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    The document discusses recycling post-consumer electronic waste for micropower distribution. It proposes using the transformer from discarded microwave ovens, called a microformer, to distribute power over medium distances at intermediate voltages for increased efficiency compared to traditional low or high voltage transmission methods. The microformer concept could provide an efficient and low-cost solution for micropower distribution by leveraging recycled electronic waste components.

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    The document discusses recycling post-consumer electronic waste for micropower distribution. It proposes using the transformer from discarded microwave ovens, called a microformer, to distribute power over medium distances at intermediate voltages for increased efficiency compared to traditional low or high voltage transmission methods. The microformer concept could provide an efficient and low-cost solution for micropower distribution by leveraging recycled electronic waste components.

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    21 views12 pages

    Microformer GHTC 2012 Final Part 1

    Uploaded by

    fsilassie8012
    The document discusses recycling post-consumer electronic waste for micropower distribution. It proposes using the transformer from discarded microwave ovens, called a microformer, to distribute power over medium distances at intermediate voltages for increased efficiency compared to traditional low or high voltage transmission methods. The microformer concept could provide an efficient and low-cost solution for micropower distribution by leveraging recycled electronic waste components.

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    of 12

    Reuse of Post-Consumer E-Waste for

    Micropower Distribution
    Daniel Ludois
    Patricio Mendoza
    Jonathan Lee
    Giri Venkataramanan

    Oct. 31st 2011

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011


    Recycling and the e-waste problem

    Municipal Solid
    Waste composition:
    8.4% Metals
    12% Plastics
    Waste management
    statistics: E-Waste in 2007
    (Source: EPA, 2007)
    33.2% recovered 250

    (recycled) 200

    12.6% combusted
    Millions of units

    150 Recycled

    with energy Trashed

    100
    recovery
    50
    54.2% discarded
    0
    Televisions Computer Products Cell Phones

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 2


    Recycling and the e-waste problem
    Major appliances in municipal waste stream
    Municipal solid waste 4000
    (Source: EPA, 2009)

    categories:
    3500

    3000

    Thousands of tons
    2500
    18.3% Durable goods 2000

    1500
    This includes small 1000

    and large appliances 500

    0
    1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2005 2007 2008

    Recovered Discarded

    Small appliances in municipal waste stream


    (Source: EPA, 2009)
    1800

    1600

    1400

    Thousands of tons
    1200

    1000

    800

    600

    400

    200

    0
    1990 2000 2003 2005 2007 2008

    Recovered Discarded

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 3


    Recycling and the e-waste problem
    Microwave oven industrial statistics
    (Source: US Census Bureau)
    Microwave oven Microwave oven
    20000

    18000

    recycling recycling
    16000

    14000

    Thousands of units
    Donate it (if it is 12000 Donate it (if it is
    10000
    working) 8000 working)
    6000
    Take it to a recycling 4000 Take it to a recycling
    center 2000

    0
    center

    2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
    Leave it on the street? Leave it on the
    Mfr Shipments Exports Imports

    street?

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 4


    The Microformer

    Microwave oven
    transformer (MOT)
    Microformer
    Typical MOT:
    120/2400 V, 1 kVA
    Purpose:
    Energize the
    Magnetron
    Half-wave rectifier at
    output
    Low duty cycle
    Daniel Ludois Jonathan Lee Patricio Mendoza

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 5


    The Microformer

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 6


    The Microformer idea
    Low voltage transmission
    High losses

    Advantages
    Intermediate voltage
    Copper wire

    Wood poles
    Pros Cons Quality:
    Easy to build Expensive, thick copper wire

    - Medium-voltage No transformers needed


    Consumers and producers
    High distribution losses, low
    efficiency
    Cost:

    easily connected 100 meter range Efficiency:


    performance
    High voltage transmission
    - Lov-voltage cost Low losses

    Right-sized solution High power


    distribution Steel or aluminum

    - 1 kW 1 Pros
    transformer
    Cons
    wire Concrete or steel poles

    household Low distribution losses, high Expensive, bulky Quality:


    efficiency transformers
    Thin wire Expensive poles Cost:

    Enabling tool for High power capacity (typical)


    10 to 100 km range
    Added complexity in
    connecting consumers and
    producers
    Efficiency:

    renewable energies Microformer transmission


    Low losses

    Social benefits
    Microformer

    Environmental Pros Cons


    Steel or aluminum
    wire
    Wood poles

    Quality:

    benefits
    Easy, low-cost construction Modest amounts of power
    Consumers and producers 1 to 5 km range
    easily connected Cost:
    Low system losses, average
    to high efficiency Efficiency:

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 7


    The MOT behind the Microformer

    1:20 approx. turns


    ratio
    High magnetizing
    impedance
    High flux density (by
    design)
    Self-limiting under
    fault conditions
    X1 X2
    R1 R2
    Typical parameters in Ohms
    R1, R2 X 1, X 2 RM XM
    Vin=120V Vout2.4kV
    0.44 2.5 305.7 36.0

    N1:N220

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 8


    The MOT behind the Microformer

    Transformer testing at Grainger Lab

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 9


    The MOT behind the Microformer

    Comprehensive transformer study 60


    mm

    Geometry m
    19m

    Parameters 38
    mm

    95mm
    Efficiency

    57mm
    Open Circuit Test m
    19m
    140.000

    120.000 m
    19m
    mm
    100.000 114
    Short Circuit Test
    Voltage (V)

    80.000
    60.000
    60.000
    50.000
    40.000
    40.000
    Transformer Temp. over time
    Voltage (V)

    20.000 120.00 120.00

    0.000 30.000
    100.00 100.00
    0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000
    20.000
    Current (A) 80.00 80.00
    10.000
    Temp (C)

    60.00 60.00
    0.000
    0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000
    40.00 40.00
    Current (A) Core
    Primary Winding
    20.00 20.00
    Secondary Wind-
    ing
    0.00 0.00
    0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
    Time (min)

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 10


    The MOT behind the Microformer

    MOT improvements
    and modifications
    Magnetic shunts
    removal

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 11


    The MOT behind the Microformer

    MOT improvements
    and modifications
    Add new primary turns

    IEEE GHTC Conference, Oct. 30th -Nov. 1st 2011 12

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