Professional Documents
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Parts 1 & 2 Half Day
Parts 1 & 2 Half Day
no smaller than..
no bigger than..
no shorter than
no longer than
or
no less than and no more than.
CONCEPTS OF FIRE SAFETY
1 EVACUATION
2 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT
3 ACTIVE INTERVENTION
occupants
buildings
Detection and alarm
Complexity of plan
Passive and active systems
part of building
use/purpose grp : hotel/iii
HT. 1 to be used for compliance
with Schedules 6,7,9,10 of By-law.
A- HOTEL
part B of building
use/purpose grp : SHOPS/V
HT. 1
HT. 2 to be used for compliance
with Schedules 6,7,9,10 of By-
law.
Detection
Alarm
Exits
Travel distance
Components
Capacity of exits
Temperature / size
Untenable condition
Time
Untenable condition
detection
alarm
movement
Total
evacuation
Time
ignition
Factor of safety:
RSET < 0.75 ASET
Required Safe Egress Time RSET
detection
Very early detection
Early detection
Manual detection
alarm
Automatic
Pre alarm
Local / manual
exit
Final exit
Alternative exits
Storey exit
Horizontal exit
Exit route
Final exit
UBBL 133 interpretations
Alternative exits
Final
Final
exit
exit
Horizontal exit
UBBL 171
Protected staircase
to final
exits
Protected staircase
to final exits
Compartment wall
Horizontal exit
Storey exit
UBBL 167, 174
Storey
exit
Exit route
Exit route
Final
exit
Final
exit
Storey exit
storey exit
Travel distance
Final exit
horizontal exit
Final exit
Travel distance
UBBL 165
7th Schedule
Dead end
initial travel distance before a point where an alternative path
becomes available
Direct distance
Stipulates that travel distance must be measured along the actual
path of travel
Open plan
Where an actual path of travel cannot be determined, the direct
distance can be measured as a straight line direct to the exit.
Permitted travel distance is then reduced to 2/3.
Evacuation : small area
Evacuation : larger area
UBBL
165 (B)
Max
15m if
room
< 6 pax
storey exits
Horizontal exits
2 2
1
Horizontal exits
b Travel distance
over steps
Over steps
a a
a + b = Travel distance
a b
A b c
B a
45 o Dead end
limit
c
C
b
b
a
300mm c
a
300mm
300mm
a+b+c P
Diagramme 4.4.4.8.
Exit and travel distance
Exit
Open Areas
(<9 Open Plan offices,
Warehouse, Hallways or
without Fixtures or
a <= 2/3 P Furnitures at time of
a
design)
Diagramme 4.4.4.9.
Travel distance within rooms X
< 6 occupants
X <= 15m
< 6 occupants
Exit
X
X < 6 occupants
Exit
Diagramme 4.4.4.10. X
Measurement of
travel distance within rooms < 6 occupants
< 6 occupants
X X 15m
X < 6 occupants
a <= 15m if room < 6 occupants
b <= dead end limits
c <= maximum permissible distance (P)
d + e <= max. permissible distance (P)
c + (d + e) <= 2P max. permissible distance (P)
Occupied area
a a Exit
b c d e
Corridor
Exit
Occupied area
a
a Room < 6 occupants
b1 b1
OPEN PLAN a <= 15m if room < 6 occupants
b2
Exit b1 <= dead end limit
b2 c
b2 <= dead end limit
c + d <= 2P (maximum permissible distance)
Corridor
Diagramme 4.4.4.13.
2 storey exits to be provided
d
45 degree
Compliance with
permitted travel distance
At least either c or d
This area does not comply with
Max. permissible distance
the provision of permitted travel
(or 2/3 P if space is open plan)
distance.
d
c
Diagramme 4.4.4.15.
Overlapping of c d
travel distances
Recommended method to check
positions of alternative exits
and compliance with travel distance
Diagramme 4.4.5.9.
Egress through
unenclosed openings
Storey exit
(mezzanines)
Permitted
Alternative
Route
Exit door
Exit discharge
Protected corridor
Protected staircase
Balcony approach
Single staircase
Exit door, exit discharge
UBBL 173
UBBL 186
UBBL 193
UBBL 133 - interpretations
Diagram 4.4.5.5.
min 5000mm Minimum distance between exits onto corridor
As far as practical
Protected staircase
Diagramme 4.4.5.6.
Storey exits (staircases)
Final exit
Diagramme 4.4.5.7.
Storey exits Basement
Ground level
Balcony (balcony approach)
approach
Diagramme 4.4.5.8.
Exit route to discharge
direct to final exit
Separate access/escape route
to and from basement level.
This helps in preventing escaping
occupants from upper floors
inadvertently entering the
basement instead of final exit.
Protected corridor,
protected staircase
UBBL 133-interpretations
UBBL 157, 189, 190, 191
1) number of treads (or risers) which shall not exceed 16 in a single flight.
2) dimension of treads and risers; tread shall not be less than 255mm, riser shall not be
more than 180mm. (By-Law 106)
3) width of steps or stairs which shall be calculated in accordance with by-law 168.
Riser
Diagramme 4.4.6.1. 180mm
Measurement of riser and tread max
tread
The width of staircase shall not reduce along its path of travel to
the final exit (by-law 169)
Diagramme 4.4.6.2.
Landing in residential building
(more than 16 risers per flight
is not encouraged)
Min
Residential
1800mm
Building
Max
4.25m
Diagramme 7.4.6.3.
Single riser in staircase
not permitted
(minimum number of riser can
be two but it should be regular)
Short flight
Staircases with long and short flights as shown above are not encouraged by
JBPM for an escape staircase because a persons rhythm of walking down steps
is broken especially during an evacuation when the staircase is packed with
evacuees and one cannot see the steps ahead.
Diagramme 4.4.6.8.
Example of acceptable staircase design
200mm
1m
Occupancy
Occupancy
min. 2x
1m
Balcony approach
Handrails
All flight of stairs with 4 or more risers shall be provided with at least one handrail.
No stairs to exceed 2225mm in
width without the installation
of a handrail.
A childrens handrail is
Adult recommended for steps/stair of
handrail this nature.
2225mm
max
Children 2225mm
handrail max
Max 100mm
Diagram 4.4.10.2.
Wall mounted handrail Handrail
Width of staircase
min Handrail
Diagram 4.4.10.3. Landing
900mm
Handrail detail 900mm
min
Single stair
UBBL 194
Diagram 4.4.8.1.
12m
Height of topmost floor
max.
of building with single not more 12m
12m
staircase max.
Diagram 4.4.8.2.
Maximum travel distance
By-Law 194 stipulates when a single staircase may be permitted. Essentially, this is only
allowed where the occupancy above ground level is confined to either domestic or office
purposes. The ground floor may be used for shops or car parks. (shop offices, shop
houses)
All elements of structure shall have a FRP of not less than one hour except the enclosure
for the staircase at the ground floor where the wall shall have an FRP of not less than two
hours, assuming the ground floor will not be used for residential purposes.
Capacity of exits
UBBL 7th Schedule
UBBL 175, 176, 178
Occupant load
Exit width
Stair A Stair B
50m
Occupancy load
Assume
(UBBL 180(b))lobby C is inaccessible,
=1.35m2/pax
VII persons per unit for stair = 75
Therefore 20m
C =Ahorizontal
and B must accommodate
exit, persons pertotal
unit occupancy
= 100
371 / 75= = 741
1000m2 / 1.35m2 4.95,persons
say 5
741 / 2 371
stairs
pax =/ 100371 persons per stair
= 3.71,
5 x 0.55m = 2.75m width each stair
3.71 x 0.55m = 2.04 m min width for lobby C
Lobby C
Sample calculation
Stair A Stair B
15m 35m
Assume C inaccessible, either B or D
B = stair = 75 pax per unit
Must accommodate
260/ 75 = 3.47
222 persons 519= persons
3.47 x 0.55m 1.9m width
519 / 2 exits = 260 persons
20m
222 persons
D = horizontal exit = 100 pax per unit
260/ 100 = 2.6
door D 2.6 x 0.55m = 1.43m width
Lobby C
storey exit
400 pax
400 pax
400 pax
horizontal exit
300 pax 400 pax
200 pax
Final exit
400 pax
Horizontal exit
Exit routes
?
?
Final exit
Compartmentation
Temperature / size
Untenable condition
Time
high Btu
moderate Btu
low Btu
Time
EQUAL Btu
Temperature / size
high volume
moderate volume
low volume
Time
EQUAL VOLUME EQUAL Btu
Temperature / size
Temperature / size
high Btu
moderate
Btu high volume
low Btu
moderate volume
low volume
Time Time
6 Schedule
th
8th Schedule
9th Schedule
UBBL 5 Schedule th
Service
138(c) : floor and walls separating purpose group
apts
215(1) : reference to elements of structure,
by building, or by compartments
215(2) : reference to height, by building only
138(d) : floor separating basements
Cineplex
Shops
Carpark
COMPARTMENTS, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND FRP
Compartment D Compartment A
Compartment B
Compartment C
COMPARTMENTS, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND FRP
Large Shopping Malls (Sarawak Building Ordinance)
Compartment B
No limits if
Compartment A At least 60% area are shops Compartment C
Less than 280m2 each
UBBL 6th SCHEDULE
Reference plane
relevant boundary
Reference plane
UBBL 6th SCHEDULE
notional boundary
Reference plane
Reference plane
SEPARATING WALL
Sample calculation
2h x 3w
1) Establish enclosing
rectangle
3h x 9w
2) Establish height and width 9m
of enclosing rectangle
Shape of opening
Square
1: 2
height
1: 3
900mm vertical or
750mm horizontal barrier
COMPARTMENTS, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND FRP
Atrium Space (NFPA 101)
COMPARTMENTS, ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE AND FRP
Atrium Space (NFPA 101)
UBBL 251
Smoke venting for
Safe exit
Compartmentation of large volumes
Compartmentation of large volumes
Protection of penetrations through compartments and elements
Required FRP
Half of required FRP
Required FRP
Full FRP for structures