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ELECTRICALEngineeringInterview
QuestionsandAnswerspdffreedownload
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1.Whatiselectrictraction?
Plus
Electrictractionmeansusingtheelectricpowerfortraction
system(i.e.forrailways,trams,trolleysetc). Engineering intervie
Electrictractionmeansuseoftheelectricityforalltheabove
Following
machines.Nowadays,magnetictractionisalsousedforbullet
517 followers
trains.andbasicallydcmotorsareusedforelectrictraction
systems.

2.Howcanyoustartupthe40wtubelitewith230v
AC/DCwithoutusinganychoke/Coil?

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ItspossiblebymeansofElectronicchokes,otherwiseitsnot
possibletoionizetheparticlesintubelightwithnormalvoltage.

3.Whatispuinelectricalengineering?
Pustandsforperunitandthiswillbeusedinsingleline
diagramofpowerdistributionanditislikeahugeelectrical
circuitwithnoofcomponents(generators,transformers,loads)
withdifferentratings(inMVAandKV).Tobringalltheratings
intocommonplatformweusepuconceptinwhich,ingeneral
largestMVAandKVratingsofthecomponentisconsideredas
basevalues,thenallothercomponentratingswillgetback
intothisbasis.Thosevaluesarecalledaspuvalues.(p.u=actual
value/basevalue).

ELECTRICALEngineeringInterview
QuestionsandAnswers

4.OperationcarriedoutinThermalpowerstations?
Thewaterisobtainedintheboilerandthecoalisburntsothat
steamisobtainedthissteamisallowedtohittheturbine,the
turbinewhichiscoupledwiththegeneratorgeneratesthe
electricity.

5.Whylinkisprovidedinneutralofanaccircuitand
fuseinphaseofaccircuit?
LinkisprovidedataNeutralcommonpointinthecircuitfrom
whichvariousconnectionaretakenfortheindividualcontrol
circuitandsoitisgiveninalinkformtowithstandhighAmps.
ButinthecaseofFuseinthePhaseofACcircuititisdesigned
suchthatthefuseratingiscalculatedfortheparticularcircuit

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(i.eload)only.Soifanymalfunctionhappenthefuseconnected
intheparticularcontrolcircuitalonewillblowoff.

6.Howtubelightcircuitisconnectedandhowit
works?
Achokeisconnectedinoneendofthetubelightandastarteris
inserieswiththecircuit.Whensupplyisprovided,thestarter
willinterruptthesupplycycleofAC.Duetothesuddenchange
ofsupplythechockwillgeneratearound1000volts.Thisvolt
willcapableoftobreaktheelectronsinsidethetubetomake
electronflow.oncethecurrentpassesthroughthetubethe
startercircuitwillbeoutofpart.nowthereisnochangeof
supplycauseschokevoltagenormalizedandactasminimizethe
current.

7.whatsisMARXCIRCUIT?
Itisusedwithgeneratorsforcharginganumberofcapacitorin
parallelanddischargingtheminseries.Itisusedwhenvoltage
requiredfortestingishigherthantheavailable.

8.Whatisencoder,howitfunction?
Anencoderisadeviceusedtochangeasignal(suchasa
bitstream)ordataintoacode.Thecodemayserveanyofa
numberofpurposessuchascompressinginformationfor
transmissionorstorage,encryptingoraddingredundanciesto
theinputcode,ortranslatingfromonecodetoanother.Thisis
usuallydonebymeansofaprogrammedalgorithm,especiallyif
anypartisdigital,whilemostanalogencodingisdonewith
analog
circuitry.

9.Whataretheadvantagesofspeedcontrolusing
thyristor?
Advantages:1.FastSwitchingCharactersticsthanMosfet,BJT,
IGBT2.Lowcost3.HigherAccurate.

10.WhyHumanbodyfeelElectricshock??ninan
Electrictrainduringrunning,Wedidntfeelany
Shock?why?
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Unfortunatelyourbodyisaprettygoodconductorofelectricity,
ThegoldenruleisCurrenttakesthelowestresistantpathifyou
haveinsulationtoourfeetasthecircuitisnotcomplete
(wearingrubberfootwearwhichdoingsomerepairsisadvisable
asourfootwearisahighresistancepathnotmuchcurrentflows
throughourbody).Theelectrictrainiswellinsulatedfromits
electricalsystem.

11.whatistheprincipleofmotor?
Wheneveracurrentcarryingconductorisplacedinanmagnetic
fielditproduceturningortwistingmovemntiscalledastorque.

12.Why,whenbirdssitontransmissionlinesor
currentwiresdoesntgetshock?
Itstruethatifbirdstouchthesingleoneline(phaseorneutral)
theydontgetelectricalshockifbirdstouch2linesthanthe
circuitisclosedandtheygetelectricalshock..soifahuman
touchsingleoneline(phase)thenhedoesntgetshockifheisin
theair(nottouchingstandingonthegroundifheisstanding
onthegroundthentouchingtheline(phase)hewillgetashock
becausethegroundonwhatwestandingislikeline(groundbed
likeneutral)?andinthemostofelectriclinestheneutralis
grounded..sothatmeansthathumanwhotouchthelinecloses
thecircuitbetweenphaseandneutral.

13.whatismeantbyarmaturereaction?
Theeffectofarmatureflutomainfluxiscalledarmature
reaction.Thearmaturefluxmaysupportmainfluxoropposes
mainflux.

14.whathappenifwegive220voltsdcsupplytod
bulbrtubelight?
Bulbs[devices]forACaredesignedtooperatesuchthatitoffers
highimpedancetoACsupply.Normallytheyhavelow
resistance.WhenDCsupplyisapplied,duetolowresistance,
thecurrentthroughlampwouldbesohighthatitmaydamage
thebulbelement.

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15.WhichmotorhashighStartingTorqueandStaring
currentDCmotor,InductionmotororSynchronous
motor?
DCSeriesmotorhashighstartingtorque.Wecannotstartthe
InductionmotorandSynchronousmotorsonload,butcannot
starttheDCseriesmotorwithoutload.

16.whatisACSRcableandwhereweuseit?
ACSRmeansAluminiumconductorsteelreinforced,this
conductorisusedintransmission&distribution.

17.Whatisvaccumcurrcuitbreaker.definewithcause
andwherebeuseitDevice?
Abreakerisnormallyusedtobreakaciruit.whilebreakingthe
circuit,thecontactterminalswillbeseparated.
Atthetimeofseperationanairgapisformedinbetweenthe
terminals.Duetoexistingcurrentflowtheairinthegapis
ionisedandresultsinthearc.variousmediumsareusedto
quenchthisarcinrespectiveCBs.butinVCBthemediumis
vaccumgas.sincetheairintheCBishavingvaccumpressure
thearcformationisinterrupted.VCBscanbeuseduptokv.

18.Whatwillhappenwhenpowerfactorisleadingin
distributionofpower?
Iftheirishighpowerfactor,i.eifthepowerfactoriscloseto
one:
1.lossesinformofheatwillbereduced,
2.cablebecomeslessbulkyandeasytocarry,andverycheapto
afford,&
3.italsoreducesoverheatingoftranformers.

19.whatstheonemaindifferencebetweenUPS&
inverter?Andelectricalengineering&electronics
engineering?
uninterruptpowersupplyismainlyuseforshorttime.means
accordingtoupsVAitgivesbackup.upsisalsotwotypes:on
lineandoffline.onlineupshavinghighvoltandampforlong
timebackupwithwithhighdcvoltage.butupsstartwith2vdc

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with7amp.butinverterisstartwith2v,24,dcto36vdcand
20ampto80ampbatterywithlongtimebackup.

20.Whatis2phasemotor?
Atwophasemotorisamotorwiththethestartingwindingand
therunningwindinghaveaphasesplit.
e.gacservomotor.wheretheauxiliarywindingandthecontrol
windinghaveaphasesplitof90degree.

21.Advantagesofvvvfdrivesovernonvvvfdrivesfor
EOTcranes?
1.smoothstartandstop.
2.nojerkingofload.
3.exactposiitoning
4.betterprotectionformotor.
5.high/lowspeedselection.
6.reliabilityofbreakshoe.
7.programmablebreakcontrol.
8.easycircutry
9.reductionincontrols
10.increasesmotorlife

22.Whatisthesignificanceofvectorgroupingin
PowerTransformers?
Everypowertransformerhasavectorgrouplistedbyits
manufacturer.Fundamentallyittellsyoutheinformationabout
howthewindingsareconnected(deltaorwye)andthephace
differencebetweentthecurrentandvoltage.EG.DYNmeans
Deltaprimary,WyeSecondryandthecurrentisatoclock
refferedtothevoltage.

23.WhichtypeofA.Cmotorisusedinthefan(ceiling
fan,exhaustfan,padestalfan,bracketfanetc)which
arefindinthehouses?
ItsSinglePhaseinductionmotorwhichmostlysquirrelcage
rotorandarecapacitorstartcapacitorrun.

24.GivetwobasicspeedcontrolschemeofDCshunt
motor?
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Byusingfluxcontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatis
connectedacrossthefieldwindingtocontrolthefieldcurrent.so
bychangingthecurrentthefluxproducedbythefieldwinding
canbechanged,andsincespeedisinverselyproportionaltoflux
speedcanbecontrolled.armaturecontrolmethod:inthis
methodarheostatisconnectedacrossarmaturewindingby
varyingtheresistancethevalueofresistivedrop(IaRa)canbe
varied,andsincespeedisdirectlyproportionaltoEbIaRathe
speedcanbecontrolled.

25.whatistheprincipleofmotor?
Wheneveracurrentcarryingconductorisplacedinanmagnetic
fielditproduceturningortwistingmovementiscalledas
torque.

26.whatismeantbyarmaturereaction?
Theeffectofarmatureflutomainfluxiscalledarmature
reaction.Thearmaturefluxmaysupportmainfluxoropposes
mainflux.

27.GivetwobasicspeedcontrolschemeofDCshunt
motor?
Byusingfluxcontrolmethod:inthismethodarheostatis
connectedacrossthefieldwindingtocontrolthefieldcurrent.so
bychangingthecurrentthefluxproducedbythefieldwinding
canbechanged,andsincespeedisinverselyproportionaltoflux
speedcanbecontrolled.armaturecontrolmethod:inthis
methodarheostatisconnectedacrossarmaturewdg.byvarying
theresistancethevalueofresistivedrop(IaRa)canbevaried,and
sincespeedisdirectlyproportionaltoEbIaRathespeedcanbe
controlled.

28.whatisthedifferencebetweensynchronous
generator&asynchronousgenerator?
Insimple,synchronousgeneratorsupplysbothactiveand
reactivepowerbutasynchronousgenerator(induction
generator)supplysonlyactivepowerandobservereactive
powerformagnetizing.Thistypeofgeneratorsareusedin
windmills.
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29.WhatisthePolarizationindexvalue?(pi
value)andsimpledefinitionofpolarizationindex?
Itsratiobetweeninsulationresistance(IR)i.emeggarvaluefor
0mintoinsulationresistanceformin.Itrangesfrom57fornew
motors&normallyformotortobeingoodconditionitshould
beGreaterthan.5.

30.Whysyn.generatorsareusedfortheproductionof
electricity?
synchronousmachineshavecapabilitytoworkondifferent
powerfactor(orsaydifferentimaginarypowervaryingthefield
emf.Hencesyn.generatorsrusedfortheproductionof
electricity.

31.Whatisthedifferencebetweensynchronous
generator&asynchronousgenerator?
Insimple,synchronousgeneratorsupplysbothactiveand
reactivepowerbutasynchronousgenerator(induction
generator)supplysonlyactivepowerandobservereactive
powerformagnetizing.Thistypeofgeneratorsareusedin
windmills.

32.1tonisequaltohowmanywatts?
1ton=12000BTU/hrandtoconvertBTU/hrtohorsepower,
12,000*0.000929=4.715hptherefore1ton=4.715*.746=.5
KW.

33.whysyn.generatorsrusedfortheproductionof
electricity?
synchronousmachineshavecapabilitytoworkondifferent
powerfactor(orsaydifferentimaginarypowvaryingthefield
emf.Hencesyn.generatorsrusedfortheproductionof
electricity.

34.Enlisttypesofdcgenerator?
D.C.Generatorsareclassifiedintotwotypes:
1)separatlyexictedd.c.generator
2)selfexictedd.c.generator,
whichisfurtherclassifiedinto1)series2)shuntand
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compound(whichisfurtherclassifiedintocumulativeand
differential).

35.WhatisAutomaticVoltageregulator(AVR)?
AVRisanabbreviationforAutomaticVoltageRegulator.Itis
importantpartinSynchronousGenerators,itcontrols
theoutputvoltageofthegeneratorbycontrollingitsexcitation
current.ThusitcancontroltheoutputReactivePowerofthe
Generator.

36.Whatisanexciterandhowdoesitwork?
Therearetwotypesofexciters,staticexciterandrotory
exciter.purposeofexcitoristosupplytheexcitationdcvoltage
tothefixedpolesofgenerator.Rotoryexcitorisanadditional
smallgeneratormountedontheshaftofmaingenerator.ifitis
dcgenerator,itwillsupplydctotherotorypolesthroughslip
ringandbrushes(conventionalalternator).ifitisanacexcitor,
outputofacexcitorisrectifiedbyrotatingdiodesandsupplydc
tomainfixedpoles.acexcitoristheacgeneratorwhosefield
windingarestationaryandarmaturerotates.initialvoltageis
builtupbyresidualmagnetism.Itgivesthestartingtorquetothe
generator.

37.Differencebetweenafourpointstarterandthree
pointstarter?
Theshuntconnectioninfourpointstaterisprovidedseparately
formthelinewhereasinthreepointstateritisconnectedwith
linewhichisthedrawbackinthreepointstater

38.WhyusetheVCBatHighTransmissionSystem?
WhycantuseACB?
Actuallythethingisvacuumhashigharcquechingproperty
comparetoairbecauseinVCB,thedieelectricstrengthsequal
to8timesofair.ThatyalwaysvaccumusedasinHTbreaker
andairusedasinLT.

39.Whatisthedifferencebetweensurgearrestorand
lightningarrestor?
LAisinstalledoutsideandtheeffectoflightningis
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grounded,whereassurgearrestorinstalledinsidepanels
comprisingofresistorswhichconsumestheenergyandnullify
theeffectofsurge.

40.Whathappensificonnectacapacitortoa
generatorload?
Connectingacapacitoracrossageneratoralwaysimproves
powerfactor,butitwillhelpdependsupontheenginecapacity
ofthealternator,otherwisethealternatorwillbeoverloaded
duetotheextrawattsconsumedduetotheimprovementonpf.
Secondly,dontconnectacapacitoracrossanalternatorwhileit
ispickinguporwithoutanyotherload.

41.Whythecapacitorsworksonaconly?
Generallycapacitorgivesinfiniteresistancetodc
components(i.e.,blockthedccomponents).itallowstheac
componentstopassthrough.

42.Explaintheworkingprincipalofthecircuit
breaker?
CircuitBreakerisonewhichmakesorbreaksthecircuit.Ithas
twocontactsnamelyfixedcontact&movingcontact.under
normalconditionthemovingcontactcomesincontactwith
fixedcontacttherebyformingtheclosedcontactfortheflowof
current.Duringabnormal&faultyconditions(whencurrent
exceedstheratedvalue)anarcisproducedbetweenthefixed&
movingcontacts&therebyitformstheopencircuitArcis
extinguishedbytheArcQuenchingmedialikeair,oil,vaccum
etc.

43.Howmanytypesofcollingsystemittransformers?
1.ONAN(oilnatural,airnatural)
2.ONAF(oilnatural,airforced)
3.OFAF(oilforced,airforced)
4.ODWF(oildirect,waterforced)
5.OFAN(oilforced,airforced)

44.Whatisthefunctionofantipumpingincircuit
breaker?
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whenbreakeriscloseatonetimebyclosepushbutton,theanti
pumpingcontactorpreventreclosethebreakerbyclosepush
buttonafterifitalreadyclose.

45.whatissteppermotor.whatisitsuses?
Steppermotoristheelectricalmachinewhichactuponinput
pulseappliedtoit.itisonetypeofsynchronousmotorwhich
runsinstepsineitherdirectioninsteadofrunningincomplete
cycle.so,inautomationpartsitisused.

46.Howtocalculatecapacitorbankvaluetomaintain
unitypowerfactorwithsomesuitableexample?
KVAR=KW(TAN(COS(1)#e)TAN(COS(1)#d))
#e=EXISTINGP.F.
#d=DESIREDP.F.

47.Tellmeindetailaboutc.t.andp.t.?
(Company:reliance)
ThetermC.Tmeanscurrenttransformer,andthetermP.T
meanspotentialtransformer.Incircuitwheremeasurementsof
highvoltageandhighcurrentisinvolvedtheyareused
there.Particularlywhenameasuringdevicelikevoltmeteror
ammeterisnotabletomeasuresuchhighvalueofquantity
becauseoflargevalueoftorqueduetosuchhighvalueitcan
damagethemeasuringdevice.so,CTandPTareintroducedin
thecircuits.
Theyworkonthesameprincipleoftransformer,whichisbased
onlinkageofelectromagneticfluxproducedbyprimarywith
secondary.Theyworkontheratiototheyaredesigned.E.gif
CTisofratio50005Aandithastomeasuresecondarycurrentof
8000A.thenANS=8000*55000=8Aandthisresultwillbegiven
toammeter.andaftermeasuring8Awecancalculatethe
primarycurrent.sameistheoperationofPTbutmeasuring
voltage.

48.ThereareaTransformerandaninduction
machine.Thosetwohavethesamesupply.Forwhich
devicetheloadcurrentwillbemaximum?Andwhy?
Themotorhasmaxloadcurrentcomparetothatoftransformer
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becausethemotorconsumesrealpower..andthetransformeris
onlyproducingtheworkingfluxanditsnotconsuming..hence
theloadcurrentinthetransformerisbecauseofcorelosssoitis
minimum.

49.whatispowerfactor?whetheritshouldbehighor
low?why?
Powerfactorshouldbehighinordertogetsmoothoperationof
thesystem.Lowpowerfactormeanslosseswillbemore.itisthe
ratiooftruepowertoapparentpower.ithastobeideally1.ifit
istoolowthencableoverheating&equipmentoverloadingwill
occur.ifitisgreaterthan1thenloadwillactascapacitorand
startsfeedingthesourceandwillcausetripping.(ifpfispoorex:
0.17tomeetactualpowerloadhastodraw
morecurrent(Vconstant),resultinmorelossesifpfisgoodex:
0.95tomeetactualpowerloadhastodrawlesscurrent(V
constant),resultinlesslosses).

50.WhatisthedifferencebetweenIsolatorandCircuit
Breaker?
Isolatorisaoffloaddevicewhichisusedforisolatingthe
downstreamcircuitsfromupstreamcircuitsforthereasonof
anymaintenanceondownstreamcircuits.itismanually
operatedanddoesnotcontainanysolenoidunlikecircuit
breaker.itshouldnotbeoperatedwhileitishavingload.first
theloadonitmustbemadezeroandthenitcansafelyoperated.
itsspecificationonlyratedcurrentisgiven.Butcircuitbreakeris
onloadautomaticdeviceusedforbreakingthecircuitincaseof
abnormalconditionslikeshortcircuit,overloadetc.,itishaving
threespecification1isratedcurrentand2isshortcircuit
breakingcapacityand3isinstantaneoustrippingcurrent.

51.whatisboucholzrelayandthesignificanceofitin
tothetransformer?
Boucholzrelayisadevicewhichisusedfortheprotectionof
transformerfromitsinternalfaults,itisagasbasedrelay.
wheneveranyinternalfaultoccursinatransformer,the
boucholzrelayatoncegivesahornforsometime,ifthe
transformerisisolatedfromthecircuitthenitstopitssound
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itselfotherwiseittripsthecircuitbyitsowntripping
mechanism.

52.WhatisSF6CircuitBreaker?
SF6isSulpherhexaFlouridegas..ifthisgasisusedasarc
quenchingmediuminaCircuitbreakermeansSF6CB.

53.Whatisfranticeffect?
Outputvoltageisgreaterthantheinputvoltageorreceivingend
voltageisgreaterthanthesendingendvoltage.

54.Whatismeantbyinsulationvoltageincables?
explainit?
Itisthepropertyofacablebyvirtueofitcanwithstandthe
appliedvoltagewithoutrupturingitisknownasinsulationlevel
ofthecable.

55.Whywedo2typesofearthingontransformer
(ie:)bodyearthing&neutralearthing,whatis
function.iamgoingtoinstallaookvatransformer&
380kvaDGsetwhatshouldtheearthingvalue?
ThetwotypesofearthingareFamiliarasEquipmentearthing
andsystemearthing.InEquipmentearthing:
body(nonconductingpart)oftheequipmentshoulddbe
earthedtosafegaurdthehumanbeings.systemEarthing:Inthis
neutralofthesupplysource(TransformerorGenerator)should
begrounded.Withthis,incaseofunbalancedloadingneutral
willnotbeshifted.sothatunbalancedvoltageswillnotarise.We
canprotecttheequipmentalso.Withsizeoftheequipment(
transformeroralternator)andselectionofrelyingsystem
earthingwillbefurtherclassifiedintodirectly
earthed,Impedanceearthing,resistive(NGRs)earthing.

56.WhatisthedifferencebetweenMCB&MCCB,
Whereitcanbeused?
MCBisminiaturecircuitbreakerwhichisthermaloperatedand
useforshortcircuitprotectioninsmallcurrentratingcircuit.
MCCBmouldedcasecircuitbreakerandisthermaloperatedfor
overloadcurrentandmagneticoperationforinstanttripin
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shortcircuitcondition.undervoltageandunderfrequencymay
beinbuilt.Normallyitisusedwherenormalcurrentismore
than100A.

57.Whereshouldthelightingarrestorbeplacedin
distributionlines?
Neardistributiontransformersandoutgoingfeedersof11kv
andincommingfeederof33kvandnearpowertransformersin
substations.

58.DefineIDMTrelay?
Itisaninversedefiniteminimumtimerelay.InIDMTrelayits
operatingisinverselyproportionalandalsoacharacteristicof
minimumtimeafterwhichthisrelayoperates.Itisinverseinthe
sense,thetrippingtimewilldecreaseasthemagnitudeoffault
currentincrease.

59.Whatarethetransformerlosses?
TRANSFORMERLOSSESTransformerlosseshavetwo
sourcescopperlossandmagneticloss.Copperlossesarecaused
bytheresistanceofthewire(I2R).Magneticlossesarecaused
byeddycurrentsandhysteresisinthecore.Copperlossisa
constantafterthecoilhasbeenwoundandthereforea
measurableloss.
Hysteresislossisconstantforaparticularvoltageandcurrent.
Eddycurrentloss,however,isdifferentforeachfrequency
passedthroughthetransformer.

60.Whatisthecountofhvdctransmissionlinesin
India?
Resolution:Atpresenttherearethreehvdctransmissionlinesin
india
1)chandrapurtopadghe(mumbai)(100MWat00kVDC)
2)rehandtodelhi(100MWat00kVDC)
3)talchaltokolar(200MW)

61.Whatismeantbyregenerativebraking?
Resolution:Whenthesupplyiscuttoffforarunningmotor,it
stillcontinuerunningduetoinertia.Inordertostopitquickly
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weplaceaload(resitor)acrossthearmaturewindingandthe
motorshouldhavemaintainedcontinuousfieldsupply.sothat
backe.m.fvoltageismadetoapplyacrosstheresistoranddue
toloadthemotorstopsquickly.Thistypeofbreakingiscalledas
RegenerativeBreaking.

62.WhyisthestartingcurrenthighinaDCmotor?
Resolution:InDCmotors,VoltageequationisV=EbIaRa(V=
Terminalvoltage,Eb=BackemfinMotor,Ia=Armature
current,Ra=Aramtureresistance).Atstarting,Ebiszero.
Therefore,V=IaRa,Ia=V/Ra,whereRaisverylesslike
0.01ohm.i.e,Iawillbecomeenormouslyincreased.

63.Whataretheadvantagesofstardeltastarterwith
inductionmotor?
Resolution:
(1).Themainadvantageofusingthestardeltastarteris
reductionofcurrentduringthestartingofthemotor.Starting
currentisreducedto34timesOfcurrentofDirectonline
starting.
(2).Hencethestartingcurrentisreduced,thevoltagedrops
duringthestartingofmotorinsystemsarereduced.

64.WhyDeltaStarTransformersareusedforLighting
Loads?
Resolution:Forlightingloads,neutralconductorismustand
hencethesecondarymustbestarwinding.andthislightingload
isalwaysunbalancedinallthreephases.Tominimizethe
currentunbalanceintheprimaryweusedeltawindinginthe
primary.Sodelta/startransformerisusedforlightingloads.

65.Whyinathreepinplugtheearthpinisthickerand
longerthantheotherpins?
Resolution:ItdependsuponR=rhol/awherearea(a)isinversely
proportionaltoresistance(R),soif(a)increases,Rdecreases&
ifRislesstheleakagecurrentwilltakelowresistancepathso
theearthpinshouldbethicker.ItislongerbecausetheThe
FirsttomaketheconnectionandLasttodisconnnectshouldbe

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earthPin.ThisassuresSafetyforthepersonwhousesthe
electricalinstrument.

66.Whyseriesmotorcannotbestartedonnoload?
Resolution:Seriesmotorcannotbestartedwithoutloadbecause
ofhighstartingtorque.SeriesmotorareusedinTrains,Crane
etc.

67.WhyELCBcantworkifNinputofELCBdonot
connecttoground?
Resolution:ELCBisusedtodetectearthleakagefault.Oncethe
phaseandneutralareconnectedinanELCB,thecurrentwill
flowthroughphaseandthatmuchcurrentwillhavetoreturn
neutralsoresultantcurrentiszero.Oncethereisagroundfault
intheloadside,currentfromphasewilldirectlypassthrough
earthanditwillnotreturnthroughneutralthroughELCB.That
meansoncesidecurrentisgoingandnotreturningandhence
becauseofthisdifferenceincurrentELCBwiltripanditwill
safeguardtheothercircuitsfromfaultyloads.Iftheneutralis
notgrounded,faultcurrentwilldefinitelyhighandthatfullfault
currentwillcomebackthroughELCB,andtherewillbeno
differenceincurrent.

68.HowelectricalpowerisgeneratedbyanA.C
Generator?
Forthegenerationofelectpowerweneedaprimemoverwhich
suppliesmechanicalpowerinputtothe
alternator,canbesteamturbines,orhydroturbines.Whenpoles
oftherotormovesunderthearmature
conductorswhichareplacedonthestator,fieldfluxcutthe
armatureconductor,thereforevoltageisgenerated
andisofsinusoidalinnatureduetopolaritychangeofrotor
poles(i,e)NSNS.

69.Whyanacsolenoidvalveattracttheplungereven
thoughweinterchangestheterminal?Willthepoles
changes?
Yesbecausethepoleschangesforeveryhalfcycleofacvoltage
sothepolarityofACvoltageiscontinuouslychangingforevery
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halfcycle.so,interchangingofterminalsinacsystemdoesnot
showanydifference.Thatswhytheacsolenoidattractthe
plungereventhoughitsterminalsareinterchanged.

70.Whatisderating?,whyitisnecessary,itissame
forallmeansfordrives,motors,andcables.
Thecurrentcurryingofcableswillchangedependinguponthe
sitetemperature(locationofsite),typeofrun(itwillrun
throughduct,trench,buriedetc.),numberoftray,depthof
trench,distancebetweencables.Consideringthiscondition
actualcurrentcurryingcapacityofcablereducethancurrent
curryingcapacity(whichgiventocableCatalogue)thisiscalled
derating.

71.Whytemperatureriseisconductedinbusbarsand
isolators?
Busbarsandisolatorsareratedforcontinuouspowerflow,that
meanstheycarryheavycurrentswhichrisestheirtemperature.
soitisnecessarytotestthisdevicesfortemperaturerise.

72.Whenvoltageincreasesthencurrentalsoincreases
thenwhatistheneedofovervoltagerelayandover
currentrelay?Canwemeasureovervoltageandover
currentbymeasuringcurrentonly?
No.Wecantsensetheovervoltagebyjustmeasuringthe
currentonlybecausethecurrentincreasesnotonlyforover
voltagesbutalsoforundervoltage(Asmostoftheloadsarenon
linearinnature).So,theovervoltageprotection&overcurrent
protectionarecompletelydifferent.Overvoltagerelaymeantfor
sensingovervoltages&protectthesystemfrominsulation
breakdownandfiring.Overcurrentrelaymeantforsensingany
internalshortcircuit,overloadcondition,earthfaultthereby
reducingthesystemfailure&riskoffire.So,forabetter
protectionofthesystem.Itshouldhavebothovervoltage&over
currentrelay.

73.Ifonelampconnectsbetweentwophasesitwill
glowornot?
Ifthevoltagebetweenthetwophaseisequaltothelampvoltage
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thenthelampwillglow.Whenthevoltagedifferenceisbigit
willdamagethelampandwhenthedifferenceissmallerthe
lampwillglowdependingonthetypeoflamp.

74.Howdoyouselectacablesize(Cu&Al)fora
particularload?
Atfirstcalculatetheelectricalcurrentoftheload,afterthat
deratetheelectricalcurrentconsideringderating
factor(dependingonsiteconditionandlayingofcable)after
choosethecablesizefromcablecatalogconsideringderating
electricalcurrent.Afterthatmeasurethelengthofcablerequired
fromsupplypointofloadtoloadpoin.Calculatethevoltage
dropwhichwillmax3%(resistanceandreactanceofcable
foundfrom
cablecatalogofselectingcable)ifvoltagedrop>3%thenchoose
nexthighersizeofcable.

75.WhatareHRCfusesandwhereitisused?
HRCstandforhighrupturingcapacityfuseanditisusedin
distributionsystemforelectricaltransformers.

76.Whichpowerplanthashighloadfactor?
Allbaseloadpowerplantshaveahighloadfactor.Ifweusehigh
efficiencypowerplantstosupplythebaseload,wecanreduce
thecostofgeneration.Hydelpowerplantshaveahigher
efficiencythanthermal&nuclearpowerplants.

77.Mentionthemethodsforstartinganinduction
motor?
Thedifferentmethodsofstartinganinductionmotor
DOL:directonlinestarter
Stardeltastarter
Autotransformerstarter
Resistancestarter
Seriesreactorstarter

78.Whatisthedifferencebetweenearthresistance
andearthelectroderesistance?
Onlyoneoftheterminalsisevidentintheearthresistance.In
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ordertofindthesecondterminalweshouldrecoursetoits
definition:EarthResistanceistheresistanceexistingbetween
theelectricallyaccessiblepartofaburiedelectrodeandanother
pointoftheearth,whichisfaraway.Theresistanceofthe
electrodehasthefollowingcomponents:
(A)theresistanceofthemetalandthatoftheconnectiontoit.
(B)thecontactresistanceofthesurroundingearthtothe
electrode.

79.Whatisuseoflockoutrelayinhtvoltage?
Alockoutrelayisgenerallyplacedinlinebeforeorafterthee
stopswitchsothepowercanbeshutoffatonecentrallocation.
Thisrelayispoweredbythesameelectricalsourceasthe
controlpowerandisoperatedbyakeylockswitch.Therelay
itselfmayhaveupto24contactpointswithintheunititself.
Thisallowsthecontrolpowerformultiplemachinestobe
lockedoutbytheturnofasinglekeyswitch.

80.Whatisthepowerfactorofanalternatoratno
load?
AtnoloadSynchronousImpedanceofthealternatoris
responsibleforcreatingangledifference.Soitshouldbezero
lagginglikeinductor.

81.Howtodeterminecapacitortolerancecodes?
Resolution:Inelectroniccircuits,thecapacitortolerancecanbe
determinedbyacodethatappearsonthecasing.Thecodeisa
letterthatoftenfollowsathreedigitnumber(suchas130Z).The
firsttwoarethe1stand2ndsignificantdigitsandthethirdisa
multipliercode.Mostofthetimethelastdigittellsyouhow
manyzerostowriteafterthefirsttwodigitsandtheseareread
asPicoFarads.

82.Whymostofanalogo/pdeviceshavingo/prange4
to20mAandnot0to20mA?
Resolution:420mAisastandardrangeusedtoindicate
measuredvaluesforanyprocess.Thereasonthat4maischosen
insteadof0mAisforfailsafeoperation.Forexamplea
pressureinstrumentgivesoutput4mAtoindicate0psi,upto
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20mAtoindicate100psi,orfullscale.Duetoanyproblemin
instrument(i.e)brokenwire,itsoutputreducesto0mA.Soif
rangeis020mAthenwecandifferentiatewhetheritisdueto
broken
wireordueto0psi.

83.Twobulbsof100wand40wrespectivelyconnected
inseriesacrossa230vsupplywhichbulbwillglow
brightandwhy?
Resolution:Sincetwobulbsareinseriestheywillgetequal
amountofelectricalcurrentbutasthesupplyvoltageisconstant
acrossthebulb(P=V^2/R).Sotheresistanceof40Wbulbis
greaterandvoltageacross40Wismore(V=IR)so40Wbulb
willglowbrighter.

84.Whatismeantbykneepointvoltage?
Resolution:Kneepointvoltageiscalculatedforelectrical
Currenttransformersandisveryimportantfactortochoosea
CT.ItisthevoltageatwhichaCTgetssaturated.(CTcurrent
transformer).

85.Whatisreversepowerrelay?
Resolution:ReversePowerflowrelayareusedingenerating
stationssprotection.Ageneratingstationsissupposedtofed
powertothegridandincasegeneratingunitsareoff,thereisno
generationintheplantthenplantmaytakepowerfromgrid.To
stoptheflowofpowerfromgridtogeneratorweusereverse
powerrelay.

86.WhatwillhappenifDCsupplyisgivenonthe
primaryofatransformer?
Resolution:Mainlytransformerhashighinductanceandlow
resistance.IncaseofDCsupplythereisnoinductance,only
resistancewillactinthe>electricalcircuit.Sohighelectrical
currentwillflowthroughprimarysideofthetransformer.Sofor
thisreasoncoilandinsulationwillburnout.

87.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisolatorsand
>electricalcircuitbreakers?Whatisbusbar?
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Resolution:Isolatorsaremainlyforswitchingpurposeunder
normalconditionsbuttheycannotoperateinfaultconditions
.ActuallytheyusedforisolatingtheCBsformaintenance.
WhereasCBgetsactivatedunderfaultconditionsaccordingto
thefaultdetected.Busbarisnothingbutajunctionwherethe
powerisgettingdistributedforindependentloads.

88.Whataretheadvantageoffreewheelingdiodeina
FullWaverectifier?
Resolution:Itreducestheharmonicsanditalsoreduces
sparkingandarchingacrossthemechanicalswitchsothatit
reducesthevoltagespikeseeninainductiveload

89.Whatisthefunctionofinterposingcurrent
transformer?
Resolution:Themainfunctionofaninterposingcurrent
transformeristobalancethecurrentssuppliedtotherelay
wheretherewouldotherwisebeanimbalanceduetotheratios
ofthemaincurrenttransformers.
Interposingcurrenttransformerareequippedwithawiderange
oftapsthatcanbeselectedbytheusertoachievethebalance
required.

90.WhatareMotorGeneratorSetsandexplainthe
differentwaysthemotorgeneratorsetcanbeused?
Resolution:MotorGeneratorSetsareacombinationofan
electricalgeneratorandanenginemountedtogethertoforma
singlepieceofequipment.Motorgeneratorsetisalsoreferred
toasagenset,ormorecommonly,agenerator.
Themotorgeneratorsetcanusedinthefollowingdifferent
ways:
1.Alternatingcurrent(AC)todirectcurrent(DC)
2.DCtoAC
3.DCatonevoltagetoDCatanothervoltage
4.ACatonefrequencytoACatanotherharmonicallyrelated
frequency

91.Whatispowerqualitymeter?
PowerQualitymetersarecommoninmanyindustrial
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environment.Smallunitsarenowavailableforhomeuseas
well.Theygiveoperatorstheabilitytomonitortheboth
perturbationsonthepowersupply,aswellaspowerusedwithin
abuilding,orbyasinglemachineorappliance.Insome
situations,equipmentfunctionandoperationismonitoredand
controlledfromaremotelocationwherecommunicationisvia
modem,orhighspeed
communicationlines.Sowecanunderstandtheimportanceof
powermeasurementthroughpowerqualitymeters.

92.Whatisthedifferentbetweendigitalphase
converterandordinaryphaseconverter?
Digitalphaseconverterarearecentdevelopmentinphase
convertertechnologythatutilizesproprietarysoftwareina
powerfulmicroprocessortocontrolsolidstatepowerswitching
components.Thismicroprocessor,calledadigitalsignal
processor(DSP),monitorsthephaseconversionprocess,
continuallyadjustingtheinputandoutputmodulesofthe
convertertomaintainperfectlybalancedthreephasepower
underallloadconditions.

93.Explaintheoperationofvariablefrequency
transformer?
Avariablefrequencytransformerisusedtotransmitelectricity
betweentwoasynchronousalternatingcurrentdomains.A
variablefrequencytransformerisadoublyfedelectricmachine
resemblingaverticalshafthydroelectricgeneratorwithathree
phasewoundrotor,connectedbyslipringstooneexternalac
powercircuit.
Adirectcurrenttorquemotorismountedonthesameshaft.
Changingthedirectionoftorqueappliedtotheshaftchanges
thedirectionofpowerflowwithnoappliedtorque,theshaft
rotatesduetothedifferenceinfrequencybetweenthenetworks
connectedtotherotorandstator.Thevariablefrequency
transformerbehavesasacontinuouslyadjustablephaseshifting
transformer.Itallowscontrolofthepowerflowbetweentwo
networks.

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94.Whatisthemainuseofrotaryphaseconverter?
Rotaryphaseconverterwillbeconvertingsinglephasepower
intotruebalanced3phasepower,soitisoftencalledassingle
phasetothreephaseconverter.Oftentheadvantagesof3phase
motors,andother3phaseequipment,makeitworthwhileto
convertsinglephaseto3phasesothatsmallandlarge
consumersneednotwanttopayfortheextracostofa3phase
servicebutmaystillwishtouse3phaseequipment.

95.Useofswitchmodepowerconverterinrealtime
basis?
Switchmodepowerconvertercanbeusedinthefollowing5
differentways
1)stepdownanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducea
regulateddcoutputvoltageusingacircuitknownasBuck
ConverterorStepDownSMPS,
2)stepupanunregulateddcinputvoltagetoproducea
regulateddcoutputvoltageusingacircuitknownasBoost
ConverterorStepUpSMPS,
3)stepuporstepdownanunregulateddcinputvoltageto
producearegulateddcoutputvoltage,
4)inverttheinputdcvoltageusingusuallyacircuitsuchasthe
Cukconverter,and
5)producemultipledcoutputsusingacircuitsuchasthefly
backconverter.

96.Whichtypeofoilisusedasatransformeroil?
Transformeroil,orinsulatingoil,isusuallyahighlyrefined
mineraloilthatisstableathightemperaturesandhasexcellent
electricalinsulatingproperties.Itisusedinoilfilled
transformers,sometypesofhighvoltagecapacitors,fluorescent
lampballasts,andsometypesofhighvoltageswitchesand
circuitbreakers.Itsfunctionsaretoinsulate,suppresscorona
andarcing,andtoserveasacoolant.
Wellintothe170s,polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)swereoften
usedasadielectricfluidsincetheyarenotflammable.Theyare
toxic,andunderincompletecombustion,canformhighlytoxic
productssuchasfuran.
Startingintheearly170s,concernsaboutthetoxicityofPCBs
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haveledtotheirbanninginmanycountries.
Today,nontoxic,stablesiliconbasedorfluoridated
hydrocarbonsareused,wheretheaddedexpenseofa
fireresistantliquidoffsetsadditionalbuildingcostfora
transformervault.Combustionresistantvegetableoilbased
dielectriccoolantsandsyntheticpentaerythritoltetrafattyacid
(C7,C8)estersarealsobecomingincreasinglycommonas
alternativestonaphthenicmineraloil.Estersarenontoxicto
aquaticlife,readilybiodegradable,andhavealowervolatility
andhigherflashpointsthanmineraloil.

97.Ifwegive2334A,540VonPrimarysideof1.125
MVAstepuptransformer,thenwhatwillbethe
SecondaryCurrent,IfSecondaryVoltage=11KV?
AsweknowtheVoltage&currentrelationfortransformer
V1/V2=I2/I1
WeKnow,VI=540VV2=11KVor11000VI1=2334Amps.
ByputtingthesevalueonRelation
540/11000=I2/2334
So,I2=114.5Amps

98.whatarethepointstobeconsiderfor
MCB(miniaturecircuitbreakerselection?
I(L)*1.25=I(MAX)maximumcurrent.Mcbspecificationare
doneonmaximumcurrentflowincircuit.

99.whatisthefullformofKVAR?
WeknowtherearethreetypesofpowerinElectricalasActive,
apparent&reactive.SoKVARisstandforKilo
VoltAmpswithReactivecomponent.

100.Whatisexcitation?
ExcitationisapplyinganexternalvoltagetoDCshuntcoilinDC
motors.

101.Inthreepinplug6Amp.220vACrating.why
earthpindiameterishigherthanothertwopin?what
itspurpose?
BecauseCurrentflowintheconductorisinverselyproportional
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totheconductordiameter.Soifanyshortcircuitsoccurinthe
systemfirsthighcurrentsbypassedintheEarthlingterminal.(
R=Pl/aareaoftheconductorincreasesresistancevalue
decreases)

102.Differencebetweenmeggertestequipmentand
contactresistancemetertestinstruments?
Meggertestequipmentusedtomeasurecableelectric
resistance,conductorcontinuity,phaseidentificationwhereas
contactresistancemetertestinstrumentsusedtomeasurelow
resistancelikerelays,contactors.

103.Whenweconnectthelargecapacitorbankin
series?
weconnectlargecapacitorbankinseriestoimprovethevoltage
powersupplyattheloadendinbalancedtransmissionline
whenthereisconsiderablevoltagedropalongthebalanced
transmissionlineduetohighimpedanceoftheline.Soinorder
tobringthevoltageattheloadterminalswithinitslimits(i.e(+
or%6)oftheratedhighterminalvoltage)thelargecapacitor
bankisusedinseries.

104.Whatiselectricaldiversityfactorinelectrical
installations?
Electricaldiversityfactoristheratioofthesumoftheindividual
maximumdemandsofthevarioussubdivisionsofasystem,or
partofasystem,tothemaximumdemandofthewholesystem,
orpartofthesystem,underconsideration.Electricaldiversity
factorisusuallymorethanone.

105.Whyfieldrheostatiskeptinminimumposition
whilearmaturerheostatatmaximumposition?
Inmotorsatthetimeofstartingthearmatureresistanceis
introducedtoreducethehighstartingcurrentandthefield
resistanceiskeptminimumtohavehighstartingtorque.

106.WhycomputerhummingsoundoccurredinHT
transmissionline?
Thiscomputerhummingsoundiscomingduetoionization
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(breakdownofairintochargedparticles)ofairaround
transmissionconductor.ThiseffectiscalledasCoronaeffect,
anditisconsideredaspowerloss.

107.Whatisratedspeed?
Atthetimeofmotortakingnormalcurrent(ratedcurrent)the
speedofthemotoriscalledratedspeed.Itisaspeedatwhich
anysystemtakesmallcurrentandgivemaximumefficiency.

108.Whatisdifferentbetweenresistancegrounding
systemandresistanceearthingsystem?
Resistancegroundingsystemmeansconnectingtheneutral
pointoftheloadtothegroundtocarrytheresidualcurrentin
caseofunbalancedconditionsthroughtheneutraltotheground
whereasresistanceearthingsystemisdoneinanelectric
equipmentinordertoprotectheequipmentinoccurrenceof
faultinthesystem.

109.Whyshouldbethefrequency50Hz60Hzonly
whynototherslike45,9556oranything,whyshould
wemaintainthefrequencyconstantifsowhyitisonly
50Hz60Hz?
Wecanhavethefrequencyatanyfrequencyyoulike,butthan
youmustalsomakeyourownmotors,highvoltagetransformers
oranyotherequipmentyouwanttouse.Wemaintainthe
frequencyat50hzor60hzbecausetheworldmaintainsa
standardat50/60hzandtheequipmentsarearemadeto
operateatthesefrequency.

110.Howtodeterminealternatingcurrentfrequency?
Zerocrossingsofthesinewavetotriggeramonostable(pulse
generator)isawaytodeterminealternatingcurrentfrequency.
Afixedwidthpulseisgeneratedforeachcycle.Thusthereare
npulsespersecond,eachwithwithaconstantenergy.The
morepulsestherearepersecond,themoretheenergy.The
pulsesareintegrated(filteredoraveraged)togetasteadyDC
voltagewhichisproportionaltofrequency.Thisvoltagecan
thenbedisplayedonananalogueordigitalvoltmeter,indicating

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frequency.Thismethodismoresuitablethanadirectcounter,
asitcangetgoodaccuracyinasecondorso.

111.WhyelectricityinIndiaisinthemultiplesof11
like11kv,22kv,33kv?
TransformerInducedvoltageequationcontains4.44factor.
E=4.44*f*T*phi
EInducedemfperphase
Tnumberofturns
ffrequency
phimaximumfluxperpole
FromtheequationweseethatEisproportionalto4.4anditis
inturnmultipleof11.
Soalwaystransmissionvoltageismultipleof11

112.WhyweuseacsysteminIndiawhynotdc?
Firstly,theoutputofpowerstationscomesfromarotary
turbine,whichbyitsnatureisACandthereforerequiresno
powerelectronicstoconverttoDC.Secondlyitismucheasierto
changethevoltageofACelectricityfortransmissionand
distribution.thirdlythecostofplantassociatedwithAC
transmission(circuitbreakers,transformersetc)ismuchlower
thantheequivilantofDCtransmissionACtransmission
providesanumberoftechnicaladvantages.Whenafaultonthe
networkoccurs,alargefaultcurrentoccurs.InanACsystem
thisbecomesmucheasiertointerupt,asthesinewavecurrent
willnaturallytendtozeroatsomepointmakingthecurrent
easiertointerrupt.

113.Whichtypeofmotorisusedintrains,whatisthe
ratingofsupplyusedexplainWorkingprincipal?
Dcseriesisinthetrainstogethighstartingtorquewhile
startingofthetrainsandoperatingvoltageis1500vdc.

114.Batterybanksareinconnectedinseriesor
parallelandwhy?
Batterybanksarealwaysconnectedinseriesinordertogeta
multipliedvoltagewheretheAHorcurrentcapacityremaining

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same.Ex:24nos.2V,200Ahbatteriesconnectedinserieswill
give48V,200Ahoutput(AH=Amperehours)

115.Whatisinrushcurrent?
Inrushcurrentisthecurrentdrawnbyapieceofelectrically
operatedequipmentwhenpowerisfirstapplied.Itcanoccur
withACorDCpoweredequipment,andcanhappenevenwith
lowsupplyvoltages.

116.InaTapchangingtransformerwhereisthetap
connected,isitconnectedintheprimarysideor
secondaryside?
Tapingsareconnectedtohighvoltagewindingside,becauseof
lowcurrent.Ifweconnecttapingstolowvoltageside,sparks
willproducewhiletapchangingoperationduetohighcurrent.

117.Whytransformerratingsareinkva?
Sincethepowerfactoroftransformerisdependentonloadwe
onlydefineVAratinganddoesnotincludepowerfactor.Incase
ofmotors,powerfactordependonconstructionandhence
ratingofmotorsisinKWattsandincludepowerfactor.

118.Whatisdifferencebetweenfuseandbreaker?
Fusesareburnedatthetimeofovercurrentflowsinthecircuit
butbreakersarejustopen(notburn)atthetimeofovercurrent
flow.Fusesareusedinonlyonetimebutbreakersareusedby
multiplenumberoftimes.

119.Whatisthedifferencebetweendeltadelta,delta
startransformer?
Deltadeltatransformerisusedatgeneratingstationora
receivingstationforChangeofVoltage(i,e)generallyitisused
wheretheVoltageishigh&Currentislow.Deltastarisa
distributionkindoftransformerwherefromsecondarystar
neutralistakenasareturnpathandthisconfigurationisused
forStepdownvoltagephenomena.

120.Capacitorisloadfreecomponentbutwhyampere
metershowscurrentwhencapacitorbankbreaker
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close?
AsweknowthatElectricalishavingtwotypeofload,Activeand
Reactive.Capacitorisareactiveloadwhichisnotconsideringas
aload,&itsfactorisIsin@.MeterisdesignbasedonCurrent
RMSvaluebecauseofitmeterisshowingthecurrentRMS
value.

121.Whatselectrictraction?
Tractionimplieswiththeelectricpowerfortractionsystemi.e.
forrailways,trams,trolleysetc.electrictractionimpliesuseof
theelectricityforallthese.Nowaday,magnetictractionisalso
utilisedforbullettrains.Essentiallydcmotorsareutilizedfor
electrictractionsystems.

122.WhatispuinEE?
Pustandsforperunitinpowersystem.(pu=actualvalue/base
value)

123.Definesteppermotor.Whatistheuseofstepper
motor?
Themotorwhichworkoractontheappliedinputpulseinit,is
calledassteppermotor.Thissteppermotorisunderthecategory
ofsynchronousmotor,whichoftendoesnotfullydependof
completecycle.Itlikestoworksineitherdirectionrelatedto
steps.forthispurposeitmainlyusedinautomationparts.

124.Whatisadifferentialamplifier?Also,explain
CMRR.
DifferentialAmplifier:Theamplifier,whichisusedtoamplify
thevoltagedifferencebetweentwoinputlinesneitherofwhich
isgrounded,iscalleddifferentialamplifier.Thisreducesthe
amountofnoisewhichisinjectedintotheamplifier,because
anynoiseappearingsimultaneouslyonboththeinputterminals
astheamplifyingcircuitryrejectsitbeingacommonmode
signal.
CMRR:Itcanbedefinedastheratioofdifferentialvoltagegain
tocommonmadevoltagegain.Ifadifferentialamplifieris
perfect,CMRRwillbeinfinitebecauseinthatcasecommon
modevoltagegainwouldbezero.
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125.Whatisuseoflockoutrelayinhtvoltage?
Alockoutrelayisgenerallyplacedinlinebeforeorafterthee
stopswitchsothepowercanbeshutoffatonecentrallocation.
Thisrelayispoweredbythesameelectricalsourceasthe
controlpowerwhichisoperatedbyakeylockswitch.Therelay
itselfmayhaveupto24contactpointswithintheunititself.
Thisallowsthecontrolpowerformultiplemachinestobe
lockedoutbytheturnofasinglekeyswitch.

126.Howcanyoustartupthe40wtubelitewith230v
AC/DCwithoutusinganychoke/Coil?
ItspossiblewithElectronicchoke.otherwiseitsnotpossibleto
ionizetheparticlesintube.light,withnormalvoltage.

127.WhattypesdomainofLaplacetransforms?What
behaviorcanLaplacetransformpredicthowthe
systemwork?
TypesdomainofLaplacetransformsissdomain,Laplace
transformsprovideamethodtofindposition,accelerationor
voltagethesystemwillhave.

128.Inthemagneticfluxes,whatistheroleof
armaturereaction?
Thearmaturefluxhasanimportantrolefortherunning
condition.Thisarmaturefluxcanopposethemainfluxoritmay
supportthemainfluxforbetterrunningcondition.Thiseffectof
supportingandopposingofmainfluxtoarmaturefluxiscalled
armaturereaction.

129.Explainthinfilmresistorsandwirewound
resistors
ThinfilmresistorsItisconstructedasathinfilmofresistive
materialisdepositedonaninsulatingsubstrate.
Desiredresultsareobtainedbyeithertrimmingthelayer
thicknessorbycuttinghelicalgroovesofsuitablepitchalongits
length.Duringthisprocess,thevalueoftheresistanceis
monitoredcloselyandcuttingofgroovesisstoppedassoonas
thedesiredvalueofresistanceisobtained.
Wirewoundresistorslengthofwirewoundaroundan
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insulatingcylindricalcoreareknownaswirewoundresistors.
ThesewiresaremadeofmaterialssuchasConstantanand
Manganinbecauseoftheirhighresistivity,andlowtemperature
coefficients.Thecompletewirewoundresistoriscoatedwithan
insulatingmaterialsuchasbakedenamel

130.whatstheonemaindifferencebetweenUPS&
inverter?Andelectricalengineering&electronics
engineering?
uninterruptpowersupplyismainlyuseforshorttime.means
accordingtoupsVAitgivesbackup.upsisalsotwotypes:on
lineandoffline.onlineupshavinghighvoltandampforlong
timebackupwithwithhighdcvoltage.butupsstartwithvdc
with7amp.butinverterisstartwithv,24,dcto36vdcand0amp
to180ampbatterywithlongtimebackup.

131.WhataretheoperationcarriedoutinThermal
powerstation?
Thewaterisobtainedintheboilerandthecoalisburntsothat
steamisobtainedthissteamisallowedtohittheturbine,the
turbinewhichiscoupledwiththegeneratorgeneratesthe
electricity

132.WhatisthedifferencebetweenElectronic
regulatorandordinaryrheostatregulatorforfans?
Thedifferencebetweentheelectronicandordinaryregulatoris
thefactthatinelectronicreg.powerlossestendtobeless
becauseasweminimizethespeedtheelectronicreg.givethe
powernecessaryforthatparticularspeedbutincaseofordinary
rheostattypereg.thepowerwastageissameforeveryspeedand
nopowerissaved.Inelectronicregulatortriacisemployedfor
speedcontrol.byvaryingthefiringanglespeediscontrolledbut
inrheostaticcontrolresistanceisdecreasedbystepsto
achievespeedcontrol.

133.Whatis2phasemotor?
Atwophasemotorisoftenamotorwiththethestarting
windingandtherunningwindinghaveaphasesplit.

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e.gacservomotor.wheretheauxiliarywindingandthecontrol
windinghaveaphasesplitof90degree.

134.Whatdoesqualityfactordependoninresonance?
Qualityfactorqdependsonfrequencyandbandwidth.

135.Whatarethetypesofpowerinelectricalpower?
Therearenormallythreetypesofpowerarecountedin
electricalpower.Theyare,
Apparentpower
Activepower
Reactivepower

136.WhataretheadvantagesofVSCFwindelectrical
system?
AdvantagesofVSCFwindelectricalsystemare:
Nocomplexpitchchangingmechanismisneeded.
Aeroturbinealwayskeepsgoingatmaximumefficiencypoint.
Extraenergyinthehighwindspeedregionofthespeed
durationcurvecanbeextracted
Significantreductioninaerodynamicstresses,whichare
associatedwithconstantspeedoperation.

137.Whatisslipinaninductionmotor?
Slipcanbedefinedasthedistinctionbetweenthefluxspeed
(Ns)andtherotorspeed(N).Speedoftherotorof
aninductionmotorisalwayslessthanitssynchronousspeed.It
isusuallyexpressedasapercentageof
synchronousspeed(Ns)andrepresentedbythesymbolS.

138.Whylinkisprovidedinneutralofanaccircuit
andfuseinphaseofaccircuit?
LinkisprovidedataNeutralcommonpointinthecircuitfrom
whichvariousconnectionaretakenfortheindividualcontrol
circuitandsoitisgiveninalinkformtowithstandhighAmps.
ButinthecaseofFuseinthePhaseofACcircuititisdesigned
suchthatthefuseratingiscalculatedfortheparticularcircuit
(i.eload)only.Soifanymalfunctionhappenthefuseconnected
intheparticularcontrolcircuitalonewillblowoff.
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139.Statethedifferencebetweengeneratorand
alternator?
Generatorandalternatoraretwodevices,whichconverts
mechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.Bothhavethesame
principleofelectromagneticinduction,theonlydifferenceis
thattheirconstruction.Generatorpersistsstationarymagnetic
fieldandrotatingconductorwhichrollsonthearmaturewith
slipringsandbrushesridingagainsteachother,henceit
convertstheinducedemfintodccurrentforexternalload
whereasanalternatorhasastationaryarmatureandrotating
magneticfieldforhighvoltagesbutforlowvoltageoutput
rotatingarmatureandstationarymagneticfieldisused.

140.WhatisACSRcableandwhereweuseit?
ACSRmeansAluminiumconductorsteelreinforced,this
conductorisusedintransmission&distribution.

141.Whystardeltastarterispreferredwithinduction
motor?
Stardeltastarterispreferredwithinductionmotordueto
followingreasons:
Startingcurrentisreduced34timesofthedirectcurrentdue
towhichvoltagedropsandhenceitcauseslesslosses.
Stardeltastartercircuitcomesincircuitfirstduringstartingof
motor,whichreducesvoltage3times,thatiswhycurrentalso
reducesupto3timesandhencelessmotorburningiscaused.
Inaddition,startingtorqueisincreasedanditpreventsthe
damageofmotorwinding.

142.Statethedifferencebetweengeneratorand
alternator
Generatorandalternatoraretwodevices,whichconverts
mechanicalenergyintoelectricalenergy.Bothhavethesame
principleofelectromagneticinduction,theonlydifferenceis
thattheirconstruction.Generatorpersistsstationarymagnetic
fieldandrotatingconductorwhichrollsonthearmaturewith
slipringsandbrushesridingagainsteachother,henceit
convertstheinducedemfintodccurrentforexternalload
whereasanalternatorhasastationaryarmatureandrotating
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magneticfieldforhighvoltagesbutforlowvoltageoutput
rotatingarmatureandstationarymagneticfieldisused.

143.WhyACsystemsarepreferredoverDCsystems?
Duetofollowingreasons,ACsystemsarepreferredoverDC
systems:
a.ItiseasytomaintainandchangethevoltageofACelectricity
fortransmissionanddistribution.
b.PlantcostforACtransmission(circuitbreakers,transformers
etc)ismuchlowerthantheequivalentDCtransmission
c.Frompowerstations,ACisproducedsoitisbettertouseAC
thenDCinsteadofconvertingit.
d.Whenalargefaultoccursinanetwork,itiseasiertointerrupt
inanACsystem,asthesinewavecurrentwillnaturallytendto
zeroatsomepointmakingthecurrenteasiertointerrupt.

144.Howcanyourelatepowerengineeringwith
electricalengineering?
Powerengineeringisasubdivisionofelectricalengineering.It
dealswithgeneration,transmissionanddistributionofenergy
inelectricalform.Designofallpowerequipmentsalsocomes
underpowerengineering.Powerengineersmayworkonthe
designandmaintenanceofthepowergridi.e.calledongrid
systemsandtheymightworkonoffgridsystemsthatarenot
connectedtothesystem.

145.Whatarethevariouskindofcablesusedfor
transmission?
Cables,whichareusedfortransmittingpower,canbe
categorizedinthreeforms:
Lowtensioncables,whichcantransmitvoltageupto1000
volts.
Hightensioncablescantransmitvoltageupto23000volts.
Supertensioncablescantransmitvoltage66kVto132kV.

146.Whybackemfusedforadcmotor?highlightits
significance.
Theinducedemfdevelopedwhentherotatingconductorsofthe
armaturebetweenthepolesofmagnet,inaDCmotor,cutthe
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magneticflux,opposesthecurrentflowingthroughthe
conductor,whenthearmaturerotates,iscalledbackemf.Its
valuedependsuponthespeedofrotationofthearmature
conductors.Instarting,thevalueofbackemfiszero.

147.Whatisslipinaninductionmotor?
Slipcanbedefinedasthedifferencebetweenthefluxspeed(Ns)
andtherotorspeed(N).Speedoftherotorofaninduction
motorisalwayslessthanitssynchronousspeed.Itisusually
expressedasapercentageofsynchronousspeed(Ns)and
representedbythesymbolS.

148.Explaintheapplicationofstoragebatteries.
Storagebatteriesareusedforvariouspurposes,someofthe
applicationsarementionedbelow:
Fortheoperationofprotectivedevicesandforemergency
lightingatgeneratingstationsandsubstations.
Forstarting,ignitionandlightingofautomobiles,aircraftsetc.
Forlightingonsteamanddieselrailwaystrains.
Asasupplypowersourceintelephoneexchange,laboratories
andbroadcastingstations.
Foremergencylightingathospitals,banks,ruralareaswhere
electricitysuppliesarenotpossible.

149.Explainadvantagesofstoragebatteries
Fewadvantagesofstoragebatteriesarementionedbelow:
Mostefficientformofstoringenergyportably.
Storedenergyisavailableimmediatelybecausethereisnolag
oftimefordeliveringthestoredenergy.
Reliablesourceforsupplyofenergy.
Theenergycanbedrawnatafairlyconstantrate.

160.Whatarethedifferentmethodsforthestartingof
asynchronousmotor.
Startingmethods:Synchronousmotorcanbestartedbythe
followingtwomethods:
Bymeansofanauxiliarymotor:Therotorofasynchronous
motorisrotatedbyauxiliarymotor.Thenrotorpolesareexcited
duetowhichtherotorfieldislockedwiththestatorrevolving
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fieldandcontinuousrotationisobtained.
Byprovidingdamperwinding:Here,barconductorsare
embeddedintheouterperipheryoftherotorpolesandare
shortcircuitedwiththeshortcircuitingringsatbothsides.The
machineisstartedasasquirrelcageinductionmotorfirst.
Whenitpicksupspeed,excitationisgiventotherotorandthe
rotorstartsrotatingcontinuouslyastherotorfieldislocked
withstatorrevolvingfield.

161.Namethetypesofmotorsusedinvacuum
cleaners,phonographicappliances,vending
machines,refrigerators,rollingmills,lathes,power
factorimprovementandcranes.
Followingmotorsareused:
VacuumcleanersUniversalmotor.
PhonographicappliancesHysteresismotor.
VendingmachinesShadedpolemotor.
RefrigeratorsCapacitorsplitphasemotors.
RollingmillsCumulativemotors.
LathesDCshuntmotors.
PowerfactorimprovementSynchronousmotors.

162.StateTheveninsTheorem:
Accordingtotheveninstheorem,thecurrentflowingthrougha
loadresistanceConnectedacrossanytwoterminalsofalinear
activebilateralnetworkistheratioopencircuitvoltage(i.e.the
voltageacrossthetwoterminalswhenRLisremoved)andsum
ofloadresistanceandinternalresistanceofthenetwork.Itis
givenbyVoc/(Ri+RL).

163.StateNortonsTheorem
TheNortonstheoremexplainsthefactthattherearetwo
terminalsandtheyareasfollows:
Oneisterminalactivenetworkcontainingvoltagesources
Anotheristheresistancethatisviewedfromtheoutput
terminals.Theoutputterminalsareequivalenttotheconstant
sourceofcurrentanditallowsgivingtheparallelresistance.
TheNortonstheoremalsoexplainsabouttheconstantcurrent
thatisequaltothecurrentoftheshortcircuitplacedacrossthe
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terminals.Theparallelresistanceofthenetworkcanbeviewed
fromtheopencircuitterminalswhenallthevoltageandcurrent
sourcesareremovedandreplacedbytheinternalresistance.

164.StateMaximumpowertransfertheorem
TheMaximumpowertransfertheoremexplainsabouttheload
thataresistancewillextractfromthenetwork.
Thisincludesthemaximumpowerfromthenetworkandinthis
casetheloadresistanceisbeingisequaltotheresistanceofthe
networkanditalsoallowstheresistancetobeequaltothe
resistanceofthenetwork.Thisresistancecanbeviewedbythe
outputterminalsandtheenergysourcescanberemovedby
leavingtheinternalresistancebehind.

165.Explaindifferentlossesinatransformer.
Therearetwotypesoflossesoccurringintransformer:
ConstantlossesorIronlosses:Thelossesthatoccurinthecore
areknownascorelossesorironlosses.
Twotypesofironlossesare:
eddycurrentloss
Hysteresisloss.
Theselossesdependuponthesupplyvoltage,frequency,core
materialanditsconstruction.Aslongassupplyvoltageand
frequencyisconstant,theselossesremainthesamewhetherthe
transformerisloadedornot.Thesearealsoknownasconstant
losses.
Variablelossesorcopperlosses:whenthetransformeris
loaded,currentflowsinprimaryandsecondarywindings,there
islossofelectricalenergyduetotheresistanceoftheprimary
winding,andsecondarywindingandtheyarecalledvariable
losses.Theselossesdependupontheloadingconditionsofthe
transformers.
Therefore,theselossesarealsocalledasvariablelosses.

176.ExplaindifferenttypesofD.Cmotors?Givetheir
applications
DifferenttypeofDCmotorsandtheirapplicationsareas
follows:
Shuntmotors:Ithasaconstantspeedthoughitsstarting
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torqueisnotveryhigh.Therefore,itissuitableforconstant
speeddrive,wherehighstartingtorqueisnotrequiredsuchas
pumps,blowers,fan,lathemachines,tools,beltorchain
conveyoretc.
Servicemotors:Ithashighstartingtorque&itsspeedis
inverselyproportionaltotheloadingconditionsi.e.whenlightly
loaded,thespeedishighandwhenheavilyloaded,itislow.
Therefore,motorisusedinlifts,cranes,tractionwork,coal
loaderandcoalcutterincoalminesetc.
Compoundmotors:Italsohashighstartingtorqueand
variablespeed.Itsadvantageis,itcanrunatNILloadswithout
anydanger.Thismotorwillthereforefinditsapplicationin
loadshavinghighinertialoadorrequiringhighintermittent
torquesuchaselevators,conveyor,rollingmill,planes,presses,
shearsandpunches,coalcutterandwindingmachinesetc.

177.Explaintheprocessofcommutationinadc
machine.Explainwhatareinterpolesandwhythey
arerequiredinadcmachine.
Commutation:Itisphenomenonwhenanarmaturecoilmoves
undertheinfluenceofonepolepairitcarriesconstantcurrent
inonedirection.Asthecoilmovesintotheinfluenceofthenext
polepair,thecurrentinitmustreverse.Thisreversalofcurrent
inacoiliscalledcommutation.Severalcoilsundergo
commutationsimultaneously.Thereversalofcurrentisopposed
bythestaticcoilemfandthereforemustbeaidedinsome
fashionforsmoothcurrentreversal,whichotherwisewould
resultinsparkingatthebrushes.

Theaidingemfisdynamicallyinducedintothecoilsundergoing
commutationbymeansofcompolesorinterpoles,whichare
seriesexcitedbythearmaturecurrent.Thesearelocatedinthe
interpolarregionofthemainpolesandthereforeinfluencethe
armaturecoilsonlywhentheseundergocommutation.

178.Commentontheworkingprincipleofoperation
ofasinglephasetransformer.
Workingprincipleofoperationofasinglephasetransformer
canbeexplainedasAnACsupplypassesthroughtheprimary
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winding,acurrentwillstartflowingintheprimarywinding.As
aresult,thefluxisset.Thisfluxislinkedwithprimaryand
secondarywindings.Hence,voltageisinducedinboththe
windings.Now,whentheloadisconnectedtothesecondary
side,thecurrentwillstartflowingintheloadinthesecondary
winding,resultingintheflowofadditionalcurrentinthe
secondarywinding.Hence,accordingtoFaradayslawsof
electromagneticinduction,emfwillbeinducedinboththe
windings.Thevoltageinducedintheprimarywindingisdueto
itsselfinductanceandknownasselfinducedemfand
accordingtoLenzeslawitwillopposethecausei.e.supply
voltagehencecalledasbackemf.Thevoltageinducedin
secondarycoilisknownasmutuallyinducedvoltage.Hence,
transformerworksontheprincipleofelectromagnetic
induction.

179.Definethefollowingterms:
Reliability,
Maximumdemand,
Reservegeneratingcapacity,
Availability(operational).
Reliability:Itisthecapacityofthepowersystemtoserveall
powerdemandswithoutfailureoverlongperiods.
MaximumDemand:Itismaximumloaddemandrequiredina
powerstationduringagivenperiod.
Reservegeneratingcapacity:Extragenerationcapacityinstalled
tomeettheneedofscheduleddowntimesforpreventive
maintenanceiscalledreservegeneratingcapacity.
Availability:Asthepercentageofthetimeaunitisavailableto
producepowerwhetherneededbythesystemornot.

180.Mentionthedisadvantagesoflowpowerfactor?
Howcanitbeimproved?
Disadvantagesoflowpowerfactor:
Linelossesare1.57timesunitypowerfactor.
Largergeneratorsandtransformersarerequired.
Lowlaggingpowerfactorcausesalargevoltagedrop,hence
extraregulationequipmentisrequiredtokeepvoltagedrop
withinprescribedlimits.
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Greaterconductorsize:Totransmitordistributeafixed
amountofpoweratfixedvoltage,theconductorswillhaveto
carrymorecurrentatlowpowerfactor.Thisrequiresalarge
conductorsize.

181.Statethemethodsofimprovingpowerfactor?
Methodsofimprovingpowerfactor:
Byconnectingstaticcapacitorsinparallelwiththeload
operatingatlaggingpowerfactor.
Asynchronousmotortakesaleadingcurrentwhenover
excitedandthereforebehaveslikeacapacitor.
Byusingphaseadvancerstoimprovethepowerfactorof
inductionmotors.Itprovidesexcitingampereturnstotherotor
circuitofthemotor.Byprovidingmoreampereturnsthan
required,theinductionmotorcanbemadetooperateon
leadingpowerfactorlikeanoverexcitedsynchronousmotor.

182.Statethefactors,forthechoiceofelectrical
systemforanaeroturbine.
Thechoiceofelectricalsystemforanaeroturbineisguidedby
threefactors:
Typeofelectricaloutput:dc,variablefrequencyac,and
constantfrequencyac.
Aeroturbinerotationalspeed:constantspeedwithvariable
bladepitch,nearlyconstantspeedwithsimplerpitchchanging
mechanismorvariablespeedwithfixedpitchblades.
Utilizationofelectricalenergyoutput:inconjunctionwith
batteryorotherformofstorage,orinterconnectionwithpower
grid.

183.WhataretheadvantagesofVSCFwindelectrical
system?
AdvantagesofVSCFwindelectricalsystemare:
Nocomplexpitchchangingmechanismisneeded.
Aeroturbinealwaysoperatesatmaximumefficiencypoint.
Extraenergyinthehighwindspeedregionofthespeed
durationcurvecanbeextracted
Significantreductioninaerodynamicstresses,whichare
associatedwithconstantspeedoperation.
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184.Explainthetermsrealpower,apparentpower
andreactivepowerforaccircuitsandalsotheunits
used.
RealPower:Itistheproductofvoltage,currentandpower
factori.e.P=VIcosjandbasicunitofrealpoweriswatt.i.e.
ExpressedasWorkW.
Apparentpower:Itistheproductofvoltageandcurrent.
Apparentpower=VIandbasicunitofapparentpowerisvolt
ampere.ExpressedasVAorKVA.
ReactivePower:Itistheproductofvoltage,currentandsineof
anglebetweenthevoltageandcurrenti.e.
Reactivepower=voltageXcurrentXsinjorReactivepower=V
IsinjandhasnootherunitbutexpressedinVARorKVAR.

185.Definethefollowing:Averagedemand,Maximum
demand,Demandfactor,Loadfactor.
AverageDemand:theaveragepowerrequirementduringsome
specifiedperiodoftimeofconsiderabledurationiscalledthe
averagedemandofinstallation.
MaximumDemand:Themaximumdemandofaninstallation
isdefinedasthegreatestofallthedemand,whichhaveoccurred
duringagivenperiod.Itismeasuredaccordinglyto
specifications,overaprescribedtimeintervalduringacertain
period.
DemandFactor:Itisdefinedastheratioofactualmaximum
demandmadebytheloadtotheratingoftheconnectedload.
LoadFactor:Itisdefinedastheratiooftheaveragepowerto
themaximumdemand.

186.Explainforwardresistance,staticresistanceand
dynamicresistanceofapnjunctiondiode.
ForwardResistance:Resistanceofferedinadiodecircuit,
whenitisforwardbiased,iscalledforwardresistance.
DCorStaticResistance:DCresistancecanbeexplainedasthe
ratioofthedcvoltageacrossthediodetothedirectcurrent
flowingthroughit.
ACorDynamicResistance:Itcanbedefinedasthereciprocal
oftheslopeoftheforwardcharacteristicofthediode.Itisthe
resistanceofferedbyadiodetothechangingforwardcurrent.
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187.HowdoesZenerphenomenondifferfrom
Avalanchebreakdown?
Thephenomenonwhenthedepletionregionexpandsandthe
potentialbarrierincreasesleadingtoaveryhighelectricfield
acrossthejunction,duetowhichsuddenlythereversecurrent
increasesunderaveryhighreversevoltageiscalledZenereffect.
ZenerbreakdownorAvalanchebreakdownmayoccur
independentlyorbothofthesemayoccursimultaneously.Diode
junctionsthatbreakdownbelow5varecausedbyZenerEffect.
Junctionsthatexperiencebreakdownabove5varecausedby
avalancheeffect.TheZenerbreakdownoccursinheavilydoped
junctions,whichproducenarrowdepletionlayers.The
avalanchebreakdownoccursinlightlydopedjunctions,which
producewidedepletionlayers.

191.CompareJFETsandMOSFETs.
ComparisonofJFETsandMOSFETs:
JFETscanonlybeoperatedinthedepletionmodewhereas
MOSFETscanbeoperatedineitherdepletionorin
enhancementmode.InaJFET,ifthegateisforwardbiased,
excesscarrierinjunctionoccursandthegatecurrentis
substantial.
MOSFETshaveinputimpedancemuchhigherthanthatof
JFETs.Thusisduetonegligiblesmallleakagecurrent.
JFETshavecharacteristiccurvesmoreflatthanthatof
MOSFETisindicatingahigherdrainresistance.
WhenJFETisoperatedwithareversebiasonthejunction,the
gatecurrentIGislargerthanitwouldbeinacomparable
MOSFET.

192.Explainthinfilmresistorsandwirewound
resistors
a.ThinfilmresistorsItisconstructedasathinfilmofresistive
materialisdepositedonaninsulatingsubstrate.
Desiredresultsareobtainedbyeithertrimmingthelayer
thicknessorbycuttinghelicalgroovesofsuitablepitchalongits
length.Duringthisprocess,thevalueoftheresistanceis
monitoredcloselyandcuttingofgroovesisstoppedassoonas
thedesiredvalueofresistanceisobtained.
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b.Wirewoundresistorslengthofwirewoundaroundan
insulatingcylindricalcoreareknownaswirewoundresistors.
ThesewiresaremadeofmaterialssuchasConstantanand
Manganinbecauseoftheirhighresistivity,andlowtemperature
coefficients.Thecompletewirewoundresistoriscoatedwithan
insulatingmaterialsuchasbakedenamel

193.Whatisadifferentialamplifier?Also,explain
CMRR.
DifferentialAmplifier:Theamplifier,whichisusedtoamplify
thevoltagedifferencebetweentwoinputlinesneitherofwhich
isgrounded,iscalleddifferentialamplifier.Thisreducesthe
amountofnoiseinjectedintotheamplifier,becauseanynoise
appearingsimultaneouslyonboththeinputterminalsasthe
amplifyingcircuitryrejectsitbeingacommonmodesignal.
CMRR:Itcanbedefinedastheratioofdifferentialvoltagegain
tocommonmadevoltagegain.Ifadifferentialamplifieris
perfect,CMRRwouldbeinfinitebecauseinthatcasecommon
modevoltagegainwouldbezero.

196.Whatisthedifferencebetweenelectronic
regulatorandordinaryelectricalrheostatregulator
forfans?
Thedifferencebetweentheelectronicandordinaryelectrical
regulatoristhatinelectronicregulatorpowerlossesareless
becauseaswedecreasethespeedtheelectronicregulatorgives
thepowerneededforthatparticularspeedbutincaseof
ordinaryrheostattyperegulator,thepowerwastageissamefor
everyspeedandnopowerissaved.Inelectronicregulator,triac
isemployedforspeedcontrolbyvaryingthefiringanglespeed
anditiscontrolledbutinrheostatic,controlresistanceis
decreasedbystepstoachievespeedcontrol.

197.Whatisthevoltagegainortransferfunctionof
amplifier?
Vout/Vin

198.WhatdoestheKVARmeans?
TheKVARindicatestheelectricalpower.KVARmeansKilo
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VoltAmpereswithReactivecomponents

199.WhyusetheVCBatHighTransmissionSystem?
WhycantuseACB?
Actuallythethingisvacuumhashigharcquechingproperty
comparetoairbecauseinVCB,thedieelectricstrengthsequal
to8timesofair.ThatyalwaysvaccumusedasinHTbreaker
andairusedasinLT.

200.WhatisthedifferencebetweenMCB&MCCB,
Whereitcanbeused?
MCBisminiaturecircuitbreakerwhichisthermaloperatedand
useforshortcircuitprotectioninsmallcurrentratingcircuit.
MCCBmouldedcasecircuitbreakerandisthermaloperatedfor
overloadcurrentandmagneticoperationforinstanttripin
shortcircuitcondition.undervoltageandunderfrequencymay
beinbuilt.Normallyitisusedwherenormalcurrentismore
than100A.

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