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MS Excel: Formulas and Functions - Listed by Category

Learn how to use all 300+ Excel formulas and functions including worksheet functions entered
in the formula bar and VBA functions used in Macros.

Worksheet formulas are built-in functions that are entered as part of a formula in a cell. These are
the most basic functions used when learning Excel. VBA functions are built-in functions that are
used in Excel's programming environment called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).

Below is a list of Excel formulas sorted by category. If you would like an alphabetical list of these
formulas, click on the following button:

Search Excel functions:

(Enter a value in the field above to quickly find functions in the list below)

Lookup/Ref Functions
ADDRESS (WS) Returns a text representation of a cell address

AREAS (WS) Returns the number of ranges in a reference

CHOOSE (WS, VBA) Returns a value from a list of values based on a given position

COLUMN (WS) Returns the column number of a cell reference

COLUMNS (WS) Returns the number of columns in a cell reference

Performs a horizontal lookup by searching for a value in the top

HLOOKUP (WS) row of the table and returning the value in the same column based
on the index_number

HYPERLINK (WS) Creates a shortcut to a file or Internet address

Returns either the value or the reference to a value from a table or

INDEX (WS)
range

INDIRECT (WS) Returns the reference to a cell based on its string representation

Returns a value from a range (one row or one column) or from an

LOOKUP (WS)
array

Searches for a value in an array and returns the relative position

MATCH (WS)
of that item
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Searches for a value in an array and returns the relative position

MATCH (WS)
of that item

Returns a reference to a range that is offset a number of rows and

OFFSET (WS)
columns

ROW (WS) Returns the row number of a cell reference

ROWS (WS) Returns the number of rows in a cell reference

Evaluates a list of expressions and returns the corresponding

SWITCH (VBA)
value for the first expression in the list that is TRUE

TRANSPOSE (WS) Returns a transposed range of cells

Performs a vertical lookup by searching for a value in the first

VLOOKUP (WS) column of a table and returning the value in the same row in the
index_number position

String/Text Functions
ASC (VBA) Returns ASCII value of a character

CHAR (WS) Returns the character based on the ASCII value

CHR (VBA) Returns the character based on the ASCII value

CLEAN (WS) Removes all nonprintable characters from a string

Returns the ASCII value of a character or the first character in a

CODE (WS)
cell

CONCAT (WS) Used to join 2 or more strings together

Used to join 2 or more strings together (replaced by CONCAT

CONCATENATE (WS)
Function)

CONCATENATE with & (WS,

Used to join 2 or more strings together using the & operator
VBA)

DOLLAR (WS) Converts a number to text, using a currency format

Compares two strings and returns TRUE if both values are the
EXACT (WS)
same

FIND (WS) Returns the location of a substring in a string (case-sensitive)

Returns a text representation of a number rounded to a specified

FIXED (WS)
number of decimal places

FORMAT STRINGS (VBA) Takes a string expression and returns it as a formatted string

Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a

INSTR (VBA)
string
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Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a

INSTR (VBA)
string

Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string in another

INSTRREV (VBA)
string, starting from the end of the string

LCASE (VBA) Converts a string to lowercase

Extract a substring from a string, starting from the left-most

LEFT (WS, VBA)
character

LEN (WS, VBA) Returns the length of the specified string

LOWER (WS) Converts all letters in the specified string to lowercase

LTRIM (VBA) Removes leading spaces from a string

MID (WS, VBA) Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any position)

Sets the first character in each word to uppercase and the rest to
PROPER (WS)
lowercase

Replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another set of

REPLACE (WS)
characters

Replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another set of

REPLACE (VBA)
characters

REPT (WS) Returns a repeated text value a specified number of times

Extracts a substring from a string starting from the right-most

RIGHT (WS, VBA)
character

RTRIM (VBA) Removes trailing spaces from a string

SEARCH (WS) Returns the location of a substring in a string

SPACE (VBA) Returns a string with a specified number of spaces

SPLIT (VBA) Used to split a string into substrings based on a delimiter

STR (VBA) Returns a string representation of a number

Returns an integer value representing the result of a string

STRCOMP (VBA)
comparison

Returns a string converted to uppercase, lowercase, proper case

STRCONV (VBA)
or Unicode

STRREVERSE (VBA) Returns a string whose characters are in reverse order

SUBSTITUTE (WS) Replaces a set of characters with another

T (WS) Returns the text referred to by a value

TEXT (WS) Returns a value converted to text with a specified format

TEXTJOIN (WS) Used to join 2 or more strings together separated by a delimiter

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TEXT (WS) Returns a value converted to text with a specified format

TEXTJOIN (WS) Used to join 2 or more strings together separated by a delimiter

TRIM (WS, VBA) Returns a text value with the leading and trailing spaces removed

UCASE (VBA) Converts a string to all uppercase

UPPER (WS) Convert text to all uppercase

VAL (VBA) Returns the numbers found in a string

VALUE (WS) Converts a text value that represents a number to a number

Date/Time Functions
DATE (WS) Returns the serial date value for a date

DATE (VBA) Returns the current system date

Returns a date after which a certain time/date interval has been

DATEADD (VBA)
added

Returns the difference between two date values, based on the

DATEDIF (WS)
interval specified

Returns the difference between two date values, based on the

DATEDIFF (VBA)
interval specified

DATEPART (VBA) Returns a specified part of a given date

DATESERIAL (VBA) Returns a date given a year, month, and day value

DATEVALUE (WS, VBA) Returns the serial number of a date

Returns the day of the month (a number from 1 to 31) given a date
DAY (WS, VBA)
value

DAYS (WS) Returns the number of days between 2 dates

Returns the number of days between two dates based on a

DAYS360 (WS)
360-day year

Adds a specified number of months to a date and returns the

EDATE (WS)
result as a serial date

Calculates the last day of the month after adding a specified

EOMONTH (WS)
number of months to a date

FORMAT DATES (VBA) Takes a date expression and returns it as a formatted string

HOUR (WS, VBA) Returns the hours (a number from 0 to 23) from a time value

ISOWEEKNUM (WS) Returns the ISO week number for a date

MINUTE (WS, VBA) Returns the minutes (a number from 0 to 59) from a time value
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MINUTE (WS, VBA) Returns the minutes (a number from 0 to 59) from a time value

MONTH (WS, VBA) Returns the month (a number from 1 to 12) given a date value

Returns a string representing the month given a number from 1 to

MONTHNAME (VBA)
12

Returns the number of work days between 2 dates, excluding

NETWORKDAYS (WS)
weekends and holidays

Returns the number of work days between 2 dates, excluding

NETWORKDAYS.INTL (WS)
weekends and holidays

NOW (WS, VBA) Returns the current system date and time

SECOND (WS) Returns the seconds (a number from 0 to 59) from a time value

Returns a decimal number given an hour, minute and second

TIME (WS)
value

TIMESERIAL (VBA) Returns a time given an hour, minute, and second value

TIMEVALUE (WS, VBA) Returns the serial number of a time

TODAY (WS) Returns the current system date

Returns a number representing the day of the week, given a date

WEEKDAY (WS, VBA)
value

Returns a string representing the day of the week given a number

WEEKDAYNAME (VBA)
from 1 to 7

WEEKNUM (WS) Returns the week number for a date

Adds a specified number of work days to a date and returns the

WORKDAY (WS)
result as a serial date

Adds a specified number of work days to a date and returns the

WORKDAY.INTL (WS)
result as a serial date (customizable weekends)

Returns a four-digit year (a number from 1900 to 9999) given a

YEAR (WS, VBA)
date value

YEARFRAC (WS) Returns the number of days between 2 dates as a year fraction

Math/Trig Functions
ABS (WS, VBA) Returns the absolute value of a number

ACOS (WS) Returns the arccosine (in radians) of a number

ACOSH (WS) Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number

Apply functions such AVERAGE, SUM, COUNT, MAX or MIN and

AGGREGATE (WS)
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Apply functions such AVERAGE, SUM, COUNT, MAX or MIN and

AGGREGATE (WS)
ignore errors or hidden rows

ASIN (WS) Returns the arcsine (in radians) of a number

ASINH (WS) Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number

ATAN (WS) Returns the arctangent (in radians) of a number

ATAN2 (WS) Returns the arctangent (in radians) of (x,y) coordinates

ATANH (WS) Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number

ATN (VBA) Returns the arctangent of a number

CEILING (WS) Returns a number rounded up based on a multiple of significance

Returns a number rounded up to the nearest integer or to the

CEILING.PRECISE (WS)
nearest multiple of significance

Returns the number of combinations for a specified number of

COMBIN (WS)
items

Returns the number of combinations for a specified number of

COMBINA (WS)
items and includes repetitions

COS (WS, VBA) Returns the cosine of an angle

COSH (WS) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number

DEGREES (WS) Converts radians into degrees

EVEN (WS) Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer

EXP (WS, VBA) Returns e raised to the nth power

FACT (WS) Returns the factorial of a number

FIX (VBA) Returns the integer portion of a number

Returns a number rounded down based on a multiple of

FLOOR (WS)
significance

FORMAT NUMBERS (VBA) Takes a numeric expression and returns it as a formatted string

INT (WS, VBA) Returns the integer portion of a number

LN (WS) Returns the natural logarithm of a number

LOG (WS, VBA) Returns the logarithm of a number to a specified base

LOG10 (WS) Returns the base-10 logarithm of a number

MDETERM (WS) Returns the matrix determinant of an array

MINVERSE (WS) Returns the inverse matrix for a given matrix

MMULT (WS) Returns the matrix product of two arrays

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MMULT (WS) Returns the matrix product of two arrays

MOD (WS) Returns the remainder after a number is divided by a divisor

ODD (WS) Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer

PI (WS) Returns the mathematical constant called pi

POWER (WS) Returns the result of a number raised to a given power

PRODUCT (WS) Multiplies the numbers and returns the product

RADIANS (WS) Converts degrees into radians

Returns a random number that is greater than or equal to 0 and

RAND (WS)
less than 1

RANDBETWEEN (WS) Returns a random number that is between a bottom and top range

Used to change the seed value used by the random number

RANDOMIZE (VBA)
generator for the RND function

RND (VBA) Used to generate a random number (integer value)

ROMAN (WS) Converts a number to roman numeral

ROUND (WS) Returns a number rounded to a specified number of digits

ROUND (VBA) Returns a number rounded to a specified number of digits

ROUNDDOWN (WS) Returns a number rounded down to a specified number of digits

ROUNDUP (WS) Returns a number rounded up to a specified number of digits

SGN (VBA) Returns the sign of a number

SIGN (WS) Returns the sign of a number

SIN (WS, VBA) Returns the sine of an angle

SINH (WS) Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number

SQR (VBA) Returns the square root of a number

SQRT (WS) Returns the square root of a number

Returns the subtotal of the numbers in a column in a list or

SUBTOTAL (WS)
database

SUM (WS) Adds all numbers in a range of cells

SUMIF (WS) Adds all numbers in a range of cells based on one criteria

Adds all numbers in a range of cells, based on a single or multiple

SUMIFS (WS)
criteria

Multiplies the corresponding items in the arrays and returns the

SUMPRODUCT (WS)
sum of the results
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Multiplies the corresponding items in the arrays and returns the

SUMPRODUCT (WS)
sum of the results

SUMSQ (WS) Returns the sum of the squares of a series of values

SUMX2MY2 (WS) Returns the sum of the difference of squares between two arrays

Returns the sum of the squares of corresponding items in the

SUMX2PY2 (WS)
arrays

Returns the sum of the squares of the differences between

SUMXMY2 (WS)
corresponding items in the arrays

TAN (WS, VBA) Returns the tangent of an angle

TANH (WS) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number

TRUNC (WS) Returns a number truncated to a specified number of digits

Statistical Functions
Returns the average of the absolute deviations of the numbers
AVEDEV (WS)
provided

AVERAGE (WS) Returns the average of the numbers provided

Returns the average of the numbers provided and treats TRUE as

AVERAGEA (WS)
1 and FALSE as 0

Returns the average of all numbers in a range of cells, based on a

AVERAGEIF (WS)
given criteria

Returns the average of all numbers in a range of cells, based on

AVERAGEIFS (WS)
multiple criteria

BETA.DIST (WS) Returns the beta distribution

Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta probability density

BETA.INV (WS)
function

BETADIST (WS) Returns the cumulative beta probability density function

Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta probability density

BETAINV (WS)
function

BINOM.DIST (WS) Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability

Returns the smallest value for which the cumulative binomial

BINOM.INV (WS)
distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion

BINOMDIST (WS) Returns the individual term binomial distribution probability

CHIDIST (WS) Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution

Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared

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CHIDIST (WS) Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared distribution

Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared

CHIINV (WS)
distribution

CHITEST (WS) Returns the value from the chi-squared distribution

Counts the number of cells that contain numbers as well as the

COUNT (WS)
number of arguments that contain numbers

Counts the number of cells that are not empty as well as the
COUNTA (WS)
number of value arguments provided

COUNTBLANK (WS) Counts the number of empty cells in a range

COUNTIF (WS) Counts the number of cells in a range, that meets a given criteria

Counts the number of cells in a range, that meets a single or

COUNTIFS (WS)
multiple criteria

Returns the covariance, the average of the products of deviations

COVAR (WS)
for two data sets

Returns a prediction of a future value based on existing values

FORECAST (WS)
provided

Returns how often values occur within a set of data. It returns a

FREQUENCY (WS)
vertical array of numbers

Returns the predicted exponential growth based on existing values

GROWTH (WS)
provided

Returns the y-axis intersection point of a line using x-axis values

INTERCEPT (WS)
and y-axis values

LARGE (WS) Returns the nth largest value from a set of values

Uses the least squares method to calculate the statistics for a

LINEST (WS)
straight line and returns an array describing that line

MAX (WS) Returns the largest value from the numbers provided

Returns the largest value from the values provided (numbers, text
MAXA (WS)
and logical values)

MEDIAN (WS) Returns the median of the numbers provided

MIN (WS) Returns the smallest value from the numbers provided

Returns the smallest value from the values provided (numbers,

MINA (WS)
text and logical values)

PERCENTILE (WS) Returns the nth percentile from a set of values

PERCENTRANK (WS) Returns the nth percentile from a set of values

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PERCENTRANK (WS) Returns the nth percentile from a set of values

Returns the number of permutations for a specified number of

PERMUT (WS)
items

QUARTILE (WS) Returns the quartile from a set of values

RANK (WS) Returns the rank of a number within a set of numbers

Returns the slope of a regression line based on the data points

SLOPE (WS)
identified by known_y_values and known_x_values

SMALL (WS) Returns the nth smallest value from a set of values

Returns the standard deviation of a population based on a sample

STDEV (WS)
of numbers

Returns the standard deviation of a population based on a sample

STDEVA (WS)
of numbers, text, and logical values

Returns the standard deviation of a population based on an entire

STDEVP (WS)
population of numbers

Returns the standard deviation of a population based on an entire

STDEVPA (WS)
population of numbers, text, and logical values

Returns the variance of a population based on a sample of

VAR (WS)
numbers

Returns the variance of a population based on a sample of

VARA (WS)
numbers, text, and logical values

Returns the variance of a population based on an entire

VARP (WS)
population of numbers

Returns the variance of a population based on an entire

VARPA (WS)
population of numbers, text, and logical values

Logical Functions
AND (WS) Returns TRUE if all conditions are TRUE

AND (VBA) Returns TRUE if all conditions are TRUE

CASE (VBA) Has the functionality of an IF-THEN-ELSE statement

FALSE (WS) Returns a logical value of FALSE

FOR...NEXT (VBA) Used to create a FOR LOOP

Returns one value if the condition is TRUE or another value if the

IF (WS)
condition is FALSE

IF (more than 7) (WS) Nest more than 7 IF functions

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IF (more than 7) (WS) Nest more than 7 IF functions

IF (up to 7) (WS) Nest up to 7 IF functions

Returns a value if a specified condition evaluates to TRUE or

IF-THEN-ELSE (VBA)
another value if it evaluates to FALSE

IFS (WS) Specify multiple IF conditions within 1 function

NOT (WS) Returns the reversed logical value

OR (WS) Returns TRUE if any of the conditions are TRUE

OR (VBA) Returns TRUE if any of the conditions are TRUE

TRUE (WS) Returns a logical value of TRUE

WHILE...WEND (VBA) Used to create a WHILE LOOP

Information Functions
Used to retrieve information about a cell such as contents,
CELL (WS)
formatting, size, etc.

ENVIRON (VBA) Returns the value of an operating system environment variable

ERROR.TYPE (WS) Returns the numeric representation of an Excel error

INFO (WS) Returns information about the operating environment

ISBLANK (WS) Used to check for blank or null values

ISDATE (VBA) Returns TRUE if the expression is a valid date

ISEMPTY (VBA) Used to check for blank cells or uninitialized variables

ISERR (WS) Used to check for error values except #N/A

ISERROR (WS, VBA) Used to check for error values

ISLOGICAL (WS) Used to check for a logical value (TRUE or FALSE)

ISNA (WS) Used to check for #N/A error

ISNONTEXT (WS) Used to check for a value that is not text

ISNULL (VBA) Used to check for a NULL value

ISNUMBER (WS) Used to check for a numeric value

ISNUMERIC (VBA) Used to check for a numeric value

ISREF (WS) Used to check for a reference

ISTEXT (WS) Used to check for a text value

N (WS) Converts a value to a number

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N (WS) Converts a value to a number

NA (WS) Returns the #N/A error value

TYPE (WS) Returns the type of a value

Financial Functions
Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest on a
ACCRINT (WS)
periodic basis

Returns the accrued interest for a security that pays interest at

ACCRINTM (WS)
maturity

Returns the linear depreciation of an asset for each accounting

AMORDEGRC (WS)
period, on a prorated basis

Returns the depreciation of an asset for each accounting period,

AMORLINC (WS)
on a prorated basis

Returns the depreciation of an asset based on the fixed-declining

DB (WS)
balance method

Returns the depreciation of an asset based on the double-

DDB (WS, VBA)
declining balance method

FV (WS, VBA) Returns the future value of an investment

IPMT (WS, VBA) Returns the interest payment for an investment

IRR (WS, VBA) Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows

ISPMT (WS) Returns the interest payment for an investment

Returns the modified internal rate of return for a series of cash

MIRR (WS, VBA)
flows

NPER (WS, VBA) Returns the number of periods for an investment

NPV (WS, VBA) Returns the net present value of an investment

PMT (WS, VBA) Returns the payment amount for a loan

PPMT (WS, VBA) Returns the payment on the principal for a particular payment

PV (WS, VBA) Returns the present value of an investment

RATE (WS, VBA) Returns the interest rate for an annuity

Returns the depreciation of an asset based on the straight-line

SLN (WS, VBA)
depreciation method

Returns the depreciation of an asset based on the sum-of-years'

SYD (WS, VBA)
digits depreciation method
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SYD (WS, VBA)

digits depreciation method

Returns the depreciation of an asset based on a variable declining

VDB (WS)
balance depreciation method

Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows that
XIRR (WS)
may not be periodic

Database Functions
Averages all numbers in a column in a list or database, based on
DAVERAGE (WS)
a given criteria

Returns the number of cells in a column or database that contains

DCOUNT (WS)
numeric values and meets a given criteria

Returns the number of cells in a column or database that contains

DCOUNTA (WS)
nonblank values and meets a given criteria

Retrieves from a database a single record that matches a given

DGET (WS)
criteria

Returns the largest number in a column in a list or database,

DMAX (WS)
based on a given criteria

Returns the smallest number in a column in a list or database,

DMIN (WS)
based on a given criteria

Returns the product of the numbers in a column in a list or

DPRODUCT (WS)
database, based on a given criteria

Returns the standard deviation of a population based on a sample

DSTDEV (WS)
of numbers

Returns the standard deviation of a population based on the entire

DSTDEVP (WS)
population of numbers

Sums the numbers in a column or database that meets a given

DSUM (WS)
criteria

Returns the variance of a population based on a sample of

DVAR (WS)
numbers

Returns the variance of a population based on the entire

DVARP (WS)
population of numbers

Engineering Functions
BIN2DEC (WS) Converts a binary number to a decimal number

BIN2HEX (WS) Converts a binary number to a hexadecimal number

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BIN2HEX (WS) Converts a binary number to a hexadecimal number

BIN2OCT (WS) Converts a binary number to an octal number

COMPLEX (WS) Converts coefficients (real and imaginary) into a complex number

Convert a number from one measurement unit to another

CONVERT (WS)
measurement unit

File/Directory Functions
CHDIR (VBA) Used to change the current directory or folder

CHDRIVE (VBA) Used to change the current drive

CURDIR (VBA) Returns the current path

Returns the first filename that matches the pathname and

DIR (VBA)
attributes specified

Returns the date and time of when a file was created or last
FILEDATETIME (VBA)
modified

FILELEN (VBA) Returns the size of a file in bytes

Returns an integer that represents the attributes of a file, folder, or

GETATTR (VBA)
directory

MKDIR (VBA) Used to create a new folder or directory

SETATTR (VBA) Used to set the attributes of a file

Data Type Conv. Functions

CBOOL (VBA) Converts a value to a boolean

CBYTE (VBA) Converts a value to a byte (ie: number between 0 and 255)

CCUR (VBA) Converts a value to currency

CDATE (VBA) Converts a value to a date

CDBL (VBA) Converts a value to a double

CDEC (VBA) Converts a value to a decimal number

CINT (VBA) Converts a value to an integer

CLNG (VBA) Converts a value to a long integer

CSNG (VBA) Converts a value to a single-precision number

CSTR (VBA) Converts a value to a string

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