush:
- When I go on the swings, I go on the roundabout. If I dont go on the swings, I dont go on the roundabout.
- When I dont go on the swings, I dont feel euphoria.
- Today, I am euphoric
- When I go on the slide, I go on the monkey bars.
Place Yes if the conclusion follows, place No if the conclusion does not.
A. Today, Sally is not on the swings.

B. Today, Sally went on the roundabout.
C. When Sally goes on the swings, she is euphoric
D. If Sally is not on the monkey bars, she is not euphoric.
E. If Sally is not on the monkey bars, she has not been on the slide. 289
Logical Puzzles

Logical Puzzles
291
Logical Puzzles
Today, Sally is euphoric
292
Logical Puzzles
Today, Sally is euphoric. When she doesnt go on the swings she doesnt feel euphoric meaning if she does go
on the swings she feels euphoric.
293
Logical Puzzles
No
294
Logical Puzzles

Logical Puzzles
296
Logical Puzzles
297
Logical Puzzles
Today, Sally is euphoric.
298
Logical Puzzles
Today, Sally is euphoric. When she doesn't go on the swings, she doesnt feel euphoria meaning when
she does go on the swings she does feel euphoria.
299
Logical Puzzles
Today, Sally is euphoric. When she doesn't go on the swings, she doesnt feel euphoria meaning when she does
go on the swings she does feel euphoria. When she goes on the swings she goes on the roundabout
300
Logical Puzzles
Yes
301
Logical Puzzles

Logical Puzzles
303
Logical Puzzles
When she doesnt go on the swings she doesnt feel euphoria. This means that when she does go on the swings sh
does feel euphoria. The conclusion therefore does follow.
304
Logical Puzzles
Yes
305
Logical Puzzles

306
Logical Puzzles
307
Logical Puzzles
308
Logical Puzzles
309
Logical Puzzles
E. If Sally is not on the monkey bars, she has not been on the slide.
310
Logical Puzzles
When she goes on the slides she goes on the monkey bars. It can therefore be interpreted that she only
goes on the monkey bars when she goes on the slide. This logic can be reversed in that Sally will not go on
the monkey bars if she has not been on the slide.
311
Logical Puzzles
- When I go on the slide, I go on the monkey bars. When I dont go on the slide I dont go on monkey bars.
Yes
312
Interpreting Information -
Introduction
Lesson 14
313
Interpreting Information
Key Facts
Here you will be given information in the form of graphs, charts or written passages. You will be
required to read this information and interpret it in a manner which enables you to decide which
conclusions best follow.
There could be multiple correct answers to these questions.
You will be presented with a great deal of information. The best thing to do is decide which of the
information is relevant which will enable you to save time.
You will not be asked to calculate certain values exactly, so rounding and estimating can be useful
tools to use which can help save you time and still gain the correct answer.
314
Key Facts
Do not use external knowledge - Do not assess how strong a conclusion is based on how likely it
is.
You are not expected to understand everything that is presented to you. Try and pick the
necessary information and go from there.
Often it would require external knowledge, and they are testing your ability to recognise this. They
can also have more than one correct answer.
315
Types of Question - Graphs
316
Types of Question - Other
317
Graphs I
Lesson 15
318
Type 1 - Interpreting Scatter Graph
Troopinder This grid shows us the Maths and English scores of five pupils at
Robbie school. The size of the dot indicates their IQ.

5
Place Yes if the conclusion follows. Place No if the conclusion does not
DT
4
follow.
English a) Claudes overall academic performance is hardest to diagnose
3 b) It is likely that DT has the highest attendance at school.

Mohammed
Claude c) It is plausible that DT spends more time revising for Maths and English
exams than Mohammed does.
1
d) Troopinder has greater potential in a Mathematically-orientated career
than an English-orientated career
0
0 3 6 9 12 e) Robbie is better at comprehension than Mohammed.
Maths 319
Troopinder This grid shows us the Maths and English scores of five pupils at
Robbie school. The size of the dot indicates their IQ.

5
DT
4
follow.
English a) Claudes overall academic performance is hardest to diagnose
3 b) It is likely that DT has the highest attendance at school.

Mohammed
Claude c) It is plausible that DT spends more time revising for Maths and
English exams than Mohammed does.
1
d) Troopinder has greater potential in a Mathematically-orientated
career than an English-orientated career
0
0 3 6 9 12 e) Robbie is better at comprehension than Mohammed.
Maths 320
Troopinder
Place Yes if the conclusion follows. Place No if the conclusion
Robbie
5
does not follow.
DT
4
a) Claudes overall academic performance is hardest to diagnose
English
3
Mohammed
Claude
0
0 3 6 9 12
Maths 321
Troopinder
Robbie
5
does not follow.
DT
4
a) Claudes overall academic performance is hardest to
English diagnose
3
Mohammed
Claude
0
0 3 6 9 12
Maths 322
Troopinder
Robbie
5
does not follow.
DT
4
b) It is likely that DT has the highest attendance at school
English
3
Mohammed
Claude
0
0 3 6 9 12
Maths 323
Troopinder
Robbie
5
does not follow.
DT
4
b) It is likely that DT has the highest attendance at school
English
3
Mohammed
Claude
0
0 3 6 9 12
Maths 324
Troopinder
Robbie
5
does not follow.
DT
4
c) It is plausible that DT spends more time revising for Maths and
English English exams than Mohammed does.

3
Mohammed
Claude
0
0 3 6 9 12
Maths 325
Troopinder
Robbie
5
does not follow.
DT
4
c) It is plausible that DT spends more time revising for Maths
English and English exams than Mohammed does.

3
Mohammed
Claude
0
0 3 6 9 12
Maths 326
Troopinder
Robbie
5
does not follow.
DT
4
d) Troopinder has greater potential in a Mathematically-orientated
English career than an English-orientated career

3
Mohammed
Claude
0
0 3 6 9 12
Maths 327
Troopinder
Robbie
5
does not follow.
DT
4
d) Troopinder has greater potential in a Mathematically-
English orientated career than an English-orientated career

3
Mohammed
Claude
0
0 3 6 9 12
Maths 328
Troopinder
Robbie
5
does not follow.
DT
4
e) Robbie is better at comprehension than Mohammed.
English
3
Mohammed
Claude
0
0 3 6 9 12
Maths 329
Troopinder
Robbie
5
does not follow.
DT
4
e) Robbie is better at comprehension than Mohammed.
English
3
Mohammed
Claude
0
0 3 6 9 12
Maths 330
Type 2 - Interpreting Pie Chart
Read the following information. It is displaying the length of

time customers visit in two separate museums
Which of the following is correct?
A. More people stayed for less than 20 minutes in the science

museum than they did for the mathematics museum
B. The science museum had a greater number of visitors per
day.
C. If the two museums had the same number of visitors, the
number of minutes spent in total by all the tourists would be
equal.
D. More people stayed for more than 30 minutes in the
science museum than they did for the mathematics museum.


day.
equal.


Science
9% + 24% = 33%. 0.33 x 1300 = 429 (to save time you could
estimate it to be 0.3 x 1200 = 400)
Maths
19% + 27 % = 46%. 0.46 x 1050 = 483 (to save time you
could estimate it to be 0.5 x 1000 = 500)


day.


equal.


Science
14 + 15 + 20 = 49%
0.49 x 1300 = 637 (estimate it to be 0.5 x 1300 = 650)
Mathematics
15 + 16 + 27 = 58%
0.58 x 1050 = 609 (estimate it to be 0.6 x 1000 = 600)
Graphs II
Lesson 16
337
Type 3 - Interpreting Line Chart
The following graph shows rainfall in the months of April -

July in Manchester and Bristol.
Place Yes if the conclusion follows. Place No if the

conclusion does not follow.
a) Manchester had a bigger range in rainfall than Bristol

did
b) It is likely that Manchester had a higher temperature in
July than Bristol did.
c) Manchester had greater rainfall overall in the months
displayed than Bristol did.
d) August would have had a similar pattern as seen in
July



did
July
The following graph shows rainfall in the months of April - July in Manchester and Bristol.


did
Quick Method: Look at gap between largest value and

smallest value for Manchester and Bristol.

Maths Method:
Manchester
96 - 33 = 63

Bristol
58 - 22 = 36



Insufficient information



Manchester
33 + 37 + 53 + 96 = 219

Bristol
22 + 43 + 70 + 58 = 193



July
Type 4 - Interpreting Bar Chart
This graph shows the voting selections of a group of people sampled in North
London following the 2017 election.
follow.
a) Conservatives were the most popular party in the UK
b) It is likely that 17 year olds in this group of people would vote Conservative based
on evidence from the 18-25 category.
c) In this sampled group, Labour was more popular for those over 36 than
Conservative was.
d) The proportional difference in voting between Labour and Conservative in this
sample was larger in the 46+ group than in the 18-25 group.
e) More people in North London voted for Conservative than they did for Labour
follow.
Conservative was.
follow.

follow.
follow.

follow.
follow.
Conservative was.
follow.
Conservative was.
Labour:
53 + 96 = 149
Conservative:
70 + 58 = 128.
follow.
follow.
Quick Method: At a glance, largest discrepancies between 18-25
Maths Method:
18-25: 55-17/55 = 69%
46+ : 96 - 58/96 = 40%

follow.
follow.
Labour: 17 + 28 + 53 + 96 = 194
Conservative: 55 + 26 + 70 + 58 = 209
Type 5 - Interpreting Multiple Graphs
Sometimes, when you are given two types of graphs, it can make it difficult to present information in a concise format that makes it easy for you to
answer the questions.
We recommend that you look at each of the five statements individually, and ensure you know whether it is asking you to use either the line graph
or the pie graph or both, for example.
Depending on the answer, you should carry out accordingly.

Example 5 - Interpreting Multiple Graphs
Chart 1 shows the total number of milkshakes sold in London and Cardiff, and Chart 2 shows the type of milkshakes bought in Cardiff
does not follow
a) More chocolate milkshakes were bought throughout the year in
Cardiff than any other ice cream.
b) London had a higher average of sales of milkshake than Cardiff did
c) July was where they had the outright highest discrepancy of sales
d) Vanilla ice creams made more profit than strawberry ice creams
e) It is likely that the hottest month in Cardiff was July since
milkshake sales were highest

Chart 1 shows the total number of milkshakes sold in London and Cardiff, and Chart 2 shows the type Place Yes if the conclusion follows. Place No if the conclusion
of milkshakes bought in Cardiff does not follow
a) More chocolate milkshakes were bought throughout the year in
Cardiff than any other ice cream.
b) London had a higher average of sales of milkshake than Cardiff did
c) July was where they had the outright highest discrepancy of sales
d) Vanilla ice creams made more profit than strawberry ice creams

Chart 1 shows the total number of milkshakes sold in London and Cardiff, and Chart 2 shows the type
of milkshakes bought in Cardiff
conclusion does not follow
a) More chocolate milkshakes were bought throughout the
year in Cardiff than any other ice cream.

a) More chocolate milkshakes were bought throughout the
year in Cardiff than any other ice cream.

b) London had a higher average of sales of milkshake than
Cardiff did
b) London had a higher average of sales of milkshake than

Cardiff did
Cardiff
17 + 26 + 53 + 96 = 192
192/4 = 48
London
55 + 43 + 70 + 58 = 226
226/4 = 56.5
c) July was where they had the outright highest

discrepancy of sales
c) July was where they had the outright highest

discrepancy of sales
April:
55 - 17 = 38
July:
96-58 = 38
d) Vanilla ice creams made more profit than strawberry ice

creams
d) Vanilla ice creams made more profit than strawberry ice

creams


Maps
Lesson 17
369
Type 6 - Interpreting Maps



Example 6
The layout below was developed for a local park. Each aspect
has its own unique shape and is reserved for the following:
see-saw, slide, roundabout, monkey bars and a bench.
The bench is as far away from the monkey bars as possible to
avoid people getting hurt.
The slide is almost equidistant from the see-saw and
roundabout.
The monkey bars are not allocated to the heart
The roundabout is not allocated to the triangle
Which of the following shapes represents monkey bars?

A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
has its own unique shape and is reserved for the following: see-
saw, slide, roundabout, monkey bars and a bench.
roundabout.

A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
roundabout.

A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
roundabout.

A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
roundabout.

A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
roundabout.

A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
roundabout.

A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
roundabout.

A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
roundabout.

A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
Slide avoid people getting hurt.
roundabout.

A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
See-saw/ saw, slide, roundabout, monkey bars and a bench.
roundabout The bench is as far away from the monkey bars as possible to
roundabout.

See-saw/
A. Trapezium
roundabout
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
roundabout.

See-saw/
A. Trapezium
roundabout
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
roundabout.

See-saw/
A. Trapezium
roundabout
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
See-saw saw, slide, roundabout, monkey bars and a bench.
roundabout.

See-saw/
A. Trapezium
roundabout
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
roundabout.

Roundabout
A. Trapezium
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
Bench/Monkey
bars
roundabout.

Roundabout
A. Trapezium
Bench/Monkey
B. Pentagon
bars
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
Bench/Monkey
bars
roundabout.

Roundabout
A. Trapezium
Bench/Monkey
B. Pentagon
bars
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
Bench/Monkey
bars
roundabout.

Roundabout
A. Trapezium
Bench/Monkey
B. Pentagon
bars
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
Bench
roundabout.

Roundabout
A. Trapezium
Bench/Monkey
B. Pentagon
bars
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
Bench
roundabout.

Roundabout
A. Trapezium
Monkey bars
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
Bench
roundabout.

Roundabout
A. Trapezium
Monkey bars
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Example 6
Bench
roundabout.

Roundabout
A. Trapezium
Monkey bars
B. Pentagon
C. Semi-circle
D. Triangle
Text
Lesson 18
395
Interpreting Text
Not all superheroes wear capes, but all super heroes that wear capes are very fast flyers. It is fair
to say that some cape wearing super heroes are unaware of how to properly get from one place
to another.
Place Yes if the conclusion follows. Place No if the conclusion does not follow
a) Some of the superheroes who know how to get from one place to another are fast.
b) Some of the superheroes who are fast, wear capes or know how to get from one place to
another
c)Not all superheroes who are fast know how to get from one place to another.
d) All superheroes who know how to get from one place to another and are fast flyers wear
capes.
Interpreting Text
to another.
Place Yes if the conclusion follows. Place No if the conclusion does not follow
another
c)Not all superheroes who are fast know how to get from one place to another.
capes.
Interpreting Text
to another.
Interpreting Text
to say that some cape wearing super heroes are unaware of how to properly get from one
place to another.
Interpreting Text
place to another.
Some cape wearing super heroes are unaware of how to properly get from one place to
another,
Interpreting Text
place to another.
Some cape wearing super heroes are unaware of how to properly get from one place to another,
but there are also some cape-wearing superheroes that do know how to get from one
place to another
Interpreting Text
to another.
Superheroes
Know how to get from one place to another
Cape-wearing
Interpreting Text
to another.
Superheroes
Cape-wearing
Interpreting Text
Not all superheroes wear capes, but all super heroes that wear capes are very fast flyers. It is
fair to say that some cape wearing super heroes are unaware of how to properly get from one
place to another.
Superheroes
Cape-wearing
Interpreting Text
to another.
a) Some of the superheroes who know how to get from one place to another are fast - YES
Superheroes
Cape-wearing
Interpreting Text
to another.
another
Interpreting Text
Not all superheroes wear capes, but all super heroes that wear capes are very fast flyers. It is
fair to say that some cape wearing super heroes are unaware of how to properly get from one
place to another.
another
Fast Superheroes
Wear capes
Interpreting Text
place to another.
another
Fast Superheroes
Wear capes
Interpreting Text
place to another.
another - YES
Fast Superheroes
Wear capes
Interpreting Text
to another.
c) Not all superheroes who are fast know how to get from one place to another.
Interpreting Text
to another.
Interpreting Text
Not all superheroes wear capes, but all super heroes that wear capes are very fast flyers. It
is fair to say that some cape wearing super heroes are unaware of how to properly get from one
place to another.
Interpreting Text
Not all superheroes wear capes, but all super heroes that wear capes are very fast flyers. It
is fair to say that some cape wearing super heroes are unaware of how to properly get from one
place to another.
Fast Superheroes
Wear capes
Interpreting Text
place to another.
Fast Superheroes
Wear capes
Some that don't know how to get from place to another
Interpreting Text
place to another.
c) Not all superheroes who are fast know how to get from one place to another - YES
Fast Superheroes
Wear capes
Some that don't know how to get from place to another
Interpreting Text
to another.
capes.
Interpreting Text
to another.
capes.
Interpreting Text
place to another.
capes.
Interpreting Text
place to another.
capes.
Interpreting Text
place to another.
capes.
Interpreting Text
to another.
capes.
Interpreting Text
to another.
capes - NO
Tables
Lesson 19
423
Interpreting Tables
The following table shows sales of three Magazine Magazine Magazine

Book
1 2 3
separate magazines. There are two
versions, the normal version which is 300
Normal 36 41 61
pages, and the deluxe edition which is 400
pages. The normal edition costs 8.99
Deluxe Edition
whereas the deluxe edition costs 13.99 29 25 27
(+100 pages)

A. There were more sales of deluxe edition than normal copies
B. Magazine 1 was more popular than Magazine 2 overall
C. Magazine 3 made more revenue through its normal edition than its deluxe edition.
D. The deluxe edition was found to be more cost effective by its customers.
Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
Normal 36 41 61
Deluxe Edition
(+100 pages)

A. There were more sales of deluxe edition than normal copies
B. Magazine 1 was more popular than Magazine 2 overall
C. Magazine 3 made more revenue through its normal edition than its deluxe edition.
D. The deluxe edition was found to be more cost effective by its customers.
Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
versions, the normal version which is 300 Normal 36 41 61
pages. The normal edition costs 8.99 Deluxe Edition
29 25 27
whereas the deluxe edition costs 13.99 (+100 pages)
Magazine 3 made more revenue through its normal edition than its deluxe edition.
Normal Edition
61 x 8.99 = 548.39 (Could estimate by doing 60 x 10 = 600)
Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
29 25 27
Magazine 3 made more revenue through its normal edition than its deluxe edition.
Normal Edition
Deluxe Edition
Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
29 25 27
There were more sales of deluxe edition than normal copies

Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
29 25 27
Deluxe: 29 + 25 + 27 = 81
Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
29 25 27
Deluxe: 29 + 25 + 27 = 81
Normal: 36 + 41 + 61 = 138
Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
Normal 36 41 61
Deluxe Edition
(+100 pages)
Magazine 1 was more popular than Magazine 2 overall

Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
Normal 36 41 61
Deluxe Edition
(+100 pages)
Magazine 1 36 + 29 = 65
Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
Normal 36 41 61
Deluxe Edition
(+100 pages)
Magazine 1 36 + 29 = 65
Magazine 2 41 + 25 = 66
Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
29 25 27
The deluxe edition was found to be more cost effective by its customers
Interpreting Tables

Book
1 2 3
29 25 27
The deluxe edition was found to be more cost effective by its customers
No evidence of general consensus of public

Summary
- Always ensure you try and gauge what pieces of information need to be interpreted and which bits are
unnecessary.
- Watch out for whether it is a Place Yes if the conclusion follows question - for these remember there
could be multiple answers which are correct.
- Use estimation wherever possible - it will save time.
- Do not be intimidated by a large volume of information - take a few seconds to scan it and gain an
understanding about the context of the question.
Recognising Assumptions
Lesson 20
437
Key Facts
Key Facts
B
External
Knowledge
D
For an argument to be valid
Strongly related to topic of the subject
Factual evidence
Opinion
Based on assumptions or speculative

Example 1 - 5
Lesson 21
441
Example 1
Should abortion be legal to help cases of women being raped and having
a child they never planned for ?
A. Yes. Contraception does not always work, and abortion is an essential part
of healthcare.
B. Yes. A woman has a right to do what she wants with her body, and rape
forces many women to have a baby.
C. No. It will not affect the number of women that are raped.
D. No. Every foetus has a right to life, and abortion takes away from this.
Example 1
of healthcare.
Example 1
of healthcare.
Example 1
Should abortion be legal to help cases of women being raped and having a child
they never planned for ?

Example 1

Example 1

Example 1

Example 1
Should abortion be legal to help cases of women being raped and having a
child they never planned for ?
A. Yes. Contraception does not always work, and abortion is an essential part of
healthcare.
Example 1
healthcare.
Only addresses the abortion aspect.

Example 1
healthcare.
Only addresses the abortion aspect.

Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Should abortion be legal to help cases of women being raped and
having a child they never planned for ?

Example 1
Should abortion be legal to help cases of women being raped and
having a child they never planned for ?

Example 1
of healthcare.
Example 2
Should British citizens have the right to bear a gun to protect themselves?
A. Yes, all muggings in Islington could have been prevented if all citizens had a gun.
B. Yes, it has been found that psychologically bearing a gun can improve self-
confidence.
C. No, it is estimated that states in the US with loose gun bearing laws have a 12%
higher crime rate than those with a stricter gun bearing policy.
D. No, bearing a gun will mean people will be more paranoid.

Example 2
confidence.
C. No, it is estimated that states in the US with loose gun bearing laws have a
12% higher crime rate than those with a stricter gun bearing policy.

Example 2
Example 2
B. Yes, it has been found that psychologically bearing a gun can improve self-confidence.
Example 2

Example 2
confidence.
C. No, it is estimated that states in the US with loose gun bearing laws have a
12% higher crime rate than those with a stricter gun bearing policy.

Example 3
Should animals be used for scientific testing to prevent disease?
A. Yes, animal testing has contributed to a large proportion of life-saving cures and
treatments.
B. Yes, they help increase competition for cosmetic goods.
C. No, animal testing is cruel and barbaric.
D. No, 95%. of animals used in experiments are not protected by the Animal Welfare
Act in the US
Example 3
A. Yes, animal testing has contributed to a large proportion of life-saving cures
and treatments.
Act in the US
Example 3

Example 3

Example 3

Example 3
Does not suggest why animal testing being cruel is a reason to stop scientific testing.
Example 3
Act in the US
Example 3
Act in the US
Does not tell us the significance of animals being used that are part of the Animal
Welfare Act
Example 3
A. Yes, animal testing has contributed to a large proportion of life-saving cures
and treatments.
Act in the US
Example 4
Should the minimum wage be increased to increase economic activity?
A. Yes, it will mean a greater proportion of the population that is working and so
more productivity
B. Yes, it will mean that there is reduced unemployment and so less people on
benefits.
C. No, it will create greater inequality.
D. No, a higher minimum wage will mean people at work become complacent.
Example 4
A. Yes, it will mean a greater proportion of the population that is working and
so more productivity
benefits.
Example 4
benefits.
Example 4

Example 4
Example 4
A. Yes, it will mean a greater proportion of the population that is working and
so more productivity
benefits.
Example 5
Should the drinking age be increased from 18 to 21 to reduce alcohol addiction?
A. Yes, it will mean that fewer teenagers drink alcohol.
B. Yes, teenagers that drink more become more addicted to alcohol.
C. No, it would encourage 18-20 year olds to purchase alcohol illegally, and illegal activity
is more likely to lead to addiction.
D. No, according to a study by the University of Oxford, cases of alcohol addiction arise at
the age of 24 and are not influenced by age of beginning alcohol consumption.
Example 5
D. No, according to a study by the University of Oxford, cases of alcohol addiction
arise at the age of 24 and are not influenced by age of beginning alcohol
consumption.
Example 5

Example 5

Example 5

Example 5
consumption.
Example 5
consumption.
Examples 6 - 9
Lesson 22
489
Example 6
Should the government be able to gain access to information on social media
accounts?
A. No, if the government had access to data on social media they would spend
more of the budget on this and less to the National Health Services.
B. No, this will be an invasion of privacy which is important to people.
C. Yes, it is estimated that 13% of the crime that take place yearly could be identified
viewing personal data on social media.
D. Yes, all the terrorist attacks occur involve the use of social media.
Example 6
accounts?
C. Yes, it is estimated that 13% of the crime that take place yearly could be
identified viewing personal data on social media.
Example 6
accounts?
Example 6
accounts?

Example 6
accounts?
Example 6
accounts?
C. Yes, it is estimated that 13% of the crime that take place yearly could be
identified viewing personal data on social media.
Example 7
Should Marijuana be legalised to reduce illegal smuggling?
A. Yes. It can then be taxed to benefit the economy.
B. Yes. Legalising marijuana would allow users to obtain the herb from controlled
vendors
C. No. The same number of people will smoke marijuana.
D. No, if it is legalised then more people will steal it increasing the crime rate which is an
illegal offence.
Example 7
vendors
illegal offence.
Example 7

Example 7

Example 7
illegal offence.
Example 7
vendors
illegal offence.
Example 8
Should the death penalty be reintroduced to reduce crime?
A. Yes. It will help reduce prison costs.
B. Yes. People deserve to be punished for their sins.
C. No. People will not be afraid of death as prison itself is enough of a deterrent for
the public.
D. No. Murdering someone itself is a crime regardless of the circumstances.

Example 8
the public.

Example 8

Example 8

Example 8
the public.
Example 8
the public.

Example 9
Should zoos be stopped because of animal cruelty?
A. Yes. Animals do not benefit from it at all.
B. Yes. Many animals are taken out of their natural environment and forced to become
enslaved.
C. No. There are plenty of sanctuaries where animals are kept safe and there is no
cruelty.
D. No. It will reduce the level of tourism and have an effect on the local economy.
Example 9
B. Yes. Many animals are taken out of their natural environment and forced to
become enslaved.
cruelty.
Example 9

Example 9
cruelty.
Example 9
Example 9
B. Yes. Many animals are taken out of their natural environment and forced to
become enslaved.
cruelty.
Summary
Use the process of elimination to remove statements that are not related to the topic being debated,
or statements that are based on assumptions.
Pick the statement that involves evidence or fact
Do not use external knowledge
Choose the argument that is strongest and most suitable

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Decision Making

New section for 2017

Tests your ability to:

11. Apply logic to reach a conclusion

22. Analyse statistical information

33. Evaluate arguments

64 SECONDS PER QUESTION

What are the different question types?

Probabilistic Reasoning - Select best possible response for a question relating to

What are the different question types?

Interpreting Information - Find which conclusion best follows an argument.

Recognising Assumptions - Test your ability to evaluate how strong an argument is in

What are syllogisms?

The information may not make actual sense

e.g. All bananas are vegetables. All vegetables are desserts.

Key tips for syllogism questions

Do not make assumptions about the information using external knowledge.

Draw Venn Diagrams wherever possible.

The Venn Approach

Pattern 1: Some A are B

Some A are not B

Example - Some Giraffes are Sharks

Some giraffes are not sharks

Pattern 2: All A are B

Example: All beaches are sights

All beaches are sights

Pattern 3: Some A are not B

What can be deduced?

Example - Some snakes are not reptiles

What can be deduced?

Some Snakes are Reptiles

Example: No spreads are peanut butter

Pattern 5: Some A are B and some B are C

Between A and B Between B and C

Pattern 5: Some A are B and some B are C

Pattern 5: Some A are B and some B are C

Some A is C Not a conclusion

Example: Some buildings are skyscrapers. Some skyscrapers are towers

Buildings & Skyscrapers

Buildings Skyscrapers Tower Skyscrapers & Towers

Buildings & Towers

Pattern 6: All A are B and all B are C

Pattern 7: Some A are B, and all B are C

Shoes & Slippers

Slippers & Footwear

Shoes & Footwear

Pattern 8: All A are B, and some B are C

Gadgets Between mobiles and

Pattern 9: All B are A and all C are A

What can be deduced?

Between trucks and

Pattern 10 - All A are B and no B are C

Example - All symphonies are trumpets and no trumpets are clarinets

Symphonies and clarinets

Pattern 11 - All A are B and no A are C

Example: All cherries are pencils and no cherries are pillows

Between cherries and

Pattern 12 - Some A are B and no B are C

Some cockroaches are crocodiles. All the crocodiles are strawberries.

1. All the cockroaches are crocodiles.

2. Some cockroaches are strawberries.