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Contribution of Site Effects and Soil-Structure in PDF
Contribution of Site Effects and Soil-Structure in PDF
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Proc. ICOSSAR 2005, G. Augusti, G. I. Schueller, M. Ciampoli (eds) / Millpress, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5966 040 4
Keywords: the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, building damage, site effect, soil-structure interaction, microtremor
ABSTRACT: The effects of the S-wave velocity (VS) profiles on the R/C building damage in Golcuk, Turkey,
during the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake are examined considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). Microtremor ar-
ray measurements were conducted at seven sites, and a joint inverse analysis of observed dispersion curves
and horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) spectral ratios accurately results in VS profiles down to seismic bedrock at the
sites. With the estimated VS profiles and a source asperity model of the main shock, we performed a strong
ground motion simulation at the sites. Based on the simulated ground motions and the observed damage sta-
tistics at the sites, simplified SSI analytical models of Turkish R/C buildings groups are identified for evaluat-
ing the building damage ratios. The results of parametric studies using the identified buildings models indi-
cate that the damage ratios for 1-7 storied R/C buildings are amplified by a factor of 3-10 or more due to the
site effects, however, those for 1-4 storied buildings get smaller by a factor of 0.5-0.8 due to the SSI effects.
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S-Wave Velocity (m/s) S-Wave Velocity (m/s) S-Wave Velocity (m/s) Table 1. Asperity parameters of source fault model in the 1999
0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500 0 500 1000 1500
0 Kocaeli earthquake (after Pulido, 2004). The number in paren-
(a) Site A (b) Site B (c) Site C
theses is variation coefficient (uncertainty) of the parameter.
50
3.5 km/s West (+/-50%)
100 Rupture Velocity
4.8 km/s East (+/-50%)
150 Rise Time 2.5-4.5 s (+/-50%)
Stress Drops of
200 140, 148, 271 bar (+/-50%)
Asperities 1-3
250 Stress Drops of
22, 92, 128 bar (+/-50%)
Segments 1-3
300
0 f max 5 Hz (+/-20%)
(d) Site D (e) Site E (f) Site F
a b a = 7.5 (+/-30%)
50 1 / [1+( f / f max) ]
b = 0.47 (+/-20%)
100 = 113 (+/-50%)
Q=f
= 1.2 (+/-30%)
150
Segment 4 is not used because of its small contribution.
200
250
300
used are listed in Table 1, which were inferred to
minimize the misfits between the observed and
Figure 4. S-wave velocity profiles estimated from microtremor simulated waveforms at several observation stations.
array observations at Sites A-F. At Site G, it is estimated that a Further details of the simulation procedure used can
base-rock with VS over 1.3 km/s is outcropping.
be found elsewhere (Pulido et al., 2004).
Using the simulated bedrock motions at Sites A-
G, the one-dimensional (1-D) effective stress analy-
ses are then conducted for the estimated VS profiles
at the sites. In the analysis, the modified Ramberg-
Osgood model is used for the stress-strain relations
of soils. The cyclic stress ratios causing liquefaction
are inferred from the geological information of Gol-
cuk (AIJ et al., 2001), using the equations proposed
by Tokimatsu and Yoshimi (1983). Further details of
Figure 5. Multi-asperity source fault model in the 1999 Kocaeli the effective stress analysis employed in this study
earthquake (after Pulido, 2004; Sekiguchi and Iwata, 2002).
can be found elsewhere (Shamoto et al., 1992).
Fig. 6 shows the computed ground velocity mo-
tions in the north-south (NS) and EW directions at
Fig. 4 shows the inverted VS profiles at Sites A-F. Sites A-G. Figs. 7(a)-(c) show the peak acceleration,
At Site G, it is estimated that a base-rock with VS velocity, and shear strain profiles, respectively, for
over 1.3 km/s is outcropping. The Rayleigh wave the larger NS motions obtained from the effective
dispersion curves and surface wave H/V spectra for stress analyses at the sites. The analyses results indi-
the inverted soil profiles at Sites B and E are shown cate that little part of subsurface soils liquefied at the
in Figs. 2 and 3 as solid lines, respectively. The sites. However, at the sedimentary sites (Sites A-F),
theoretical dispersion curves and H/V spectra show the peak shear strain values of subsurface soils are
fairly good agreement with the observed ones at the over 1%, and the peak velocity values on the ground
sites, indicating that the inverse analyses have been are amplified by a factor of 1.5-2 as compared with
performed with a reasonable degree of accuracy and those at a depth of 50m. This reveals that the ground
that the estimated VS profiles could be reliable. motions at Sites A-F are affected significantly by the
non-linear soil behavior during the earthquake.
0 2
3 6
0.1
-150
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 7
N=1 89
Time (s) 0
>9
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Figure 6. Ground velocity motions in NS and EW directions Fundamental Period, T (s)
b
obtained from strong ground motion simulation for Sites A-G.
Figure 8. Variation of R/C building existence ratios in Golcuk
(AIJ et al., 2001) with its fundamental period.
2
Peak Acc. (cm/s ) Peak Vel. (cm/s) Peak Shear Strain
-4 -3 -2 -1
0 200 400 600 0 50 100 150 10 10 10 10
0 (a) 0 (b) 0
2000
50 50 50 Site A Site D
Site B Site E
Site C Site F
100 100 100 1500 Site G
C
where N is the number of building story. In the fig- 1000 A
ure, the most R/C buildings in Golcuk are 2-6 sto- F D
B
ried and their fundamental periods are about 0.2-0.4 500
building damage rations are fairly consistent with 0.2 Observed (>G1)
0.1 (a) Site A (>G1)
the observed ones, indicating that the identified SSI 0
buildings group models are promising to estimate 1
(c) Site B (>G3) (d) Site G (>G3)
0.9
Turkish R/C building damage ratios during earth- 0.8
Observed (>G3)
- 116 -
ing yield strengths used in the simulation are 20% at the sites. With the estimated VS profiles and a
and 10%, respectively, which are based on the stan- source asperity model of the 1999 Kocaeli earth-
dard error values of the inverted VS profiles at Sites quake, we performed a strong ground motion simu-
A-G and those of the identified Turkish R/C build- lation at the sites. The acceleration response spectral
ing yield strengths shown in Fig. 13. In the simula- values of the simulated ground motions are fairly
tion, 10 asperity models, 20 soil profiles at each site, consistent with the observed damage ranks at the
and 10 SSI building models for each story number sites, indicating that the estimated VS profiles and
are generated randomly using the uniform probabil- ground motions could be reasonably reliable.
ity density distribution. Thus, 200 different strong Based on the simulated ground motions and the
ground motions are calculated at each site and 2,000 observed damage statistics at the sites, simplified
case building damage ratios are computed for each SSI analytical models of 1-7 storied Turkish R/C
story number at each site. buildings groups are identified for evaluating the
Chained lines and vertical error bars shown in Fig. building damage ratios. With the identified buildings
10 are respectively the standard deviations and models, the effects of the VS profiles and SSI on the
maximum dispersions of the SAE values for the R/C building damage ratios are examined parametri-
Monte Carlo simulated ground motions at Sites A-G. cally. The examination results indicate that the dam-
At the rock site (Site G), probable SAE error ratios of age ratios for 1-7 storied R/C buildings at the sedi-
the simulated ground motions are less than 20%. mentary sites are amplified by a factor of 3-10 or
This is due only to the asperity uncertainties. At the more due to the site effects, however, those for 1-4
sedimentary sites (Sites A-F), however, the SAE error storied buildings get smaller by a factor of 0.5-0.8
ratios enlarge because of the site uncertainties, and due to the SSI effects. In addition, the effects of the
their standard deviations and maximum dispersions source, site, and structural uncertainties on the build-
are about 20% and 50%, respectively. ing damage ratio evaluation in this study are investi-
Broken lines in Fig. 14 show the Monte Carlo gated using the Monte Carlo simulation. The simula-
simulated R/C building damage ratios at Sites A, B, tion results indicate that the reduction of the
and G, considering the structural uncertainties only. uncertainties of the source and site parameters is one
Chained and thin lines in the figure are respectively of the key components for predicting ground mo-
the standard deviations and maximum dispersions of tions and building damage in a future earthquake.
the simulated R/C building damage ratios at the sites,
with all the physical uncertainties considered. In the
figure, the similar trends indicated in Fig. 10 can be ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
again confirmed. Thus, the damage estimation error
ratios due to the building uncertainties are less than The authors would like to express their sincere
about 10-20%, however, those adding the source and thanks and appreciation to Prof. Tetsuo Kubo, Uni-
site uncertainties are further amplified at a maximum versity of Tokyo, Japan, Assoc. Prof. Ryosuke Uzu-
of 50-80%. These results indicate that the uncertain- oka, Tohoku University, Japan, and Drs. Yalikun
ties of seismic source and, in particular, sedimentary Yusufu, Khosrow T. Shabestari, and Kangning Li
soil profile have significant effects on the R/C build- (formally Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research
ing damage ratio evaluation in this study. Center, National Research Institute for Earth Science
The deterministic estimation of VS profiles and and Disaster Prevention, Japan), for their valuable
ground motions are fairly consistent with the ob- assistance in the microtremor measurements.
served damage ranks at the study sites. However, for
a prediction analysis in a future earthquake, the large
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