education Corner
Karl F. Warnick
Six Easy Steps That Explain the Radiation of
the Rectangular Patch Antenna
Ren P. Meys and Ammar Rouibah
T
his article revisits a classic in anten-
na theory: the rectangular patch
antenna (RPA). The radiated elec-
tric field is computed from its physical
sources, i.e., the conduction and polariza-
tion currents, whose contributions are
clearly identified. The symmetrical equiv-
alent of the antenna is first analyzed, and
a coordinate system is chosen with the
z-axis parallel to the conduction currents.
The radiation of these currents appears as
close to that of two parallel dipoles carry-
ing opposite currents, which means a very
simple and easy-to-understand system.
It is further shown that the effect of the
polarization currents is typically much
smaller. The analysis is fully self-sufficient
(no reference specific to the subject is
needed). The radiation is summarized
by a figure with six parts that graphically
explains the topic step by step.
SCOPE OF THE ARTICLE
Many articles and books have been writ-
ten about the RPA but, despite these
efforts, many students and even engi-
neers dont consider the subject as evi-
dent. One reason may be that most
articles have been written with research
in mind rather than education. The
approach presented in this article was,
on the contrary, developed for teach-
ing purposes. However, due to space
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MAP.2016.2613738
Date of publication: 1 December 2016
IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine
editors Note
This issues Education Corner column features an article by Ren P. Meys and Ammar
Rouibah that provides a new way to visualize and calculate the fields radiated by one of
the most important antenna types in modern practice, i.e., the rectangular patch. This
article ties the radiated fields to physically meaningful currents, which can in turn be
related to a pair of dipoles. As the authors conclude in the article, May the reader now
understand this antenna somewhat better!
restrictions, only a summary of the 3) Superpose the elementary fields
whole work can be presented. That is associated with all of the cur-
why we think this article is primarily rent elements.
intended for readers who have already This method is straightforward
taken a course about the RPA or read whenever the currents can be rather
a chapter in a textbook but arent com- easily defined with a reasonable accu-
pletely satisfied with the information racy. The second method, which we
they received. will call the virtual currents or indirect
method, is derived from the electro-
TWO METHODS FOR CALCULATING magnetic theory [2]. It is based on the
THE RADIATED FIELDS equivalence principle stating that the
There are two methods for computing fields radiated by any system can be
the radiated electric field. The first is the computed if the fields on some arbi-
physical or direct method and rests on trary surface enclosing the system are
the principles of radiation as established known and if these fields are replaced
by modern physics [1]. According to this by adequate electric and magnetic cur-
method, to compute the fields radiated rents that become virtual sources for the
by any system, you simply have to per- real fields. If applied without approxima-
form the following steps. tions, both methods are rigorous and
1) Identify all (alternating) currents that equivalent. One should, however, be
imply real charge movements; what aware that the second method leads to a
this means exactly will be explained vision of radiation that is completely dif-
in a later section. ferent from the physically correct one.
2) Apply to all these currents the for- For example, according to the indirect
mula for the electric field radiated by method, a slot in a conducting sheet in
a current element. vacuum radiates while it is illuminated
december 2016 95
 by a plane wave. But from the physical
point of view, it surely doesnt, as there
are no charges in the slot since the field
behind the plane is a combination of
the incident field and the field from the
currents on the plane. For the RPA, we
resolutely choose the first method. Why,
indeed, should an indirect unphysical
approach be used when a physical analy-
sis is possible and even simpler?
studies, it is generally not applied to
the RPA. Finally, we use a coordinate
system with the z-axis parallel to the
conduction currents or length l (Fig-
ure 2), whereas this axis is usually
set perpendicular to the patch. These
two features will make the antenna
appear (to the first order) as a com-
bination of dipoles and substantially
clarify its behavior.
mode in the cavity that correspond to
the same current/voltage distributions
as the transmission line model. With one
exception [7], the procedure involves
the equivalent currents. The concept is,
however, implemented in a rigorous way,
and the latest versions of this theory [8]
are accurate enough for computer-aided
design work but not necessarily clear and
simple enough for efficient education.

OTHER SPECIFICS PREVIOUS WORK GLOBAL CURRENT AND VOLTAGE

The RPA is fundamentally an asymmetric The oldest model for the RPA is the
device made of a conducting patch above transmission line model [3]. This model
a ground plane [Figure 1(a)]. We first assumes that the current/voltage distri-
study the symmetrical equivalent of the bution on the antenna is close to that
antenna, which is made of two conduct- on a half-wave transmission line open
ing patches carrying opposite currents at both ends; this assumption is, in fact,
[Figure 1(b)]. Although this procedure made by all later models including ours
is very common in electromagnetic (at least to compute the radiated fields).
Radiation is computed using the concept
Conducting Patch of equivalent currents. However, in the
first versions of this theory, some rough
approximations were made, leading to
l results that were far from reality. Some
h improvements were published later [4].
w
The second theory is the cav-
Dielectric Infinite Ground
Substrate Plane ity model [5], [6], which considers the
(a) antenna as a dielectric-filled cavity. This
theory leads to interesting formulas for
the input resistance and even the feed
reactance. The radiation calculations are
based on the fields of the fundamental
2h
(b)
Zcc
FIGURE 1. (a) The asymmetrical patch
e /4 o e /4 z
antenna and (b) its symmetrical
equivalent.
l = e /2
(a)
z ously, they were first used in the trans-
I(z) I
m mission line model. One could argue
e /4 o e /4 z
(b)
l Im(U(z))
ZccIm
0 damental mode only, which is equivalent
x e /4 o e /4 z
ZccIm
y
w (c)
2h
FIGURE 3. (a) An open half-wave
transmission line, (b) the current
FIGURE 2. The axis for analyzing distribution, and (c) the voltage
the RPA. distribution.
DISTRIBUTIONS ON THE
SYMMETRICAL ANTENNA
Defining the currents and voltages
(or the internal electric and magnetic
fields) is the starting point for every
analytical model. Except for the width
w that is typically much larger than
for a classical microstrip line (or strip-
line in the symmetrical case), the RPA
appears as a section of the transmis-
sion line open at both ends. To be res-
onant, the length l is chosen as equal
to half a wavelength (taking the effect
of the dielectric into account). The
global current/voltage distributions on
such a structure are well known [9]
and written as
I (z) = I m cos (b e z) ,(1)
U (z) = - jZ cc I m sin (b e z) ,(2)
where I m is the maximum current, Z cc
is the characteristic impedance of the
symmetrical line, m e is the equivalent
wavelength (taking into account the
dielectric), and b e is the propagation
factor (b e = 2r/m e) . These distributions
are shown in Figure 3. As stated previ-
that the other classical model, i.e., the
cavity model, is more general, as it con-
siders an infinite numbers of modes, but
a closer look at the theory shows that the
radiation calculation is based on the fun-
to the transmission line mode.
RADIATION CALCULATIONS
DEFINING THE RADIATING
CURRENT DENSITIES
The first kind of radiating currents are,
of course, the conduction currents that

96 december 2016 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine

are modeled by a surface current density
vJ sc = J sc 1v z . These currents are directed z
z
along the z-axis [Figure 4(a)] and may
depend on both y and z. Numerical sim-

ulations indeed show that the conduction
currents are not uniformly spread over
the width w. They are somewhat small-
er along the center line (at y = 0) than
along the edges (at y = w/2). In any
analytical model, approximations have to
be made. In all classical models (i.e., the
transmission line model or cavity model)
this variation is neglected, and we will do
the same here. From the Global Cur-
rent and Voltage Distributions on the
Symmetrical Antenna section, we know
how the total current I depends on z.
This total current is, by definition, the
integral of the surface current density
+w/2
I (z) = # J sc (y, z) dy .(3)
-w/2
With J sc that doesnt depend on y, (3)
becomes
I (z) = J sc (z) w ,(4)
or
I (z ) v
vJ sc (z) = 1 = I m cos (b e z) 1v z .(5)
w z w
Other, less evident kinds of radiating
currents are polarization currents.
The topic of polarization currents is
discussed in many electromagnetic
courses. However, in most cases,
these currents quickly disappear from
the equations, being hidden within
the permittivity of the dielectric (see
[10]). When an electric field is applied
to a dielectric, the atoms in matter
are somewhat distorted. More pre-
cisely, the center of negative charges
(the cloud of bound electrons) and
the center of positive charges (the
nucleus) split, making a small dipole
appear. Of course, when the sign of
the electric field changes, the dipole
also reverses, creating a real charge
current. To deal with this effect, a
polarization vector Pv is introduced
that represents the volume density of
the elementary atomic dipoles. The
polarization volume current density
vJ vp is defined as
vJ vp = 2Pv .(6)
2t
Jvp
l Jsc
l
Jsc
h 0
+h 0
x
x
y y
w w
2h 2h
(a) (b)
FIGURE 4. The current densities on the symmetrical antenna: (a) the conduction
surface current density and (b) the polarization volume current density.
This current density is part of the Combining (10) and (11) leads to the
total current density vJ v = vJ vc + vJ vp polarization current density
and accordingly appears in Maxwells U (z) v
vJ vp (z) = - j~f 0 (f rd - 1) 1 .(12)
equation, giving the curl of the mag- 2h x
netic field
v
ELECTRIC FIELD RADIATED BY
v ) = vJ vc + vJ vp + f 0 2E
rot (H .(7) THE CONDUCTION CURRENTS
2t
The RPA is made of two parallel plates at
In classical electromagnetics, the vJ vp x = h and x = h carrying opposite current
term is usually incorporated in the distributions J sc [as defined by (5)] and
displacement (in the vacuum) current Jlsc = - J sc . We first compute the electric
term by writing ( | d being the suscep- field radiated by one plate that is supposed
tibility of the dielectric) to be at the origin. The electric field of
v ,(8) both plates is then obtained through an
Pv = f 0 | d E
array factor. The computation is further
v
vJ vp + f 0 2E v explained in Equivalent Length Calcula-
= f 0 (| d + 1) 2E
2t 2t tions. This leads to the following equiva-
v v 
= f d 2E = f 0 f rd 2E , (9) lent length referred to as the maximum
2t 2t current on the plates I m . (Those unfamil-
where f 0, f d, f rd are the permittivity iar with the concept of equivalent length
of the vacuum, the permittivity of the should simply view it as some normalized
dielectric, and the dielectrics relative form of the radiated electric field.)
permittivity, respectively.
vlemc (i, {) = 1 1
This makes the polarization current r f re cos (i)
disappear as a real charge current. To 1- ( )2
f re
correctly compute the radiated electric # (sin (r f re L) cos (r cos (i) L)
field using the direct method, we have to cos (i)
extract it again as - sin (r cos (i) L)
f re
v
vJ vp = f 0 (f rd - 1) 2E # cos (r f re L)) (- sin (i))
2t sin (rW sin (i) sin ({))
or #
rW sin (i) sin ({)
v .(10) # 2j sin (2rH sin (i) cos ({)) #1v i ,  (13)
vJ vp = j~f 0 (f rd - 1) E
where i and { are spherical angular
Finding the electric field between coordinates; f re is the effective relative
the plates is very easy, as we know the permittivity on the antenna considered
voltage U(z): as a microstrip line; and H, L, and W
are dimensions of the antenna normal-
v (z) = - U (z) 1v x .(11)
E ized by the free space wavelength m 0 .
2h

IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine december 2016 97

 EQUIVALENT LENGTH CALCULATIONS

The Basic Formulas

The electric field radiated by any antenna at distance r can be z
written as [14]

Z -jb 0 r
1
Ev = - j 0 ( e ) vler I r ,(S1)
2 r P
Js
1r
where b 0 is the free space propagation factor and Z 0 is the P r 1
l r
characteristic impedance of vacuum. The vector quantity vler d T
is the normalized equivalent length of the antenna with I r
0
as the reference current. This current is often taken as the

input current of the antenna. However, here we will take x
the maximum current on the plates I m as the reference; one
reason being that we dont discuss the feed in this article. w y
For a surface current distribution vJ s and a volume current
distribution vJ v , the normalized equivalent lengths referred to
I m are [13] FIGURE S1. The geometry for calculating the electric field
radiated by the conduction currents (one current sheet at
the origin).
vJ sT (P l ) jb0 dl
vlem = 1 # e dSl ,(S2)
m0
Sl
Im
vJ vT (P l ) jb0 dl
vlem = 1 # e dV l .(S3) z
m0
Vl
Im

1
The integrations are extended to any point Pl on the antenna,
P
and the subscript T means that the current distributions have 1r
P
to be projected on the plane T transverse to the propaga J Vp r 1
l r
tion direction. d T
0
Application to the Conduction Currents
For a single plate at the origin, the sequence is (see Figure S1) x

y
v1i = cos (i) cos ({) v1x + cos (i) sin ({) v1y - sin (i) v1z,
v1{ = - sin ({) v1x + cos ({) v1y, w
v1r = sin (i) cos ({) v1x + sin (i) sin ({) v1y + cos (i) v1z, 2h

vr l = y l v1y + z l v1z,
 d l = vr l . v1r = sin (i) sin ({) y l + cos (i) z l , FIGURE S2. The geometry for calculating the electric field
vJ s (P l ) = J s (P l ) v1z, radiated by the polarization currents.
J sT (P l ) = (vJ s (P l ) . v1i) v1i + (vJ s (P l ) . v1{) v1{ = J s (P l ) (- sin (i) v1i . (S4)
vr l =x l v1x + y l v1y + z l v1z,
The next step is to perform the integration involved in (S2) with vr l . v1r = sin (i) cos ({) x l + sin (i) sin ({) y l + cos (i) z l ,
dl =
vJ v (P l ) = J v (P l ) v1x, 
J s (P l ) = J sc (z) = I m cos (b e z l ) .(S5) vJ vT (P l ) =(vJ v (P l ) . v1i) v1i + (vJ v (P l ) . v1{) v1{
w
= J v (P l ) (cos (i) cos ({) v1i - sin ({) v1{) . (S6)
If the result is multiplied by the array factor (2, 11) for two
plates carrying opposite currents and situated at x = h, The current distribution to be used is given by (12)
(13) follows. J v (P l ) = J vp (z) .(S7)

Application to the Polarization Currents Performing the integration leads to the result (15) for the
Following the same procedure, we get (see Figure S2) equivalent length associated with the polarization currents.

Some interesting consequences of a shortened dipole antenna, which on the microstrip/strip line (the dipole
can be derived from this formula. The means a dipole that is not a half wave is in fact somewhat shorter than a half
first factor is the equivalent length in free space but is about a half wave wave on the microstrip line due to

98 december 2016 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine

the fringing fields at both ends). If
f re " 1, this somewhat intricate factor
simply gets
cos (r cos (i) L) v
-1 1 i ,(14)
r sin (i)
which is the equivalent length of a classi-
cal free-space dipole [11].
The second factor follows from the
spreading of the currents over the width
w (it can be seen that, for W " 0 , this
factor gets unity). For typical width val-
ues (e.g., 0.5l < w < 2l), this factor doesnt
change the shape of the radiation dia-
gram very much (of course, this wouldnt
be true for a larger w that leads to signif-
icant sidelobes). The third factor in (13) is
the array factor we mentioned previously.
The fourth and final factor shows that,
in the axis we adopted, the electric field
radiated by the conduction currents of
the RPA only has one geometrical com-
ponent (1v i) .
ELECTRIC FIELD RADIATED BY THE
POLARIZATION CURRENTS
Similarly, the equivalent length asso-
ciated with the polarization currents
can be calculated using the hints in
Equivalent Length Calculations. The
result is
vlemd (i, {) =
Z cc
- 2r (f rd - 1) ( ) tant to realize that the scale of
Z0
# (- j) 1 1 1
r f re cos (i)
1- ( )2
f re
# (cos (r f re L) sin (r cos (i) L)
cos (i)
 - cos (r cos (i) L) sin (r f re L))
f re
 Step 3: Figure 5(c) is the radiation
sin (rW sin (i) sin ({))
#W
rW sin (i) sin ({)
sin (2rH sin (i) cos ({))
# the complete (13). This diagram is
2rH sin (i) cos ({)
# (cos (i) cos ({)1v i - sin ({) 1v {). (15)
The electric field radiated by the
polarization currents is in phase with
the field from the conduction currents.
This ensures the polarization of the
RPA is linear rather than elliptical.
However, the direction in space of this
field is not as simple as it was previously
because the electric field has two com-
ponents (i.e., 1v i and 1v {) .
IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine
THE SIX STEPS EXPLAINING
THE RADIATION
To illustrate the discussion, we choose an
RPA with the following characteristics:
l = 100 mm , w = 135 mm , h = 3 mm ,
and f rd = 2.33 (relative permittivity of a
well-known commercial substrate). For
completeness, we give the values of the
effective relative permittivity, character-
istic impedance, and resonant frequen-
cy we used, respectively, f re = 2.24 ,
Z cc = 10.5 X , and fa = 963 MHz .
Figure 5 shows three-dimensional
diagrams for the magnitude of the equiv-
alent length. It is divided in six parts,
each corresponding to a step in the
explanation of the radiation.
Step 1: Figure 5(a) shows the radi-
ation diagram of the shortened
dipole that appears in (13) (first
factor). The diagram is a toroid. A
precise examination would show
that the exact shape is interme-
diate between that for a current
element and a half-wave dipole in
free space (remember that these
are rather close, the maximum
gain of the first being 1.5 and that
of the second 1.64 [11]).
Step 2: Figure 5(b) shows the
array of two such dipoles carry-
ing opposite currents and placed
at x = h and x = h [factors one
and three in (13)]. It is impor-
this figure (and all following) is
ten times smaller than that of
Figu re 5(a) for the single dipole.
When drawing the same (maxi-
mum) current, an RPA radiates
much less than a dipole.
diagram for the conduction cur-
rents of the RPA calculated from
very similar to the previous one,
the effect of the spreading factor
being limited with typical width w
values.
Step 4: In Figure 5(d), the radia-
tion diagram of the polarization
currents as obtained through (15)
is shown. The scale of the figure
being the same, it appears that
the contribution of these cur-
rents is much smaller. Also, the
december 2016
polarization currents radiate in
some directions (around 1v z ) where
the conduction currents dont.
This can be interesting in appli-
cations where an almost isotro-
pic diagram is required. However,
there always remain directions
where the radiation is poor (e.g.,
around 1v y ).
Step 5: The radiation diagram of
the whole (symmetrical) antenna
is given in Figure 5(e), with the
total electric field simply being
the vector sum of the two previ-
ous contributions.
Step 6: The radiation diagram of
the real (asymmetrical) antenna
is obtained by removing the back-
ward (into the x < 0 space) radia-
tion and appears in Figure 5(f).
MISCELLANEOUS
As stated previously, for the same cur-
rent, the RPA radiates much less than
a dipole. The power lost in the conduc-
tors and dielectric may not be negligible,
leading to a low efficiency. That is why
it is important to 1) design the antenna
with a large width w, which reduces the
conduction losses, and 2) use a substrate
with low dielectric loss. In practice, how-
ever, these drawbacks are more than
compensated by the big advantages of
the RPA, specifically, its easy manufac-
turing, low cost, and convenient match-
ing to 50 or a wide range of other
resistive input impedances [12].
The previous description of the radia-
tion by the RPA follows from an in-depth
study that led to a complete analytical
model for this antenna giving the usual
parameters of interest: resonance fre-
quency, gain, input resistance, efficien-
cy, and bandwidth. If one takes purely
numerical simulations as a reference,
the model appears to be either similar
or significantly better (depending on the
parameter) than the most popular ana-
lytical model in use [13]. We intend to
publish all of the formulas for this model
in the future.
CONCLUSIONS
By far, the main part of the electric field
radiated by the RPA is due to the con-
duction currents, and this radiation is
99
 0.02
0.2
0.1 0.01

0 0
0.1 0.01
0.2
0.2 0.02
0.2 0.02
0.1 0.01 0.02
0 0.1 0
0 0.01
0.01 0
z 0.1 z
0.1 0.02 0.02 0.01
0.2 0.2
x y (a) x y (b)

0.02 0.02

0.01 0.01

0 0

0.01 0.01

0.02 0.02
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02
0 0.01 0 0.01
0.01 0 0.01 0
z z 0.01
0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02
x y x y
(c) (d)

0.02 0.02

0.01 0.01

0
0

0.01 0.01

0.02 0.02
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02
0 0.01 0 0.01
0 0
z 0.01 0.01 z 0.01 0.01
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
x y x y
(e) (f)

FIGURE 5. The six equivalent-length diagrams explaining the radiation of the RPA. (a) The shortened dipole. (b) The two
shortened dipoles carrying opposite currents. (c) The conduction currents. (d) The polarization currents. (e) The symmetrical
RPA. (f ) The real RPA.

similar (but not exactly equal) to that of
two parallel half-wave dipoles carrying
opposite currents. It has a linear polariza-
tion along 1v i if 1v z is the resonance axis.
The polarization currents in the dielectric
add some radiated electric field, especial-
ly around the 1v z axis, but this contribu-
tion is typically much smaller. Moreover,
the corresponding electric field is in
phase but not parallel to the previous.
We hope that readers now understand
this antenna somewhat better!
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Ren P. Meys (rmeys@ulb.ac.be) is with
the Universit libre de Bruxelles,
Ecole polytechnique, Belgium. He is the
author of 20 articles and one book in the
fields of circuit theory, noise measure-
ments, microwaves, and antennas. He is
a Senior Life Member of the IEEE.
Ammar Rouibah (amrouiba@ulb
.ac.be) is with the Universit libre de
Bruxelles, Ecole polytechnique, Belgium.

100 december 2016 IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine

His research interests are microwaves
and antennas.
REFERENCES
[1] R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands,
The Feynman Lectures on Physics, vol. 1. Philadel-
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[2] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory, 2nd ed. New
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[3] G. Derneryd, Linearly polarized microstrip
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pp. 846850, Nov. 1976.
[4] H. Pues and A. Van de Capelle, Accurate
transmission-line model for the rectangular
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[5] W. F. Richards, Y. T. Lo Fellow, and D. Solo-
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[7] D. R. Jackson, S. A. Long, J. T. Williams, and V.
B. Davis, Computer-aided design of rectangular
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[8] D. R. Jackson, Microstrip antennas, in Anten-
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[9] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, 4th ed.
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[11] W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna
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[12] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, and A. Ittipiboon,
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June 2000.


Turnstile (continued from page 94)

sharp drop in alpha waves, indicating
that a set of neurons was firing in
response to the magnetic field. Since
the neural response came after a delay
of a few hundred milliseconds, Kirsch-
vink characterized it as an active brain
response as opposed to an instantaneous
response that might occur by electric
currents induced in the brain by the
magnetic field. Curiously, the alpha wave
signal followed up-down and counter-
clockwise changes in the magnetic field
but not the opposite. Now a similar
experiment is being conducted in Japan
by Kirschvinks colleagues, and that
team, too, is starting to see repeatable
EEG effects [2]. Maybe, just maybe, we
wont really need the magnetometer app
for our smartphones.
References
[1] M. Allen. (2016, Aug. 10). Birds measure mag-
netic fields using long-lived quantum interfer-
ence. Physics World. [Online]. Available: http://
physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2016/apr/07/
birds-measure-magnetic-fields-using-long-lived-
quantum-coherence
[2] E. Hand. (2016, Aug. 10). Polar explorer.
Science. [Online.] Available: http://science.sci-
encemag.org/content/352/6293/1508
[3] (2016, Aug. 10). Animal magnetoreception. Uni-
versity of Illinois at Urban-Champaign. [Online.]
Available: http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/
cryptochrome/
[4] I. Randall. (2016, Aug. 10). Electromagnet-
ic noise could set European robin adrift. Physics
World. [Online]. Available: http://physicsworld.com/
cws/article/news/2014/may/08/electromagnetic-
noise-could-set-european-robin-adrift


URSI 2017 G A S S
XXXIInd URSI GENERAL ASSEMBLY
& SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM

Welcome to Montral in August 19-26, 2017

for the XXXII General Assembly and Scientific Symposium
(GASS) of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI)

Enjoy, in addition to an outstanding Scientific Program and fruitful

Business Meetings, exceptional celebrations in the context of the
375th Anniversary of Montral,
Tourisme Montral
50th Anniversary of Expo 67,
150th Anniversary of Canada.

Mark your calendar now!

www.gass2017.org Christophe Caloz, Polytechnique Montral, General Chair
Ahmed Kishk, Concordia University, Vice Chair

Digital Object
Digital Identifier
Object 10.1109/MAP.2016.2609978
Identifier 10.1109/MAP.2016.2542504
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MAP.2016.2594899

IEEE Antennas & Propagation Magazine december 2016 101