owns Prato Return. Wkpd, te to elpeda Protestant Reformation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation (from Latin reformatio, lit. “restoration, renewal") was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe. Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church before Luther - such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe — Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with his 1517 work The Ninety-Five Theses. Luther began by criticizing the selling of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the gospel. The Protestant position, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as sola scriptura and sola fide. The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded faith in the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought. The initial movement within Germany diversified, and other reform impulses arose independently of Luther, The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. The largest groups were the Lutherans and Calvinists. Lutheran churches were founded mostly in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, while the Reformed ones were founded in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland, The new movement influenced the Church of England decisively after 1547 under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the Church of England had been made independent under Henry VIII in the early 1530s for political rather than religious reasons. There were also reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation, which gave rise to the Anabaptist, Moravian and other Pietistic movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the late antique councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. The Roman Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation initiated by the Couneil of Trent, Much work in battling Protestantism was done by the well-organised new order of the Jesuits. In general, Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism, Southem Europe remained Roman Catholic, while Central Europe was a site of a fierce conflict, culminating in the Thirty Years' War, which left it devastated. Contents = 1 Origins and early history = 1.1 Barlier schisms 1.2 Early Reformation in Germany 1.3 Magisterial Reformation 1.4 Radical Reformation 15 Literacy = 1.6 Causes of the Protestant Reformation = 2. Reformation outside Germany = 2.1 Austria = 2.2 Czech Republic = 2.3 Switzerland = 23.1 Huldrych Zwingli tpsilon wikipedia orgwindex pt itle=Prolostr, Relormationkperablnyes wa87016 Protestant Relormaton- Wikipedia tere eneyeopeda = 2.3.2 John Calvin = 2.4 Scandinavia = 2.5 England = 2.5.1 Church of England = 2.5.2 Puritan movement 26 Scotland 2.7 France 2.8 Spain 2.9 Portugal 2.10 Netherlands 2.11 Belgium 2.12 Luxembourg 2.13 Hungary 2.14 Ireland 2.15 Italy 2.16 Poland & Lithuania = 2.17 Slovenia = 2.18 Greece = 3 Conclusion and legacy = 3.1 Thirty Years’ War: 1618-48 = 3.2 End of the Reformation = 3.3. Consequences of the Protestant Reformation 3.1, Human Capital formation 2 Protestant ethie 3. Economic development 3.4 Governance = 3.3.5 "Dark" outcomes = 3.4 Historiography = 4 See also = 5 Notes = 6 Citations = 7 References = 8 Further reading = 8.1 Surveys = 8.2 Scholarly secondary resources = 8.3 Primary sources in translation = 8.4 Historiography = 9 External links Origins and early history the early 15th century. As it was led by a Bohemian noble majority, and recognised, for a time, by the Basel Compacts, the Hussite Reformation was Europe's first "Magisterial Reformation" because the ruling magistrates supported it, unlike the "Radical Reformation", which the state did not support. The later Protestant Churches generally date their doctrinal separation from the Roman Catholic Church to the 16th century. The Reformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church, by priests who opposed what they perceived as false doctrines and ecclesiastic malpractice. They especially objected to the teaching and the sale of indulgences, and the abuses thereof, and to simony, the selling and buying of clerical offices. The reformers saw these practices as evidence of the systemic corruption of the Church's hierarchy, which included the pope. hiplon wikipedia orgiwindex php ile=Protesta_Relormationsprinable=yes 2282016 Protestant Reformation Wikipedia, he fee encyclopedia Earlier schisms Unrest due to the Great Schism of Western Christianity (1378-1416) excited wars between princes, uprisings among the peasants, and widespread concern over corruption in the Church. New perspectives came from John Wycliffe at Oxford University and from Jan Hus at the Charles University in Prague, Hus objected to some of the practices of the Roman Catholic Church and wanted to return the church in Bohemia and Moravia to early Byzantine-inspired practices: liturgy in the language of the people (i.e. Czech), having lay people receive communion in both kinds (bread and wine — that is, in Latin, communio sub utraque specie), married priests, and eliminating indulgences and the idea of Purgatory. Hus rejected indulgences and adopted a doctrine of justification by grace through faith alone. The Roman Catholic Church officially concluded this debate at the Couneil of Constance (1414-1417) by condemning Hus, who was executed by burning despite a promise of safe-conduct.!"] Wycliffe was posthumously condemned as a heretic and his corp: Execution of Jan Hus, an important Reformation xhumed and burned in 1428.7! The Council of Constance precursor, in 1415. confirmed and strengthened the traditional medieval conception of church and empire, The council did not address the national tensions or the theological tensions stirred up during the previous century and could not prevent schism and the Hussite Wars in Bohemia.*) Pope Sixtus IV (1471-1484) established the practice of selling indulgences to be applied to the dead, thereby establishing a new stream of revenue with agents across Europe.) Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) was one of the most controversial of the Renaissance popes. He was the father of seven children, including Lucrezia and Cesare Borgia.{‘l In response to papal corruption, particularly the sale of indulgences, Luther wrote The Ninety-Five Theses.\6 Early Reformation in Germany The protests against the corruption emanating from Rome began in Germany when reformation ideals developed in 1517-1521 with Martin Luther expressing doubts over the legitimacy of indulgences and the plenitudo potestatis of the pope. The Reformation was born of Luther's dual declaration — first, the discovering of Jesus and salvation by faith alone; and second, identifying the papacy as the Antichrist.{"] The highly educated Reformation leaders used prophecies of the Bible as their most powerful weapon in appealing to committed believers to break from the church, which they perceived as the new Babylon, and to convince them that the popes were the Antichrist who had assumed the place of God.'*) The Protestant reformers wet prophecy furnished importance to their deeds.!"] It was the rallying point and the battle cry that made the Reformation nearly unassailable.!71 unanimous in agreement and this understanding of The Reformation is often dated to 31 October 1517 in Wittenberg, Saxony, when Luther sent his Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences to the Archbishop of Mainz. The theses debated and criticised the Church and the papacy, but concentrated upon the selling of indulgences and doctrinal policies about purgatory, particular judgment, and the authority of the pope. He would later in the period 1517-1521 write works on the Catholic devotion to Virgin Mary, the intercession of and devotion to the saints, the sacraments, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, further on the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and excommunication, the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, and good works.!°! hiplon wikipedia orgiwindex php ile=Protesta_Relormationsprinable=yes a282016 Protestant Reformation Wikipedia, he fee encyclopedia Reformers made heavy use of inexpensive pamphlets as well as vernacular bibles using the relatively new printing press, so there was swift movement of both ideas and documents.{!1L11) Magisterial Reformation Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Ulrich Zwingli. These two movements quickly agreed on most issues, but some unresolved differences kept them separate. Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative, and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modem day Anabaptists. Other Protestant movements grew up along lines of mysticism or humanism, sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches. After this first stage of the Reformation, following Martin Luther, shown in a the excommunication of Luther and condemnation portrait by Lucas Cranach of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and the Elder, initiated the writings of John Calvin were influential in Protestant Reformation in establishing a loose consensus among various 1517, groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. Martin Luther's Ninety-Five ‘Theses placed in doubt and repudiated several of the Roman Catholic practices. The Reformation foundations engaged with Augustinianism; both Luther and Calvin thought along lines linked with the theological teachings of Augustine of Hippo. The Augustinianism of the reformers struggled against Pelagianism, a heresy that they perceived in the Roman Catholic Church, In the course of this religious upheaval, the German Peasants’ War of 1524-1525 swept through the Bavarian, Thuringian and Swabian principalities, including the Black Company of Florian Geier, a knight from Giebelstadt who joined the peasants in the general outrage against the Roman Catholic hierarchy. Zwinglian and Lutheran ideas had influence with preachers within the regions that the Peasants’ War occurred and upon works such as the Twelve Articles.('] Luther, however, condemned the revolt in writings such as Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants; Zwingli and Luther's ally Philipp Melanchthon also did not condone the uprising {31['4] some 100,000 peasants were killed by the end of the war.!!5] Radical Reformation Literacy The Reformation was a triumph of literacy and the new printing press.|!®ll@Il!ll'8] | uther's translation of the Bible into German was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy, and stimulated as well the printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. From 1517 onward, religious pamphlets flooded Germany and much of Europe (1916) By 1530, over 10,000 publications are known, with a total of ten million copies. The Reformation was thus a media revolution. Luther strengthened his attacks on Rome by depicting a "good" against "bad" church. From there, it became clear that print could be used for propaganda in the Reformation for particular agendas. Reform writers used pre-Reformation styles, clichés and stereotypes and changed items as needed for their own purposes.!!¥l Especially effective were writings in German, including Luther's translation of the Bible, his Smaller Catechism for parents teaching their children, and his Larger Catechism, for pastors. hiplon wikipedia orgiwindex php ile=Protesta_Relormationsprinable=yes 4287016 Pratetant Reformation Wik pedi the fee encylopeda Using the German vernacular they expressed the Apostles’ Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language. Illustrations in the German Bible and in many tracts popularised Luther's ideas. Lucas Cranach the Elder (1472-1553), the great painter patronised by the electors of Wittenberg, was a close friend of Luther, and he illustrated Luther's theology for a popular audience, He dramatised Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining, mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery.?1] Martin Luther's 1534 Bible translated into German, Luther's translation influenced the development of the current Standard German, Causes of the Protestant Reformation The following supply-side factors have been identified as causes of the Protestant Reformation: ‘he presence of a printing press in a city by 1500 made Protestant adoption by 1600 far more likely.!!0) = Protestant literature was produced at greater levels in cities where media markets were more competitive, making these cities more likely to adopt Protestantism.!8] = Ottoman incursions decreased conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, helping the Protestant Reformation take root.3) = Greater political autonomy increased the likelihood that Protestantism would be adopted. = Where Protestant reformers enjoyed princely patronage, they were much more likely to sueceed.(25) = Proximity to neighbors who adopted Protestantism increased the likelihood of adopting Protestantism.24 = Cities that had higher numbers of students enrolled in heterodox universities and lower numbers enrolled in orthodox universities were more likely to adopt Protestantism. 25] [1o}(28) The following demand-side factors have been identified as causes of the Protestant Reformation:\2! = Cities with strong cults of saints were less likely to adopt Protestantism.!26) = Cities where primogeniture was practiced were less likely to adopt Protestantism.271 = Regions that were poor but had great economic potential and bad political institutions were more likely to adopt Protestantism.28] = The presence of bishoprics made the adoption of Protestantism less likely.!!% = The presence of monasteries made the adoption of Protestantism less likely.!8] Reformation outside Germany The Reformation also spread widely throughout Europe over the next few decades. Austria Austria followed the same pattern of the German-speaking states within the Holy Roman Empire, and Lutheranism became the main Protestant confession among its population. Lutheranism gained a significant following in Austria to a point where a big part of the population adhered to it, it was concentrated in the eastern half of the present-day Austria. Calvinism was less successful. Habsburg monarchy implemented the Counter Reformation and eventually got rid of Protestants, bringing the region back to Roman Catholicism. Czech Republic hiplon wikipedia orgiwindex php ile=Protesta_Relormationsprinable=yes 2287016 Pratetant Reformation Wik pedi the fee encylopeda Hussites made up the vast majority of the population, and Lutheranism also gained a substantial following. Protestants were persecuted under the Habsburg monarchy, which controlled the region and eventually managed to recatholicize it. Switzerland In Switzerland, the teachings of the reformers and especially those of Zwingli and Calvin had a profound effect, despite the frequent quarrels between the different branches of the Reformation. Huldrych Zwingli Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in the Swiss Confederation under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Zwingli was a scholar and preacher who moved to Zurich — the then-leading city state — in 1518, a year after Martin Luther began the Reformation in Germany with his Ninety-five Theses. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, as the recently introduced printing press spread ideas rapidly from place to place, some unresolved differences kept them separate, Long-standing resentment between the German states and the Swiss Confederation led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. Although Zwinglianism does hold uncanny resemblance to Lutheranism (it even had its own equivalent of the Ninety-five Theses, called the 67 Conclusions), historians have been unable to prove that Zwingli had any contact with Luther's publications before 1520, and Zwingli himself maintained that he had prevented himself from reading them. Huldrych Zwingli launched The German Prince Philip of Hesse saw potential in creating an alliance between Buren 2 ‘Zowingli and Luther, seeing strength in a united Protestant front. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the Colloquy of Marburg, which has ‘become infamous for its complete failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine. Although Luther preached consubstantiation in the Eucharist over transubstantiation, he believed in the spiritual presence of Christ at the Mass. Zwingli, inspired by Dutch theologian Comelius Hoen, believed that the mass was only representative and memorial — Christ was not present.(29) Luther became so angry that he famously carved into the meeting table in chalk Hoc Est Corpus Meum —a Biblical quotation from the Last Supper meaning "This is my body’. Zwingli countered this saying that est in that context was the equivalent of the word significant (signifies). Switzerland, Some followers of Zwingli believed that the Reformation was too conservative and moved independently toward more radical positions, some of which survive among modem day Anabaptists. One famous incident illustrating this was when radical Zwinglians fried and ate sausages during Lent in Zurich city square by way of protest against the Church teaching of good works. Other Protestant movements grew up along the lines of mysticism or humanism (cf. Erasmus), sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches. John Calvin Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of John Calvin were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the Berne reformer Guillaume (William) Farel, Calvin was asked to use the organisational skill he had gathered as a student of law to discipline the "fallen city" of Geneva. His "Ordinances" of 1541 involved a hiplon wikipedia orgiwindex php ile=Protesta_Relormationsprinable=yes ax