Figure 7.

0
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering

7. Design and selection of discharge devices

7.1 Design for reliable flow
7.2 Pressures upon discharge devices and power consumption

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.1
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering

Hopper Discharge Devices

with traction without traction

1. Belt feeder 2. Chain conveyor 3. Vibratory 4. Rotary 5. Other

as feeder: feeder: feeder: devices:

1.1 Belt 2.1 Sceleton flight 3.1 Pushed 4.1 Screw 5.1 Hopper
conveyor conveyor chute feeder outlet
valves,
gates
1.2 Apron belt 2.2 Chain feeder 3.2 Discharge 4.2 Rotary feeder,
conveyor chute star feeder

1.3 Belt balance 3.3 Dosing 4.3 Rotary

for dosing chute, pipe scraper

3.4 Vibratory 4.4 Table, Disk,

bin Roller feeder

3.5 Dosing 4.5 Agitator,

screen, beams, Stirrer
perforated
bottom

3.6 Pendular 4.6 Rotary plough,

bottom arms, beams
(walking
floor)

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.2
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering
Arrangement of Bin-Feeder Interface and Gates for Mass Flow

1. Flange arrangement of bin-feeder transition 2. Double plates

a) wrong b) right a) wrong b) right

dead zoens

chute
interface stagnant
zone chute
fitting
outlet cross turned
section of plate to right
feeder plate
opened
saddle closed

3. a) gate with horizontal obstacle b) partially opened

plate within the outlet area rotary valve

dead zone
dead dead zone
zones
in the
edges

free cross section

4. Discharge of easy flowing powder 5. Arrangement of rotary plough feeder

by rotary feeder
a) plough b) outer c) under-
no powder
dead too short wall step scratching
discharge dead
zone zone
stagnant zone

rotary plough
see: Schulze, D., Austragorgane und Austraghilfen, Chem.-Ing.-Techn. 65 (1993) 48-57

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.3
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering
Arrangement of Bin-Feeder Interface for Mass Flow
6. Draw-off behaviour of belt conveyor

a) in front at smooth belt and large b) uniform at sloping striker plate

vertical gate opening, (increasing draw-off height)
back at rough belt and small
vertical gate opening

c) uniform at widen chute opening d) uniform at increasing weir level

(sloping cross-sectional area of outlet) (sloping draw-off height)

weir plates

7. Boundary (interface, shear zone) of horizontally drawn-off powder layer

hopper outlet level

b) uniform powder draw-off

a) draw-off c) only in front draw-off

from back smooth belt
rough belt gate or weir
level and
bulk height
on belt hB

8. Sceleton flight or chain trough conveyor (redler) with sloping plates

within chute interface
sloping plates, skirts or liners

direction of
conveying
see: Schulze, D., Austragorgane
und Austraghilfen,
trough,
Chem.-Ing.-Techn. 65 (1993) 48-57 skeleton flight conveyor

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.4
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering

1. Belt and sceleton flight Feeders for Powder Discharge of Mass Flow Bunker
(Redler) conveyor
for mass flow

sloping
striker
plate
a) wrong b) right

hB
2
. . . . . . ... . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. .
..
...
....
...

...
..
.
..

..
.

..

..
.
.

..

.
.

..
lmin
1 = 2 = 3 - 5
chute interface . . ..
with guide skirt . . . . .. . . . . .. .
B .. .... . . .. ... . . .. . .
bmin . .. . . . . . . .. . . ..

1
....
.....

..

BB
...

bB
.

bA
. . . . .. .... . .. ..
.
. . . .
widen discharge opening
2. Vibratory chute for mass flow

a) wrong b) right
lmin/hR = 1 - 1,5

lmin
hR

2 = 1 - (5 - 8)
2 1
1
bmin

bR
2

/V
V 0,02 0,05 1 = 3 - 5
d d ,0
=
1

3. Rotary feeder for mass flow double rotor

bmin
b) right bmin
a) wrong
hS

hS = (1 - 1,5).b

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.5
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering

Feeders for Powder Discharge of Mass Flow Hopper

4. Screw feeder for mass flow at

a) progressive pitch sS
wedge-shaped hopper

I) wrong dead zone II) right

constant pitch
uniform draw by variable pitch
b) progressive screw diameter dS c) degressive core diameter dK ( = 5)

d) degressive screw wall thickness bS

e) progressive paddle pitch f) right- and left-hand screw with centric or

periphere discharge

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.6
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering

Feeders for Powder Discharge of Mass Flow Bunker

5. Vibratory bin for mass flow ("Bin Activator")

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.7
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering

Vibratory Bin
m
1100
K
1000 20 80

900 70

P
4 800
1,5 15 60
specific power consumption P/m in W/kg

700
installed power consumption P in kW

50
3 600
recommended price K in TDM

1,0 500 10 specific price K/m in DM/kg 40

2 400
30
mass m in kg

300 P/m
0,5 5 20 K/m
1 200

10
100

0 0 0 0 0
600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400
module size (bin outlet diameter) D in mm
Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.8
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering
Test Rig at with Silo Hopper and Bin Activator at Zeppelin Co. (Frie-
drichshafen)

Ring line for pressurized air

Silo hopper

Bin activator (Schffer-

Schwingauslauf)
Unbalanced motor

Hopper lock (gate)

Gaiter (folded rubber membrane)

Blow-through rotary feeder

Purge and leakage air conduit

Silo hopper
DN
deflector cone
with guiding
baffles

Oscillating shaft
Baffles
Unbalanced motor

Draft of bin activator (Schffer-Schwingaus- Inside view of bin activator (Schffer-

lauf) Schwingauslauf DN 600)

Kache, G., Verbesserung des Schwerkraftflusses kohsiver Pulver durch Schwingungseintrag, docupoint Ver-
lag, Magdeburg 2010
Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.9
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering
Test Rig with Silo Hopper and Bin Activator at Coperion Co. (Niederbiegen)

Hanging bolts and circumferential rub-

ber collar between silo hopper and bin
activator
Unbalanced motor
Bin activator (WAM Vibrationsaustra-
geboden)

Flexible rubber sleeve joint between bin

activator and rotary feeder

Rotary feeder

Silo hopper

variable
DN deflector
cone

hanging bolts
with flexible
Unbalanced motor collar

Draft of bin activator (WAM Vibrationsaus- Inside view of bin activator (WAM Vibra-
trageboden) tionsaustragebodens, deflector slope 10)
Kache, G., Verbesserung des Schwerkraftflusses kohsiver Pulver durch Schwingungseintrag, docupoint Ver-
lag, Magdeburg 2010

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.10
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering
7.2 Pressures upon discharge devices and power consumption
Horizontal Pull-off Force of Discharge Devices

1. Vertical stress v and tangential (horizontal) draw-off force Fh on

a) Rubber belt conveyor without guide skirt b) Apron belt conveyor with guide skirt
Fh = v,0 .l.b. tan(e) Fh v,0 .l.b.[tan(e) + 2.tan(w) .E.h/b]

c) Sceleton flight conveyor (Redler)

Fh v,0 .l.b.[tan(e) + tan(w) .{1 + 2.E.h/b}]

2. Time dependent filling height HFill, vertical stress v and horizontal force Fh
filling discharge

HFll
HFll

time
3. Vertical stress vG as function of displacement of discharge device z at filling

see: Schulze, D., Austragorgane

und Austraghilfen,
Chem.-Ing.-Techn. 65 (1993) 48-57

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.11
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering

Active and Passive Rankine's Stress State Limits

given: pv = 1 = b.g y searched: 2 stress states which meet the yield condition
c, i

active passive

x
ph,p
ph,a y
pv
pv - i
4 2
i
+ pv
4 2 ph,p
pv

ne

ph,a
pla

Yield locus: = tani +c = tani ( + Z)

ar

po
siti or R = sin i (M + Z)
shear stress

she

on
of
ive

pa
ssi
act

ve she
of

s ar
lo cu pla
on

ld
yie ne
siti

passive
po

active 1,p - 2,p

cohesion c
R,p =
2
R,a i i
p = -
i 2a 4 2

tensile ph,a i pv 1,p + 2,p ph,p

a= + 1,a M,p =
strength Z 2,a 4 2 2 1,p
2,p
normal stress

active passive

1 - sin i 2 cos i 1 + sin i 2 cos i

principal stresses 2,a = 1+ c 1,p = 2,p+ c
1 + sin i 1 + sini 1 - sin i 1 - sini

lower limit for c = 0 upper limit for c = 0

lateral or
horizontal ph,a 1 - sin i i ph,p 1 + sin i i
= a = = tan2 ( - = p = = tan2 ( +
stress ratio pv 1 + sin i 4 2 pv 1 - sin i 4 2

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.12
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering

Vertical Pressure upon a Discharge Device

Filling Discharge
active - plastic stress state passive - plastic stress state

b
2 1
2

1
pv dA

unload peak at bridging

vertical load Fv =

steady-state flow

Filling Discharge
pv = f(filling height H(t)) pv= f (H) pv = f(b)

time t

Power consumption of rotationg discharge device:

Generally:
P = M t = Fh v
Total power consumption:
Ptot = tan e p v A d v + tan w p v A chute v + Ptrans + Pidle

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013
 Figure 7.13
Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. J. Tomas chair for Mechanical Process Engineering

Fig_PC&P_7 Lecture Product Characterization and Processing of Pharmaceutical Particulate Solids, discharge devices, Jrgen Tomas 12.05.2013