Pham Le Tien - LATS - Do Ben Moi Gia Chuyen Huong Va Truc Banh Xe Dau May D19E

I
B gio dc v o to
Trng i hc giao thng vn ti
----------------
Phm L Tin
Nghin cu nh gi bn mi v tui
th mi ca khung gi chuyn hng v
trc bnh xe u my D19E vn dng trn
ng st Vit Nam
Chuyn ngnh: Khai thc bo tr u my xe la, toa xe

M s: 62.52.44.01
LUN N TIN S K THUT
H Ni - 2011
I
- II -
B gio dc v o to
Trng i hc giao thng vn ti
----------------
Phm L Tin
Nghin cu nh gi bn mi v tui
th mi ca khung gi chuyn hng v
trc bnh xe u my D19E vn dng trn
ng st Vit Nam
Chuyn ngnh: Khai thc bo tr u my xe la, toa xe

M s: 62.52.44.01
LUN N TIN S K THUT
NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:

1. GS. TS. c Tun
2. PGS. TS. Ng Vn Quyt
H Ni - 2010
- III -
Li cam oan
TI xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti.

Cc s liu, kt qu nghin cu nu trong lun n l trung
thc v cha tng ai cng b trong bt k cng trnh no khc.
Tc gi lun n
Phm L Tin
- IV -
LI CM N
hon thnh Lun n, tc gi trn trng cm n cc c quan to mi

iu kin gip : Khoa C kh; phng o to Sau i hc; phng Khoa hc; B
mn u my toa xe; phng th nghim VILAS 047-Trung tm Khoa hc cng
ngh Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti; Phng th nghim Sc bn vt liu-
Trng i hc giao thng vn ti; Trung tm nh gi h hng vt liu COMFA-
Vin Khoa hc vt liu; Phng th nghim vt liu tnh nng k thut cao-Vin C
kh nng lng v m; Ban khoa hc cng ngh, Ban u my toa xe, X nghip
u my H Ni-Tng cng ty ng st Vit Nam; Vin C hc Vit Nam; Hc
Vin K thut Qun s.
Tc gi v cng cm n GS.TS c Tun, PGS.TS Ng Vn Quyt,
nhng ngi Thy nh hng, v gi li cm n n GS.TSKT Phm Vn
Lang, ThS. Nguyn Ngc Vin, TS. Lng Xun Bnh, cung cp cc ti liu
qu bu trong qu trnh thc hin Lun n. Cm n cc thy, c gio B mn u
my toa xe, Khoa c kh, Trng i hc giao thng vn ti.
Trong qu trnh lm tc gi c trao i v gi cm n ti NCS. Trn Vit
Bn, ThS. Trn Vn Khanh, ThS. Nguyn Trung Kin v nhiu ngi bn na
nhit tnh cung cp cc ti liu qu bu.
H ni, thng 7 nm 2011

Phm L Tin
-V-
MC LC
Li ni u...................................................................................................... 1
Chng 1: Tng quan v vn nghin cu ............................................... 3
1.1. Khi nim v c hc ph hu ..................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1. Khi nim v bn c hc ph hu ..................................................................................... 3
1.1.2. ng dng ca c hc ph hu trong k thut..................................................................... 4
1.1.3. Nhng khi nim c bn v L thuyt mi ........................................................................ 5
1.1.4. Nhng ch tiu ph hu mi ...................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Bn cht s ph hu mi .............................................................................................................. 7
1.3 bn vt liu ca kt cu v cc ch tiu nh gi ...................................................... 11

1.4. Tng quan v u my diezel truyn ng in D19E vn dng trn
ng st Vit nam ....................................................................................................................... 15
1.4.1. Khi nim v u my D19E .................................................................................................... 15

1.4.2. Tnh hnh vn dng M D19E ang s dng trn SVN .......................................... 16
1.5 Tnh hnh v vn nghin cu trong v ngoi nc ............................................. 18
1.5.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu vn ngoi nc ......................................................................... 18
1.5.2. Tnh hnh nghin cu vn trong nc ........................................................................ 21

1.6. Mc tiu, hng, phng php v ni dung nghin cu ca ti ..................... 26
1.7 Kt lun chng 1 ............................................................................................................................ 28
Chng 2: C s l thuyt nh gi bn mi v d bo tui th mi

khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe u my..................30
2.1. S lan truyn vt nt mi ........................................................................................................... 30
2.1.1 C hc ph hu i vi vt nt mi......................................................................................... 30
2.1.2 c im ca vng n - do u vt nt ........................................................................ 32
2.1.3 Tc pht trin vt nt mi ...................................................................................................... 33

2.2. Phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi .................................................................................. 36
2.2.1. Phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng tuyt i .................................................... 36
2.2.2. Phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng tng i .....................................38
2.3. xut mt dng phng trnh lan truyn vt nt c k ti tn s
ti trng i vi KGCH u my D19E ............................................................................. 39
2.3.1 Nhng nhn xt ................................................................................................................................ 40

2.3.2. C s l thuyt ............................................................................................................................... 41
2.3.3. Nhng gi thit ............................................................................................................................... 42
2.3.4. Phng php xy dng .............................................................................................................. 42
2.4. Tnh ton bn mi theo cc h s an ton ................................................................... 44

- VI -
2.4.1. Tnh ton bn mi theo cc h s an ton khi t ti n nh .............................. 44
2.4.2. Tnh bn mi theo cc h s an ton khi t ti khng n nh .......................... 46
2.5. D bo tui th mi ....................................................................................................................... 46
2.5.1. Khi nim c bn v tui th mi .......................................................................................... 46
2.5.2. Cc phng php c lng sc sng cc b phn khi t ti khng n nh.. 47

2.6. Kt lun chng 2 ........................................................................................................................... 48
Chng 3: Nghin cu th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc,
c trng mi mu vt liu khung gi chuyn hng v
trc bnh xe u my D19E ..................................................... 49
3.1. Phn tch thnh phn kim loi, xc nh mc ................................................................. 49
3.1.1. Phn tch vt liu trc bnh xe u my D19E .................................................................. 49
3.1.2. Phn tch vt liu khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E ....................................... 50
3.2. Xc nh tiu chun th nghim ............................................................................................. 51
3.2.1. Tiu chun th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ................................................................. 51
3.2.2. Tiu chun th nghim tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu ...................... 51

3.3. Ch to cc mu vt liu th nghim ................................................................................... 54
3.3.1. Chun b phi ca mu vt liu th nghim ..................................................................... 54
3.3.2. Mu vt liu th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc .............................................. 55

3.3.3. Mu vt liu th nghim xc nh gii hn mi .............................................................. 55
3.3.4. Mu vt liu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai

ph hu ............................................................................................................................................... 56
3.4 Thit b th nghim...........................57
3.4.1. Thit b th nghim xc nh c trng c hc ca mu ............................................. 57
3.4.2. Thit b th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ........................................................................ 58

3.4.3. Thit b th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu .............. 59
3.5. Th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc ca mu th nghim:
gii hn chy, gii hn bn, mun n hi v h s bin dng ........................... 61
3.6. Th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ........................................................................................ 63
3.6.1. Th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt liu KGCH ............................................... 63
3.6.2. Th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt liu TBX ................................................... 66

3.7. Th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu ................... 69
3.7.1. Th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu ca

mu vt liu KGCH ......................................................................................................................69
3.7.2. Th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu ca
mu vt liu TBX ............................................................................................................................74
3.8. Kt lun chng 3 ............................................................................................................................77
- VII -
Chng 4: Tnh ton bn mi v d bo tui th mi khung gi

chuyn hng v trc bnh xe ca u my D19E....................78
4.1. c im kt cu ca KGCH v TBX u my diezel D19E ................................ 78
4.1.1. Gii thiu tng th u my D19E kiu CKD7F .............................................................. 78
4.1.2. Kt cu trc bnh xe u my D19E ..................................................................................... 80

4.1.3. Kt cu khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E ........................................................... 81
4.2. Tnh ton l thuyt kim nghim bn khung gi chuyn hng

v trc bnh xe u my D19E .............................................................................................. 82
4.2.1. Tnh ton l thuyt kim nghim bn KGCH u my D19E ............................ 82
4.2.2. Tnh ton l thuyt kim nghim bn TBX u my D19E ................................. 87
4.3. Tnh ton bn mi theo l thuyt c hc ph hu ................................................ .92

4.3.1. Tnh bn mi mi theo l thuyt ng dng ph hu mi .................................. .92
4.3.2. Tnh ton bn mi theo ngng pht trin vt nt mi ....................................... 125

4.4. D bo tui th mi KGCH u my D19E .................................................................. 133
4.5. Mt s bin php nng cao bn mi cho KGCH ................................................... 136
4.5.1. Gim mc ng sut tp trung cc b ca kt cu KGCH ................................... 137
4.5.2. Trnh vn dng u my khi chu ti vi tn s nh bt li .................................... 139

4.6. Kt lun chng 4 ......................................................................................................................... 139
Kt lun chung ............................................................................................. 143
- VIII -
DANH MC CC K HIU
a0 - chiu di vt nt ban u.
a - chiu di vt nt ng vi s chu trnh ng sut N.
ath - gi tr ti hn ca chiu di vt nt.
a, a - tui th tng i cho trng hp ng sut php v ng sut tip.
att - chiu di vt nt thc t.
a,b - nhng hng s mi ca vt liu lm chi tit.
A v B - cc hng s ca vt liu lm khung gi chuyn hng, trong phng trnh lan
truyn vt nt mi c xut c xt ti tn s ti trng.
C, n - cc h s ph thuc vt liu ch to chi tit trong phng trnh ca Paris.
da/dN - tc lan truyn vt nt trong mt chu trnh ng sut.
E - mun n hi.
g, h, - cc chuyn v thnh phn tng ng vi ba dng ti sinh ra bin dng .
G - graien tuyt i ca ng sut ln nht.
G - graien tng i ca ng sut ln nht.
G mu , G mx - graien tng i ng sut ln nht ca mu khi un v xon.
G ctu , G ctx - graien tng i ng sut ln nht ca chi tit khi un v xon.
KI - h s cng ng sut i vi dng ti sinh ra bin dng dng I.
KIi - h s cng ng sut i vi dng ti sinh ra bin dng dng I th i.
Kth - gi tr ti hn ca h s cng ng sut.
KIC - dai ph hy ca vt liu.
KIC KGCH , KIC TBX - dai ph hy ca vt liu lm KGCH v TBX u my D19E.
KImax - gi tr ln nht ca h s cng ng sut dng I.
KImin - gi tr nh nht ca h s cng ng sut dng I.
K - s gia h s cng ng sut u vt nt.
Kth - ngng pht trin vt nt ca vt liu vi h s R = 0,1 ng vi da/dN = 10-7 .
(K)th* - ngng pht trin vt nt ca vt liu vi h s R = 0,1 ng vi da/dN = 10-8
K - h s ti trng ng.
Kr - h s cng cc ng sut d.
Km - h s cng cc ng sut ti thi im m vt nt.
k1 - h s tnh ti khng ng nht ca vt liu.
k2 - h s tnh ti ni ng sut.
k v k - h s tp trung ng sut php v ng sut tip thc t.
L - tui th (s gi, km) ca chi tit thuc b phn chy ca u my.
ni - tng s chu k ng sut ca i (hoc i).
Ni - s lng chu trnh dn ti ph hu mi tng ng vi gii hn mi hn ch i
- IX -
No - s chu trnh ng sut c s.
m, m - s m ca ng cong mi Wohler cho trng hp ng sut php v ng sut tip.
MX.K, MX.H - M men xon tc dng ln trc bnh xe khi u my lm vic ch ko v hm.
Pm - tng trng lng u my.
p, q - cc hng s c trng cho s chng mi ca vt liu trong phng trnh ng cong mi
R - h s phi i xng ca chu trnh ng sut.
Smax - ng sut ln nht ti khu yu nht trong chi tit s gy ra s ph hu xc sut P%
Sgh - gii hn mi ca mu chun chu trnh ng sut N0.
tb - khong thi gian, km tc ng ca mt blc ng sut, tnh theo cc khu gian c
trng cho cc trng thi vn hnh u my.
up (zp) - phn v vi xc sut ph hu P%.
u, 0 , m - cc thng s phn b khi thu ca Veibull trong phng trnh ng dng ph hy mi
Wm - chiu rng mu th nghim xc nh da/dN v KIC .
Wmu, Wctu - mmen chng un ca mu chun trn, ca chi tit.
Wmx, Wctx - mmen chng xon ca mu chun trn, ca chi tit.
w - Kch thc vng bin dng do.
V - vn tc ca u my.
fi - tn s ti trng th i.
f0 - tn s ti trng nh nht.
ft - nhn tnh ca h thng l xo gi chuyn.
f(g) - tham s khng th nguyn, hoc l h s' hnh hc ca kt cu c vt nt.
FK.m, FH.m - Lc ko khi ng ln nht, lc hm ln nht ca u my.
FK.tk, FH.tk - lc ko, hm tc dng ln mt v tr thanh ko bu du trn KGCH
FK.TBX, FH.TBX - Lc ko, hm tc dng ln mt trc bnh xe.
YP - p lc ngang ca KGCH ln mt TBX khi u my i vo ng cong.
ss - lch bnh phng trung bnh ca i lng ngu nhin lg(max - u).
s, s - h s an ton mi ng sut phpv ng sut tip.
s - h s an ton mi ton phn.
; - h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt.
- h s tnh ti cht lng b mt gia cng.
v - h s nh hng kch thc ca chi tit.
- h s nh hng ca kch thc tuyt i ti sc chng ph hu mi ca chi tit.
K - h s ma st gia quc hm bnh xe.
- h s nhy ca vt liu ng vi chu trnh khng i xng.
- h s Poisson.
- c gi l ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khng th nguyn.
-X-
u, x - ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi chi tit b un, b xon.
- s blc (khi) ti trng tc ng trong ph ti.
v - h s c trng mi cc c tnh vt liu, i vi s tp trung ng sut c yu t t l.
max - ng sut ln nht mt im no ca phn t ang kho st ca chi tit.
c - gii hn chy.
b - gii hn bn.
t - ng sut tnh.
R - gii hn mi ca vt liu vi h s chu trnh ng xut R.
N - ng sut ng vi s chu trnh N.
-1ct - gii hn mi ca chi tit.
0 - gii hn bn mi cc mu th nghim vi chu trnh mch ng.
1k - gii hn mi un thun tu, chu trnh i xng, c xt ti h s tp trung ng sut.
-1KGCH, -1KGCH - gii hn mi ca vt liu khi chu un v xon ca KGCH u my D19E.
-1TBX, -1TBX - gii hn mi ca vt liu khi chu un v xon ca trc bnh xe u my D19E.
1 v 1 - gii hn mi ca vt liu khi chu un v xon ca mu chun.
1 ; 1 - gii hn mi trung bnh ca mu vt liu khi chu un v xon.
m v m - ng sut php v ng sut tip trung bnh.
-
a v a - ng sut php v ng sut tip bin .
e, e - ng sut php v ng sut tip tng ng.
- thng s ca phng trnh ng dng ph hy mi tuyt i.
, , v - h s nh hng s bt cn i n bin gii hn ca vt liu.
b - h s bm gia mt ln bnh xe v ray.
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
1. KGCH: Khung gi chuyn hng.
2. TBX: Trc bnh xe.
3. T: Truyn ng in.
4. CK: ng c in ko.
5. SVN: ng st Vit Nam.
6. HSCUS: H s cng ng sut.
7. HSATM: H s an ton mi.
8. GHBM: Gii hn bn mi.
- XI -
DANH MC HNH V, BIU V BNG BIU
HNH V, BIU : Trang
Hnh 1.1. S nh hng cc mm tinh th so vi cc lc tc ng 8
Hnh 1.2. S xut hin cc vt nt mi 8
Hnh 1.3. Vt nt trn x dc KGCH u my D19E s 902 17
Hnh 1.4. Vt nt trn tm cnh ngoi v tm y ca x dc KGCH s 907 18
Hnh 1.5. Gin Haigh 19
Hnh 1.6. S v tr cc im o kim tra trn KGCH u my D19E 903 23
Hnh 1.7. Biu Goodman - Gerber 24
Hnh 1.8. Biu Kuay 24
Hnh 2.1. H to v cc thnh phn ng sut ca trng ng sut u vt nt 30
Hnh 2.2. Vng n - do ti u vt nt mi 32
Hnh 2.3. Vng do u vt nt khi chu ti chu k 33
Hnh 2.4. ung cong da/dN-K trong h ta i s 35
Hnh 2.5. Tui th mi ca kt cu 47
Hnh 3.1. Cc v tr phn tch thnh phn kim loi ca vt liu TBX u my D19E 49
Hnh 3.2. V tr phn tch thnh phn kim loi ca vt liu KGCH u my D19E 50
Hnh 3.3. Kt cu v kch thc mu th nghim c trng c hc. 55
Hnh 3.4. Kt cu v kch thc mu th nghim mi 55
Hnh 3.5. Mu th nghim c trng mi vt liu KGCH 56
Hnh 3.6. Mu th nghim c trng mi vt liu TBX 56
Hnh 3.7. Kt cu v kch thc mu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt
v dai ph hu 57
Hnh 3.8. Hnh dng mu th c trng mi vt liu 57
Hnh 3.9. Thit b th c tnh vt liu th nghim 58
Hnh 3.10. Thit b th nghim xc nh gii hn mi 58
Hnh 3.11. Thit b th mi, dai ph hu INTON 8801 60
Hnh 3.12. Hnh dng mu th c tnh vt liu 61
Hnh 3.13. Kt qu th nghim c tnh vt liu thp 12Mn 62
Hnh 3.14. th hm mt b xc sut chu trnh ng sut th nghim mi cc
mu vt liu KGCH mc ng sut 1 65
Hnh 3.15. th hm mt b xc sut chu trnh ng sut th nghim mi cc
mu vt liu TBX mc ng sut 1 68
Hnh 3.16. Cc thng tin v thng s chung vic th nghim vt liu KGCH 70
Hnh 3.17. Cc thng s ca mu th nghim vt liu KGCH 70
Hnh 3.18. Cc thng s iu chnh vic th nghim xc nh KIC ca mu vt liu KGCH 71
- XII -
Hnh 3.19. Kin to vt nt ban u ca mu vt liu KGCH 71
Hnh 3.20. Kt qu th nghim da/dN ca mu vt liu KGCH 72
Hnh 3.21. Th nghim xc nh KIC ca mu vt liu KGCH 72
Hnh 3.22. Mu sau khi th c trng mi vt liu KGCH 72
Hnh 3.23. Ti trng theo v tr vt nt ca mu vt liu KGCH 73
Hnh 3.24. Kch thc vt nt ca mu vt liu KGCH sau khi th nghim 73
Hnh 3.25. Kt qu th nghim xc nh dai ph hu KIC ca mu vt liu KGCH 73
Hnh 3.26. Cc thng tin v thng s chung vic th nghim vt liu TBX 74
Hnh 3.27. Cc thng s ca mu th nghim vt liu TBX 75
Hnh 3.28 Cc thng s iu chnh vic th nghim xc nh KIC ca mu vt liu TBX 75
Hnh 3.29. Kin to vt nt ban u ca mu vt liu TBX 75
Hnh 3.30. Ti trng theo v tr vt nt ca mu vt liu TBX 76
Hnh 3.31. Kch thc vt nt ca mu vt liu TBX sau khi th nghim 76
Hnh 3.32. Kt qu th nghim xc nh dai ph hu KIC ca mu vt liu TBX 76
Hnh 4.1. Hnh tng th u my D19E 79
Hnh 4.2. Hnh tng th gi chuyn hng u my D19E 80
Hnh 4.3. Kt cu trc bnh xe u my D19E 81
Hnh 4.4. Kt cu khung gi u my D19E 82
Hnh 4.5. Cc lc tc dng ln khung gi chuyn hng u my 84
Hnh 4.6. Cc lc tc dng ln KGCH vi t hp 1 85
Hnh 4.7. Kt qu tnh ton l thuyt KGCH vi t hp 1 86
Hnh 4.8. Cc lc tc dng trn TBX 90
Hnh 4.9. Cc lc tc dng ln TBX vi t hp 1 91
Hnh 4.10. Kt qu tnh ton l thuyt TBX vi t hp 1 92
Hnh 4.11. S tnh hm phn b cho tit din trn 94
Hnh 4.12. S trc bc c tnh h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt 96
Hnh 4.13. S tnh hm phn b cho tit din hnh hp rng 97
Hnh 4.14. Mt ct D D trn x dc ca KGCH 98
Hnh 4.15. S trc bc rng tnh h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt 99
Hnh 4.16. S khi tnh ton TBX = f(P), 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) , sTBX = f(P) 107
Hnh 4.17. Kt qu tnh TBX = f(P); 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) ; sTBX = f(P) ca mt
ct I ca TBX u my D19E 108
Hnh 4.18. S khi tnh ton KGCH = f(P) v 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) 110
Hnh 4.19. S khi tnh ton sKGCH = f(P) 111
Hnh 4.20. Kt qu tnh ton KGCH = f(P); 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; sKGCH = f(P)
ca im A9 KGCH u my D19E vt o Khe Nt 113
- XIII -
Hnh 4.21. Kt qu tnh ton KGCH = f(P); 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; sKGCH = f(P) ca
im 34, KGCH u my D19E theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc 115
Hnh 4.22.Kt qu tnh ton KGCH = f(P); 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; sKGCH = f(P) ca
im P9, KGCH u my D19E theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt 115
Hnh 4.23. S khi tnh ton u , x , 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) v sTBX = f(P) 117
Hnh 4.24. Kt qu tnh ton u; x; 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) ; sTBX = f(P) ca mt ct I
ca TBX u my D19E 119
Hnh 4.25. S khi Tnh u , x , 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) v sKGCH = f(P) 120
Hnh 4.26. Kt qu tnh ton u ; x; 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; sKGCH = f(P) ca
im A9 KGCH u my D19E vt o Khe Nt. 122
im 34, KGCH u my D19E theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc 123
im P9 trn KGCH theo l thuyt 124
Hnh 4.29. Kt qu tnh ton KGCH = f(P); 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; sKGCH = f(P) ca
im A9 KGCH u my D19E t nhp th 3 vt o Khe Nt 124
Hnh 4.30. th quan h gia log(da/dN) v log(K) ca vt liu KGCH 126
Hnh 4.31. th quan h gia log(da/dN) v log(K) ca vt liu TBX 132
Hnh 4.32. th quan h gia log(da/dN) v log(K), xc nh cc h s ca
vt liu lm KGCH trong phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi 134
BNG BIU:
Bng 1.1. Cc s liu ng sut o c trn KGCH ca Trung Quc 21
Bng 1.2 Cc s liu thng k ng sut o c ca Vin C hc khi u my
D19E 903 vt o Khe Nt. 23
Bng 3.1. Kt qu phn tch thnh phn kim loi vt liu TBX u my D19E 49
Bng 3.2. Kt qu phn tch thnh phn kim loi vt liu KGCH u my D19E 50
Bng 3.3. Thnh phn cc nguyn t ho hc c bn ca vt liu gim
chn trn KGCH u my D19E 54
Bng 3.4. Kt qu th nghim xc nh c tnh ca vt liu thp 12Mn 61
Bng 3.5. Kt qu th nghim xc nh c tnh ca vt liu thp 55 62
Bng 3.6. Kt qu th nghim mi cc mu vt liu KGCH 64
Bng 3.7. Kt qu x l s liu th nghim mi mu vt liu KGCH u my
D19E s dng xy dng ng cong mi 65
Bng 3.8. Kt qu th nghim mi cc mu vt liu TBX 67
Bng 3.9. Kt qu x l s liu th nghim mi mu vt liu TBX u my
D19E s dng xy dng ng cong mi 68
- XIV -
Bng 3.10. Kt qu th nghim xc nh dai ph hu KIC ca vt liu lm KGCH 74
Bng 3.11. Kt qu th nghim xc nh dai ph hu KIC vt liu lm TBX 77
Bng 4.1. Cc lc tc dng trn KGCH vi t hp 1 84
Bng 4.2. Cc lc tc dng trn KGCH vi t hp 2 85
Bng 4.3. Gi tr ng sut ti cc im trn KGCH u my 903 86
Bng 4.4. Gi tr ng sut ti cc im trn KGCH u my 907 86
Bng 4.5. Cc lc tc dng trn TBX vi t hp 1 90
Bng 4.6. Cc lc tc dng trn TBX vi t hp 2 91
Bng 4.7. Kt qu ng sut ti cc mt ct ca TBX 92
Bng 4.8. Phn v ng vi xc sut ph hu 103
Bng 4.9. Kt qu tnh ton TBX = f(P); 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) ; sTBX = f(P) ca
cc mt ct ca TBX u my D19E 109
Bng 4.10. Cc gi tr ng sut cc im trn KGCH khi vt o Khe Nt 112
Bng 4.11. Thng k cc mc nh bin dng ng ca cc im trn KGCH 113
Bng 4.12. Kt qu tnh sKGCH = f(P) ca cc im KGCH u my D19E vt
o Khe Nt 113
Bng 4.13. Xc sut ph hy ti cc im trn KGCH c gi tr ng sut ln hn
GHBM v HSATM nh hn gi tr cho php khi vt o Khe Nt 114
Bng 4.14. Cc mc gi tr ng sut ca im 34 trn KGCH 114
Bng 4.15. Kt qu tnh ton sTBX = f(P) ca cc mt ct TBX u my D19E 119
Bng 4.16. Kt qu tnh ton sKGCH = f(P) ca cc im KGCH u my D19E vt
o Khe Nt 122
Bng 4.17. Kt qu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt vt liu KGCH 125
Bng 4.18. Chiu di vt nt trn KGCH khi tu chy vt o Khe Nt 128
*
Bng 4.19. Kt qu tnh ton (K)Ii v ngng (K)th ti cc im trn KGCH
khi tu chy t ga Kim Lin ln Trm nh o 129
*
Bng 4.20. Kt qu tnh ton (K)Ii v ngng (K)th ti im 34 trn KGCH
tnh theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc 130
Bng 4.21. Kt qu tnh ton (K)Ii v ngng (K)th* ti cc im trn KGCH
theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt 130
Bng 4.22. Kt qu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt vt liu TBX 131
*
Bng 4.23. Kt qu tnh ton (K)Ii v ngng (K)th ti cc mt ct ca TBX
theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt 133
Bng 4.24. S chu trnh ng sut N ti im P4 KGCH bt u ph hu 135
Bng 4.25. S chu trnh ng sut N ti im A2 KGCH bt u ph hu 135
Bng 4.26. S chu trnh ng sut N ti im A9 KGCH bt u ph hu. 136
-1-
Li ni u
Giao thng Vn ti ng st l mt trong cc hnh thc giao thng vn ti
quan trng ca mt x hi pht trin. Cng cuc i mi ca ngnh ng st Vit
Nam trong nhng nm qua thu c nhiu thng li: Cht lng vn ti ng
st khng ngng c nng cao, gp phn thu ht khch hng n vi ng
st nhiu hn, tng bc nng cao th phn vn ti ng st trong h thng giao
thng vn ti quc gia.
t c mc tiu , cht lng u my toa xe ca ngnh ng st
Vit Nam c nhiu thay i ln m bo sc ko p ng yu cu pht
trin ca ngnh v ca x hi. Nhng u my c cng sut ln, bn cao
thc hin ko kho, chy nhanh c thay th dn nhng u my cng sut nh,
cng ngh lc hu khng cn ph hp vi yu cu v sc ko ca ngnh ng
st. i mi khoa hc- cng ngh, c bit l sc ko, sc ch ang c lnh o
ngnh ng st quan tm theo hng An ton - Cht lng - Tit kim. Va qua
ngnh ng st nc ta ch to v lp rp thnh cng u my ko y, u
my D19E.... Ch trng ca ngnh l tip tc nhp, ch to, lp rp ra nhng u
my theo yu cu ca ngnh giao thng vn ti st ngy cng c cht lng cao.
Mt khc, vic nng cao an ton v tc chy tu i vi cc trang thit b hin
c l ch trng ln ang c thc hin.
p ng cc yu cu t ra, xut hin nhng yu t k thut cng
ngh, kt cu v vt liu nhm nng cao bn kt cu, tng tc chy tu, gp
phn thc y sn xut v s pht trin i ln ca ngnh ng st. Tuy nhin
trong qu trnh thc hin ny sinh nhng vn v an ton v tin cy ca cc
b phn, thit b. Mt trong nhng vn l: Hu ht cc u my truyn ng
in c nhp v Vit Nam ch c nh cung cp giao km theo cc thng s k
thut c bn ca u my m khng c cc khuyn co hoc cc hng dn v
cch s dng ph hp vi c th tuyn ng, iu kin mi trng ng st
Vit Nam, khng c cc khuyn co hoc cc hng dn v qui trnh kim tra, bo
dng sa cha cng nh cc c tnh vt liu ca cc kt cu. Trong b phn
chy ca u my th khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe l hai kt cu qun
trng. Do nh hng ca khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe n vic nng
cao an ton v tc chy tu, chng ta phi kim tra nh k theo qui nh trong
qu trnh vn dng. ng thi chng ta phi tnh ton kim nghim v bn,
cng ca khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe u my nhm ngn nga cc
h hng c th xy ra hoc c th gy ra cc s c, cc tr ngi chy tu, cc h
hng c kh gy thit hi kh lng v vt cht cng nh tnh mng con ngi.
-2-
i vi ngnh ng st Vit Nam, u my diesel truyn ng in ng
vai tr l sc ko ch yu trong hin ti v nhng nm tip theo. Chnh v vy m
vic nh gi cht lng ca khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe trn u
my diesel truyn ng in c ngha ln trong cng tc la chn, thit k, kim
tra, bo dng sa cha b phn chy, cng nh phng php vn dng u my.
Hin nay, phng php tnh ton ca c hc ph hy n hi v cc tiu
chun th nghim tnh nng ph hy i vi cc loi vt liu u c hon
thin. Phng php c hc ph hy n hi c ng dng vo vic phn tch kt
cu ph hy gin v vn pht trin vt nt mi trong kt cu... u c th nhn
c kt qu c ngha quan trng v cn thit.
Bi vy, vic nghin cu xc nh c trng mi ca mu vt liu cng nh
phng php xc nh an ton mi ca kt cu, chi tit cho php nh gi mt
cch y hn v tnh trng bn mi v tui th mi ca khung gi chuyn
hng v trc bnh xe u my diesel trong qu trnh vn dng hin nay. T
a ra cc gii php ngn chn vt nt mi, nng cao bn mi, m bo tin
cy, bn ca khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe trong qu trnh vn dng,
khai thc ng st nc ta l mt vn quan trng, cp thit ang c t ra.
-3-
chng 1
tng quan v vn nghin cu
1.1. Khi nim v c hc ph hu
C hc ph hu l mt mn khoa hc c hnh thnh v pht trin trong
nhng nm gn y, c hc ph hu c nhng kt qu nghin cu ng k. H
thng l lun v phng php o ca c hc ph hu sau vi chc nm pht trin
v hon thin ngy cng chnh xc hn. C hc ph hu c tc dng ngy cng
quan trng trong vic thit k chng ph hu, khng ch ph hu v phn tch s
c ph hu kt cu.
1.1.1. Khi nim v bn c hc ph hu
T cc cng trnh nghin cu v c hc ph hy ca cc nh khoa hc ta c
th nhn thy quan im quan trng nht ca c hc ph hu l: Vt liu v kt cu
u khng th trnh khi cc khuyt tt v vt nt trong luyn kim v gia cng; Do
, gi nh c bn ca c hc ph hu l: trong kt cu lun tn ti vt nt hoc
nhng khuyt tt khc; V vy, i tng nghin cu ca n cng chnh l kt cu
mang vt nt. Theo quan im ca c hc ph hu, trong cc chi tit hoc kt cu
c vt nt, ch khi trng ng sut ti u vt nt v kch thc nt t ti mt
mc no th mi b ph hu. Trn c s ny, l thuyt c hc ph hu a ra
mt s quan im c bn v yu cu i vi thit k chi tit v kt cu nh sau:
* i vi kt cu cng tc c vt nt, mc mnh, yu ca trng ng sut ti
u vt nt, c th dng mt tham s c hc ph hu gi l h s cng ng
sut K, tnh ton: Bt lun hnh thc kt cu v loi hnh vt nt no th
HSCUS K u phi tho mn yu cu K KC / n th mi bo m khng b ph
hu, KC l dai ph hu, tr s ca n c th dng th nghim c hc ph hu
tiu chun o c, n l h s an ton.
* i vi kt cu chu ti bin ng, theo l thuyt c hc ph hu c th chia ra
hai loi sau x l [10]:
1. Nu s gia h s cng ng sut K<Kth th vt nt s khng tip tc
pht trin; Kth l tr s ti hn ca vt nt pht trin thm, c th dng th
nghim tiu chun xc nh.
2. Nu s gia HSCUS K>Kth th vt nt s tip tc pht trin t t theo
mt quy lut no ; Nhng trc khi kch thc a ca vt nt pht trin ti kch
thc ti hn ath, th kt cu s khng pht sinh mt n nh hoc b ph hu. Bi
vy, tc pht trin vt nt ca vt liu da/dN l mt lng o kh nng chng
pht trin vt nt ca vt liu. Trn c s ny,vi kt cu c vt nt ban u l a0
v kch thc ti hn l ath, th tui th pht trin vt nt Np ca n c th tnh
-4-
ton nh sau:
a th
da
Np = da
(l.1)
a0

dN
Bi vy, kt cu c vt nt kch thc ban u a0 di tc dng ca ti trng
bin i, vt nt pht trin theo mt quy lut no , th tui th s dng ca n
phi hn ch trong thi hn N < Np
Theo l thuyt c hc ph hu, nu kt cu thc t c th tho mn cc yu
cu nu trn th kt cu tho mn c yu cu s dng an ton: Do vy, i
vi thit k chng ph hu kt cu th cc tham s c bn nh: H s cng
trng ng sut K, dai ph hu Kc, s gia HSCUS pht trin vt nt ti hn
Kth v tc pht trin vt nt da/dN l cc ch tiu quan trng ca thit k.
1.1.2. ng dng ca c hc ph hu trong k thut
Hin nay, rt nhiu hng ch to trn th gii nh: my bay, tu thuyn, u
my - toa xe, cu cng, c kh, u dng l thuyt c hc ph hu ch nh
tiu chun thit k kt cu an ton v phng php nh gi. ng dng ca c hc
ph hu trong k thut ta thy c th chia ra mt s mt sau:
1. Dng quan im c bn v chun tc bn ph hu b sung cho l
thuyt bn truyn thng, ch o vic thit k kt cu, tc l kt cu thit k
chng nhng phi tho mn cc yu cu ca bn truyn thng, m cn ng thi
tho mn yu cu ca c hc ph hu, c bit l tnh nng chng ph hu mi.
2. Dng l thuyt c hc ph hu lm cn c, a ra yu cu, c bit l i
vi phng php v qu trnh cng ngh ch to v kim tu kt cu, a ra cc
quy trnh tng ng va tho mn yu cu ng dng va t hiu qu kinh t
tng i cao.
3. Dng l thuyt c hc ph hu tin hnh phn tch s c ph hu kt cu,
a ra gii php phng v bin php gii quyt.
4. Ly vic nng cao tnh chng ph hu ca kt cu lm mc ch, nghin cu
to ra vt liu mi c tnh nng chng ph hu tt.
5. Xut pht t nghin l c bn ca c hc ph hu, xut phng php mi
ngn nt trong thit k v kim tu kt cu.
C hc ph hu n hi chng nhng l c s ca ton b h thng l lun
c hc ph hu, m cn l ni dung pht trin thnh thc nht, hon thin nht
trong h thng c hc ph hu. C hc ph hu n hi l nn tng ca ton b l
thuyt c hc ph hu. Phng php phn tch ch yu ca n l dng phng
php c n hi tin hnh phn tch trng ng sut ti u vt nt v khu vc
-5-
ph cn. Ni dung phn tch bao gm: Hnh dng, ln, phng v ca vt nt
(hoc khuyt tt ging vt nt) v phn tch tnh nng vt liu c vt nt.
1.1.3. Nhng khi nim c bn v L thuyt mi
Theo l thuyt c hc ph hu ta nhn thy l thuyt mi l mt nhnh ca
c hc ph hu chuyn nghin cu v ng x ca vt liu v chi tit di tc ng
ca ng sut thay i theo thi gian c k ti nh hng ca hng lot cc yu t,
ng thi nu ra phng php tnh ton v nhng gii php k thut nhm nng
cao bn mi.
Cc nh nghin cu chia l thuyt mi thnh hai nhnh nh: mi ngn
hn v mi di hn.
Mi ngn hn l hin tng mi xy ra khi s chu trnh ng sut nh hn
hoc bng l05. Ngc li mi di hn l hin tng mi xy ra khi s chu trnh ng
sut ln hn l05
a. Hin tng mi (hay s mi): l qu trnh tch ly dn dn s ph hng trong
bn thn vt liu di tc ng ca ng sut thay i theo thi gian. ng sut thay
i ny lm xut hin cc vt nt mi, sau cc vt nt mi y pht trin v dn
ti s ph hy vt liu. S ph hy nh vy c gi l s ph hy v mi.
b. bn mi: l tnh cht ca vt liu chng li qu trnh ph hng v mi.
c. bn lu: bn lu (tui th) ca vt liu chi tit l khong thi gian lm
vic ca chng di tc ng vi mt ch ti trng v cc yu t nh hng
khc m khng b ph hy. bn lu thng c tnh bng gi hoc bng s
chu trnh ng sut. Trong mt s lnh vc chuyn ngnh (v d lnh vc u my,
toa xe, t, my ko), bn lu c tnh bng s kilmt lm vic.
d. Gii hn mi: Gii hn mi ca vt liu l mt trong s nhng c trng c hc.
Cng nh nhng c trng c hc khc, mun xc nh gii hn mi ca mt loi
vt liu no y, mt iu kin no y, phi tin hnh th nghim theo mt quy
chun nht nh.
Gii hn mi ca vt liu mt iu kin no l gi tr ln nht ca ng
sut thay i theo thi gian ng vi mt s chu trnh ng sut c s m mu chun
khng b ph hy.
Mi mt loi vt liu quy nh s chu trnh ng sut c s ring. Gi No l
s chu trnh ng sut c s. Trong nhng trng hp c bit, ngi ta ly N0 = l07
i vi vt liu kim loi ni chung v N0 = l08 i vi cc hp kim nh c bn cao.
Ty theo c trng ca chu trnh ng sut, gii hn mi c th c xc
nh chu trnh ng sut i xng, chu trnh ng sut mch ng hoc chu trnh
ng sut phi i xng
-6-
e. ng cong mi: ng cong mi l ng cong biu din mi lin h gia cc
ng sut thay i vi cc s chu trnh ng sut tng ng.
ng sut thay i c th l ng sut ln nht hoc l bin ng sut.
ng cong mi c in S = f(N) cn gi l ng cong Veller (Wohler's Curve).
1.1.4. Nhng ch tiu ph hu mi
nh gi qu trnh ph hy mi, cc nh nghin cu v ph hy mi a
ra nhng ch tiu sau y:
a. Ch tiu v ng sut v bin dng [17]
Nu gi S l ng sut, N s chu trnh ng sut tng ng th ch tiu v ng
sut v bin dng ln lt l:
Sim. Ni = const (l.2)
K
hay Fn = S(N /n) n (dng thc c s dng ti M v Anh), (l.3)
trong : Fn - bn mi ng vi n chu trnh;
S - ng sut ng vi N chu trnh;
Kn - s m ng cong mi Wohler.
k
v ch tiu bin dng: ep .Np bd = Ce (l.4)
trong : ep - dn di ti hn ti lc ph hy;
Np - s chu trnh ng sut ti lc ph hy;
Kbd - s m ( 0,01 l,0);
Ce - hng s.
b. Ch tiu v nng lng
CE. Feltner v J.D. Marlow a ra ch tiu ny vi ni dung sau: s ph hy
mi bt u xy ra ti thi im khi m tng s nng lng tn mc (qu trnh ny
ch xy ra mt chiu) t ti gi tr ng bng cng bin dng ring khi cht ti tnh.
Cc tc gi trn tnh c tr s ti hn ca nng lng tn mc trong vt
liu sau N chu trnh ng sut l:

Dsum = 2 N .d pl (1.5)
0
S chu trnh ng sut (hay tui th) khi ph hy Np c xc nh t phng

n
trnh: lg a = K 0 ( ) lg N P (1.6)
1+ n
n
D (1 + n ) n +1
trong : K O = lg sum
2K
n - hng s tng bn do bin dng chu trnh;
K - hng s ca vt liu.
Pht trin thuyt cn bng nng lng khi ph hy, nh nghin cu I .Ivanova
-7-
khi xng thuyt cu trc - nng lng v a ra ch tiu ph hy [18]:
1
N c = c p .T p .E. . A. 2 (l.7)
m
LT .G
V t = m. (l.8)
c p .Tb .E
trong : Nc - tui th ng vi ng sut Sc;
cp - nhit dung ring ca kim loi nhit 20oC.
Tb - nhit si tuyt i; E - m un n hi (Young's Modulus); G M un
trt (Shear Modulus); LT = m nhit si; - trng lng ring; A - ng lng
c ca nhit; m hng s, gi tr trung bnh: m = 8,5 kG/ mm2 .
c. Ch tiu v vt nt mi
ng hc ca qu trnh ph hy mi bao gi cng gm c cc giai on xut
hin, hnh thnh, pht sinh v pht trin vt nt. Vt nt mi lan truyn vi tc
nht nh v khi t c tc truyn m trong vt liu th s ph hy hon ton
xy ra. S tch ly ph hng mi th din tin c qu trnh, cn s ph hy hon
ton th xy ra tc thi. Gi v l tc lan truyn vt nt, ngi ta xy dng
c quan h:
da
v= = f (S , F , C ) (l.9)
dN
trong : S - trng thi ng sut ;
F - c trng hnh hc ca chi tit ;
C - iu kin vt liu v iu kin lm vic ca chi tit.
1.2 Bn cht s ph hu mi
Cc cng trnh nghin cu v ph hy mi cho thy s ph hu mi l kt
qu ca cc bin dng do v n hi lun phin nhau, lp li nhiu ln, phn b
khng u trn ton b th tch chi tit do tnh khng ng nht vt liu, nhng h
hng u tin xut hin trong cc vi khi nh hng khng thun li so vi tc
ng ca ti trng, chu trc cc ng sut d v b yu bi cc khuyt tt cc b.
Tch t dn dn tng cng ln lt, nhng h hng cc b bt u s ph hu tng
qut i vi chi tit [14].
S to nhit pht sinh trong cc vi khi b bin dng ng vai tr to ln
trong cc qu trnh h hng mi. Do nhit tng nn bn mi vt liu trong
cc vi khi gim xung, iu ny to iu kin thun li cho s hnh thnh nhng
s trt do mi, m n lt mnh, li to kh nng nng cao nhit .
Qu trnh xut hin vt nt mi gm vi giai on (hnh 1.1). Cc vt nt
pht sinh nhng giai on t ti u tin ti cc gianh gii cc khi tinh th nh
-8-
l kt qu s trt do ca vi mt phng tinh th, song song vi cc tc ng cc
ng sut tip tuyn cc i, ngha l hng nghing mt gc 450 vi cc ng sut
ko (cc ng sut tm mt). Tu theo nh hng cc mm tinh th, nhng s trt
c th din ra trong mt mt phng, ng thi hai mt phng (hnh 1.1 III a, b)
hoc ba mt phng (hnh 1.1 III c) [14].
a) b) c)
I
II
III
Hnh 1.1. S nh hng cc mm tinh th so vi cc lc tc ng

I, II - thun li; III - khng thun li
a b c d
Hnh 1.2 S xut hin cc vt nt mi

mt giai on t ti nht nh, cc tng kim loi ging nh l mt bc
tranh khm ht b bin dng do (hnh 1.2a) v cc ht chu ng sut t hn do s
nh hng thun hn cc mt phng tinh th so vi cc ng sut tip tuyn. S
bin dng do - n hi tng qut ca kim loi l do s gin ca cc ht b qu ng
sut, do s trt gia cc ht v do s xoay cc ht vi nhau.
S hnh thnh cc vt nt mm kt tinh trong phm vi ht l kt qu ca s
tng s lng c nh hng v s dch chuyn (khuch tn) cc bin dng l trng
ti cc ranh gii ht. Tc khuch tn t l vi ng sut v nhit v tt nhin
l c s gia tc nh s nung nng t vi vt liu.
S tch t l trng gy ra s phn tn cu trc, lm xut hin cc l r t vi
v hnh thnh cc vt nt u tin.
nhng giai on u, qu trnh c tnh cht thun nghch. Khi ng sut
ngng tc ng (thi k ngh), cc l trng dch chuyn theo hng dch li; nhng
l trng tch t dn dn tan i, phn b u trong cc vi khi ca ht; vt liu tr
li trng thi ban u. C th y nhanh qu trnh ny bng cch tng nhit . Cc
-9-
th nghim chng minh, c th cha cc h hng u tin bng cch khuch
tn (ram) 500- 600 0C.
Nu ng sut tip tc tc ng th qu trnh h hng s pht trin. Cc bin
v dn dn lan to b mt ht (hnh 1.2b). Ti y, chuyn ng ca chng b
ngng li ch yu do s ngn chn c to bi s nh hng tinh th khc ca
cc ht k cn; tnh ti nh hng cc mt phng kt tinh dn n s lm nghn
trt do.
Mt chng ngi khc l cc lp xen gia cc ht (tnh d ch ca b mt)
c c do s xut hin cc tp cht bi mng tinh th - nguyn t bin dng
mnh, i khi khc hn mu dng mng tinh th ht. Hnh thnh cc ro cn gia
cc mt, km hm c hiu qu s lan to cc h hng. vt qua ro cn ny cn
phi c mt ng sut rt ln gy ra s trt bn trong tinh th.
mt giai on nht nh s din ra s ph v hng lot cc bin v qua cc
lp xen gia cc ht v s chuyn vt nt ti ht k cn. ng sut nh thng ph
thuc vo bn lp xen gia cc ht v mc ti nh hng cc mt phng kt
tinh cc ht k cn. D vt qua hn c l cc lp xen gia cc ht c cc mt
phng kt tinh nh hng nh nhau. Nhng him c cc trng hp phn b k
cn cc tinh th nh hng nh nhau.
Tr s trung bnh ca ng sut cn thit vt qua ro cn gia cc ht
quyt nh sc bn mi ca vt liu. Gii hn mi c th c xem xt nh l mc
trung bnh ng sut m trong cc vt nt vn cn trong phm vi cc ht v c
cha mt phn hoc cha hon ton trong cc giai on ngh.
Sc cn ca vt liu i vi s trt bn trong ht ph thuc vo cc tnh
cht c l ca vt liu v vo cu trc tinh th mn ca ht.
Chuyn ng ca cc l trng b km hm bi s tch t cc nguyn t tp,
bi cc gianh gii pha v gianh gii cc thnh phn cu trc, bi cc b mt ca
cc khi tinh th (s hnh thnh tinh th bn trong ht vi kch thc vi trm
micrmet).
Ra khi phm vi cc ht, vt nt pht trin tng vt bin thnh vt nt nhn
thy c v i hng, chy theo cc on vt liu yu nht gn nh vung gc
vi hng tc ng ca cc ng sut cc i (hnh 1.2c). S pht trin vt nt tng
nhanh l do s tp trung ng sut t ngt xut hin nn vt nt. S nng ln
din ra khi ph hu cc b lm mm kim loi, to iu kin thun li cho s lan
to vt nt. Vt nt nhn thy c c th pht trin di tc ng ca ng sut
thp hn nhiu so vi cc ng sut cn thit vt qua ro cn gia cc ht, trong
- 10 -
khi cc ng sut cn thit lm lan to vt nt s gim bt theo mc pht trin
ca vt nt [14].
Mt s lng ln cc vt nt pht trin ng thi (hnh 1.2d). Vi vt nt
chm phi chng ngi, dng li; Nhng vt nt khc tip tc pht trin. mt
giai on nht nh, qu trnh b hn ch trong mt phm vi nht nh; ch yu lan
rng mt vt nt hoc mt nhm vt nt gn nhau tri hn cc vt nt khc do trn
on cho tp trung nhiu khuyt tt vt liu, do s qu ng sut cc b, hoc do
s nh hng khng thun li ca cc tinh th so vi cc ng sut tc ng. Cc
vt nt gn nhau lin kt li to ra h phn nhnh su. Nhng s trt do mi v
cc vt nt khng xut hin na, cn nhng g kp hnh thnh th ngng li hoc
pht trin chm do tt c cc bin dng chp nhn vt nt chnh. S lan to vt
nt chnh cui cng dn n s ph hu chi tit do gim tit din thc ca chi tit.
Tri ngc vi giai on u, s xut hin cc vt nt bn trong ht v gia
cc ht, pht trin trong mt thi gian di, s ph hu kt thc din ra mt cch t
ngt v mang c tnh ca s gy gin.
Trn nhng ch gy mi thng pht hin c hai vng. Vng pht trin
mi c b mt m dng s, l c tnh ca nhng ch gy c s ph hu kt
tinh trc giao tri hn. cc mp vt nt thng thy r nhng on bin cng
c mit phng n mc c nh - l kt qu ca s va p, p nn v mi
mn cc thnh vt nt khi vt liu bin dng tun hon. Vng ph hu kt thc c
b mt tinh th mang c tnh gy gin c s ph hu gia cc tinh th tri hn (v
d gy va p, gy vt liu gin).
Trong vng ph hu thng thy hoa vn di hnh thnh t mt loi cc
ng song song cc vt chuyn ng nhy vt ca vt nt tu theo mc tch t
h hng.
Cc vt nt u tin hu nh lun xut hin (ngoi tr cc chi tit c khuyt
tt ln bn trong) lp b mt dy gn bng ba tit din ngang ca ht (i vi thp,
trung bnh 0,05 0,20mm). Thng xuyn hn c, cc vt nt c hnh thnh
trong cc ht b mt b h hng do tc ng ca vic gia cng c kh trc .
Nh vy, lp b mt c ngha quyt nh i vi sc bn mi. Th nht,
trong phn ln cc dng t ti, lp b mt phi chu ng sut cc i. S sp xp
cc nguyn t lp b mt dy c hn cc lp nm di. Do tc ng tng h
vi cc lp nm di t dy c hn nn trong lp b mt xut hin cc ng sut
ko v hnh thnh s phn tn l cc ngun th nng to ra vt nt.
Th hai, cc ht kim loi i ti b mt, vn c cc lin kt kim loi ch mt
chiu vi kim loi nm bn di, li c hot tnh cao, d lin kt vi cc ht ca mi
- 11 -
trng xung quanh. Trn b mt hnh thnh cc mng ht bm hi, kh m, du
v.vchc chn m khng th loi tr c bng cc phng php c kh v ho hc
thng thng. Cc mng ht thu thm qua cc vt nt t vi vo su trong kim loi v
ph v lin tc ca kim loi v gy ra s yu lp st b mt.
Th ba, cn ch ti cc yu t cng ngh. Lp b mt lun b h hng
nhiu hoc t bi vic gia cng trc . Vic gia cng c kh, v bn cht, l qu
trnh bin dng do v ph hu kim loi, n xy ra cng vi s ct ht, lm trc v
bt ht, cng vi s xut hin cc vt nt t vi v cng vi s xut hin cc lp
b mt v st b mt cc ng sut ko tng cng gn ti gii hn chy ca vt liu.
S to nhit khi gia cng c kh gy ra s ti kt tinh mt phn lp b mt, i khi
cn i vi s bin i pha v bin i cu trc.
Khi nung nng trong qu trnh x l nhit, lp b mt thng din ra s
thay i pha v thay i ho hc v d trong cc loi thp - s kh cacbon (phn
hu xenmentit cng vi s hnh thnh lp v pherit khng bn).
Th t, b mt kim loi b tn cng ca tt c cc dng n mn gp trong
khai thc gy ra nhng h hng n su lp b mt. S n mn thng lan to theo
cc lp xen gia cc ht v theo cc vt nt t vi.
Nh vy, lp b mt tp trung nhiu loi khuyt tt khc nhau nh khuyt
tt trng thy, khuyt tt t vi, khuyt tt t vi do cc yu t vt l, ho hc, c kh
gy ra v nhng khuyt tt khng th trnh khi theo cc iu kin cng ngh hnh
thnh lp b mt, cng nh do vai tr c bit ca lp bn ngoi nh l mt b mt
phn chia gia kim loi v mi trng xung quanh. Lp b mt l ni tp trung ng
sut vn c ca tng chi tit. C th lm gim bt nh hng ca n bng mt tp
hp cc bin php nhng khng th loi b hon ton.
Tt c cc yu t ph v tnh lin tc tnh ng nht ca lp b mt v to ra
cc ngun ng sut t gy cao u to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin cc
vt nt u tin v lm gim r rt bn tun hon ca vt liu. Ngc li, s nn
cht (lm kht) cu trc bn cht phn tn ca lp b mt, to cc ng sut nn s
b trong lp b mt d khng su lm (bin cng, cn ln) cng nng cao ng k
sc khng ti trng tun hon ca vt liu.
1.3 bn vt liu ca kt cu v cc ch tiu nh gi
T cc cng trnh nghin cu v bn kt cu ta nhn thy bn kt cu
l mt c trng tng hp bao gm cc ch tiu bn, tin cy v bn lu.
Cc ch tiu bn ca vt liu c chn theo iu kin lm vic ca n.
Cc ch tiu bn khi chu ti tnh l gii hn bn hay gii hn chy, chng c
trng cho s chng li bin dng do ca vt liu.
- 12 -
a s cc chi tit chu ti tun hon lu di. Ch tiu bn ca chng l
gii hn mi R (khi un i xng - 1). Theo cc ch tiu chn s tnh ng sut
lm vic cho php. Khi , bn vt liu cng cao th ng sut lm vic cho php
cng ln v do kch thc v khi lng ca chi tit cng nh.
Tuy nhin, bn vt liu v cng l ng sut lm vic cao, ko theo vic
tng bin dng n hi: h = b/E, trong E l mun n hi php. hn ch
bin dng n hi vt liu cn c mun n hi cao, l ch tiu v tnh bn vng
ca n. Chnh ch tiu ny, ch khng phi bn, s m bo cho kch thc ca
cc chi tit, cc kt cuv hnh dng ca chng gi c chnh xc.
tin cy l tnh cht ca vt liu chng li ph hu gin. Ph hu gin gy
ra s hng bt ng chi tit khi ang lm vic. N c xem l nguy him nht bi
xy ra vi tc ln ng sut thp hn gi tr thit k, cng nh bi cc hu qu
nhng tai hi c th xy ra [2].
phng nga ph hu gin, cc vt liu kt cu cn c do (, ) v
dai va p. Tuy nhin, cc thng s ca tin cy, c xc nh trn cc mu
th nghim khng ln v khng tnh n cc iu kin lm vic ca mt chi tit c
th, ch nn dng cho cc vt liu mm km bn. ng thi, tham vng gim lng
kim loi ca kt cu dn n vic s dng rng ri hn cc vt liu bn cao, v tt
nhin, km do hn vi xu hng ph hu gin cao hn. Cng cn tnh n l trong
iu kin lm vic s c tc ng ca cc yu t lm gim thm do v dai ca
chi tit v tng thm nguy c ph hu gin. Cc yu t c th l ni tp trung ng
sut, nhit thp, ti ng, tng kch thc chi tit (yu t kch thc).
trnh cc s c t ngt trong iu kin lm vic, cn tnh c bn nt
ca vt liu. l mt nhm cc thng s v tin cy, c trng cho kh nng
vt liu hm li s pht trin ca vt nt.
Qua cc cng trnh nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc cho thy, cc vt liu
bn cao c mt do xc nh, nn i vi chng, nguy him thc s khng phi
l cc vt nt kch thc bt k, m ch khi vt nt c chiu di ti hn a. S pht
trin vt nt kch thc trc ti hn s b bin dng trong n km hm. Nhng khi
c s phi hp xc nh gia ng sut lm vic v chiu di khuyt tt th trng
thi cn bng ca vt nt b ph v v ph hu t pht s xy ra.
nh gi tin cy ca cc vt liu bn cao theo kch thc khuyt tt cho
php (nh hn ti hn), cc nh nghin cu a ra ch tiu K v c dng
nhiu nht. Ch tiu K gi l HSCUS ti nh vt nt.
Ch tiu K i vi dng ti sinh ra bin dng dng I (bin dng phng do
ko, ti b mt ca vt nt tch xa nhau ra theo phng vung gc vi phng
- 13 -
dch chuyn ca vt nt) c k hiu l KI, cn khi t tr s ti hn, lc vt nt
n nh chuyn sang khng n nh, k hiu l KIC. Tiu chun KIC cho bit ng
sut gn nh vt nt t ti gi tr (cng ) no ti thi im ph hu. N lin h
ng sut trung bnh tb t vo vi chiu di ti hn a ca vt nt [2]:
K IC = tb . .a (1.10)
Trong : - h s khng th nguyn, c trng cho hnh hc ca vt nt.
T biu thc (1.10) suy ra KIC c th nguyn l MPa.mm1/2.
Tr s KIC c xc nh bng thc nghim theo tiu chun nht nh.
i lng KIC ph thuc vo mc bin dng do ti nh vt nt v c
trng kh nng chng li s pht trin ca vt nt do/dai. V l ch tiu KIC
c gi l dai ph hu. N cng ln khi kh nng chng ph hu do v tin
cy ca vt liu cng cao. Ngoi c trng nh tnh cho tin cy, KIC cn b
sung cho cc thng s c v E khi tnh bn cc chi tit lm t vt liu bn cao .
N cho php xc nh kch thc an ton ca vt nt ti mt ng sut lm vic
nht nh, hay ngc li, ng sut an ton khi khuyt tt c kch thc bit.
bn lu l tnh cht vt liu chng li s pht trin ca ph hu t t (t
chi dn dn), to cho chi tit c kh nng lm vic trong mt thi gian nh trc (d
tr). Nguyn nhn mt kh nng lm vic (t chi dn dn) rt a dng: qu trnh mi
pht trin, b mi mn, ro, n mn, rp do bc x.Cc qu trnh ny s tch t dn
cc ch h hng khng hi phc c trong vt liu v dn ti ph hu. To bn
lu cho vt liu c ngha l lm gim tc ph hu ti cc tr s cn thit.
bn mi c trng cho kh nng lm vic ca vt liu trong iu kin chu
trnh ng sut c lp li nhiu ln. Chu trnh ng sut l tp hp nhng bin i
ng sut gia hai gi tr gii hn max v min ca n trong mt chy k T.
Thng phn bit cc chu trnh i xng (r = -1) v khng i xng (r thay
i trong khong rng). Cc dng chu trnh khc nhau c trng cho cc ch
lm vic khc nhau ca chi tit.
Qu trnh tch t dn dn h hng trong vt liu di tc ng ca cc ti
tun hon, dn ti s thay i tnh cht ca n, ti s hnh thnh v pht trin cc
vt nt, ti s ph hu, c gi l mi; cn tnh chng li ph hu do mi gi l
bn mi.
C th tm tt ph hu mi so snh vi ph hu tnh c mt lot cc c
im sau y [2]:
1 - N xy ra ng sut khi ti tnh, nh hn gii hn chy hay gii hn bn tnh.
2 - Ph hu bt u trn b mt (hoc gn ), ti cc ni c tp trung ng sut
(bin dng) cc b. Tp trung ng sut cc b to ra bi cc h hng b mt do ti
- 14 -
tun hon hoc do cc rnh kha dng vt gia cng, do tc ng ca mi trng.
3 - Ph hu xy ra theo mt vi giai on, c trng cho cc qu trnh tch t h
hng trong vt liu, s hnh thnh vt nt mi, s pht trin dn dn v hp nht
ca mt vi vt thnh mt vt nt rng v s ph hu nhanh.
4 - Ph hu c mt t chc gy c trng, phn nh ln lt cc qu trnh ca
mi. Mt gy bao gm ph hu (ni sinh vt nt t vi) v hai vng-mi v gy.
ph hu tip gip ngay b mt, c kch thc khng ln v b mt nhn. Vng mi
do cc nc pht trin vt nt mi to ra. Trong vng ny thy r cc np nh c
dng cc ng trn, chng t vt nt mi dch chuyn theo tng bc. Vng mi
s pht trin cho n khi trong min tit din lm vic ang nh dn, ng sut tng
n mc gy ra ph hu tc thi. Vng gy c trng cho giai on ph hu cui
cng ny.
Da vo cc kt qu th mi cc mu (theo cc tiu chun th nghim) s
nh gi kh nng lm vic ca vt liu trong iu kin ti tun hon. Th c
tin hnh trn cc thit b c bit, to ra ti tun hon trong vt liu (ko - nn,
un, xon). Mu c th ln lt cc mc ng sut khc nhau, ng thi xc
nh s lng chu trnh cho n khi ph hu. Kt qu th c biu din dng
ng cong mi, trong to loga: ng sut cc i ca chu trnh max (hoc a)-
s chu trnh ti N.
Qua nghin cu ta nhn thy ng cong mi cho php xc nh cc ch tiu
mi sau y:
1. bn tun hon gii hn mi vt l hay l gii hn mi hn ch. N c
trng cho kh nng c sn trong vt liu, tc l ng sut ti a m vt liu c th
chu ng c trong mt khong thi gian lm vic xc nh.
2. bn tun hon lu - s lng chu trnh (hay l s gi lm vic) m vt liu
c th chu c cho n khi to ra vt nt mi c ln xc nh hoc cho n
khi xy ra ph hu mi ng sut cho. bn lu cng c th l khng gii
hn (khi max < -1) v gii hn (khi max > -1).
ng cong mi trong vng bn lu hn ch c xc nh trn c s gia
cng thng k cc kt qu th nghim. Phi lm nh vy v bn lu kh phn
tn do n rt nhy vi trng thi b mt mu.
bn lu v bn mi tun hon ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong t
chc, trng thi ng sut lp b mt, cht lng b mt v tc ng ca mi trng
n mn, c ngha quyt nh. S c mt ng sut d nn trn b mt s lm cho
vt nt mi kh hnh thnh v pht trin, v tt nhin l tng gii hn mi. nh
hng rt xu l ng sut d ko v cc kiu tp trung ng sut:
- 15 -
- Do kt cu - s thay i hnh dng tit din chi tit: dng qu t hai u, l,
knh, trm tr.v.v..
- Do cng ngh - gh gh t vi b mt, vt xc, v cc vt gia cng c khc;
- Do luyn kim - cc khuyt tt bn trong dng l trng, x, tp phi kim (xit,
sunfua. Silicat.v.v..).
nh hng ca tp trung ng sut c nh gi bng h s tp trung ng
sut hiu dng K = 1 / 1k . l t s gii hn mi ca mt mu nhn 1 v
gii hn mi ca chnh mu c tp trung ng sut 1k .
Gii hn mi cng s gim khi tng kch thc chi tit (yu t kch thc) v
gim mnh hn khi c nh hng ca mi trng n mn, gy ra h hi b mt di
dng cc ch lm su, cc li vt nt v cc kiu tp trung ng sut khc.
nh hng phi hp ca cc yu t khc nhau n gii hn mi khi thit k
c nh gi bng h s (K )D = 1 / ( 1k )D , n cho bit s ln m gii hn
mi ca mu nhn ng knh 10 mm ln hn gii hn mi ca chi tit:
(K )D = ( K / + 1/ - 1 ) (1/ hb) (1.11)
trong : - yu t kch thc, c trng s gim kh nng c ca chi
tit khi tng kch thc ngang; - h s tnh n nh hng ca nhm b mt
(trong mi trng n mn c thay bng awm); hb - h s c trng hiu qu ho
bn b mt.
T biu thc (1.11) suy ra rng, nh hng ca cc yu t n kh nng sn
c ca chi tit cng yu nu tr s ca cc h s K , v cng gn bng 1 v h
s ho bn b mt hb cng ln.
Nh vy kh nng lm vic ca vt liu chi tit trong cc iu kin s dng
c c trng bi cc ch tiu bn sau y: [2]
1. Cc ch tiu bn b, c, -1 quy nh ng sut lm vic cho php, khi
lng v kch thc ca chi tit khi bit bn;
2. Mun n hi E, quy nh tr s bin dng n hi, tc cng vng ca
chi tit, khi bit hnh hc ca chi tit;
3. do , , dai va p, dai ph hu K IC , ngng nhit gin lnh
T50 ; chng nh gi tin cy ca vt liu khi lm vic;
4. bn lu tun hon, tc mi mn, ro, n mn; chng s xc nh bn
lu ca vt liu.
1.4. Tng quan v u my diesel truyn ng in D19E vn dng trn
SVN
1.4.1. Khi qut v u my D19E
- 16 -
Theo yu cu pht trin ca ngnh SVN vi mc tiu phn u ko kho,
chy nhanh, rt ngn gi chy tu, khng ngng nng cao cht lng vn ti, m
trng im l tuyn ng st Thng nht. Ngnh SVN hp ng vi ng
st Trung Quc ch to 40 u my diesel T loi CKD7F c k hiu D19E.
c a vo Vit Nam s dng t nm 2002. B phn chy l gi chuyn hng
loi 3 trc vi 13 tn / trc. u my c thit k cc h thng iu khin bng vi
x l, h thng n nhn tn hiu t ng, h thng cp gi 2 ng v b phn
hm in tr... u my c kt cu ca gi chuyn hng hin i, nhng cht
lng ca KGCH u my t u ang vn dng ti X nghip u my H Ni
cha t yu cu
Nm 2006 2007, Nh my xe la Gia Lm ng st Vit Nam, tin
hnh lp rp 20 u my D19E trn c s nhp cc tng thnh t Trung Quc, giao
cho X nghip u my H Ni v X nghip u my Si Gn, nng tng s u
my D19E ca mi x nghip ln 30 my
u my D19E ang l sc ko ch cng trn tuyn ng st thng nht
ko cc tu khch . Qu trnh khai thc vn dng pht huy c nhiu u
im ca n v ang c nh gi cao. Mt vi nhc im ca u my ny
cng v ang c khc phc trit . Song vn c th khng nh c rng
u my D19E l loi u my c cht lng cao, cng ngh tin tin, ph hp vi
kh nng, iu kin hin c v yu cu, c im vn dng trn cc tuyn ng
ca SVN.
Qua vic phn tch cc c im c bn nht ca b phn chy ca u my
D19E l mi u my c 2 gi chuyn hng, mi gi chuyn hng c 3 b TBX.
Gi chuyn hng ca u my c nhim v ton b phn trng lng ca u
my t gi xe truyn xung, ng thi truyn cc lc ko v lc hm t bnh xe
ln gi xe u my. Mt khc gi chuyn hng cn tip nhn ton b cc lc tc
dng theo c hai phng thng ng v nm ngang xut hin trong qu trnh u
my chuyn ng truyn cc lc t u my xung ng v ngc li. Cc
b phn ca gi chuyn hng lm vic trong iu kin rt nng nhc v phi thc
hin nhng nhim v ht sc phc tp. Do nhng gi chuyn hng ca u
my hin i, c cng sut ln v tc cao phi tho mn nhng yu cu v
bn, tin cy, ng lc hc, bo dng sa cha
1.4.2. Tnh hnh vn dng u my D19E ang s dng trn SVN
Ngnh SVN ang khai thc 60 u my D19E, sau thi gian khai thc
u my D19E pht huy c hiu qu trong iu kin h tng ca SVN cn
- 17 -
thp km. y l loi u my c cng sut ph hp vi hng pht trin ca ton
ngnh ng st v sc ko.
Qua thng k ta thy u my D19E c s km chy bnh qun trong mt
ngy l ln nht nhng tr ngi chm gi tu do n gy ra li l nh nht.
* Tnh hnh khai thc u my D19E
Hin nay c 40 u my i m D19E ang khai thc trn SVN do nh
my T Dng Trung Quc ch to, ngnh ng st nhp v theo 3 t:
- t 1: Gm 10 u my s hiu D19E 901-910, tip nhn v a vo
qun l, khai thc ti X nghip u my H Ni t thng 1/2002.
- t 2: Gm 10 u my mang s hiu D19E 911-920, tip nhn v a
vo qun l, khai thc X nghip u my Si Gn t thng 12/2002.
- t 3: Gm 20 u my mang s hiu D19E 921-940, tip nhn thng
8/2004, a 10 u my t 921-930 vo qun l, khai thc ti X nghip u my
H Ni t thng 8/2004; a 10 u my t 931-940 vo qun l, khai thc ti X
nghip u my Si Gn t thng 9/2004.
* S c h hng gi chuyn hng u my D19E:
L u tin, sau khi khai thc c mt nm, s dng c khong hn
100 000 km th pht hin nt x dc chnh ti v tr lp cht c cu truyn lc ko,
vt nt pht sinh, pht trin vo tn thp c bn ca x dc KGCH.
- u my D19E 902 ngy 28 / 01 / 2003. km chy: 113 091 km
Pht hin KGCH c vt nt tm y x dc KGCH 1
Hnh 1.3 Vt nt trn x dc KGCH u my D19E s 902

- 18 -
Pht hin KGCH c vt nt ti v tr chn lp gim chn rn b trn tm
ng x dc KGCH 2
- u my D19E 902 ngy 07 / 04 / 2005. Sau khi gia cng.
ng x dc KGCH
ng x dc KGCH
Nh my T Dng - Trung Quc khc phc bo hnh bng cch mang
mt s tm tn thp v que hn t Trung Quc sang hn tp vo cc v tr nt v
cc v tr khc nghi l sung yu. ng thi pha Trung Quc t chc mt on
kho st gm cc nh khoa hc ca B ng st Trung Quc v Trng i hc
Giao thng Ty Nam Thnh , mang theo thit b o c, kho st bin dng
n hi ti cc v tr xung yu trn KGCH v bnh xe.
Ngnh SVN to iu kin, lp cc on tu theo yu cu ca pha
Trung Quc, tin hnh kho st. ng thi ngnh SVN cng t chc mi
Vin C hc Vit Nam cng tin hnh o c kho st c lp, c s liu i
chng vi pha Trung Quc.
Ngy 06 / 4 / 2010 mt trong 2 KGCH ca u my 907 ca t u tin
c pha Trung Quc khc phc cc v tr xung yu li xut hin cc vt nt di
qua tm cnh v tm dy di ca x dc KGCH
V vy lun n ch tp trung nghin cu ch yu cho i tng l loi u
my D19E i din cho cc u my diesel T ang khai thc trn SVN.
Hnh 1.4 Vt nt trn tm cnh ngoi v tm y ca x dc KGCH s 907

1.5. Tnh hnh v vn nghin cu trong v ngoi nc
1.5.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu vn ngoi nc
- 19 -
Hin nay cc nghin cu v mi trn th gii kh a dng v phong ph vi cc
trng phi khc nhau cc phng php khc nhau. Mi trng phi, mi phng
php nghin cu u cn n nhiu loi thit b v th nghim khc nhau, dn n
vic nghin cu ngy cng phc tp v tn km. Mc d vy kt qu nghin cu
theo cc phng php khc nhau nhiu khi khng mang li cc kt qu nh nhau.
Lin quan ti lnh vc nghin cu v mi ca kt cu trn u my, toa xe ni
chung v trn u my ni ring, c th im qua mt s cng trnh sau y:
a. Mt s nc nh Australia, M, Nht dng gin Haigh tnh
bn mi v tnh ton ph hu mi ca TBX u my.
ng thng Goodman trn gin Haigh hnh 1.5 c th c coi l
ng xp x ca cc s gia ng sut m vt liu c th chu ng c trong thi
gian v tn.
Bin ng sut a
Re a=Re-m
+max R=-1 -min
N=10 min ng sut nh nht

0 4 0
ng sut ln nht max R=-
N=105
-max R=0 +min
R=+
W
Goodman
R=1 R=1
Re Rm
-Re (dF)
0
ng sut trung bnh m
Hnh 1.5 Gin Haigh
max min max + min
Nh bit a = ; m =
2 2
1 R
V cng vi t l ng sut , ta c th tnh c : a = . m
1+ R
Cch din t theo Haigh c u im l cc s gia ng sut c th nhn ra
c cho nhiu h s phi i xng ca chu trnh ng sut R khc nhau. Cc ng
vi cc gi tr ti trng ln nht bng nhau max v cc gi tr ti trng nh nht
bng nhau min lp ra nhng ng thng nghing vi gc 450 nm trn hai trc
ng sut a v m.
Mun tm c nhng gi tr bn mi cho nhng t l ng sut no , trong
trng hp ch bit c gi tr bn mi W vi ti trng i xng (R = -1),
ngi ta c th da vo ng thng Goodman v tnh xp x nh sau:
m
D = W 1 (1.12)
Rm
- 20 -
Trong : m l ng sut trung bnh
Rm l gii hn bn ko
b. Mt s nc nh Australia, Trung Quc, Nht tnh bn mi v tnh
ton ph hu mi ca TBX u my, cn c theo tc pht trin ca vt nt xc
nh bng thc nghim, xy dng ng cong biu th quan h gia tc vt nt
mi pht trin v s gia h s cng ng sut da/dN - K ca vt liu kim loi
trong h to i s. ng cong da/dN - K chia thnh 3 vng: Vng 1, K <
Kth vt nt khng pht trin (Kth- ngng vt nt bt u pht trin). Vng 2,
K > Kth vt nt pht trin theo qui lut da/dN = C(K)n. Vng 3 vt nt mi
pht trin nhanh chng v dn n ph hu kt cu [29].
c. Trong quy phm FKM ca Cng Ho Lin Bang c, bn mi ca vt
liu c tnh ton qua bin ca bn v tn ca cu trc v h s bn lm
vic [11]. Quy phm FKM chia cu trc ra ba loi hnh dng khc nhau: Cu trc
dng thanh; Cu trc dng tm; Cu trc dng khi. C th nh vi cu trc dng
thanh, bn lm vic ca cu trc BK, BK c phn bit v tnh nh sau:
BK = KBK.AK (1.13)
BK = KBK.AK
Trong : KBK - h s bn lm vic
BK, BK bin ca gii hn mi ca cu trc
H s bn lm vic c xc nh cho hai trng hp ti trng:
- i vi ti trng dao ng vi mt bin : Xc nh theo ng cong tui
th S N ca cu trc
- i vi ti trng dao ng thay i bt k: Xc nh theo lut tnh Miner c bn.
d. Vin khoa hc ng st Trung Quc tin hnh kim tra ng lc hc v
ng sut ng lc khung gi chuyn hng i vi u my D19E 903 trn tuyn
H Ni - Nng. Vic nh gi bn mi v nh gi tui th c thc hin
theo s mi c bn Goodman, sau y l thng s kim tra v kt lun ti im
34 trn tm ng ca x bn b mt gim chn cho trong bng 1.1[15]:
- nh gi ng sut ng lc: Vic kim tra ny s dng l thuyt h hng
tuyn tnh mi tnh di ng sut tng ng vi h hng ph ng sut trong
o c thc t vi ng cong S - N.
- i vi kt qu thc hin: T thng s ca im kim tra 34 trn tm ng
v kt lun kim tra, tui th ca tm ny s vt qu 3 000 000 km.
- Phn tch vt nt: Gc b gia b mt ng hn v b mt tm ni l qu
nh to ra ng sut tp trung, v vy trong qu trnh vn hnh u my, ngun to
ra vt nt l c t trc v c m rng ra.
- 21 -
Bng 1.1: Cc s liu ng sut o c trn KGCH ca Trung Quc
S im ng sut ng lc 34 ng sut ng lc 34
kim tra (ko hnh khch ) (ko hng ho )
Phm vi ng sut Phm vi ng sut
Cp ng
ng sut danh nh Tn s ng sut danh nh Tn s
sut
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
1 0-5 2,5 555380 0-5 2,5 370749
2 5~10 7,5 432136 5~10 7,5 313946
3 10~15 12,5 141285 10~15 12,5 80928
4 15~20 17,5 27292 15~20 17,5 19696
5 20~25 22,5 7418 20~25 22,5 3138
6 25~30 27,5 1280 25~30 27,5 216
7 30~35 32,5 237 30~35 32,5 77
8 30~35 32,5 80 35~40 37,5 56
9 35~40 37,5 32 40~45 42,5 27
10 40~45 42,5 19 45~50 47,5 22
11 45~50 47,5 4 50~55 52,5 17
12 50~55 52,5 6 55~60 57,5 10
13 55~60 57,5 4 60~65 62,5 4
14 60~65 62,5 1 65~70 67,5 3
15 65~70 67,5 2 70~75 72,5 1
16 70~75 72,5 0 75~80 77,5 1
17 75~80 77,5 1 80~85 82,5 2
18 85~90 87,5 0
19 95~100 97,5 1
Tui th
Trn 3 000 000 km Trn 3 000 000 km
c tnh
e. Mt s nc th nghim xc nh gii hn mi, tc lan truyn vt nt
mi v dai ph hy ca vt liu theo cc tiu chun khc nhau. Nhng khi xc
nh tc lan truyn vt nt mi v dai ph hy ca vt liu thng th nghim
trn cc mu c rnh kha vi mt vt nt mi c to ra y ca rnh . Mt s
nc th nghim theo tiu chun ASTM E 399 90 v ASTM E 467 [32].
f. Vic tnh ton bn mi ca vt liu Lin X trc y v Cng ho Lin
bang Nga ngy nay c qui nh trong tiu chun 25.504-82 ca Nga v da
trn l thuyt ng dng thng k ph hy mi tnh cho cc chi tit thc c kch
thc tng i ln, c k ti nhiu yu t nh hng khc nhau.[14].
1.5.2. Tnh hnh nghin cu vn trong nc
Cc cng trnh nghin cu v mi trong nc ni chung v trong lnh vc c kh
ni ring cn rt khim tn. Tuy nhin vn c th k ra nhng tc gi nghin cu v
mi trong nc: GS.TS Nguyn Trng Hip; PGS,TS Phan Vn Khi; PGS.TS Ng
Vn Quyt v cc cng sTrong mt s lnh vc c mt s cng trnh nghin
cu v mi i vi kt cu khung gi v kt cu l xo trn t, trong my xy dng,
du kh... Trong lnh vc c kh ng st, cc nghin cu v mi cng t i.
- 22 -
a. nh gi tui th mi ca kt cu KGCH u my D9E vn dng trn SVN
theo gi thuyt tch lu tuyn tnh cc tn thng mi
Cng trnh ng lu nht l ti Nghin cu khoa hc cp B B2000-35-
106T Nghin cu th nghim v nh gi bn gi chuyn hng u my
D9E vn dng trn ng st Vit Nam do GS.TS. c Tun ch tr.
ti tnh mi bc ng sut cao hn gii hn mi u gy ra mt phn
tn thng cho vt liu. S o tn thng do bc ng sut th i gy ra, (i = 1,2,
...,m) c quan h ti s chu trnh ng sut, v c xc nh bng t s:
ni
Di = , (1.14)
Ni
trong :
ni- s lng chu trnh ng sut m phn t phi chu tng ng vi s gia
hay vi mc ng sut i khng i;
Ni- s lng chu trnh dn ti ph hu mi tng ng vi gii hn mi hn
ch i , c xc nh theo ng cong mi.
Theo ti liu [24] th quan h biu th s tch lu tn thng mi cho n khi
m
ni
ph hng kt cu nh sau: Nu D= N l t s cc chu trnh qu kh, th h s
i =1 i
biu th tui th cn li ca chi tit hoc b phn kt cu l

m
n
DCL = 1 N , i
(1.15)
i =1 i
Trong thc t, thng s dng nhiu tiu chun nh gi mc tch lu tn
thng mi khc nhau, tu theo mi trng v iu kin lm vic ca kt cu. Tiu
chun cn c gi l tn thng mi cho php [D]. Trong trng hp ny,
iu kin khng ph hu mi ca phn t kt cu c dng:
n
ni
D = N
i =1
[D], (1.16)
i
Nu k hiu tng s chu trnh ng sut ng tch lu l ntl, cn mc

tn thng tch lu l Dtl th tui th mi ca kt cu (hay ni khc, s chu trnh
lm vic n ph hu mi) l:
ntl .Dcl ntl .{[D ] Dtl }
N cl = = , (1.17)
Dtl Dtl
Thng thng, cc chi tit v kt cu lm vic trong mi trng t nhin
(tip xc vi khng kh) v d tip cn cho vic bo dng, sa cha th [D] =1,0.
Cc chi tit v kt cu quan trng lm vic trong vng ngp nc v khng th tip
cn sa cha th [D] = 0,3 0,6.
- 23 -
m bo tnh khch quan v bao qut c nhiu yu t nh hng,
trong trng hp ny xut s dng ng thi c hai tiu chun kim nghim,
tc l 0,85 [D] 1,0 nhm to ra gii hn trn v gii hn di v tui th mi
cn li ca kt cu. Cn lu rng ch tiu [D] = 0,85 trong mt chng mc no
c th ch mang tnh cht tham kho.
b. nh gi bn mi KGCH u my D19E - Vin C hc Vit Nam
Nm 2003, Vin C hc Vit Nam thc hin cc cng vic kho st, tin
hnh o c kim tra trng thi ng sut bin dng ng trn KGCH u my
D19E 903 v D19E 907 ko tu hng v tu khch trn tuyn H Ni -
Nng - H Ni. Kt qu o kim tra ti cc im nhy cm vi trng thi tp trung
ng sut c thng k nhng tnh hung vn hnh in hnh ca u my,
trong bng 1.2 v mt s khu gian c trng cho cc tnh hung vn hnh in
hnh ca u my cho trong ph lc 1[1].
Bng 1.2 Cc s liu thng k ng sut o c ca Vin C hc khi u
my D19E 903 vt o Khe Nt.
im o max
m (m/m)
m (m/m) 2 a (m/m) max 2
m (kgf/cm )
A10 92 120 106 193,2

P2 57 155 119 119,7
A11 20 36 50 42,0
P4 80 135 164 168,0
A1 26 135 108 54,6
A2 87 102 81 182,7
P7 140 133 151 294,0
A9 160 206 187 336,0
Hnh 1.6 S v tr cc im o kim tra trn KGCH u my D19E - 903

- 24 -
T cc kt qu o kim tra trng thi ng sut - bin dng ng ti cc im o
trn KGCH u my D19E - 903 v D19E - 907 cho thy chng u mang c tnh
ca cc chu trnh khng i xng. Theo c tnh c th ca kt cu v trong nhng
iu kin c th trng thi ng sut cc b ti im no ca vt liu c th tr
thnh dng b ko theo c 3 chiu n mc lm cho bin dng do b c ch v vt nt
xut hin ngay c khi vt liu vn hon ton nm trong gii hn n hi.
Nh vy, vi s suy gim ng k cc gi tr mc -1 R ; b R ; Khi ,
vng nm trong gii hn mi cho php (khng b ph hu mi trong thi gian c
nh lng theo thit k) s b thu hp li ng k.
Gi s, -1 b suy gim t 50 70 %. Khi trn biu hnh 1.9 v hnh 1.10,
vng phn b cc im trng thi ng sut ti cc im o c s giao ct vi ng
cong gii hn pha trong. iu ng ngha vi vic c kh nng xut hin vt nt
mi ti mt vng no vo thi gian rt ngn so vi tui th thit k.
max/min
a
5000 4000
4000
3000
3000
2000
2000
1000
1000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Hnh 1.7. Biu Goodman - Gerber Hnh 1.8. Biu Kuay

c. Tnh ton bn mi KGCH ca cc ti liu ging dy v hc tp
i vi KGCH, hin tng h hng ph bin nht l do ph hng v mi.
KGCH khng nhng chu tc dng ca nhng ti trng khng i m cn chu tc
dng ca cc ng sut bin thin xut hin do dao ng ca u my, ca cc kt
cu trn l xo, cng nh dao ng ca cc b phn di l xo nh trc bnh, ng
c in ko v bn thn khung gi. Cc lc cng nh cc phn lc tc dng vo
khung gi cn thay i c theo thi gian, nhng s thay i ph thuc rt nhiu
vo cc yu t nh: vn tc chuyn ng ca u my, cht lng ng, kt cu
ca b phn chy
K hiu h s tp trung ng sut c k ti nhng yu t nh hng nu trn
bng (k)D. xc nh c h s d tr bn mi s nh sau [3]:
- 25 -
1
+ t 1

(k )D (k )D
s = (1.18)
t +a
trong : -1 l gii hn mi ca vt liu
l h s nhy ca vt liu ng vi chu trnh khng i xng
H s d tr bn mi s ph thuc vo chnh xc ca vic xc nh cc
lc tc dng ln khung gi v chnh xc ca vic xc nh h s tp trung ng
sut, vo cht lng vt liu v cht lng gia cng. V.B.Model ngh xc nh
k1k 2
h s (k)D theo cng thc sau: (k)D = k. (1.19)
trong : k1 - h s tnh ti khng ng nht ca vt liu
k2 - h s tnh ti ni ng sut
k - h s tp trung ng sut
- h s tnh ti cht lng b mt gia cng
H s (k)D ph thuc vo s nh hng ng thi ca s tp trung ng sut
c th hin bng h s tp trung ng sut k, vo cht lng ca b mt gia
cng, c th tnh theo cng thc:
1
(k)D = k + -1 (1.20)
H s k1 i vi kim loi cn v rn c th ly bng 1,1
H s k2 c xc nh trong khong 1 1,2
H s ph thuc vo bng ca mt gia cng v sc bn tc thi ca vt
liu b, c th xc nh nh th trong gio trnh Sc bn vt liu v cc S
tay k thut.
H s tp trung ng sut thc t k ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. Medel cho
rng, khi ch to khung gi t cc x bn v x ngang l cc tm thp dp nh hnh
vi iu kin l xem xt k cch lin kt ca chng th c th ly k = 3.
Trong thc t khi tnh ton ngi ta thng coi ti trng l n gin, ngha l t
s gia t v a l khng i. Khi h s d tr bn c th tnh theo cng thc:
1
s = (1.21)
(k )D . B + T
i vi cc kt cu hn c th ly s 2, cn tr s (k)D = k.
Trn c s ca cc mu th nghim, h s d tr bn phi ly s 2. i
vi KGCH ly s = 2 2,5.
Cc ng sut nhn c phi nh hn ng sut cho php ca vt liu. H s an
ton phi ln hn h s an ton cho php.
d. Tnh ton bn mi TBX ca cc ti liu ging dy v hc tp
Khi u my chuyn ng, cc ti trng tc dng ln trc bnh xe thay i
c v chiu v tr s mt cch tun hon. Trc li l chi tit c nhiu ch mi ghp,
- 26 -
c nhiu gc ln chuyn tipv th d pht sinh vt nt do mi.
Trc bnh xe l chi tit c bit c ngha quan trng v mt an ton khi vn
hnh, do yu cu phi tnh ton ht sc cn thn v phi m bo h s an ton
cao. Mt khc m bo tnh nng ng lc v tit kim vt liu trc bnh xe
phi c kch thc nh gn v trng lng nh nht.
Khi tnh ton trc theo bn mi, ch lm vic trung bnh ca trc c th
ly theo tc k thut ca u my. i vi u my hng c th ly bng 50
60 km/h. i vi u my ko khch c th ly khong 80 90 km/h.
nh hng ca mmen xon v mmen un trong mt phng nm ngang cc
gi tr tc trn khng ln v c th b qua, khi ch cn xt n m men un
trong mt phng thng ng.
H s ng lc theo phng thng ng c th xc nh theo cng thc [3]:
V
Kd = 0,1 + 0,2 (1.22)
ft
Trong : V - vn tc ca u my (km/h)
ft - nhn tnh ca h thng l xo gi chuyn (mm).
e. Th nghim xc nh GHBM mu vt liu KGCH v TBX u my D9E
Trong ti Nghin cu khoa hc, cp B m s B2000-35-106 T. Trng
i hc Giao thng Vn ti. H Ni 2000 do GS. c Tun lm ch nhim
ti. th nghim mi cc mu vt liu theo phng php th nghim mi mt
bc, un thun ty, chu trnh i xng, vi 4-5 mc ng sut cho ti khi mu b
ph hy. ti xy dng phng trnh ng cong mi vt liu KGCH v TBX
u my D9E v xc nh GHBM mu vt liu:
Vi KGCH: -1 = 1800 daN/cm2 ; N0 = 2.106
Vi TBX: -1 = 2040 daN/cm2 ; N0 = 2.107
1.6. Mc tiu, hng, phng php v ni dung nghin cu ca ti
Giao thng vn ti ng st l mt trong cc hnh thc giao thng vn ti
quan trng nht ca x hi pht trin. Ngnh SVN ang ng dng nhng tin b
mi ca khoa hc v cng ngh nhm tng bc y mnh s nghip cng nghip
ho v hin i ho. Va qua ngnh SVN ch to v lp rp thnh cng on
tu ko y. Ch trng ca ngnh l tip tc ch to, sn xut ra nhng on tu
theo yu cu ca giao thng vn ti ng st ngy cng c cht lng cao. Mt
khc, vic nng cao an ton v tc chy tu i vi cc trang thit b hin c l
ch trng ln ang c ngnh thc hin.
t u tin gm 10 u my s hiu D19E 901 910, tip nhn v a
vo qun l, khai thc ti X nghip u my H ni t thng 1/2002. c s c
- 27 -
h hng KGCH u my D19E. Sau khi khai thc c khong 1 nm, vn dng
c khong hn 100 000 km th pht hin nt x dc chnh ti v tr lp cht c
cu truyn lc ko, vt nt pht sinh, pht trin tm cnh v tm di ca x dc
KGCH. Ngnh SVN mi Vin C hc Vit Nam tin hnh o c kho st trng
thi ng sut, bin dng ng trn KGCH v kt lun nguyn nhn xut hin vt
nt ti vng nguy him trn x dc gi chuyn ca u my D19E l do qu trnh
ph hu mi kt hp ng thi vi s tp trung ng sut.
V vy nghin cu thc nghim (th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt
liu, th nghim dai ph hu ca vt liu, th nghim tc lan truyn vt nt
mi) cho php nh gi mt cch y hn v tnh trng bn mi v tui th
mi ca KGCH v TBX u my D19E trong qu trnh vn dng hin nay.
T trc n nay, vic nghin cu tnh ton bn mi kt cu u my ni
chung v kt cu b phn chy ni ring trong ngnh ng st nc ta cha c
quan tm ng mc. Bi vy, ti: Nghin cu nh gi bn mi v tui th
mi ca khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe u my D19E vn dng trn
ng st Vit Nam. l gp phn gii quyt mt vn m thc t sn xut ang
t ra mt cch cp bch.
1. Mc tiu nghin cu ca lun n:
Kt hp nghin cu l thuyt v nghin cu thc nghim nhm nh gi bn
mi v tui th mi ca KGCH v trc bnh xe u my D19E.
2. Hng ti nghin cu:
Nghin cu nh hng ca cc thng s kt cu v iu kin lm vic ca
KGCH v TBX u my ti bn v tui th mi ca n. Tin hnh nghin cu
l thuyt v nghin cu thc nghim, th nghim mi mu vt liu lm KGCH v
TBX u my D19E t nhp u tin ang s dng ti X nghip u my H
Ni, trn c s tnh ton bn mi v d bo tui th cn li ca kt cu
KGCH v TBX u my.
3. Phng php nghin cu:
- Nghin cu l thuyt kt hp vi th nghim v s dng phng trnh
ng dng ph hu mi
- S dng cc phn mm c hc, ton hc v cc thit b th nghim chuyn
dng h tr.
4. Ngi hng dn:
GS .TS. c Tun - Trng i hc Giao thng Vn ti
PGS .TS. Ng Vn Quyt - Hc Vin K thut Qun s
- 28 -
5. Ni dung chnh ca lun n:
- Nghin cu l thuyt v s pht trin vt nt mi ca vt liu KGCH v TBX
u my D19E, phn tch nh gi bn v tui th mi ca cc kt cu c xt
ti nh hng ca mt s thng s kt cu v ti trng.
- Nghin cu thc nghim xc nh thnh phn ha hc, th nghim xc nh
c trng c hc v c trng mi, th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt mi
v dai ph hu mi ca vt liu ch to KGCH v TBX u my D19E tnh
ton v nh gi mt cch y hn v tnh trng bn mi v tui th mi, t
ra mt s bin php v cng ngh bo dng, sa cha v khai thc hp l.
Lun n gm 4 chng v kt lun chung nh phn mc lc.
1.7. Kt lun chng 1

1. xc nh c cc ch tiu nh gi tin cy v bn lu ca chi
tit hoc kt cu, chnh l h s cng ng sut ti nh vt nt theo kch
thc vt nt cho php v gii hn mi ca chi tit hoc kt cu.
2. Hin nay ngnh ng st Vit Nam s dng ch yu l u my diesel
truyn ng in. Cng dng v kt cu ca KGCH v TBX ca cc loi u my
ny c bn l ging nhau. Trong s cc loi u my disel truyn ng in, u
my D19E chim s lng ln nht (60 chic). Mt khc, trong thi gian ti ngnh
SVN s tip tc lp rp v tng cng s lng u my D19E.
u my D19E do nh my T Dng, Trung Quc ch to c nhp vo
Vit Nam t thng 01 nm 2002. t nhp u tin gm 10 u my c tip
nhn v a vo qun l, khai thc ti X nghip u my H Ni. Sau khi khai
thc c khong hn mt nm, u my chy c khong hn 100 000 km th
pht hin nt trn x dc chnh ti v tr lp cht c cu truyn lc ko. Vt nt
pht sinh, pht trin vo tn thp c bn ca x dc khung gi chuyn hng. y
l hin tng tng i c bit, cn quan tm nghin cu v x l.
V nhng l do ni trn, lun n tp trung nghin cu cho i tng c th l
loi u my D19E, i din cho cc loi u my diesel truyn ng in ang
khai thc trn SVN.
3. Vic nghin cu th nghim xc nh c trng mi mu vt liu trong
nc thng ch th nghim xc nh GHBM, do vy khng cc i lng
nh gi bn v tui th mi ca vt liu kt cu. V vy Lun n xut vic
nghin cu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hy ca
vt liu kt cu.
- 29 -
4. Vic tnh ton bn mi trong nc thng p dng theo phng
php tch lu tuyn tnh cc tn thng mi, tuy nhin nhiu kt qu nghin cu
cho thy rng quy lut tch lu tuyn tnh cc tn thng mi t ra t tin cy. Do
my tnh ngy cng c s dng rng ri nn phng php th nghim, thng k
tr thnh phng php hu hiu tnh ton, phng php ny cho php xem xt
y hn c im ngu nhin ca tt c cc i lng n nh ca bn v
tui th mi. Phng php xc sut tnh bn mi cc chi tit trong phm vi
nhiu chu trnh c p dng trong tnh ton thit k ch to, kim tra v sa cha
cc chi tit b phn chy ca u my. V vy Lun n chn phng php tnh ton
theo l thuyt ng dng ph hy mi.
Vic nghin cu tnh ton bn v d bo tui th mi ca KGCH v TBX
u my ni chung v u my D19E ni ring trn c s ng dng l thuyt C
hc ph hu l nhm gp phn vo vic xut cc gii php xy dng tiu chun
v quy trnh s dng hp l trong cng tc vn dng, khai thc u my, gp phn
m bo tin cy v an ton vn hnh on tu - mt vn m thc t sn xut
ang t ra cho ngnh ng st hin nay.
- 30 -
chng 2
c s l thuyt nh gi bn mi v d bo tui th
mi ca kgch v tbx
2.1. S lan truyn vt nt mi

M t qu trnh lan truyn vt nt trong vt liu, nhiu nh nghin cu
xy dng nhng biu thc ton hc trong phn nh mi quan h gia chiu di
vt nt vi cc c trng ca ch ti trng gy ra ng sut v cc thng s kch
thc ca kt cu hoc chi tit.
T nghin cu thc nghim, cc nh nghin cu nhn thy rng: s gia tng
ca chiu di vt nt ph thuc vo ng sut ca ph ti tc ng. Ti u vt nt
xut hin vng n - do, nn lun c s phn b li ng sut. nh gi s phn
b li ng sut, a ra khi nim: H s cng ng sut K.
2.1.1 C hc ph hu i vi vt nt mi
2.1.1.1 Trng ng sut v bin dng u vt nt
Qua nghin cu bin dng u vt nt t cc cng trnh nghin cu ca cc
nh khoa hc, ta thy rng: b mt vt nt l bin dng khng c ng sut, s phn b
ng sut ti chnh u nhn vng u vt nt. Cc bin dng khc xa hn k t
vng v cc ngoi lc ch nh hng ti cng ca trng ng sut cc b.
Trng ng sut u vt nt c th c phn chia thnh ba dng c bn
m mi dng y c c trng bi dng v bin dng, trong phm vi ng dng ta
ch tp trung nghin cu vi dng I - Ph ch, trong b mt ca vt nt tch xa
nhau theo hng vung gc vi phng dch chuyn ca vt nt [16, 17].
Nhng trng ng sut v chuyn v tng ng vi tng dng ring bit
c xc nh theo phng thc Irwin, da trn c s ca phng php
Westegaard. Cc dng I v II c th c nghin cu nh nhng bi ton phng
ca l thuyt n hi, tc l c chia thnh cc bi ton i xng v phi i xng
vi mt phng vt nt. Dng cc k hiu m t nh hnh 2.1.
Hnh 2.1. H to v cc thnh phn ng sut ca trng ng sut u vt nt

- 31 -
Cng thc cui cng xc nh cc trng ng sut v chuyn v i vi
dng I c vit nh sau [17]:
KI 3
x = cos 1 sin sin
2 r 2 2 2
KI 3
y = cos 1 + sin sin
2r 2 2 2 (2.1)
KI 3
xy = sin cos cos
2r 2 2 2
z = ( x + y ) ; yz = xz =0 ;
KI r
g = co s 1 2 + sin 2
G 2 2 2
KI r
h= sin 2 2 cos 2
G 2 2 2
=0
trong : KI - HSCUS ca trng ng sut dng I;
g, h, - cc chuyn v thnh phn tng ng vi ba dng;
- h s Poisson;
G- mun n hi trt.
Cng ng sut ca trng ng sut khng ph thuc to r, m n
ph thuc vo cc to ca cc dng, nhng khng ph thuc vo s phn b ca
trng ng sut. T phn tch th nguyn cc cng thc (2.1), ta thy, cc
HSCUS ca trng ng sut ph thuc t l vo ngoi lc tc ng vo vt th
n hi tuyn tnh, hnh dng ca vt th v kch thc ca vt nt.
2.1.1.2 Ch tiu v dai chng ph hu
Trong kt cu tn ti vt nt, dng c hc n hi lm phng php c bn
phn tch trng thi ng sut ti u vt nt. Xt vt nt dng I, vt nt ny chu
ngoi lc thng gc vi b mt vt nt, khin cho vt nt chu ng sut ko.
Cc nh nghin cu phn tch l thuyt v thc nghim u c kt lun
l: HSCUS K ca kt cu c vt nt c quan h tuyn tnh vi ng sut ngoi gia
v chiu di vt nt, i vi bi ton d hng tng qut c th tm c KI nh
sau [10]:
K I = a . f (g ) (2.2)
trong : f(g) - tham s khng th nguyn, gi l h s hiu chnh,
hoc l h s' hnh hc ca kt cu c vt nt;
a - chiu di vt nt.
H s hiu chnh trong mt s trng hp c kt qu c th. i vi tm
rng hu hn c vt nt xuyn thu: tm rng hu hn, chiu rng l b, chiu di vt
- 32 -
nt l a xuyn thu, chu tc dng ng sut ko thng gc vi b mt vt nt [10].
Tng hp vt nt mt cnh, h s hiu chnh l:
2 3 4
a a a a
f (g ) = 1 ,12 0 , 231 + 10 , 55 + 21 , 72 + 30 , 95
b b b b (2.3)
Vi nhng kt cu c th khi xc nh c kch thc ph hng ca vt nt
(khi vt nt lan truyn t chiu di k thut cho php ban u a0 ti chiu di ti hn
cui cng ath) gi tr KI tin ti gi tr KIC, tc l HSCUS tin ti gi tr ti hn (kt
cu ph hy hon ton). Gi KIC l dai ph hy bin dng phng ca vt liu (c
tnh bn ca vt liu c vt nt khi b ph hy).
2.1.2 c im ca vng n - do u vt nt
Cc nh nghin cu v vng n - do ch ra trong qu trnh lan truyn,
ti u vt nt xut hin mt vng n - do. Vng n - do ny c gi l vng
tin vt nt, cng lan truyn v pht trin v hng graien ln nht ca ng sut
cc b v bng cch nh hng cho vt nt chnh lan truyn v pht trin theo.
S minh ho vng n - do u vt nt c ch ra trn hnh 2.2. C th xc
nh kch thc vng n - do theo l thuyt trnh by tm tt di y.
y
y(x) = KI (2x)-1/2
y y y(x - u) = KI (2x - u)-1/2

x
W u
nh vt nt W
W
Hnh 2.2. Vng n - do ti u vt nt mi

Trong trng hp chu ti chu trnh, khng nhng ng sut, m cn
HSCUS, vng bin dng do, m vt nt v cc thng s khc u bin i
lin tc c chu trnh. Di y l kt qu li gii, trn hnh 2.3 [17].
Gi s ti trng thay i gy ra ng sut bin i c chu trnh vi bin
ng sut l a = 20, t trng thi ko (a) vi ng sut sang trng thi nn (b) vi
ng sut - , ri li t trng thi nn (c) vi ng sut ( - ) sang trng thi ko
(d) vi ng sut + , sau mi lp li chu k mi. Kch thc vng bin dng
do u vt nt c xc nh ln lt nh sau:
Lc u (hnh 2.3), vng bin dng do c tnh nh trng hp chu ti
2
1K
tnh: W mon = I , (2.4)
0
Vng bin dng do khi chu nn (hnh 2.3b):
2
1 K I
W rev = , (2.5)
2 0
- 33 -
- -
y
y
y
0 Wrev - K 0 KI - KI
x x x
Wmon
a) b) c)
-
y y
2 2 KI
+KI 0 (KI - KI) + KI
x x
d) e)
Hnh 2.3. Vng do u vt nt khi chu ti chu k

C th tnh kch thc cc vng bin dng do nu trn theo HSCUS Kmax
v KI theo cc cng thc di y:
2
1 K max
W mon = , (2.6)
0
2 2
1 K I 1K
W rev = = a , (2.7)
0 0
nh gi s phi i xng ca chu trnh ng sut hoc s phi i xng ca
HSCUS, c th dng h s sau:
max K max
P= = , (2.8)
a K a
Vy kch thc vng bin dng do khi chu ti tnh v khi chu ti chu trnh
c lin h sau: wmon = P 2Wrev vi P 2 (2.9)
2.1.3 Tc pht trin vt nt mi
2.1.3.1 Qu trnh ph hu mi
T cc cng trnh nghin cu cho thy, qu trnh ph hu mi ca kt cu, l
mt qu trnh phc tp. Nhn t nh hng qu trnh ny rt nhiu, s phn bit nh
lng ton b qu trnh ph hu mi cng khng c mt gianh gii chnh xc, do
- 34 -
thng chia qu trnh hnh thnh vt nt mi ti lc kt cu hoc vt liu kim loi b
ph hu thnh cc giai on sau:
- Giai on vt nt hnh thnh;
- Giai on vt nt pht trin t vi: vt nt pht trin vt nt giai on I;
- Giai on vt nt pht trin nhn thy: vt nt pht trin giai on II;
- Giai on ph hu: ph hu kt cu.
i vi kt cu c vt nt ban u, ch yu l qu trnh pht trin ca vt
nt nhn thy, cng tc l vt nt pht trin giai on II. Cho ti nay, kch thc
nh nht ca vt nt nhn thy quy nh cha thng nht, m ch cng nhn tiu
chun, cho nn tiu chun phn chia cc giai on pht trin ca vt nt cng khng
thng nht. Xut pht t gc ng dng, ni chung c th cho kch thc nh nht
ca vt nt nhn thy l 0,10,5 mm, su ca vt nt l 0,15 mm.
2.1.3.2 Tc pht trin mi ca vt nt
- Khi nim v Tc pht trin mi ca vt nt
Kt cu c vt nt, di tc dng ca ti trng bin i, vn c th cng tc
bnh thng trong thi gian di m khng b ph hu. Tc pht trin mi ca
vt nt dng da/dN biu th, do da/dN c th o c t mu th, nn ngi ta
thng biu th n l a/N, trong : N biu th lng tng s ln tun hon
ca ti trng bin i (hoc ng sut bin i); a biu th lng tng ca chiu di
vt nt tng ng vi N. Do , ngha vt l ca a/N hoc da/dN l lng
gia tng ca chiu di vt nt di s ln tun hon n v.
- Cng thc tc pht trin mi ca vt nt
Cc nh khoa hc trin khai nghin cu v tc pht trin vt nt, Paris
ch ra, trong phm vi c hc ph hu n hi, HSCUS K l mt tham s
m t trng ng sut u vt nt, nh vy, s gia bin i K s l tham s th
hai khng ch tc vt nt pht trin da/dN. Do , Paris xut cng thc kinh
nghim v tc vt nt pht trin mi nh sau:
da
= C(K)n (2.10)
dN
Trong : K s gia h s cng ng sut K = Kmax - Kmin
C, n - cc h s ph thuc vt liu, do th nghim xc nh.
i vi vt liu khc nhau, nng lc chng vt nt pht trin khc nhau, do
, tc vt nt pht trin, thc t l mt lng o nng lc khng ch vt nt
pht trin ca vt liu. Quan h gia da/dN vi K do thc nghim xc nh.
tin li, ngi ta ly i s ca cng thc (2.10) v c:
da
lg = lg(C) + n lg(K) (2.11)
dN
- 35 -
ng cong trong hnh 2.4 biu th tc vt nt pht trin mi da/dN - K
tng i in hnh ca vt liu kim loi trong h to i s, cc nh nghin
cu cn c tnh cht pht trin ca vt nt trong vt liu, chia ng cong
da/dN-K thnh 3 vng: vng I, II v III [10].
da da
lg dN
lg dN B
A
Vng I Vng II Vng III Vng I Vng II Vng III
th lg K th lg
a) b)
Hnh 2.4. ung cong da/dN-K trong h ta i s
Ti vng I: K < Kth, v c bn vt nt khng pht trin (tc pht
trin da/dN < 10-710-8 mm/chu trnh), Kth gi l tr s ngng vt nt pht trin,
vt liu khc nhau c Kth khc nhau. Ngoi ra, Kth chu nh hng ca c tnh
tun hon ng sut R tng i ln, ni chung, R tng th Kth gim.
Vng II: K > Kth vt nt pht trin theo qui lut da/dN = C(K)n, trong
vng II ny trn hnh 2.4b dng ng gy biu th, trn mi on thng c tr s C
v n khc nhau.
Vng III: Vt nt mi pht trin nhanh chng v dn n ph hu kt cu.
xt n nh hng ca ng sut bnh qun i vi tc pht trin vt
nt, nh nghin cu E.K Walker a ra cng thc sau:
da
dN
[
= C K max (1 R m )]n
(2.12)
Trong : C, m, n cc h s c quan h n vt liu, mi cht do thc

nghim xc nh.
c th ng thi xt n nh hng ca ng sut bnh qun v tnh dai
ph hu ca vt liu n tc pht trin ca vt nt, v quan tm n khi Kmax t
n tnh dai ph hu ng sut phng (hoc tnh dai ph hu bin phng) KC v
da/dN ln v hn, nh nghin cu G.R. Forman a ra cng thc tc pht trin
da C (K ) n
mi ca vt nt nh sau: = (2.13)
dN (1 R) K C K
Cng thc Forman chng nhng xt n nh hng ca ng sut bnh
qun, m cng phn nh nh hng ca tnh dai ph hu ca vt liu KC. Ta thy
KC cng cao th da/dN cng nh, iu ny rt quan trng khi chn vt liu.
- 36 -
- nh hng ca tn s gia ti i vi s pht trin mi ca vt nt.
Ni chung, nh hng ca tn s gia ti v nhit i vi da/dN c quan
h gn b vi s gia h s cng ng sut K. Khi K tng i thp, nh
hng ca tn s gia ti i vi pht trin vt nt, rt nh. Nhng khi tr s K
tng i ln, c bit nhit cao, do tc dng tng h ca tn s gia ti v nhu
bin, tn s gia ti c nh hng r rt i vi tc pht trin ca vt nt mi, kt
qu ca n l: Tn s gia ti gim nh, tc pht trin vt nt da/dN tng ln.
2.2. Phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi
2.2.1. Phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng tuyt i
T cng trnh nghin cu ca Xerenxe-Kogaev ta c th tm tt Phng
trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng tuyt i nh sau [17]:
- C s l thuyt
Trn c s l thuyt ph hu khu yu nht do Weibull xng v l
thuyt xc sut thng k. Gi s c mt dy gm n khu (n php th th nghim
mi c lp vi n mu chun) ni tip c cht ti, gy ra ng sut
Biu din xc sut ph hu ca mt khu th i no chu ti trng gy ra
ng sut l Pi(). Pi() c xem l hm phn b c trng cho bn ca mt
khu th i no .
Xc sut khng ph hu ca khu th i no l:
Qi () = 1 - Pi () (2.14)
Vy xc sut ph hu ca dy c dng:
n
P ( ) = 1 Q ( ) = 1 [1 Pi ( )] (2.15)
i =1
Gi thit rng, chi tit c ng sut khi khng u nhau, xt mt phn t

khi ca chi tit. Hm ng sut ny c cho bi:
= max f(x, y, z) (2.16)
trong : max - ng sut ln nht mt im no ca phn t ang kho st ca
chi tit; f(x, y, z)- hm khng th nguyn
Xc sut ph hu ca chi tit khi chu ng sut max c dng:
max . f ( x, y , z ) u dVi
m
1 exp
khi max u;
P(max) = V V (2.17)
u 0 0

0 khi max < 0.

trong : u, 0, m - nhng thng s ca phn b
Biu din I l i lng di du tch phn c vit gin cch nh sau:
- 37 -
m
f ( x, y , z ) u dV
I = max , (2.18)

Vu
0 V0
Graien tuyt i ca ng sut ln nht k hiu l G:
d
G = Ktg = x=0 (2.19)
dx
n v ca G l Pa/mm; K l h s t l.
Trong tnh ton thc t v bn mi, ngi ta li thng dng graien
tng i ca ng sut chnh ln nht v k hiu l G , c xc nh theo cng
G 1 d
thc: G = = x=0 (2.20)
max max dx
ngha ca graien tuyt i: phn nh tc bin thin ca ng sut chnh
ln nht trn mt n v chiu di.
- Phng trnh ng dng v ch tiu ng dng
a. Theo lut phn phi Weibull
Sau khi tch phn, bin i cc biu thc v cc yu t hnh hc ca mu,
thu c biu thc i lng I nh sau [27]:
m m
u dF a
G ( x a 0 ) b.dx 2b.G m ( a a0 ) m +1
I = = 2 = , (2.21)
0 F0 F F0 . 0m ( m + 1)
Fu a0 0 0
Tnh (a - a0) theo i lng G, u v t:

G
= max ; G= ; L = 2b (2.22)
u max
sau khi thay vo biu thc (2.21), bin i v rt gn s nhn c biu thc:
m
L 1 u ( 1) m +1

I = = 2 ,3 lg(1 P ) (2.23)
G F0 ( m + 1) 0

V thc cht biu thc (2.23) l hm phn b ca i lng v cng l
hm phn b ca gii hn mi ca chi tit -1ct =.u/ theo xc sut ph hu P%.
Phng trnh (2.23) c gi l phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng
tuyt i hay phng trnh ng dng Xerenxe-Kogaev. i lng L c gi l
G
ch tiu ng dng ph hy mi Xerenxe-Kogaev. Vi L: l chu vi hoc mt phn
chu vi ca mt ct ngang c tp trung ng sut max.
ngha ca ch tiu ny l: Cc mu th nghim v cc chi tit c kch thc
v s tp trung ng sut khc nhau, nhng nu c cng mt gi tr ch tiu ng
dng th trn thc t c cng mt hm phn b gii hn mi.
b. Theo lut phn phi chun
Thay th lut phn phi Weibull bng lut phn phi chun vi i lng ngu
nhin X = lg(max - u) nhn c phng trnh sau:
- 38 -
L
lg( max u ) = AL B lg + uP S (2.24)
G
trong :
uP - phn v ca phn phi chun ng vi xc sut ph hu P;
S - sai lch bnh phng trung bnh ca i lng ngu nhin X = lg(max -u);
S = lg( max 84 ,1 u ) (lg max u ) ,
Theo ti liu [17] tnh c hm phn phi xc sut theo cc gi tr P t
c th tm c mi quan h gia hai thng s S v m.
Trong phng trnh (2.24) c 4 thng s: u, AL, B, S c xc nh bng cc
s liu thc nghim [17].
2.2.2. Phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng tng i
T cng trnh nghin cu ca Olaynhik-NgoVanQuyet ta c th tm tt Phng
trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng tng i nh sau [17]:
Dng tng qut ca phng trnh ng dng ph hu khng th nguyn l:
(
S m ax = S gh + a ' b '10
u p .ss
) (2.25)
trong : Smax - ng sut ln nht ti khu yu nht trong chi tit s
gy ra s ph hu xc sut P% (ng sut ln nht Smax ny c th l ng sut
php hoc ng sut tip);
Sgh - gii hn mi ca mu chun chu trnh ng sut N0;
- h s nh hng ca kch thc tuyt i ti sc chng ph hu mi
ca chi tit;
up (cn k hiu l zp) - phn v vi xc sut ph hu P%; khi Smax Sgh
th P(Smax Sgh) = 0
ss - lch bnh phng trung bnh ca i lng ngu nhin lg(max - u);
a,b - nhng hng s mi ca vt liu lm chi tit, phn nh c
trng cu trc ca vt liu v iu kin lm vic thc t ca chi tit.
i lng c gi l ch tiu ng dng ph hy mi Olaynhik-
NgoVanQuyet
ngha ca l mu chun ca chi tit thc c hnh dng v kch thc khc
nhau nhng nu c cng tr s th s c cng mt hm phn phi gii hn mi
khi cng mt trng thi ng sut.
Phng trnh (2.25) c gi l phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi tng i.
T phng trnh ng dng (2.25) c th tnh c:
H s nh hng ca kch thc
u .s
= 1m = + a ' b '10
p
(2.26)
1ct
- 39 -
1m u p . s
= = + a ' b ' 10 (2.27)
1ct
H s tp trung ng sut
K =
1m
=
(
+ a ' m b '10
u p . s
) (2.28)
1 ct (
+ a ' ct b '10
u p . s
)
(
+ a ' m 10
K = 1m =
b' u p . s
) (2.29)
1ct (
+ a ' ct b '10
u p . s
)
Trong cc cng thc ny, ch s m ng vi mu chun; ch s ct ng vi chi
tit. T cc phng trnh trn c th tm c gii hn mi ca chi tit thc. iu
ny c ngha rt ln v mt kinh t, v khng phi tin hnh th nghim mi rt
kh khn v tn km vi chi tit thc
Tu theo chi tit chu ko - nn, un, xon, ct, trt m ta c cc cng thc
tnh ton ch tiu nh sau:
Trng hp chi tit chu ko nn theo chu trnh:
G ctk .Fm
k = (2.30)
G m .Fctk
Fm = .d02/4 - Din tch ca mu chun trn chu ko - nn
d0 = 7,50 mm hoc 10 mm vi = = 1 ;
G mk = 2/ d0 - graien tng i ca ng sut chu ko - nn ca mu chun
trn;
Fctk -din tch mt ct ngang nguy himca chi tit chu ko - nn;
G ctk - graien tng i ca ng sut chu ko - nn cc i ca chi tit;
Trng hp chi tit chu un:
G ctu .Wmu
u = (2.31)
G mu .Wctu
Wmu = 0,1.d03 - mmen chng un ca mu chun trn;
Wctu - mmen chng un ca chi tit;
G ctu - graien tng i ca ng sut un cc i ca chi tit.
Trng hp chi tit chu xon:
G ctx .Wmx
x = (2.32)
G mx .Wctx
Wmx = 0,2 d03 - mmen chng xon ca mu chun trn;
Wctx - mmen chng xon ca chi tit.
Ch tiu ph thuc vo trng thi ng sut (ko, nn, un, xon...) cng
nh ph thuc vo chnh kch thc ca chi tit.
2.3. xut mt dng phng trnh lan truyn vt nt c k ti tn s ti
trng i vi KGCH u my D19E
- 40 -
Nhng biu thc ton hc phn nh mi quan h gia chiu di vt nt vi
cc c trng ca ch ti trng gy ra ng sut v cc thng s kch thc ca
kt cu hoc chi tit c xy dng t thc nghim c gi l phng trnh lan
truyn vt nt.
S gia tng (s gia) ca chiu di vt nt ph thuc vo ng sut ca ph ti
tc ng. u vt nt xut hin vng n - do, nn lun c s phn b li ng
sut, trong c hc ph hy ngi ta dng s gia h s cng ng sut K
nh gi v xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt . thun tin cho vic tnh ton
truyn thng, phng trnh lan truyn vt nt c xy dng trong to :
lg(da/dN) - lgK, (khng theo bin thi gian).
vi: da/dN - tc lan truyn vt nt trong mt chu trnh ng sut;
K- s gia h s cng ng sut.
2.3.1 Nhng nhn xt
Trong vt liu lm chi tit lun lun tn ti nhng khuyt tt ban u, c
gi l cc vt nt k thut c chiu di a0
Di tc ng ca ti trng ngoi, cc vt nt k thut ny pht trin, ln
ln t gi tr a0 ti gi tr ti hn ath. Trong thi gian , u vt nt lun lun xy
ra qu trnh phn b li ng sut v bin dng, c c trng bi s gia tng
tuyn tnh HSCUS, t gi tr KIi tng ln gi tr ti hn Kth. Khi gi tr HSCUS
ln hn gi tr gii hn KIC, th chi tit b ph hu hon ton.
Trong nhng tnh hung vn hnh in hnh ca u my khi ti trng ng
tc dng ln khung gi chuyn c bit cao v vi nhng tn s lun thay i
nh hng n s lan truyn vt nt. Vi cc kt qu o kim tra trng thi ng sut
- bin dng ng ti cc im o trn KGCH u my D19E - 903 v D19E 907, t
nhng s liu thng k thu c nu ln mc v c tnh bin thin ca ti
trng ti nhng vng nguy him trn KGCH cc trng thi vn hnh on tu v
cc khu gian c trng khc nhau, ta nhn thy [8]:
- Khi tu chy vi tc V 60 80 km/h trn ng bng th nhng
vng nguy him ca khung gi chuyn c s gia ng sut tng i ln cn ng
sut trung bnh li nh v c tn s ln;
- Khi tu chy vi tc V 15 40 km/h trn ng o dc cao, ng
cong bn knh nh, th ngc li, c s gia ng sut tng nh cn ng sut trung
bnh li ln v c tn s nh.
Nh vy trong qu trnh vn hnh on tu vi cc tnh hung thc t nh
hng ln n tc lan truyn vt nt ti cc im chu ti vt ngng trn
KGCH ca u my.
- 41 -
2.3.2. C s l thuyt
Ni chung, nh hng ca tn s gia ti vi da/dN c quan h gn b vi s
gia h s cng ng sut K, khi K tng i thp, nh hng ca tn s gia
ti i vi tc pht trin vt nt rt nh; Nhng khi tr s K tng i ln, tn
s gia ti c nh hng r rt i vi tc pht trin vt nt, kt qu ca n l:
Tn s gia ti gim nh, tc pht trin vt nt da/dN tng ln.
n
Theo cng thc ca Paris: da/dN = C.( K)
trong : (K) - s gia h s cng ng sut u vt nt; K = Kmax - Kmin;
Kmax - gi tr ln nht ca HSCUS;
Kmin - gi tr nh nht ca HSCUS;
C, n: cc h s ph thuc vo vt liu do th nghim xc nh.
c th ng thi xt n nh hng ca h s cng ng sut u
vt nt v tnh dai ph hu ca vt liu n tc pht trin ca vt nt, nh
nghin cu G.R. Forman d a ra cng thc:
da C ( K ) n
= (2.33)
dN (1 R )K c* K
Trong xc nh tnh dai ph hu ca vt liu K*C c k ti nh hng ca
tn s ti trng f theo ti lu [29] ta c cng thc thc nghim nh sau:
K c* =
(lg f + 11 , 75 )
0 ,185
n
da C ( K )
Vy = (2.34)
dN (1 R ) (lg f + 11 , 75 ) K
0 ,185
c th xt n nh hng ca gi tr ngng lan truyn vt nt n tc
pht trin ca vt nt, trong ti liu [32] a ra phng trnh lan truyn vt nt
mi nh sau:

N = N E 1
(a a 0 )
Bq , (2.35)
(K Ii K atb )
a 0 Aq
R (K c K Ii )
trong : Aq v Bq - cc h s ca vt liu;
NE - s chu trnh ng sut ti hn;
R - s gia h s chu trnh ng sut;
Katb - gi tr ti hn ca HSCUS, t gi tr tr xung khng xy ra
s lan truyn vt nt;
- 42 -
KC - gi tr gii hn ca HSCUS, t gi tr tr ln th s lan
truyn vt nt dn n ph hu hon ton.
Cc phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi (2.33), (2.34) v (2.35) l cc
phng trnh c s xy dng phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi c xt ti s
nh hng ca tn s ti trng.
2.3.3. Nhng gi thit
Mt phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi c xt ti s nh hng ca tn s
ti trng c xy dng trn nhng lun c sau:
Lun c 1: Khi cht ti vi vng tn s thp th sc chng mi ca vt liu
tng ln khi tn s ti trng tng [17];
Lun c 2: Khi vt nt pht trin n nh th s gia ca h s cng ng
sut (K) t l vi tc pht trin vt nt (da/dN) [27];
Lun c 3: Khi tnh dai ph hu ca vt liu KIC cng cao th da/dN cng nh.
Nhng lun c trn l nhng lun khoa hc, c kim chng bng thc
nghim, c cng b trong cc cng trnh nghin cu. C th khi qut nhng
lun trn thnh nhng gi thit sau:
- Vi cht ti vi vng tn s thp th sc chng mi ca vt liu tng ln
khi tn s ti trng tng;
- Khi vt nt pht trin n nh th s gia ca cng ng sut (K) t l
vi tc pht trin vt nt (da/dN);
- Khi tnh dai ph hu ca vt liu KIC cng cao th da/dN cng nh.
ng thi mt phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi c xt ti s nh hng
ca tn s ti trng c xy dng trn nhng gi thit sau:
- Trong vt liu lm chi chi tit lun lun tn ti nhng khuyt tt ban u,
c gi l cc vt nt k thut c chiu di a0.
- Di tc ng ca ti trng ngoi, cc vt nt k thut ny pht trin, ln
ln t gi tr a0 ti gi tr ti hn ath. Trong thi gian , ti u vt nt lun lun
xy ra qu trnh phn b li ng sut v bin dng; c dc trng bi s gia tng
tuyn tnh HSCUS, t gi tr Kth tng ln gi tr gii hn KIC.
Khi gi tr HSCUS ln hn gi tr gii hn, th chi tit b ph hu hon ton.
2.3.4. Phng php xy dng
n
T phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi ca Paris: da/dN = C.( K)
Logarit hai v: lg(da/dN) = n.lg( K) + lgC
Phng trnh c dng: y =a.x + b
Trn c s l thuyt, nhng gi thit, cc lun c, cc phng trnh lan
truyn vt nt c kim chng v cng b trong cc cng trnh nghin cu ca
- 43 -
cc tc gi, ng thi t cc kt qu o, kho st kim tra v nh gi trng thi
ng sut bin dng ng trn KGCH ca u my D19E trong qu trnh vn
hnh vi cc tnh hung khc nhau [1], ta a cc thng s nh hng n tc
lan truyn vt nt trong phng trnh logarit ca Paris nh sau:
K Iib
Vi: x = lg ;
R ( K IiC ) R f
Loga ca s gia ca HSCUS tng i c xt n nh hng ca dai ph hy
ca vt liu, h s phi i xng ca chu trnh ng sut v tn s ti trng.
a
y = lg
N
Loga ca tc pht trin vt nt khi gi tr s gia ca HSCUS vt gi tr
ngng vt nt pht trin (gi tr ti hn)
trong :
a a0
a = : Chiu di vt nt tng i;
a0
NE N
N = : S chu trnh ng sut tng i;
NE
f f0
Rf = : Tn s ti trng tng i;
f0
K Iib = K Ii K th : S gia ca HSCUS khi vt gi tr ngng
K IiC = K IC K Ii : S gia ca HSCUS i vi gi tr dai ph
hy ca vt liu lm KGCH
R = 1 R : S gia ca h s phi i xng ca chu trnh ng
sut
R = K Ii min / K Ii max
a- chiu di vt nt ng vi s chu trnh ng sut N;
a0- chiu di vt nt ban u;
N- s chu trnh ng sut, ti thi im u vt nt c h s cng
ng sut K;
NE- s chu trnh ng sut gii hn ca vt liu lm KGCH;
fi- tn s ti trng th i;
f0- tn s ti trng nh nht.
R h s phi i xng ca chu trnh ng sut
KIi h s cng ng sut th i;
Kth - gi tr ti hn ca h s cng ng sut (gi tr ngng pht trin vt
nt), t gi tr tr xung khng xy ra s lan truyn vt nt;
- 44 -
KIC - gi tr gii hn ca h s cng ng sut ( dai ph hy ca vt
liu), t gi tr tr ln th s lan truyn vt nt dn n ph hu hon ton.
A v B - cc hng s ca vt liu lm KGCH, c xc nh qua vic th
nghim tc lan truyn vt nt ca vt liu
Thay vo phng trnh lan truyn vt nt Paris trn v bin i ta c
phng trnh c dng nh sau:

(a a0 )
(2.36)
N = N E 1 A

(K
K th )
a0B Ii

(1 R )(K IC K Ii )( fi f0 )
f0
y l mt dng phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi c xut c xt ti

tn s ti trng, dng tnh ton cho KGCH ca u my D19E .
Cc h s ca vt liu c xc nh nh tin hnh th nghim xc nh tc
lan truyn vt nt mi ca vt liu v x l s liu th nghim (kt qu i vi
vt liu KGCH c trnh by trong Chng 3 v 4).
2.4. Tnh ton bn mi theo cc h s an ton
2.4.1. Tnh ton bn mi theo cc h s an ton khi t ti n nh
Vic tnh ton cc h s an ton cho s t ti u vi chu trnh bt cn i
c s gia a v ng sut trung bnh m c thc hin trn c s cc tin sau
y: S gia gii hn cc ng sut a cho cc mu th nghim vi chu trnh bt cn
i c th c th hin bng phng trnh, m kh ph hp s liu thc nghim
trong gii -1 < R < 0,5 theo ti liu [27] ta c:
- h s nh hng s bt cn i n s bin ng sut gii hn. = (2 1 0 ) / 0
0 GHBM cc mu th nghim vi chu trnh mch ng
i vi cc loi thp = 0,02 + 2 .10 4 b (b gii hn bn, MPa) (2.37)
Sau khi bin i cc kt qu th nghim vi cc chu trnh bt cn i xc
nh c bn mi theo cng thc:
1
s = (2.38)
K a + m
Khi tnh h s an ton chu xon ta s dng cng thc tng t

s = 1
(2.39)
K a + m
Khi cc ng sut php tuyn v cc ng sut tip tuyn tc ng cng mt

lc, h s an ton c tnh theo biu thc:
- 45 -
1ct 1ct (2.40)
s = =
td
2
2 2
a + 1ct a
1ct
Gi k : H s tp trung ng sut php thc t;
k : H s tp trung ng sut tip thc t.
k
Vi trng hp = 1 , cc s liu th nghim thu c hu nh phn b trn
k
mt ng trn, t dng phng trnh chnh tc ca ng trn c im l gc to
, a h s an ton ring bit theo cc ng sut php tuyn s = 1 ct v theo
a

cc ng sut tip tuyn s = 1ct vo ta s c
a
1 1 1
2
= 2 + 2 (2.41)
s s s
Vi: a, a: Bin ng sut php v tip do mmen un v mmen xon gy ra;
-1ct, -1ct: ng sut php ln nht v ng sut tip ln nht ti khu yu nht
trong chi tit s gy ra s ph hu chu trnh i xng vi s chu trnh ng sut c
s N0.
Chi tit c coi l c kh nng lm vic nu s [s] = 1,5 2,5. Cc cng
thc trn (2.39), (2.40), (2.41) cng c tnh ph bin cho cc trng hp cc chu
trnh bt cn i v cho cc trng hp thay i v cc ng sut khng ng b v
khng ng pha.
Cc nh nghin cu xc nh c s nh hng ca cc trng thi ng
sut, kch thc, vt liu, tnh cho trng hp cc chu trnh bt cn i v
cho cc trng hp ng sut khng i xng (r - 1) vi trng hp k / k 1 (k
/ k <1), t cc cng trnh nghin cu ta thy i vi cc phng tin giao thng
ng st cn dng cc cng thc sau [19]:
H s an ton mi ton phn c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
s .s , (2.42)
s= [s]
k
s 2 + s2 [1 + 2 (1 )( s 1)]
k
H s an ton mi thnh phn (ng sut phpv ng sut tip) c xc nh:
s =
1 , (2.43)
k
a. + . m + . m

1
s = . (2.44)
k
a. + . m + . m

trong : 1 v 1 : GHBM ca mu chun khi chu un v xon;
m v m : ng sut php v ng sut tip trung bnh;
- 46 -
a v a : ng sut php v ng sut tip bin ;
k v k : h s tp trung ng sut php v ng sut tip thc t;
v : h s nh hng kch thc;
, , v : h s nh hng ca vt liu.
2.4.2. Tnh bn mi theo cc h s an ton khi t ti khng n nh
Khi t ti bin i khng n nh, s thay i thc cc ng sut c th c
chuyn thnh s t ti khi. Mi khi t ti gm r bc, mi bc tng ng s gia
ng sut ai v s chu trnh lp li s gia ny trong khi vi, i=1,2,..,r.
Vi s khi t ti trong ton b thi gian lm vic ca chi tit cho n khi
xut hin vt nt hoc s ph hy th s chu trnh lp s gia ng sut ai l ni =
vi. Nu s chu trnh tnh n khi b ph hy theo ng cong mi (vi ai) l Ni,
th tt nhin c th cho rng vi s gia , chi tit s lm vic cho n ht phn
tui th ca mnh, phn bng ni/Ni. S ph hy chi tit khi t ti khi s xy ra
trong trng hp khi m tng cc tr s tui th tng i bng 1, ngha l iu
kin ph hy c dng:
ni (2.45)
)N
(
= 1
ai 1 d i
Trong ti liu [27] tnh ton c thc hin trn c s gi thuyt cng
tuyn tnh iu chnh cc h hng mi v xc nh c h s an ton khi t ti
khng n nh nh sau:
Vi s - H s an ton ng sut php v s - H s an ton ng sut tip

Ta c s = 1 c t [ s ] v s = 1c t [ s ] (2.46)
e e

ng sut tng ng: e = m
a p N G
m
ai v i (2.47)
1 d
( ai > )
n
e - theo cng thc tng t:

e = m
a p N G
m
v
ai i (2.48)
1 d
( ai > )
n
Chi tit c coi l c kh nng lm vic, nu h s an ton s vt qu gi tr cc

tiu cho php [s] =1,5 2,5.
Khi trong chi tit sut hin ng thi cc ng sut php tuyn v tip tuyn,
h s an ton ton phn c xc nh theo cng thc:
s s
s= [ s] (2.49)
s2 + s2
2.5. D bo tui th mi
2.5.1. Khi nim c bn v tui th mi
- 47 -
Di tc dng ca ti trng bin
i, do s pht trin ca vt nt, dn a
n kt cu b ph hu, n l mt trong
ac
cc hnh thc ph hu ch yu ca kt
cu. i vi kt cu thc t, nht l kt Tui th hnh thnh Tui th
pht trin vt nt
cu u my toa xe v cc b phn ca
n, thng thng chng u cng tc
di tc dng ca ti trng bin i Hnh 2.5: Tui th mi ca kt cu N
tun hon. Cn c theo quan im ca
c hc ph hu, ch cn cu kin c vt nt, c ng sut v kch thc vt nt thp
hn ng sut ng sut v kch thc ti hn theo chun tc c hc ph hu xc nh,
l c th lm vic an ton, do tnh tui th mi l mt vn rt quan trng.
Tui th mi, thng ly s ln gia ti hoc s ln tun hon N ca ti trng
bin i tnh ton. Tui th kt cu thng do hai b phn hp thnh: Mt b
phn l s ln tun hon tng ng vi qu trnh hnh thnh vt nt mi trn cu
kin, gi l tui th hnh thnh vt nt mi Nht; mt b phn l s ln tun hon
tng ng vi vt nt pht trin n kch thc ti hn (hoc qu trnh pht trin
di gii hn ca vt nt) v gi l tui th pht trin vt nt Npt, xem hnh 2.5.
Do , tng tui th ca cu kin l Nt [10]
Nt = Nht + Npt (2.50)
Ni chung, gia tui th hnh thnh vt nt v tui th vt nt pht trin
khng c ranh gii r rng. Nu bn thn khu vc ng sut cao ca cu kin tn ti
vt nt sn, th tui th hnh thnh Nht khng tn ti.
2.5.2. Cc phng php c lng tui th cc b phn khi t ti khng n nh
Cn phi xt n cc tnh quy lut pht trin cc vt nt mi, khi xem xt
cc phng php ng sut c lng tui th cc b phn, ngha l tui th giai
on pht trin vt nt t tr s khi u s xut hin vt nt n tr s ti hn, m
vi n din ra s ph hu t ngt, c im phc tp ca biu ph hu mi
trong to v - K, s ph thuc ca tc v vo mc K, vo mc bt cn i
chu trnh, vo s qu ti v c im thay i ti trng theo thi gian, vo mi
trng xung quanh, v nhit , cc kch thc tuyt i v hnh dng chi tit, vo
cc c tnh v yu t khc.
Nh nghin cu Nelson m t mt s phng php tnh cc ng pht trin cc
vt nt mi trong iu kin t ti ngu nhin, p dng cho cc phng tin ng st.
Phng php th nht da trn vic p dng cng thc Forman [27]:
- 48 -
n
dl A(K )
V= = (2.51)
dN (1 R ) K C K
Gi s rng cc ng sut nn khng dn n s pht trin cc vt nt, do
chng b loi tr ra khi on biu dao ng, m c gi l khi t ti v p
dng cho cc chi tit khc nhau c tui th 1700-6000 chu trnh. tnh ton, ta
tm tt c cc s gia ton phn hng tng ln ca s gia HSCUS Ki= Kmax
Kmin, trong Kmin, Kmax cc tiu tng i v cc i tng i tip theo ngay
sau n ca h s cng chu trnh i. Cc s gia ton phn Ki, m nh hn tr s
ngng Kth, khng cn phi lu ti khi tnh ton. Cc tnh ton chng minh
rng khi Kth= 5,5 v 11 MPa 2 , cc kt qu gn nh nhau, ngha l s thay i
Kth trong cc gii hn kh rng s t nh hng ti kt qu cui cng. Nh vy
c th khng cn chnh xc cao khi xc nh Kth.
Phng php th hai tnh ng pht trin vt nt mi trng khp vi
phng php th nht, ngoi tr vic c s gia ton phn tr s nh b loi tr ra
khi qu trnh ngu nhin, do ch cn li cc s gia ton phn ln.
2.6. Kt lun chng 2
Qua nghin cu c s l thuyt v so snh vi kt qu thc nghim ca nhiu
nh nghin cu v c hc ph hy, cc tc gi ca cc phng trnh ng dng ph
hy mi kim nh v tnh ng n ca cc ch tiu ng dng ph hy mi ca
mnh. T cc kt qu thc nghim v tnh ton thy rng, s sai lch gia cc gi tr
gii hn mi tnh ton v cc gi tr gii hn mi thc nghim l tng i nh, c th
chp nhn c. Sai s tng i gia kt qu thc nghim v tnh ton i vi ph-
ng trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng tuyt i ln nht l khong 10 %, v i vi
phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi dng tng i ln nht l khong 14 % [17].
V vy, lun n chn phng php xc nh gii hn mi ng vi mt xc sut ph
hy P% bt k cho KGCH v TBX nh phng trnh ng dng ph hu mi.
tin hnh nghin cu v tnh c kch thc vng bin dng do khi
chu ti chu trnh ca vt liu ch to KGCH v TBX, t xc nh kch thc
vt nt v h s cng ng sut u vt nt chnh xc hn. Nh vy, vic tnh
ton bn mi cho KGCH v TBX theo ngng pht trin vt nt v d bo tui
th mi s chnh xc v tin cy hn.
xut mt phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi c xt ti tn s ti trng c
th d bo tui th mi ca KGCH u my ang vn dng trn ng st Vit Nam.
nghin cu v xc nh c phng php tnh bn mi cho KGCH
v TBX theo h s an ton mi vi trng hp khi chu ng sut i xng v
khng i xng, khi t ti n nh v khng n nh.
- 49 -
chng 3
Nghin cu th nghim xc nh cc c trng c
hc, c trng mi mu vt liu khung gi chuyn
hng v trc bnh xe u my D19E
3.1. Phn tch thnh phn kim loi, xc nh mc

Vic th nghim xc nh thnh phn ho hc v mc thp c tin hnh
trn my PMI-MASTER PLUS ca Trung tm nh gi h hng vt liu COMFA
thuc Vin khoa hc Vt liu, bng phng php quang ph pht x trc tip ti 4
im khc nhau trn TBX v KGCH u my D19E (t sn phm nhp u tin)
ti X nghip u my H Ni ngy 28 thng 6 nm 2007.
3.1.1. Phn tch vt liu trc bnh xe u my D19E
tin hnh phn tch thnh phn kim loi ca vt liu TBX ti 4 im: v
tr 2 u trc, c trc v gia trc, mi v tr 3 ln xc nh thnh phn kim loi
ca vt liu, cc im phn tch theo hnh 3.1.
2 3
1 4
Hnh 3.1 Cc v tr phn tch thnh phn kim loi ca vt liu TBX u my D19E
Kt qu phn tch thnh phn kim loi ca vt liu TBX u my D19E cho
trong bng 3.1 nh sau:
Bng 3.1 Kt qu phn tch thnh phn kim loi vt liu TBX
Fe C Si Mn P S Cr Mo
1 98,0 0,570 0,311 0,817 < 0,0050 < 0,0050 < 0,0334 0,0137
2 98,0 0,577 0,321 0,822 0,0055 < 0,0050 < 0,0343 0,0141
3 98,1 0,560 0,302 0,820 0,0098 < 0,0050 < 0,0322 0,0078
4 98,0 0,568 0,319 0,813 0,0092 < 0,0050 0,0293 0,0148
Ave 98,0 0,569 0,313 0,818 0,0071 < 0,0050 < 0,0323 0,0126
Ni Al Co Cu Nb Ti V
1 0,0418 0,0578 0,0055 0,0642 0,0021 < 0,0050 < 0,0050
2 0,0353 0,0572 < 0,0050 0,0636 < 0,0020 < 0,0050 < 0,0050
3 0,0295 0,0546 < 0,0050 0,0604 0,0042 < 0,0050 < 0,0050
4 0,0441 0,0580 0,0063 0,0655 < 0,0020 < 0,0050 < 0,0050
Ave 0,0377 0,0569 0,0051 0,0634 0,0023 < 0,0050 < 0,0050
- 50 -
W Pb Sn B Ca Zr
1 < 0,0500 < 0,100 0,0074 < 0,0015 > 0,0010 < 0,0050
2 < 0,0500 < 0,100 0,0065 < 0,0015 > 0,0010 < 0,0050
3 < 0,0500 < 0,100 0,0094 < 0,0015 > 0,0010 < 0,0050
4 < 0,0500 < 0,100 0,0090 < 0,0015 > 0,0010 < 0,0050
Ave < 0,0500 < 0,100 0,0081 < 0,0015 > 0,0010 < 0,0050
Kt lun: Kt qu phn tch c thnh phn tng ng vi mc thp 55 theo
tiu chun GB 699 - 88 ca Trung Quc hoc tng ng C55E theo tiu chun
EN 10093-1 ca c.
3.1.2. Phn tch vt liu khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E
tin hnh phn tch thnh phn kim loi ca vt liu KGCH ti 4 im:
v tr tm cnh, tm di ca x dc tri v phi, mi v tr 3 ln xc nh thnh
phn kim loi ca vt liu, cc im phn tch theo hnh 3.2
V tr phn tch
thnh phn KL
Hnh 3.2 V tr phn tch thnh phn kim loi ca vt liu KGCH u my D19E
Kt qu phn tch thnh phn kim loi ca vt liu KGCH u my D19E
cho trong bng 3.2 nh sau:
Bng 3.2 Kt qu phn tch thnh phn kim loi vt liu KGCH
Fe C Si P S Cr Mn
1 98,2 0,139 0,378 < 0,0050 0,0144 < 0,0050 1,15
2 98,2 0,137 0,396 < 0,0050 0,0148 < 0,0050 1,12
3 98,2 0,136 0,379 < 0,0050 0,0170 < 0,0050 1,13
4 98,3 0,136 0,380 < 0,0050 0,0156 0,0050 1,10
Ave 98,2 0,137 0,383 < 0,0050 0,0154 < 0,0050 1,12
Ni Al Co Cu Nb Ti Mo
1 < 0,0050 < 0,0050 0,0058 0,0193 0,0032 < 0,0050 < 0,0030
2 < 0,0050 < 0,0050 0,0054 0,0220 0,0029 < 0,0050 < 0,0030
3 < 0,0050 < 0,0050 0,0063 0,0197 0,0038 < 0,0050 < 0,0030
4 < 0,0050 < 0,0050 0,0062 0,0201 0,0020 < 0,0050 < 0,0030
Ave < 0,0050 < 0,0050 0,0059 0,0203 0,0030 < 0,0050 < 0,0030
V W Pb Sn B Ca Zr
1 < 0,0050 < 0,0050 < 0,100 0,0078 < 0,0015 < 0,0008 < 0,0050
2 < 0,0050 < 0,0050 < 0,100 0,0076 < 0,0015 < 0,0006 < 0,0050
3 < 0,0050 < 0,0050 < 0,100 0,0095 < 0,0015 < 0,0010 < 0,0050
4 < 0,0050 < 0,0050 < 0,100 0,0091 < 0,0015 < 0,0007 < 0,0050
Ave < 0,0050 < 0,0050 < 0,100 0,0085 < 0,0015 < 0,0008 < 0,0050
- 51 -
Kt lun: Kt qu phn tch c thnh phn tng ng vi mc thp 12Mn
theo tiu chun GB 1591- 88 ca Trung Quc hoc tng ng 13Mn6 theo
tiu chun DIN ca c.
3.2. Xc nh tiu chun th nghim
3.2.1. Tiu chun th nghim xc nh gii hn mi
Vic th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt liu lm TBX v KGCH u
my D19E c tin hnh theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 4169 85 Kim loi
Phng php th mi nhiu chu trnh v t chu trnh
Tiu chun quy nh cc phng php th mi kim loi: Khi ko nn; un
v xon. Trong cc chu trnh ng sut hoc bin dng i xng v khng i xng,
thay i theo qui lut tun hon n gin vi cc thng s khng thay i;
Th nghim khi c hoc khng c tp trung ng sut, nhit v m bnh
thng trong phng, trong min n hi v n hi do vi chu trnh ln v nh.
Tin hnh th mi nhiu chu trnh: Th mu phi tin hnh lin tc cho ti khi
sinh vt nt c ln nh hoc t gy hon ton hoc t s chu trnh c s, ch
tiu ch yu ca s ph hu khi xc nh gii hn mi v lp ng cong mi l s
t gy hon ton hoc s xut hin vt nt thy c c di 0,5 1 mm.
3.2.2. Th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu
Vic th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt mi v dai ph hu
ca vt liu lm TBX v KGCH u my D19E c tin hnh cng mt qu trnh
th nghim trn cng mt mu. Qu trnh th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn
vt nt mi c tin hnh trc v coi nh l qu trnh kin to vt nt mi
th nghim xc nh dai ph hu vt liu ca qu trnh th nghim sau.
3.2.2.1. Tiu chun th nghim
Vic th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt mi v dai ph hu
ca vt liu lm TBX v KGCH u my D19E c tin hnh theo tiu chun
ASTM E647 - 00 (Phng php tiu chun xc tc lan truyn vt nt mi) [33]
v tiu chun ASTM E 399 90 (Phng php tiu chun xc nh dai ph hu
bin dng phng ca vt liu kim loi) [32]. Qua nghin cu ch trng nhng
im chnh trong cc tiu chun nh sau:
a. Phm vi
Phng php ny xc nh dai ph hu bin dng phng ca vt liu
kim loi, chi tit. ng thi phng php ny cng dng xc nh t s bn RSX, t
s bn l hm s ca ti ln nht m mu c th chu c.
b. c im
KIC c xc nh bng th nghim c tnh sc bn ca vt liu n khi
- 52 -
ph hu vi mu vt to sn vt nt nh hng cho th ko. KIC l i din
dai ph hu thp nht ca vt liu. Gi tr ny c th c s dng nh gi mi
lin h gia ph hu do ng sut v kch c ca vt nt trong vt liu.
KIC a ra i vi vt liu l mt hm ca tc th nghim v nhit .
Hn na, ti trng tun hon c th dn n s m rng ca vt nt gi tr KI nh
hn gi tr KIC. M rng vt nt di ti trng tun hon hoc ti duy tr lin tc s
c tng ln vi tham d ca iu kin mi trng.
Th nghim dai ph hu c tin hnh theo tiu chun, phi m bo
nhng iu kin trong tiu chun xc nh c gi tr KIC hp l.
c. Kch c, hnh dng v s chun b mu
- Kch c mu, m bo kt qu c gi tr hp l theo tiu chun th i
hi c hai chiu dy mu B, v chiu di vt nt a phi ln hn 2,5 (KIC/YS)2,
trong YS .l gii hn chy ca vt liu iu kin nhit v ti trng trong
qu trnh th nghim.
- La chn kch c mu theo tiu chun
- Hnh dng ca mu th theo tiu chun i vi cc mu: th nghim xc
nh tc lan truyn vt nt mi v dai ph hu ca vt liu lm TBX v
KGCH cn c theo phi vt liu, cng ngh ch to mu v thit b th nghim ta
chn loi mu ComPact Specimen (mu khi hp chu ko) C(T).
- Mu chun: Chiu di vt nt a (tnh t im bt u hnh V n ng ti
tc dng) bng chiu dy Bm v nm trong khong 0,45 n 0,55 ln so vi chiu
rng Wm. T s Wm/Bm thng thng bng 2 ln, c th c s dng vi nhng
t l W/B ln hn hai.
- Kin to vt nt mi: Thc hin theo chu trnh cho n khi to c vt
nt p ng c yu cu chiu di vt nt (ton b chiu di t ng t ti lm
bt u xut hin vt nt cng vi vt nt mi) s trong khong gia 0,45 v 0,55
ca b rng Wm.
d. Quy trnh th nghim xc nh bn nt rn KIC
- S lng mu th: Nn th nghim lp li 3 ln i vi mi iu kin ca
vt liu.
- Gia ti: t ti tnh ln mu cho tc tng ln t 30 000 ti 150 000
psi.in /pht (0,55 2,75 MPa.m1/2/giy), (0,55 2,75 MN.m-3/2/giy). Tc gia
1/2
ti ph hp vi cng ng sut a ra trong tiu chun.

- Bo co th nghim: Lm bo co gm 1 th c my t ng ghi
li. dc ca phn gin di khong 0,7 ti 1,5, hng dc theo trc tung. La
chn s kt hp gia cc cm bin lc v biu kt qu sao cho lc PQ c xc
- 53 -
nh vi cp chnh xc 1%.
e. Tnh ton v gii thch kt qu
- Tnh ton 2.5 (KIC / ys)2, trong YS l gii hn chy khi ko dc trc
mu phng ca vt liu. m bo kt qu c gi tr nh tiu chun th i hi c
hai chiu dy mu Bm, v chiu di vt nt a phi ln hn 2,5 (KIC/YS)2, khi
KQ bng KIC.
3.2.2.2. Kin to vt nt mi khi xc nh KIC
a. Khi nim chung
T kinh nghim c ch ra rng thu c mt s nhy pht sinh vt
nt, m mt rnh kha hp c gia cng trn my s ti to mt vt nt t nhin
tt cung cp mt KIC lm tha mn kt qu th nghim. K xo c hiu qu
nht cho mc ch ny l mt s to rnh kha hp t lm m rng mt vt nt
mi tng i ngn, gi kin to vt nt mi.
- S kin to vt nt mi c sn sinh bi chu trnh ti vi rnh kha ca
mu vi mt t l ca ng sut cc tiu vi ng sut ln nht gia - 1 v + 0.1 cho
mt s chu trnh thng thng gia khong 104 v 106 ph thuc vo kch thc
mu, s chun b, v mc cng ng sut.
+ Trong thi gian ton b giai on ca s pht trin vt nt mi, t l ca
HSCUS ln nht ca chu trnh mi ti m un n hi ca vt liu, Kmax / E
khng nn vt hn 0,002 in.1/2 ( 0,00032 m1/2). Hn na, Kmax khng c vt
hn 60 % ca gi tr KQ xc nh trong cc th nghim tip theo.
b. Qu trnh kin to vt nt mi
- Gi tr ban u ca ti ln nht lm kin to vt nt mi hoc s thay i
cn phi c tnh ton t K, s nh kch c v nhng kch thc mu v vt kha,
n c gi v rng ti ny c la chn HSCUS ln nht trong phn ban
u ca chu trnh mi khng vt hn 80 % t s nh gi gi tr KIC ca vt liu.
- Khi vt nt pht trin gn nh t n 97,5 % ca chiu di vt nt
ton phn, ti ln nht c thay i thch hp, s c gim bt gi tr KX nh
hn 60 % ca gi tr nh nht Kt, ca vt liu, V ng thi gi tr t s Kmax / E s
khng vt hn 0,002 in.1/2 (0,00032 m1/2).
3.2.2.3. Nhng yu cu c bit cho vic th nghim vi mu khi hp chu ko
a. Mu
Nhng t l chung ca hnh dng mu ny c qui nh trong tiu chun
b.Thit b th nghim
- Thit b lm cho s nt mi s phn phi ng sut ng dng xuyn qua
b dy mu. Phn phi ng sut s i xng vi mt phng tng lai ca vt nt;
- 54 -
vi cch khc vt nt s i trch qu mc t mt phng v kt qu th s b tc
ng mt cch ng k.
- g th ko. Mt g thch hp bng st ni ti cho s th nhng
mu (CT) c th hin yu cu trong tiu chun [32]
c. Qu trnh th nghim
- Mu c gia ti sao cho tng ln ca cng ng sut trong phm vi
30 ti 150 ksi - in1/2 / min (0,55 ti 2,75 MPa - m1/2 /s).
- Nhng chi tit lin quan vic th nghim, cho trong tiu chun.
d. Tnh ton
- Tnh ton KQ. Cho mu ko trong nhng n v ksi - in1/2 (MPa.m1/2) t
biu thc sau:
KQ = (PQ/BW1/2).f(a/W)
Trong :
f (a / W ) =
(2 + a / W )(0.886 + 4.64a / W 13.32a 2 / W 2 + 14.72a 3 / W 3 5.6a 4 / W 4 )
(1 a / W )3 / 2
PQ - ti t ln mu th nghim;
B - b dy ca mu;
W - chiu rng ca mu;
a - chiu di vt nt trn mu th nghim.
3.3. Ch to cc mu vt liu th nghim
3.3.1. Chun b phi ca mu vt liu th nghim
Vt liu KGCH: Vt liu dng ct mu l tm b gim chn trn
KGCH ca u my D19E, c siu m bng my siu m AD 3213 ca Nht
Bn, ti X nghip u my H Ni v xc nh thnh phn ho hc trn my
quang ph pht x nguyn t LAB ti Phng th nghim Vt liu tnh nng k
thut cao thuc Vin C kh nng lng v m. Kt qu phn tch thnh phn cc
nguyn t ho hc c bn cho trong bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3. Thnh phn cc nguyn t ho hc c bn ca vt liu gim chn
trn KGCH u my D19E
C% Si% Mn% P% S% Cr% Ni% Mo% Cu%
AV 0,1525 0,3623 1,3945 0,0076 0,0181 0,0176 0,0378 0,0234 0,0259
SD 0,0018 0,0024 0,0073 0,0002 0,0003 0,0002 0,0002 0,0003 0,0045
RSD 1,0 0,7 0,5 0,9 3,6 0,6 0,6 1,4 6,8
V% Al% Ti% Co% Nb% Sn% W% Zr% Fe%
AV 0,0097 0,0344 0,0120 0,0225 0,0318 0,0080 0,0139 0,0000 97,8281
SD 0,0003 0,0015 0,0001 0,0006 0,0003 0,0002 0,0018 0,0000 0,0079
RSD 3,3 4,3 0,8 2,4 1,0 2,2 12,8 0,0 0,0
- 55 -
Kt qu th nghim cho thy, vt liu gim chn c thnh phn ho
hc tng ng vi mc thp 12Mn theo tiu chun GB-1591-88 ca Trung Quc
dng ch to x dc ca KGCH u my D19E
Vt liu TBX: Vt liu ny c su tp ti Nh my xe la Gia Lm.
Thng qua cc th nghim nh trn thy rng thnh phn ho hc tng ng vi
mc thp ch to TBX u my D19E.
3.3.2. Mu vt liu th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc
Loi mu ny c dng hnh tr trn, c gia cng c kh trn my tin,
bao gm gia cng s b v gia cng tinh. Kch thc v yu cu k thut ca loi
mu ny c th hin trn hnh 3.3
D (14,0) d (10,0)
R (2,0)
52,5 50,5
132,5 52,5 80
264
Hnh 3.3. Kt cu v kch thc mu th nghim c trng c hc.

3.3.3. Mu vt liu th nghim xc nh gii hn mi
Loi mu ny c kch thc hnh tr trn, c gia cng c kh trn my
tin, mi bao gm gia cng s b v gia cng tinh. Kch thc v yu cu k thut
ca loi mu ny c th hin trn hnh 3.4
D [12,0 ; 17,0]
R (6 ; 10) d [5,97 ; 7,52 ; 9,48 ; 12,0]
65 96
(226)
Hnh 3.4. Kt cu v kch thc mu th nghim mi

Yu cu i vi mu th:
- Dung sai cho php ca ng knh phn lm vic ca mu khng qu
0,005 mm.
- Lng nhy hng knh ca ng knh phn lm vic so vi ng knh
phn kp gi khng qu 0,01 mm.
- Mt lm vic cn trn nhn khng c vt sy st.
- Phn gc ln qu cn tht trn v nhn
- Bc gia cng sau cng phi l mi bng.
- Khi gia cng mu th khng c xy ra hin tng ha cng ngui hoc
qu nng.
- 56 -
- nng khi ct ly mu th i vi kim loi en v hp kim khng qu
0
100 C.
Cc loi mu vt liu th nghim c gia cng c kh t kch thc v yu
cu k thut theo tiu chun th nghim v c th hin trn cc hnh 3.5 v 3.6.
Hnh 3.5. Mu th nghim c trng mi vt liu KGCH
Hnh 3.6. Mu th nghim c trng mi vt liu TBX

3.3.4. Mu vt liu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai
ph hu . Theo tiu chun: ASTM E 399 90 [32].
- m bo kt qu c gi tr nh tiu chun thc hin c hai chiu
dy mu B, v chiu di vt nt a phi ln hn 2,5 (KIC/YS)2, trong YS .l gii
hn chy ca vt liu iu kin nhit v ti trng trong qu trnh th nghim.
- Cn c t s gii hn chy v mun n hi ca vt liu th nghim la
chn kch c ca mu vt cho ph hp vi qu trnh th nghim.
Loi mu ny c kch thc hnh khi hp, c gia cng c kh trn my ct
dy, phay, mi, to rnh kha ch V v hai l, gia cng t c kch thc v yu
cu k thut ca loi mu ny theo tiu chun c th hin trn cc hnh 3.7 v 3.8.
- 57 -
12,5 0.25
30 0,25
63
13,750,25
13,750,25
30 0,25
20 12
63
63
50 0.005
0,25 1,5
62,5
900
600
11
600
Hnh 3.7. Kt cu v kch thc mu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn

vt nt v dai ph hu
Hnh 3.8. Hnh dng mu th c trng mi vt liu

3.4 Thit b th nghim
3.4.1. Thit b th nghim xc nh c trng c hc ca mu
Thit b th nghim xc nh c trng c hc ca mu th nghim l
thit b th: Hydraulic universal tetsting machine (United Model HFM 500 kN) ca
Hng: United, hnh 3.9.
Ti trng ln nht c th ko: 500 kN;
Khong cch ln nht c th th nghim: 780 mm;
B rng ln nht ca mu th nghim: 125 mm;
ng knh ln nht ca mu th nghim: 60 mm.
- 58 -
Hnh 3.9. Thit b th c tnh vt liu th nghim

3.4.2. Thit b th nghim xc nh gii hn mi
Thit b th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca mu th nghim l my th
nghim mi un cong thun ty kiu PWC 6 ca Trung Quc ch to, c dng
o tr s cc hn mi un cong ca vt liu kim loi di tc dng ca ng sut
bin cong bin i i xng, hnh 3.10.
My th nghim xc nh gii hn mi c cc thng s k thut sau::
- ng knh mm cp mu th: 12 - 17 mm
- Chiu di mu th: 226 mm
- Mmen un ln nht: 6 kGm
- Tc quay: 3 000 vng / pht
- S lng vng quay ln nht ng h c th ghi c: 1.107 vng
- ng c in: in p 220 / 380
Cng sut 0,6 W Tc quay 3 000 vng / pht
Hnh 3.10. Thit b th nghim xc nh gii hn mi

- 59 -
3.4.3. Thit b th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu
Thit b th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu ca
mu th nghim l thit b th mi, dai ph hu INSTRON 8801 ca Anh ch
to, hnh 3.11.
Mt vi thng s c bn ca thit b INSTRON 8801 nh sau:
Ti trng ko ln nht: 100 kN. Ti trng chu trnh ln nht: 50 kN.
My ko, nn, un mi vn nng servo thy lc INSTRON Model Fast
Track 8801cu to bi hai ct c cng cao, lin kt chnh xc vi mt mm
c nh pha di v mt mm trt pha trn.
Mm trt pha trn c iu chnh bi hai xy lanh y thy lc gn lin
vi khung my v c gi bi c cu kp thu lc.
H thng c bao gm mt u pht ng hn hp c gn vo mm
c nh pha di v mt cm bin lc c gn vo mm trt pha trn.
Khung thit k chun vi khong m gia mm v mm trt ti a 1 260 mm
v ti thiu 610 mm. khong chy 75 mm 100 kN. u pht ng hn hp c lc
ti ti a (150 mm). u pht ng c trang b mt cm bin o chuyn v
LVDT dng o chnh xc v tr v mt b chia n cho van servo vi van x p
sut 100 kN, bc ren M30 x 2 ghp ni vi m kp ph. Cm bin lc kin.
Cm bin lc c gn lin mt cm bin o gia tc dng cn bng cc nh
hng ca qun tnh do khi lng ca cc b phn chuyn ng.
Cm bin lc c chnh xc 0.5% gi tr o t ton thang o xung ti
1/100 kh nng o ca cm bin lc;
B chia cho php ghp ni vi cc b cung cp thu lc ca INSTRON
Van servo kiu Moog, 40 lt/pht;
Hp iu khin in t kiu bn (Desktop) FastTrack 8800. Gm c mt
mch iu khin mt trc vi b x l tn hiu cho cc cm bin o v tr v cm
bin lc. Phn mm FastTrack cung cp kh nng iu khin ton b h thng bng
my tnh thng qua mt giao din GPIB, cc kh nng iu khin dng sng
(waveform), ci t ch hiu chun v gii hn, theo di trng thi vi b hin th
s, x l s liu trong a ASCII format, v th tc thi v nhiu chc nng khc.
H thng iu khin thch nghi (patented adaptive control), cho php lin
tc cp nht cc tham s P.I.D tc 1 kHz, nhm hn ch cc thao tc trong qu
trnh ci t ban u v t ng cn bng khi cng ca mu th thay i;
Vng iu khin cp nht tc 5 kHz;
- 60 -
Gn lin mt giao din HS 488 c tc truyn s liu rt cao theo tiu
chun cng nghip (8 Mbytes/giy);
iu khin bi 6 tham s - P.I.D, lag, feed forward v compensation (cn
bng) vi cc ch iu khin serial, parallel v cascade;
Cng ngh cm bin hin i cung cp phn gii 19 bit trong sut ton
b thang o;
C kh nng lp chng trnh d tm tnh hung, cho php dng php th
hoc x l tnh hung mt cch thng minh v tc thi;
Ci t sn chng trnh t ng chn cm bin c la chn cho
php iu khin;
T ng nhn dng v hiu chun cm bin cho php bo v qu ti,
cung cp kh nng hiu chun chnh xc ng thi n gin ho qu trnh ci t;
B x l tn hiu cm bin nhm m bo chnh xc cao, hn ch tn
hiu tri v nhiu vi b lc nhiu thay i trong di tn t 100 Hz n 1 Hz vi
bc iu chnh 1/1000 Hz;
X l tn hiu ng thi v ng b trn tt c cc knh vi tc x l 5 kHz;
B pht sng c phn gii 32 bit tc 1 kHz trn tt c cc cm bin
vi cc dng sng sin, tam gic, vung, lng sin, lng tam gic, lng vung,
thang, lng thang, t gic vi a truyn ti tn hiu t my tnh hoc t mt
u vo analog;
Pht li s liu ca h thng thng qua giao din HS 488 GPIB vi tc
5,000 tn hiu/giy trn tt c cc knh;
Hnh 3.11. Thit b th mi, dai ph hu INTON 8801

- 61 -
Chc nng bo v mu (specimen protect) nhm m bo lc ti ln mu
khng vt qu mt gii hn nh trong sut qu trnh g lp mu;
C 8 li ra digital I/O v 4 li ra analog cho mi mch iu khin.
3.5. Th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc ca mu th nghim: gii hn
chy, gii hn bn, mun n hi v h s bin dng
- i vi vt liu thp 12Mn
Tin hnh th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc ca mu trn my
United Model HFM 500 kN ti phng th nghim Sc bn vt liu, trng i hc
Giao thng Vn ti.
Th nghim vi s lng 03 mu th vi mi loi vt liu, mu sau khi
th nghim v kt qu th nghim cho trong hnh 3.12 v 3.13.
Kt qu 3 ln th nghim xc nh c tnh ca vt liu thp 12Mn cho
trong bng 3.4.
Hnh 3.12. Hnh dng mu th c tnh vt liu

Bng 3.4. Kt qu th nghim xc nh c tnh ca vt liu thp 12Mn
H s
Mu th Gii hn chy Gii hn bn Mun n hi
Poisson
nghim c (MPa) b (MPa) E (MPa)

01 301,204 593,004 2,103.105 0.29 0.30
02 305,007 604,267 1,938.105 -
03 310,098 616,927 2,445.105 -
Gi tr
305,436 604,732 2,162.105 0,29
trung bnh
- 62 -
Hnh 3.13. Kt qu th nghim c tnh vt liu thp 12Mn

Kt qu th nghim cho thy, c trng c hc ca vt liu thp 12Mn nh sau:
Gii hn chy c = 300 MPa
Gii hn bn b = 600 MPa
Mun n hi E = 2,162.105 MPa
- i vi vt liu thp 55
Cng tin hnh th nghim nh th nghim vt liu thp 12Mn trn ta c
kt qu 3 ln th nghim xc nh c tnh ca vt liu thp 55 cho trong bng 3.5.
Bng 3.5. Kt qu th nghim xc nh c tnh ca vt liu thp 55
Mu th Gii hn chy Gii hn bn Mun n hi H s
nghim c (MPa) b (MPa) E (MPa) Poisson
5
1 370,548 663,704 2,008.10 0.29 0.30
2 395,207 716,707 2,352.105 -
3 352,555 696,825 1,976.105 -
Gi tr
372,770 692,412 2.112.105 0,29
trung bnh
Kt qu th nghim cho thy, c trng c hc ca vt liu thp 55 nh sau:
Gii hn chy c = 370 MPa
Gii hn bn b = 700 MPa
Mun n hi E = 2,112.105 MPa
- 63 -
3.6. Th nghim xc nh gii hn mi
3.6.1. Th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt liu KGCH
Vic th nghim cc mu vt liu xc nh gii hn mi c tin hnh
trn my PWC 6, ti phng th nghim Sc bn vt liu, trng i hc Giao
thng Vn ti. Phng php v quy tc th nghim nh sau:
* La chn tr s ti trng Q:
C th da theo hai cch sau:
- Tnh ton theo cng thc Q =( d3.)/1600 kg
trong : d l ng knh phn lm vic (mm).
l ng sut un cong xc nh theo cng thc kinh nghim: thp = 0,6.b,
kim loi mu = 0,4 b, (b l bn ko, kG/mm2)
- Tra bng.
Da theo cc cng thc kinh nghim k trn tnh c , sau tra theo
bng 1 s xc nh c tr s Q.
Cc hng ngay u v cui trong bng l phn nguyn ca tr s Q, cn hai
ct dc u v cui l phn thp phn ca Q.
* Xc nh gii hn mi.
xc nh gii hn mi ca mt loi vt liu no cn lm th nghim
6 8 mu th. Trc ht, cn theo phng php ni chn ti trng cho mu th
th nht ri tin hnh th nghim, cui cng ghi s tun hon N (lc mu gy) li
bt u t mu th hai nn gim ng sut un cong t 2 4 kG/mm2 so vi ln
trc, mi ln u ghi s tun hon N li.
Nu t mu th n di ng sut un cong n sau khi t ti s tun hon
quy nh (ni chung i vi kim loi en l 107, kim loi mu l 108) mu vn
cha gy th xc nh gii hn mi mt cch chnh xc, nn lm th nghim 1
2 mu. ng sut n+1 ca mu th th n + 1 nn ly tr s trung bnh ca hai mu
trc tc l: n+1 = (n + n-1)/2
Nu mu th th n + 1 di tc dng ca ng sut n+1 khi t ti s lng
tun hon quy nh m vn cha t gy, m hiu s n-1 - n+1 > 1 kG/mm2 th ly
n+1 lm gii hn mi -1
* Cng thc tnh ton:
- Cng thc tnh ton m men un M: M = Q.a / 2
trong : Q - tng trng lng ca qu cn v thanh treo.
a - khong cch gia ng trc tm ca hai trc, my th nghim
ny a = 100 mm.
- Cng thc tnh ng sut un cong: = M / W
trong : M - l m men un, bng 50Q kGmm
- 64 -
W - l h s mt ct chng un ca mu th tr trn bng d3/32 mm3
d - ng knh mu th, mm
Nh vy, =1600Q/ d3 kG/ mm2, hoc 510Q/d3 kG/mm2
Tin hnh th nghim un i xng thun tu vi 5 mc ti trng, cho
kt qu th nghim xc nh gii hn mi cc mu vt liu v x l s liu th
nghim mi mu vt liu KGCH u my D19E, c cho trong bng 3.6
Bng 3.6. Kt qu th nghim mi cc mu vt liu KGCH
Mc ng Mc ng Mc ng Mc ng Mc ng
sut 1 sut 2 sut 3 sut 4 sut 5 K vng ton
T S 32,51 26,49 21,59 19,11 18,06 v SL BPTB
2 2
T m u daN/mm daN/mm daN/mm2 daN/mm2 daN/mm2
S chu S chu S chu S chu S chu
106
trnh, N106 trnh, N106 trnh, N106 trnh, N106 trnh, N106
1 1 0,037400 Phn b
2 2 0,074800 Gauss, M ,
3 3 0,109600 Lga chun,
4 4 0,111700 Gamma,
5 5 0,143900 Rlei, Maxoen
a = 0,10056
6 6 0,173200 = 0,04044
7 1 0,178700 Phn b
8 2 0,192700 Gauss, Lga
9 3 0,252300 chun,
10 4 0,265800 Maxoen
11 5 0,296200 a = 0,25689
12 6 0,318800 = 0,04920
13 1 1,493100
Phn b
14 2 1,834600
Gauss,
15 3 1,899200
Maxoen
16 4 2,482600 a = 2,25637
17 5 2,795200
= 0,55567
18 6 3,134200
19 1 5,184900
Phn b
20 2 5,707300
Gauss, Lga
21 3 5,711200
chun
22 4 5,810300 a = 5,96659
23 5 5,875000
= 0,41557
24 6 6,854100
25 1 8,020400
Phn b
26 2 8,713000
Gauss, Lga
27 3 8,865000
chun,
28 4 9,208700 a = 9,05527
29 5 9,415700
= 0,49540
30 6 9,874600
- 65 -
Nh phn mm thng k xc sut chuyn dng. Thit lp hm mt phn
phi v hm phn phi xc sut chu trnh ng sut cc mc ng sut th nghim
ca vt liu lm KGCH u my D19E, cho trong hnh 3.14 vi mc ng sut 1,
cc mc ng sut 2, 3, 4, 5 cho trong mc 2.1 ca ph lc 2
Hnh 3.14. th hm mt b xc sut chu trnh ng sut th nghim mi cc mu vt

liu KGCH mc ng sut 1
Ta thy cc kt qu th nghim mi ca mu vt liu KGCH 5 mc ng sut
u c hm mt phn phi Gauss v Loga chun, nh phn mm chuyn dng xc
nh c hm v cc thng s ca hm, t s dng phn mm SPSS tip tc phn
tch s liu.
Vic x l s liu th nghim mi thc cht l thit lp phng trnh cc ng
cong mi v xc nh gii hn mi, bao gm ng sut gii hn v chu trnh c s.
S dng phn mm SPSS phn tch s liu xc nh cc chu trnh ph hu
cc mc ng sut th nghim tng ng vi xc sut ph hu: P = 1%; 25%; 50%;
75% v 99%. Kt qu x l s liu cho trong bng 3.7.
Bng 3.7. Kt qu x l s liu th nghim mi mu vt liu KGCH u my
D19E s dng xy dng ng cong mi
Mc.US.1 Mc.US.2 Mc.US.3 Mc.US.4 Mc.US.5
N Valid 6 6 6 6 6
Missing 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 108433,3333 250750,0000 2273150,0000 5857133,3333 9016233,3333
Std, Error of Mean 19699,04679 22720,33964 258099,16150 223017,13935 260762,75126
Median 110650,0000 259050,0000 2190900,0000 5760750,0000 9036850,0000
Mode 37400,00(a) 178700,00(a) 1493100,00(a) 5184900,00(a) 8020400,00(a)
Std, Deviation 48252,61306 55653,23890 632211,24871 546278,19531 638735,68451
Variance 399691063000, 298419866666, 407983274666,
2328314666,667 3097283000,00
00 667 667
Range 135800,00 140100,00 1641100,00 1669200,00 1854200,00
Minimum 37400,00 178700,00 1493100,00 5184900,00 8020400,00
Maximum 173200,00 318800,00 3134200,00 6854100,00 9874600,00
Sum 650600,00 1504500,00 13638900,00 35142800,00 54097400,00
- 66 -
Percentil 1
37400,0000 178700,0000 1493100,0000 5184900,0000 8020400,0000
es
25 65450,0000 189200,0000 1749225,0000 5576700,0000 8539850,0000
50 110650,0000 259050,0000 2190900,0000 5760750,0000 9036850,0000
75 151225,0000 301850,0000 2879950,0000 6119775,0000 9530425,0000
99 173200,0000 318800,0000 3134200,0000 6854100,0000 9874600,0000
Xy dng phng trnh ng cong mi ca vt liu th nghim theo

phng trnh mi ca Weibull. Phng trnh mi ca Weibull c dng
lgN = lgq plg(N - -1)
Trong : p v q cc hng s c trng cho s chng mi ca vt liu
N - ng sut ng vi s chu trnh N
-1 gii hn bn mi ca vt liu
p p
hay: N = q ( N 1 ) hoc: N ( N 1 ) = q
Ly lgarit hai v. C th vit
N1 1
lg lg N 2
N2 1
= N1
N
lg 1 lg N 3 1
N3 N 1 1
Tnh ton vi xc sut ph hu P = 50% mc ng sut 1,2,3.
Thay cc gi tr, tnh c -1 = 20,5 daN/mm2 v N0 = 6.106
Vy GHBM ca vt liu lm KGCH -1KGCH = 205 MPa
Tm cc hng s p v q vi -1 = 20,5 daN/mm2
N1
lg
N2
p=
N 1
lg 2
N 1 1
lg q = lg N1 + p lg ( N 1 1 )
Thay cc gi tr, tnh c hng s c trng p = 1,223 v lgq = 7,02316
Tm li phng trnh Weibull cho vt liu lm KGCH u my D19E c
dng nh sau:
lgN = 7,02316 1,223lg(N -20,5)
3.6.2. Th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt liu TBX

Qu trnh th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt liu TBX cng tng t
qu trnh th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt liu KGCH nh trn.
Tin hnh th nghim un i xng thun tu vi 6 mc ti trng, cho
kt qu th nghim xc nh gii hn mi cc mu vt liu v x l s liu th
nghim mi mu vt liu TBX u my D19E, c cho trong bng 3.8
- 67 -
Bng 3.8. Kt qu th nghim mi cc mu vt liu TBX
Mc ng Mc ng Mc ng Mc ng Mc ng Mc ng
sut 1 sut 2 sut 3 sut 4 sut 5 sut 6 K vng ton
S 45,39 43,35 40,94 38,53 37,03 36,12 v SL BPTB
TT m daN/mm2 daN/mm2 daN/mm2 daN/mm2 daN/mm2 daN/mm2
u S chu S chu S chu S chu S chu S chu
trnh, trnh, trnh, trnh, trnh, trnh, 106
N106 N106 N106 N106 N106 N106
1 1 0,021700 Phn b Gauss,
2 2 0,058800 Lga chun,
3 3 0,076300 Gamma, Rlei,
4 4 0,078900 Maxoen
5 5 0,118600 a = 0,08265
6 6 0,122500 = 0,03110
7 1 0,014860 Phn b
8 2 0,020850 Gauss, M ,
9 3 0,053610 Lga chun,
10 4 0,063540 Gamma, Rlei,
11 5 0,081920 Maxoen
0,118340 a = 0,62989
12 6 = 0,30817
13 1 0,447600
Phn b Gauss,
14 2 0,802200
Lga chun,
15 3 0,925200 Maxoen
16 4 1,281500 a = 1,08181
17 5 1,291100 = 0,32979
18 6 1,421600
19 1 1,473500 Phn b
20 2 2,156000 Gauss, M ,
21 3 2,621800 Lga chun,
22 4 2,982300 Gamma, Rlei,
23 5 3,730100 Maxoen
4,516200 a = 2,88866
24 6 = 0,90614
25 1 5,814500 Phn b
26 2 7,324600 Gauss, Lga
27 3 7,821700 chun,
28 4 8,182300 Gamma,
29 5 8,730400 a = 7,92871
30 6 9,311200 = 0,91998
31 1 10,11460
Phn b Gauss,
32 2 11,72560
Lga chun,
33 3 11,81730 Gamma,
34 4 12,18430 a = 12,29344
35 5 13,20040 = 1,11175
36 6 13,71820
Nh phn mm thng k xc sut chuyn dng. Thit lp hm mt phn
phi v hm phn phi xc sut chu trnh ng sut cc mc ng sut th nghim
ca vt liu lm TBX u my D19E, cho trong hnh 3.15 vi mc ng sut 1, cc
mc ng sut 2, 3, 4, 5 v 6 cho trong mc 2.2 ca ph lc 2
- 68 -
Hnh 3.15. th hm mt b xc sut chu trnh ng sut th nghim mi cc mu vt

liu TBX mc ng sut 1
Ta thy cc kt qu th nghim mi ca mu vt liu TBX 6 mc ng sut
u c hm mt phn phi Gauss v Loga chun, nh phn mm chuyn dng
xc nh c hm v cc thng s ca hm, t s dng phn mm SPSS tip
tc phn tch s liu tng t nh phn tch s liu ca mu vt liu KGCH
Xy dng phng trnh ng cong mi ca vt liu TBX th nghim theo
phng trnh mi ca Weibull tng t nh xy dng phng trnh ng cong
mi ca vt liu KGCH th nghim theo phng trnh mi ca Weibull, ta c kt
qu nh sau:
Bng 3.9. Kt qu x l s liu th nghim mi mu vt liu TBX u my
D19E s dng xy dng ng cong mi
Mc.US.1 Mc.US.2 Mc.US.3 Mc.US.4 Mc.US.5 Mc.US.6
N Valid 1,
6 6 6 6 6
6
Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mean 79466,6667 588533,3333 1028200,0000 2913316,6667 7864116,6667 12126733,3333
Median 77600,0000 585750,0000 1103350,0000 2802050,0000 8002000,0000 12000800,0000
Mode 21700,00(a) 148600,00(a) 447600,00(a) 1473500,00(a) 5814500,00(a) 10114600,00(a)
Std, Deviation 37835,78553 387294,68711 370627,09561 1092951,16344 1219798,63161 1264450,68495
Variance 1431546666, 149997174666, 137364444000 119454224566 148790870166 1598835534666
667 667 ,000 6,667 6,667 ,667
Range 100800,00 1034800,00 974000,00 3042700,00 3496700,00 3603600,00
Minimum 21700,00 148600,00 447600,00 1473500,00 5814500,00 10114600,00
Maximum 122500,00 1183400,00 1421600,00 4516200,00 9311200,00 13718200,00
Sum 476800,00 3531200,00 6169200,00 17479900,00 47184700,00 72760400,00
Percentiles 1 21700,0000 148600,0000 447600,0000 1473500,0000 5814500,0000 10114600,0000
25 49525,0000 193525,0000 713550,0000 1985375,0000 6947075,0000 11322850,0000
50 77600,0000 585750,0000 1103350,0000 2802050,0000 8002000,0000 12000800,0000
75 119575,0000 910250,0000 1323725,0000 3926625,0000 8875600,0000 13329850,0000
99 122500,0000 1183400,0000 1421600,0000 4516200,0000 9311200,0000 13718200,0000
Tnh tonvi xc sut ph hu P = 50% mc ng sut 2,3,4

7
Thay cc gi tr, tnh c -1 = 34,7 daN/mm2 = 347 Mpa v N0 = 10
- 69 -
Tm cc hng s p v q vi -1 = 34,7 daN/mm2
N2
lg
N3
p=
1
lg N 3
N 2 1
lg q = lg N 2 + p lg ( N 2 1 )
Thay cc gi tr, tnh c p = 1,9253 v lgq = 5,7677
Tm li phng trnh Weibull cho vt liu lm TBX u my c dng nh sau:
lgN = 5,7677 - 1,9253.lg(N - 34,7 )
3.7. Th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu
ca mu vt liu KGCH
Vic th nghim ny c tin hnh trn thit b th mi, dai ph hu
INTON 8801 ca Anh ti Phng th nghim vt liu tnh nng k thut cao thuc
Vin c kh nng lng v m.
Tin hnh th nghim xc nh ch tiu KIC ca vt liu lm KGCH u my
D19E bng phng php tiu chun xc nh dai ph hu bin dng phng ca
vt liu kim loi theo tiu chun ASTM E 399 90 [32].
c th xc nh c cc thng s trong qu trnh pht trin vt nt. Trc
khi xc nh ch tiu KIC, tin hnh kin to vt nt mi theo phng php tiu
chun xc nh tc pht trin vt nt mi ASTM E 647 - 00, th nghim sao cho
chiu di vt nt pht trin ph hp vi chiu di vt nt trong qu trnh kin to vt
nt mi theo tiu chun.
Kin to vt nt ban u (xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt): t ti trng
thay i vi mt s chu trnh ln mu. Vt nt mi c to t im bt u hnh
V. Khi kin to vt nt mi, nu s gia ng sut qu ln th khng m bo cho
rnh kha cc nhn cn thit; song, nu s gia ng sut qu nh th chng nhng s
lm cho s chu trnh ng sut tng ln m cn dn ti vic lm thay i cu trc
ca vt liu vng u vt nt. V vy theo kt qu o kim tra v nh gi trng
thi ng sut - bin dng ng trn KGCH u my D19E 903 v D19E 907,
c c ng sut ln nht ti vng nguy him trn tm y x dc ca KGCH [1],
ng thi theo tiu chun qui nh cng ng sut do ti trng thay i gy
ra u vt nt [16], xc nh c tr s ti trng khi kin to vt nt. Cc thng
s chung vic th nghim, S kin to vt nt ban u ca mu v cc kt qu th
nghim xc nh KIC ca mu vt liu KGCH c th hin trn hnh 3.16 n hnh
3.25.
- 70 -
Hnh 3.16. Cc thng tin v thng s chung vic th nghim vt liu KGCH
Hnh 3.17. Cc thng s ca mu th nghim vt liu KGCH

S gia ti trng: P = 7200 8000 kN
H s ti trng chu trnh: R = 0,1
Tn s ti trng: f = 15 Hz
Nhit th nghim: t = 30 0 C
m th nghim: 75%
S chu trnh khi kin to vt nt: N > 2.105
Th nghim xc nh KIC ca mu vt liu KGCH
- 71 -
Hnh 3.18. Cc thng s iu chnh vic th nghim xc nh KIC ca mu vt liu

KGCH
Cc th mi quan h cc thng s trong qu trnh th nghim da/dN v
th nghim xc nh KIC ca mu vt liu KGCH cho trong mc 2.3 ph lc 2.
Hnh 3.19. Kin to vt nt ban u ca mu vt liu KGCH

- 72 -
Hnh 3.20. Kt qu th nghim da/dN ca mu vt liu KGCH

Gia ti: t ti tnh ln mu cho tc tng ln t 30000 ti 150000 psi.
in /pht (0,55 2,75 MPa.m1/2/giy), (0,55 2,75 MN.m-3/2/giy). T tnh
1/2
c Pt, ti trng tnh t ln mu, khi xc nh c c th cui qu trnh

kin to vt nt do mi cho mu, c tin hnh nh trn hnh 3.20. Kt qu xc
nh tc lan truyn vt nt (kin to vt nt) ca mu vt liu KGCH cho trong
hnh 3.20 v cho trong mc 2.4 ca ph lc 2.
Hnh 3.21. Th nghim xc nh KIC ca mu vt liu KGCH

Kt qu xc nh dai ph hu sau khi xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt (kin
to vt nt) ca mu vt liu KGCH cho trong hnh 3.21, 3.22 v 3.23.
Hnh 3.22. Mu sau khi th c trng mi vt liu KGCH

- 73 -
Hnh 3.23. Ti trng theo v tr vt nt ca mu vt liu KGCH
Hnh 3.24. Kch thc vt nt ca mu vt liu KGCH sau khi th nghim
Hnh 3.25. Kt qu th nghim xc nh dai ph hu KIC ca mu vt liu KGCH

- 74 -
Sau khi xc nh c KQ tin hnh kim tra kch thc ca mu. Kch
thc v hnh dng vt nt m bo hp l theo phng php ny ca tiu chun.
C th kt lun rng KIC = KQ = 21,18 MPa.m1/2. Mu ph hu sau khi th nghim
xc nh KIC cho trong hnh 6.10. Kt qu th nghim cho trong hnh 3.24 v 3.25.
iu kin KIC 21,213 MPa.m1/2
Kt qu th nghim xc nh dai ph hu KIC ca vt liu lm KGCH
u my D19E th nghim tng ng vi mc 12Mn theo tiu chun GB
1591- 88 v theo tiu chun GB 699 - 88 ca Trung Quc cho trong bng 3.10.
Bng 3.10. Kt qu th nghim xc nh dai ph hu KIC ca vt liu lm KGCH
KIC ca vt liu KGCH
TT S mu
(MPa.m1/2)
1 Mu 01GC 19,78
2 Mu 02GC 21,18
3 Mu 03GC 17,96
Gi tr trung bnh 19,64
Thng qua th nghim xc nh c dai ph hu KIC ca vt liu
ch to KGCH u my D19E i vi t nhp u tin ang vn dng X
nghip u my H Ni l: KIC KGCH = 20 MPa.m1/2.
ca mu vt liu TBX
Qu trnh Th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu
ca mu vt liu TBX cng tng t nh th nghim mu vt liu KGCH trn
v c th hin trong hnh 3.26 n 3.32.
Hnh 3.26. Cc thng tin v thng s chung vic th nghim vt liu TBX
- 75 -
Hnh 3.27. Cc thng s ca mu th nghim vt liu TBX
Hnh 3.28. Cc thng s iu chnh vic th nghim xc nh KIC ca mu vt liu TBX
Hnh 3.29. Kin to vt nt ban u ca mu vt liu TBX

- 76 -
Hnh 3.30. Ti trng theo v tr vt nt ca mu vt liu TBX
Hnh 3.31. Kch thc vt nt ca mu vt liu TBX sau khi th nghim
Hnh 3.32. Kt qu th nghim xc nh dai ph hu KIC ca mu vt liu TBX

- 77 -
Kt qu th nghim xc nh dai ph hu KIC ca vt liu lm TBX u
my D19E th nghim tng ng vi mc 55 theo tiu chun GB 1591- 88 v
theo tiu chun GB 699 - 88 ca Trung Quc cho trong bng 3.11.
Bng 3.11. Kt qu th nghim xc nh dai ph hu KIC vt liu lm TBX
TT S mu KIC ca vt liu TBX (MPa.m1/2)
1 Mu 01TB 25,49
2 Mu 02TB 26,02
3 Mu 03TB 23,87
Gi tr trung bnh 25,13
Thng qua th nghim xc nh c dai ph hu KIC ca vt liu
ch to TBX u my D19E i vi t nhp u tin ang vn dng X nghip
u my H Ni l: KIC TBX = 25 MPa.m1/2.
3.8. Kt lun chng 3
tin hnh phn tch thnh phn kim loi ca vt liu ch to
KGCH v TBX v u my D19E, kt qu cho thy vt liu tng ng vi mc
thp 55 v 12Mn theo tiu chun GB-699-88 ca Trung Quc, v nh vy mc
thp ny khng tng ng vi mc thp Q345A ch to KGCH do nh ch to
cung cp (cng theo tiu chun ni trn). Do c th kt lun, c trng c tnh
ca vt liu ch to KGCH u my D19E ca t u tin ang s dng dng
X nghip u my H Ni khng tt nh mc thp do nh ch to Trung Quc
cung cp.
Sau khi nghin cu cc tiu chun th nghim v mi, tin hnh la chn
tiu chun th nghim gii hn mi theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 4169-85
(Kim loi-Phng php th mi nhiu chu trnh v t chu trnh), tiu chun xc
nh dai ph hu bin dng phng ca vt liu kim loi, v tiu chun xc nh
tc pht trin vt nt theo Tiu chun ASTM E399-90 v ASTM E 647 00
xc nh gii hn bn mi, tc lan truyn vt nt mi v dai ph hy ca vt
liu ch to TBX v KGCH u my D19E.
Qu trnh th nghim xc nh cc c trng mi ca vt liu ch to TBX
v KGCH u my D19E tun th cht ch cc yu cu, cc qui nh trong cc
tiu chun v thu c cc kt qu hp l. Cc s liu th nghim c phn
tch v x l nh cc phn mm chuyn dng v cho kt qu nh sau:
-1KGCH = 205 MPa ; -1TBX = 347 MPa;
N0 KGCH = 6.106 N0 TBX = 107
KIC KGCH = 20 MPa.m1/2; KIC TBX = 25 MPa.m1/2.
Cc kt qu th nghim l c s cho vic tnh ton bn mi v d bo
tui th mi ca TBX v KGCH u my D19E.
- 78 -
chng 4
tnh ton bn mi v d bO tui th mi
khung gi chUYn Hng v trc bnh xe ca u my d19E
4.1. c im kt cu ca KGCH v TBX u my diesel D19E

4.1.1. Gii thiu tng th u my D19E kiu CKD7F
a. Khi qut u my D19E kiu CKD7F
u my D19E kiu CKD7F l loi u my diesel T kh ng 1 mt.
u my lp ng c Caterpillar 3512B, my pht in chnh v my pht in toa
xe lp ng trc loi JF221 v CK loi ZD310, b phn chy l gi chuyn
hng 3 trc loi 13 tn trc, u my c thit k h thng iu khin bng vi tnh,
h thng khng ch cp in on tu, h thng n nhn tn hiu t ng, h
thng cp gi 2 ng v b phn hm in tr.
- B tr tng th u my D19E
u my chia thnh hai b phn, b phn trn l thn u my v cc thit
b lp trn u my, b phn di l 2 gi chuyn hng, gia l thng nhin liu
c th tho d c, 2 cnh tri phi ca thng nhin liu lp hp c quy.
B phn trn ca u my p dng kt cu loi khung chu lc, thnh bn l
loi chu trng ti, hnh lang bn trong, kt cu thp gm tng cnh, trn, gi xe,
4 tng vch bn trong v phng li hai u hp thnh, 4 vch tng tng chia
thn u my thnh 5 phng:
+ Phng li I, II: c b tr v c bn i xng nhau nm hai u ca
u my, 2 phng li u c chc nng iu khin v cc b phn chnh nh nhau;
+ Phng in kh: Gm cc t in, t chnh lu, t iu khin hm in tr,
cc qut thng gi cho my pht in chnh v CK, mt s thit b ph tr khc;
+ Gian ng lc: Ch yu lp t ng c diesel, t my pht in chnh v
my pht in toa xe, thit b ph tr v mt s thit b ca h thng gi p;
+ Phng lm mt: Gm 2 t my nn gi, qut, cc kt lm mt, hp s,
my thng gi CK v b trao i nhit du truyn ng thu tnh.
- Thng s k thutchnh ca u my [28]:
1. Cng xut ng c diesel(di iu kin UIC): 1455kW
2. Ti trng trc: 13t
3. Kiu trc: C0 - C0
4. Trng lng chnh b: 78 t
-1-
Hnh 4.1:Hnh tng th u my D19E

- 79 -
5. C ly trc: 1650 mm
6. C ly trung tm hai bnh gi chuyn: 8100 mm
7. Thng qua bn knh nh nht: chnh tuyn 100 m, nhnh 70 m
8. Tc u my (tnh khi ng knh bnh xe mn cn 956 mm):
- Tc ln nht: 120 km/h
- Tc lin tc: 14,7 km/h
9. Lc ko ca u my:
- Lc ko khi ng ln nht : 355,2 kN (dng in khi ng hn ch),
250 kN (bm hn ch 0 = 0,327)
- Lc ko lin tc:224 kN (dng in lin tc hn ch), 201 kN (bm hn ch)
10. Sc cng sut hm ln nht: 1243,8 kW
11. Lc hm in tr ln nht: 162 kN
12. Cp in on tu:
- Cng sut cp in ln nht: 250 kW
- Tn s in cp cho toa xe: 50 Hz
- in p cp cho toa xe: 220/380 V
13. Chiu cao trung tm u m cch mt ray: 8250-15 mm
14. Kch thc bn ngoi ln nht:
- Di (gi xe chnh): 16000 mm
- Rng : 2900 mm
- Cao: 3935 mm
15. Dung lng thng nhin liu: 3500 L
16. Lng du bi trn: 318 L
17. Lng nc lm mt: 600 L
18. Lng cha ct: 400 kg
19. iu kin mi trng vn dng:
- Tuyn ng vn dng: Tuyn ng 1 mt Vit Nam
- iu kin mi trng
- Phm vi nhit : 5~+550C
- Chiu cao cch mt bin: 1000 m
- m ln nht: 95 %
20. C ly ray: 1000 mm
21. Gii hn: Ph hp gii hn u my toa xe ca ng 1m Vit Nam
b. Khi qut gi chuyn hng
Gi chuyn hng ca u my CKD7F bao gm: Khung gi; Hp trc; Trc
bnh; Cn ko; Thit b hm; Thng ct; Thit b treo m t; Thit b hm tay t thnh.
750 600
1322
1060
00
10
670
780
1650 1650
5356
- 80 -
80
1680
2350
Hnh 4.2: Hnh tng th gi chuyn hong u my D19E

- 80 -
- Cc thng s k thut c bn ca gi chuyn hng:[28]
Kiu trc C0 - C0
C ly trc 2 x 1650 mm
Ti trng trc 13 T
Tc vn dng ln nht 120 km/h
Trung tm c ly ca hai gi chuyn 8100 mm
T trng ca gi chuyn 14,53 T
Trng lng di l xo ca mi trc 2,647 T
ng knh bnh xe 1000 mm
Thng qua bn knh nh nht 70 m
S bnh rng ko 8
T s chuyn ng 79:17 = 4,6471
un cong tng tnh thit b treo l xo 124+12 = 136 mm
L xo h I + un cong tnh m cao su 122+2 = 124 mm
un cong tnh l xo h II 12+2 mm
H s gim du h gim chn p lc du thng gc h I: 60 kN.s/m
H s gim du h gim chn chng rn b h II: 60 kN.s/m
D ngang t do khung gi tng i vi thn xe: 20 mm
d ngang n tnh hp bnh xe tng i vi khung gi: (5;15;5) mm
d ngang n tnh TBX tng i vi hp TBX: (0,5;0,5;0,5)mm
Chiu cao ca im ko cc mt ray 670 mm
Thit b hm c s QB 2 my hm n chic
ng knh ni hm 177,5 mm
Bi s hm 4
Xut hm (khi hm khn) 0,593
Xut tay hm 0,1288
4.1.2. Kt cu trc bnh xe u my D19E
TBX hnh tr trn c chia thnh cc phn c chiu di v ng knh
khc nhau ph hp vi vic lp ghp vi cc b phn khc. TBX l mt chi tit
lm vic di ti trng ln. Qua TBX ton b trng lng ca u my truyn
xung ng ray v nhng lc xung kch t ng ray truyn ln b phn trn l
xo ca u my. Ngoi ra TBX cn chu p lc ngang ca ng ray, lc qun
tnh, lc ly tm, lc gi, tc dng ln thng xe u my.
TBX l chi tit c bit c ngha quan trng v mt an ton khi vn hnh,
do yu cu phi tnh ton cn thn v phi m bo h s an ton cao. Mt khc
m bo tnh nng ng lc v tit kim vt liu TBX phi c kch thc nh
80
- 80 -
80
Hnh 4.3: Hnh kt cu TBX u my D19E
(Kch thc 2 u trc ging nhau Bn phi khng c kch thc 202)
- 81 -
gn v trng lng nh nht. TBX l b phn chu ti trng thay i mt cch tun
hon, khi bnh xe quay i mt vng th ng sut un cng i chiu (i du)
Kt cu TBX u my D19E ni chung trc c th chia ra lm cc phn
ch yu sau:
Phn th nht: l c trc, phn ny lp ghp vi cc bi bu du, cc ti
trng thng ng v nm ngang s truyn n phn ny.
Phn th hai: l phn chuyn tip c trc v phn moay lp bnh xe.
Phn th 3: nm gia bnh xe v thn trc dng lp bnh rng b ng
v lin kt vi CK qua hai gi .
gim ng sut tp trung ti phn chuyn tip gia ng knh ny sang
ng knh khc phi to thnh gc ln c bn knh ph hp v c gia cng k
phng hin tng tp trung ng sut gy gy trc v mi. Hai u trc c
khoan l nh tm khi sa cha v lp ghp, do vic khoan cc l ny phi
tun theo cc ti liu hng dn v kim nghim, sa cha v lp ghp TBX.
4.1.3 Kt cu khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E
KGCH ca u my D19E c chiu di ton b l 5356 mm, chiu rng
tnh t tm hai x dc l 1680 mm.
KGCH c ch to t thp tm hn thnh kt cu hnh hp, trong hnh hp
ca khung c b tr cc loi gn nng cao cng chc tng th, ci thin tnh
hnh chu lc. Cc phn t ch yu ca khung gi gm hai x dc b tr i xng,
hai x ngang kt cu nh nhau, x ngang u trc, x ngang u sau v cc b lp
gip, cc x dng thp hn thnh dng hp, nh mt x cnh c hn tm m bn
trt v b gim trn hng ngang, mt cnh hn mt b gim trn hng thng.
- Hai x dc t i xng tri, phi l cc dm hp bng thp tm c tit
din hnh ch nht, vi dy ca hai tm y l 9 mm v ca hai tm vch l 8
mm. Bn trong dm hp mi bn c 3 gn chu lc vi dy 6 mm.
- Hai x ngang nm gia v x ngang u sau l cc dm hp c kt cu
tng t nh hai x dc.
- Ring x u trc l ng thp c tit din hnh trn ng knh 200 mm
vi chiu dy 10 mm, hai u st vi x dc c hn thm cc tm gn gia cng
hnh vnh khn.
Mt bn hai x dc c hn cc lp l xo cao su trung tnh. Ti cc gc hn
vi x ngang hnh hp ch nht c cc ke gia cng lin tm vi mt trn ca x dc.
Mt di ca x dc c hn cc gi lp bin tam gic ca thanh ko v x
ko ca u my, ng thi c hn cc tay lin kt vi thanh ko hp du, chnh
qua cc tay ny lc ko t TBX s truyn ln c KGCH. Trn mt y ca ba x
- 81 -
Hnh 4.4:Hnh kt cu khung gi u my D19E

- 82 -
ngang hnh hp ch nht, chnh gi hn tai treo CK, hai bn cnh hn
cc ci bt c cu phanh hm.
4.2. Tnh ton l thuyt kim nghim bn KGCH v TBX u my D19E
Vic tnh ton l thuyt kim nghim bn KGCH v TBX u my D19E
nhm cc mc ch sau y:
1. Xc nh cc v tr, cc mt ct c tr s ni lc ln nht v ng sut ln
nht, hay ni cch khc, xc nh cc v tr xung yu nht trn KGCH v
TBX lm c s xc nh bn mi;
2. Tnh ton cc gi tr ng sut ln nht trong cc mt ct nguy him nht vi
cc t hp ti trng khc nhau, t tin hnh kim nghim v l thuyt
bn kt cu KGCH v TBX.
4.2.1 Tnh ton l thuyt kim nghim bn KGCH u my D19E.
4.2.1.1. Cc lc tc dng ln KGCH u my D19E.
a. Cc lc trong mt phng thng ng
* Cc lc thng ng tnh tc dng ln KGCH
i vi u my D19E tng trng lng tnh tc dng ln 2 KGCH:
PTng tKGCH = 780 2.145,3 = 489,4 kN
Khi lc thng ng tnh tc dng ln mt v tr ca gi cao su gia
gi xe v KGCH l: Pt.KGCH = PTng t.KGCH /8 = 61,175 kN
Mt khc cng cn lu rng trng lng bn thn ca mt KGCH l:
Ptt = 1639 KG = 16,39 kN
* Lc thng ng ng tc dng ln KGCH
Khi u my lm vic s xut hin cc ti trng ng m trong tnh ton c
th xt yi nh hng ca n thng qua h s ng K
K =1 + 0,05 +(0,1.V)/ft (4.1)
trong : V l vn tc chuyn ng ca u my tnh bng km/h
ft l nhn tnh ca h thng l xo
Xc nh c K =1,25
Lc thng ng ng tc dng ln KGCH l:
P .KGCH = P t.KGCH. K = 61,175. 1,25 = 76,469 kN (4.2)
* Lc thng ng do CK lm vic gy ra trn KGCH
Khi CK c treo mt u ln TBX, cn u kia ln x ngang KGCH
th phn lc ca CK tc dng ln KGCH c xc nh nh sau:
Gi thit CK c lp pha sau TBX theo chiu chuyn ng, khi
n s truyn cho bnh rng trn TBX mt lc l Fz, lc ny lm pht sinh mmen
quay c tr s bng: Mq = Fz.Rz (4.3)
- 83 -
trong : Rz - bn knh bnh rng trn TBX.
K hiu Fk,tbx l lc ko do mt cp bnh xe ch ng sinh ra v c t
vo vnh bnh ca cc bnh xe di dng phn lc ca ray khi cp bnh xe sn
sinh mmen. B qua tn hao v ma st trong cc , ta c:
Fz = (Fk.tbx. Dbx)/2Rz (4.4)
trong : Dbx- ng knh vng ln bnh xe.
Mt khc bnh rng ca cp bnh xe truyn cho CK mt phn lc Fz c
tr s bng Fz nhng ngc chiu. Phn lc ny gy ra ti im treo CK trn x
ngang khung gi chuyn mt lc: RA = (Fz.Rz)/Lt, (4.5)
trong : Lt - c ly gia hai im treo CK trn TBX v trn x ngang
khung gi chuyn.
F .D Fk .tbx .Dbx
Vi Fz' = Fz = k ,tbx bx , Khi : R A = (4.6)
Rz 2L
i vi u my D19E:
ng knh vng ln bnh xe mi: Dbx = 1000 mm
C ly gia hai im treo CK Lt = 780 mm
ng knh bnh rng trn TBX 2RZ = 650 mm
Lc ko khi ng ln nht ng vi bm hn ch 0 =0,327 theo my l:
FK.u my = 250 kN vy ta c Fk.tbx = FK.u my/6 = 250/6 = 41,6666 kN
Sau khi tnh ton ta xc nh c: RA = 27,25 kN
b. Cc lc trong mt phng nm ngang
* Lc ko tc dng ln KGCH
Lc ko tc dng ln mt KGCH: FK.KGCH = 250/2 = 125 kN
Mi gi chuyn hng c 3 trc v mi trc c 2 bu du kiu thanh ko v
vy s c 12 v tr thanh ko chu lc ko. Nh vy lc ko tc dng ln mt v tr
thanh ko l: FK = 125/12 = 10,4166 kN
* Lc h
m tc dng ln KGCH
T c c cng thc tnh ham cho u my c th tnh lc hm nh sau:
PH = B. Pu my =0,593.78 = 46,254 T = 453,2892 kN (4.7)
Trong : B l xut hm c ch (s thp phn)
Pu my l tng trng lng u my (T)
PH l tng p lc guc hm c ch (T)
Vy tng p lc guc hm ln cc TBX l 46,254 T.
Khi p lc quc hm ln mt TBX l K = 46,254/6 = 7,709 T
Lc hm tc dng ln mt TBX c th tnh:
FH.TBX = 1000.K.K (KG)= 1000.7,709.0.34 = 25,686 kN (4.8)
trong : K l h s ma st gia quc hm bnh xe. K = 0,34 (V = 0)
- 84 -
Lc hm tc dng ln mt bnh xe:
FH.BX = FH.TBX /2 = 25,686 /2 = 12,843 kN
Lc hm ca u my s l FH.u my = FH.TBX.6 = 25,686.6 = 154,118 kN
S tc dng ca lc hm ln KGCH hon ton tng t nh lc ko, ch
c iu hng tc dng ngc li so vi lc ko. Nh vy lc hm tc dng ln
mt v tr thanh ko bu du trn gi chuyn hng dng tnh ton l:
FH =12,843/2 = 6,5 kN
* Lc ngang tc dng ln KGCH khi u my i vo ng cong
p lc ngang ca KGCH ln mt TBX khi u my i vo ng cong:
YP = (Qt/2).kh (4.9)
trong : Qt l ti trng tnh ca mt TBX ln ray, kG
kh l h s; kh = 0,30,6. Khi tnh ton, ly trng hp bt li nht, kh= 0,6.
i vi u my D19E. Ti trng trc: Qt = 78000/6 =13 000 kG
Vy: YP =(13 000/2).0,6 = 3900 kG = 39 kN
Hnh 4.5. Cc lc tc dng ln khung gi chuyn hng u my

Tng hp cc lc tc dng ln KGCH c th hin trong t hp 1, khi u
my lm vic ch ko c th hin trong bng 4.1 v t hp 2, khi u my
lm vic ch hm c th hin trong bng 4.2
Bng 4.1 Cc lc tc dng trn KGCH vi t hp 1
Tr s (kN)
TT Cc lc tc dng K hiu
Lc tnh Lc ng
Lc thng ng tc dng ln gi P1; P2; 61,175 76,469
1
cao su gia gi xe v KGCH P3; P4
Lc thng ng do CK lm vic RA1; RA2; 27,25 34,063
2
gy ra trn x ngang KGCH RA3.
Lc thng ng do trng lng P1CK; 8,5 10,625
3 CK tc dng ln x ngang KGCH P2CK;
P3CK.
- 85 -
4 T trng ca KGCH Ptt 16,39 20,4875
Lc ko ngang tc dng ln 1 v tr FK1 ...FK12 10,4166
5
thanh ko ca KGCH
Lc ngang tc dng ln KGCH khi YP1; YP2 39
6
u my vo ng cong YP3
Bng 4.2 Cc lc tc dng trn KGCH vi t hp 2
Tr s (kN)
Lc tnh Lc ng
Lc thng ng tc dng ln gi P1; P2; 61,175 76,469
1
cao su gia gi xe v KGCH P3; P4
Lc thng ng do trng lng P1CK; 8,5 10,625
2 CK tc dng ln x ngang KGCH P2CK;
P3CK
3 T trng ca KGCH Ptt 16,39 20,4875
Lc hm ngang tc dng ln 1 v tr FH1 ...FH12 6,5
4
thanh ging ca KGCH
Lc ngang tc dng ln KGCH khi YP1; YP2 39
5
u my vo ng cong YP3
4.2.1.2. Cc phng n tnh ton KGCH u my D19E vi cc t hp lc
Vic tnh ton c tin hnh vi 2 phng n nu nh s tr gip phn
mm Solidwork-cosmos 2007. S ti trng tc dng ln KGCH vi t hp 1
c th hin trn hnh 4.6
Do c im kt cu ca KGCH l bng phng nn c th coi c KGCH l mt
kt cu gi ln 12 im tc l gi ln cc lo xo bu du u trc
4.2.1.3. Kt qu tnh ton bng phn mm Solidwork cosmos
a. Cc lc tc dng ln KGCH
Cc lc tc dng cho trong cc hnh 4.6; 4.7 v trong mc 3.1 ca ph lc 3
Hnh 4.6. Cc lc tc dng ln KGCH vi t hp 1

- 86 -
Hnh 4.7. Kt qu tnh ton l thuyt KGCH vi t hp 1

b. Kt qu xc nh ng sut tng hp ti cc im xung yu trn KGCH
T kt qu tnh ton l thuyt nh phn mm SOLIDWORK COSMOS,
nhn thy cc gi tr ng sut ti cc im tng ng trn KGCH u my ca t
hp 1 ln hn t hp 2, vy ly kt qu t hp 1 dng tnh ton bn.
Bng 4.3. Gi tr ng sut ti cc im trn KGCH u my 903
im max m a max m a
TT
tnh (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
1 P4 25,2 12,6 20,16 6,3 8,316 4,158 6,6528 2,079
2 P5 15,84 7,92 12,672 3,96 5,2272 2,6136 4,18176 1,3068
3 P6 4,977 2,4885 3,9816 1,24425 1,64241 0,821205 1,313928 0,410603
4 P7 12,57 6,285 10,056 3,1425 4,1481 2,07405 3,31848 1,037025
5 P8 22,85 11,425 18,28 5,7125 7,5405 3,77025 6,0324 1,885125
6 P9 61,85 30,925 49,48 15,4625 20,4105 10,20525 16,3284 5,102625
7 P11 59,53 29,765 47,624 14,8825 19,6449 9,82245 15,71592 4,911225
8 P12 2,374 1,187 1,8992 0,5935 0,78342 0,39171 0,626736 0,195855
9 A1 27,84 13,92 22,272 6,96 9,1872 4,5936 7,34976 2,2968
10 A2 26,46 13,23 21,168 6,615 8,7318 4,3659 6,98544 2,18295
11 A9 15,72 7,86 12,576 3,93 5,1876 2,5938 4,15008 1,2969
12 A10 2,983 1,4915 2,3864 0,74575 0,98439 0,492195 0,787512 0,246098
13 A11 44,71 22,355 35,768 11,1775 14,7543 7,37715 11,80344 3,688575
Bng 4.4. Gi tr ng sut ti cc im trn KGCH u my 907
im max m a max a
TT m (MPa)
tnh (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
1 P1 44,71 22,355 35,768 11,1775 14,7543 7,37715 11,80344 3,688575
2 P2 26,46 13,23 21,168 6,615 8,7318 4,3659 6,98544 2,18295
- 87 -
3 P3 18,54 9,27 14,832 4,635 6,1182 3,0591 4,89456 1,52955
4 P4 17,72 8,86 14,176 4,43 5,8476 2,9238 4,67808 1,4619
5 P5 4,949 2,4745 3,9592 1,23725 1,63317 0,816585 1,306536 0,408293
6 P6 54,97 27,485 43,976 13,7425 18,1401 9,07005 14,51208 4,535025
7 P7 15,72 7,86 12,576 3,93 5,1876 2,5938 4,15008 1,2969
8 P8 2,983 1,4915 2,3864 0,74575 0,98439 0,492195 0,787512 0,246098
9 P9 25,2 12,6 20,16 6,3 8,316 4,158 6,6528 2,079
10 P10 26,73 13,365 21,384 6,6825 8,8209 4,41045 7,05672 2,205225
11 P11 4,977 2,4885 3,9816 1,24425 1,64241 0,821205 1,313928 0,410603
12 P12 59,53 29,765 47,624 14,8825 19,6449 9,82245 15,71592 4,911225
13 G1 15,84 7,92 12,672 3,96 5,2272 2,6136 4,18176 1,3068
14 G2 25,03 12,515 20,024 6,2575 8,2599 4,12995 6,60792 2,064975
Nhn xt: Vic tnh ton l thuyt KGCH u my D19E nhm mc ch xc nh

cc v tr im, mt ct xung yu t lm c s so snh vi kt qu th
nghim o ng sut thc t, cho trong bng 4.3 v 4.4
Gi tr ng sut ln nht vi t hp 1 ti gi CK l 157 MPa. Gi tr
ng sut nh nht vi t hp 1 ti u x dc trn tm ng ngoi l 0,01356 MPa.
Cng ti 1 im, 1 mt ct th phng n tnh ton ng sut vi t hp 1 u
c gi ln hn so vi t hp 2
Nh vy, theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt thy rng ng sut ti cc v tr
im, mt ct xung yu trn KGCH u my D19E l khng ln, v cn thp hn
kh nhiu so vi tr s ng sut cho php
4.2.2. Tnh ton l thuyt kim nghim bn TBX u my D19E.
4.2.2.1. Cc loi lc tc dng ln TBX u my D19E
a. Cc lc trong mt phng thng ng
* Lc thng ng tnh tc dng ln TBX: Pn, Pt
L phn trng lng ca u my tc dng ln cc TBX, bao gm trng
lng tc dng ln gi chuyn hng v trng lng ca gi chuyn hng.
Lc thng ng tnh tc dng ln TBX l lc tp trung, c im t l cc v
tr lin kt (tip xc) gia KGCH thng qua hp du u trc v u trc ca
TBX. Tnh cho trng hp bt li nht khi u my i vo ng cong dn ti
lm tng ti bnh ngoi (Pn) v gim ti bnh trong (Pt) - ti trng tnh ca bnh xe.
Pt = 6,5.10 = 65 kN v Pn =1,4. Pt = 91 kN;
* Lc thng ng ng tc dng ln mt TBX.
L lc thng ng ng pht sinh do tc ng nhp nh ca mt ng.
Lc thng ng ng c xc nh theo nguyn tc chung sau y:
P = Pt. K (4.10)
- 88 -
Vi h s ng K =1 + 0,05 +(0,1.V)/ft (4.11)
Trong : P - lc thng ng ng,
Pt - lc thng ng tnh,
K - h s ng.
V l vn tc chuyn ng ca u my, km/h
ft l nhn tnh ca h thng lo xo
Tnh c h s ng K =1,23
Lc thng ng ng tc dng ln mt u TBX dng tnh ton l:
P.t = 65.1,23 = 79,75 kN v P.n = 91.1,23 = 111,93 kN
* Lc thng ng do CK lm vic gy ra trn TBX
Mt CK c hai im treo trn x ngang KGCH, v hai im treo trn
TBX, v vy cc lc tc dng ln TBX ti hai im treo l: PZ1, PZ2
P d 2a + b ; P 2a + b d (4.12)
PZ1 = Z + PZ 2 = Z
2 d +c b 2 b d +c
D
PZ = Fk bx (4.13)
Rz
trong : PZ : Lc vng bnh rng kN.
FK: Sc ko bnh xe, kN, FK = 41,6666 kN
a: Khong cch t bnh rng ti tai treo CK, a = 190 mm.
b: Khong cch gia 2 tai treo CK, b = 527 mm
c: Khong cch gia tm quay roto CK v tm bnh xe, c = 393,7 mm
d: Khong cch t tm quay roto CK ti tai treo CK, d = 386,3 mm
Thay s vo ta c: PZ = 72 kN
PZ1 = 81,51 kN v PZ2 = 49,65 kN
Lc thng ng ng do CK lm vic gy ra: PZ = 88,56 kN
Pd Z1 = 100,26 kN v Pd Z2 = 61,07 kN
* Lc thng ng do trng lng CK Pg
Lc thng ng do trng lng CK tc dng ln TBX l:
Pg = Qt.ck/2 = 1,7625/2 =0,88125 T = 8,64 kN
b. Cc lc ngang tc dng ln TBX
* Lc ko tc dng ln TBX u my
Lc ko ln nht ca u my khi khi ng Fk,max = 1000. Pb. b kG (4.14)
Trong : Pb- trng lng bm ca u my, T;
b - h s bm, thng ly b = 0,25 - 0,33.
i vi u my D19E, theo l lch my: Fk,max = 1000. 78. 0,33 = 257,4 kN.
Lc ko ca u my c pht sinh t im tip xc gia bnh xe vi ray,
sau c truyn qua thanh ko bu du n tay ko KGCH (x dc). u my
- 89 -
D19E c hai gi chuyn hng, mi gi chuyn hng c 3 TBX v mi trc c
hai bnh xe, nh vy s c 12 bnh xe chu lc ko. Nh vy lc ko tc dng ln
mt bnh xe: FK. BX = 257,4 / 12 = 21,255 kN.
* Lc h
m tc dng ln TBX u my
Lc hm tc dng ln mt TBX: FH.TBX = 1000.K. k kG (4.15)
Trong : K - p lc guc hm ln mt TBX (T); K = 7,7 T/trc.
k - h s ma st gia guc hm vi bnh xe. C th ly h s ma st
ln nht khi tc nh nht (v = 0), k = 0,34.
Thay s vo ta xc nh c: FH.TBX = 1000.7,7.0,34 = 2600 kG = 26 kN
* Lc ngang tc dng ln TBX u my khi CK lm vic gy ra ti v tr 2 bnh
rng truyn ng n khp (lc hng knh) Pzn :
Xc nh Pzn theo cng thc : Pzn = Pz.tg (4.16)
Vi : gc nghing ca rng; tg = 0,25 0,28
Thay vo cng thc ta c: Pzn = 19,454 kN
* Phn lc do Pzn gy ra trn cc CK: Pn1 v Pn2
a+b
Pn1 = Pzn. v Pn2 = Pzn Pn1 (4.17)
b
Thay s vo ta c: Pn1 = 26,918 kN; Pn2 = 7,464 kN
c. Lc dc tc dng ln TBX khi u my i vo ng cong
* p lc ngang ca ray ln mt TBX khi u my i vo ng cong: Y
Y= Pt = 65 kN. (4.18)
* Thnh phn ngang ca lc ma st gia mt ln bnh xe v ray :Qn ,Qt
Qt = ms . Pt = 0,25.65 = 16,25 kN (4.19)
Vi ms = 0,25 : h s ma st gia mt ln bnh xe v ray
Qn = 1,4. Qt = 22,75 kN
* p lc ngang ca KGCH ln u TBX: Yp
Yp= 0,6.PT = 0,6.13 = 7,8 T = 78 kN (4.20)
Vi PT l ti trng TBX
d. Cc m men xon tc dng ln TBX
* M men xon tc dng ln TBX khi CK lm vic
Ti mt v tr ca bnh rng truyn ng trn TBX:
MX.K = 2. FK. BX.RBX = 2. 21,255. 500 = 21255 kNmm = 21,255 kNm (4.21)
* M men xon tc dng ln TBX khi hm
M men xon do guc hm tc dng ln bnh xe gy ra trn TBX ti mt v
tr lp bnh xe trn trc c xc nh nh sau:
MX.H = 2.FH.TBX RBX = 2.13. 500 = 13100 KNmm = 13 kNm (4.22)
- 90 -
Pz
Pg Pg
Pn Pz1 Pz2 Pt
Yp Qn Qt
Y
En P zn Pn1 Pn2 F Et
FK.BX K.BX
Rn Rt
Hnh 4.8: Cc lc tc dng trn TBX
Tng hp cc lc tc dng ln TBX c th hin trong t hp 1, khi u
my lm vic ch ko c th hin trong bng 4.5 v t hp 2, khi u my
lm vic ch hm c th hin trong bng 4.6
Bng 4.5 Cc lc tc dng trn TBX vi t hp 1
Tr s (kN)
Lc tnh Lc ng
Lc thng ng tc dng ln u trc ca
1 Pn 91 112
bnh xe ngoi
Lc thng ng tc dng ln u trc ca
2 Pt 65 80
bnh xe trong
3 Lc vng bnh rng Pz 72 88,56
Lc thng ng do CK lm vic gy ra
4 Pz1 81,51 100,26
ti im treo 1 trn TBX
Lc thng ng do CK lm vic gy ra
5 Pz2 49,65 61,1
ti im treo 2 trn TBX
6 Lc thng ng do trng lng CK Pg 4,32 5,2
7 Lc ko tc dng ln TBX u my FK.BX 21,255
Lc ngang tc dng ln TBX u my khi
8 Pzn 19,454
CK lm vic
9 Phn lc do Pzn gy ra trn 1CK Pn1 26,918
10 Phn lc do Pzn gy ra trn 2CK Pn2 7,464
p lc ngang ca ray ln mt TBX khi
11 Y 65
u my i vo ng cong
Thnh phn ngang ca lc ma st gia
12 Qn 22,75
mt ln bnh xe v ray ngoi
13 Qt 16,25
mt ln bnh xe v ray trong
14 p lc ngang ca KGCH ln u TBX Yp 78
M men xon tc dng ln TBX khi
15 MX.K 21,255
CK lm vic (kNm)
- 91 -
Bng 4.6. Cc lc tc dng trn TBX vi t hp 2
Tr s (kN)
Lc tnh Lc ng
Lc thng ng tc dng ln u trc
1 Pn 91 112
ca bnh xe ngoi
Lc thng ng tc dng ln u trc
2 Pt 65 80
ca bnh xe trong
3 Lc thng ng do trng lng CK Pg 4,32 5,2
4 Lc hm tc dng ln TBX u my FH.BX 13
p lc ngang ca ray ln mt TBX khi
5 Y 65
u my i vo ng cong
6 Qn 22,75
mt ln bnh xe v ray ngoi
7 Qt 16,25
mt ln bnh xe v ray trong
8 p lc ngang ca KGCH ln u TBX Yp 78
M men xon tc dng ln TBX khi
9 MX.H 21,255
hm (kNm)
4.2.2.2. Cc phng n tnh ton TBX u my D19E vi cc t hp lc
Vic tnh ton c tin hnh vi 2 phng n nu nh s tr gip phn
mm Solidwork-cosmos 2007. S ti trng tc dng ln TBX vi t hp 1 c
th hin trn hnh 4.9
Do c im kt cu ca TBX l trc bc thng nn c th coi c trc l mt
kt cu gi ln hai im tc l ln hai bnh xe
4.2.2.3. Kt qu tnh ton bng phn mm Solidwork - cosmos
a. Cc lc tc dng tng hp ln TBX
Cc lc tc dng cho trong cc hnh 4.9; 4.10 v trong mc 3.1 ph lc 3
Hnh 4.9. Cc lc tc dng ln TBX vi t hp 1

- 92 -
Hnh 4.10. Kt qu tnh ton l thuyt TBX vi t hp 1

b. Kt qu xc nh ng sut tng hp ti cc mt ct ca TBX u my D19E
Kt qu xc nh ng sut tng hp ti cc mt ct ca TBX cho trong bng 4.7
Bng 4.7. Kt qu ng sut ln nht ti cc mt ct ca TBX
Mt ng sut max
m
a(MPa) max (MPa) (MPa) m (MPa) a(MPa)
ct (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
I 69,44 69,44 138,88 69,44 69,44 0 0 0 0
II 75,85 75,85 151,7 75,85 75,85 0 0 0 0
III 23,42 23,42 46,84 23,42 23,42 13,691012 6,297865 11,1309 3,148933
IV 29,7 29,7 59,4 29,7 29,7 12,893683 5,931094 10,48267 2,965547
V 10,96 10,96 21,92 10,96 10,96 17,059946 7,847575 13,86987 3,923788
VI 5,964 5,964 11,928 5,964 5,964 17,059946 7,847575 13,86987 3,923788
VII 19,96 19,96 39,92 19,96 19,96 13,691012 6,297865 11,1309 3,148933
VIII 65,97 65,97 131,94 65,97 65,97 0 0 0 0
IX 59,25 59,25 118,5 59,25 59,25 0 0 0 0
Kt qu tnh ton l thuyt TBX u my cho thy:
Vic tnh ton l thuyt TBX u my D19E xc nh c gi tr ng
sut ti cc v tr im, mt ct t lm c s tnh ton bn mi
Gi tr ng sut ln nht vi t hp 1 ti mt ct II l 75,85 MPa. Gi tr ng
sut nh nht vi t hp 1 ti mt ct V l 10,96 MPa.
Cng ti 1 im, 1 mt ct th phng n tnh ton ng sut vi t hp 1 u
c gi tr ln hn so vi t hp 2, vy ch tnh ton bn mi theo kt qu ca hp 1.
Nh vy, theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt thy rng ng sut ti cc v tr
im, mt ct trn TBX u my D19E l khng ln, v cn thp hn kh nhiu so
vi tr s ng sut cho php.
4.3. Tnh ton bn mi theo l thuyt c hc ph hu
4.3.1. Tnh bn mi mi theo l thuyt ng dng ph hu mi.
4.3.1.1. Tnh ton bn mi bng phng trnh ng dng tuyt i
4.3.1.1.1. Tnh ton bn mi TBX u my D19E bng phng trnh ng
dng tuyt i
- 93 -
a. Xc nh gii hn bn mi ca TBX u my D19E theo xc sut ph hu
bng phng trnh ng dng tuyt i
* Xc nh hm phn b cc gii hn bn mi theo xc sut ph hu
Theo phng trnh (2.23) chng 2, hm phn b ca gii hn mi ca tit
my theo xc sut ph hu P% nh sau:
m
L 1 u ( 1) m +1
I= = 2 ,3 lg(1 P ) (4.23)
G F0 ( m + 1) 0
V thc cht biu thc (4.23) l hm phn b ca i lng v cng l
hm phn b ca gii hn mi ca tit my -1ct = .u/ theo xc sut ph hu
P%. C th trnh by cc phng trnh ng dng di dng tng ng s phn
b bnh thng tr s x = lg( - 1) theo ti liu [27] nh sau:
lg( - 1) = - vlg + uPS (4.24)
L/G
trong : = tiu chun ng dng tng i s ph hu mi
(
L/G 0 )
uP - phn v ca phn phi chun ng vi xc sut ph hu P%;
S - sai lch bnh phng trung bnh ca i lng ngu nhin x = lg( - 1);
x = - vlg tr s trung bnh ca x, tng ng vi uP = 0 (P = 50%);
v - c trng mi cc c tnh vt liu, n nh nhy ca n i vi s tp
trung ng sut c yu t t l
Theo s liu th nghim trong ti liu [27] ta c v = 0,05 0,20. Khi v
tng, nhy vi s tp trung ng sut gim, yu t t l tng. V khng iu
kin lm th nghim xc nh trc tip gi tr v v, vy c th xc nh chng gn
ng theo cng thc iu chnh (vi b - gii hn bn ca vt liu: b < 1800 MPa)
nh sau: = 0,2000 0,0001. b v = 1,5 (4.25)
S lin kt cc thng s phn b ban u ca Weibul nh u, 0, m vi cc
thng s ca phng trnh ng dng (4.23) u, v, S, (i vi cc thp bin dng
do c i vi cc hp kim nh u chp nhn u = 0,5-1) c xc lp trong ti
liu [27] nh sau: T phng trnh ng dng (4.24) c th tm c i (i=1,2)
i = 1 + i
1 1
= v m = 0,64
(m + 0,64)
T phng trnh (4.24) tm c biu thc (u/0)m nh sau:
m
u 0 , 69 (m + 1 )
= (4.26)
0 88 , 3 ( 1 )m + 1
1
a i = 1 + i v = vo biu thc trn ta s c
(m + 0,64 )
- 94 -
m
u
= 0 , 00782 ( m + 1 )( 0 , 36 + 0 , 64 )
0
Biu thc trong ngoc, bao gm v , trn thc t khng i khi 0,05
0,2 v 1 1000 v c th chp nhn bng 1,94. Do
m
u 1
= 0 , 0152 ( m + 1 ) = 0 , 0152 + 0 , 36 (4.27)
0
Nu s dng phng trnh (4.23), tm c mi lin h gia S v m nh sau:
0,44
m= 1. (4.28)
S
Cc cng thc trn xc lp c mi lin h gia cc thng s , S v
cc thng s m, u/0 dn n cc hm phn b trng khp. Theo ti liu [27] th s
sai lch cc tr s (vi P = 1%) khng vt qu 3%. Nh vy, khi ta bit cc
thng s phn b khi thu c th tnh c cc hm phn b cc GHBM cc b
phn c dng tit din mt ct ngang khc nhau.
i vi cc chi tit c tit din ngang dng hnh trn c xc nh nh sau:[27]
m
D u 1
I = 2 , 3 lg (1 P ) = f ( ) (4.29)
G (m + 1 ) 0 F0
1 m +1 ( 1 )m + 2
Trong : f ( ) = (
1 ) (4.30)
(m + 2 )
Xt mu trn, vi dF = 2dr, F0 = 1 mm2 tch phn phng trnh (2.18) trong
Chng 2, thu c biu thc sau:
a
m m +1 1 0
2 a G ( a a 0 ) 1 a
I = . . (4.31)
F 0 0m m +1 m+2

trong : a0 rt gn vi gi tr a; m = 610; L = d. max
max u y
a a0 = u
G
Tng ng vi hnh v
u D 1
d
y
d
=G;
ao
= ; D
a0 2 G
X
u 1 D
a0 = = =
G G 2
D u ( 1)
a 0 = max =
2 G G
Hnh 4.11 S tnh hm phn b cho tit din trn
- 95 -
m +1
( 1 )
Sau khi bin i ta c: f ( ) = ( 1)
( 2 ) (4.32)
(m + 2 )
Thay vo cng thc tm c hm phn b ca gii hn mi ca tit my
-1ct =.u/ theo xc sut ph hu P% nh sau:
2 m
2 D u ( 1) m + 1 ( 1 )
I = . ( 2 ) (4.33)
F0 2 0 m +1 m + 2
m
Trong : u
= 0 , 0152 (m + 1)
0
max
=
u
F0 = 1 mm2 din tch b phn n v
u, 0 , m: thng s phn b khi thu ca Veibull
Phng trnh ng dng tuyt i khi tnh cho tit din mt ct ngang dng
hnh trn c dng nh sau:
2
I = 2 , 3 lg (1 P ) =
2 D
[0 , 0152 (m + 1 )].
( 1) m + 1 ( 1)
( 2 ) (4.34)
F0 2 m +1 m+2
Vi c tnh c hc ca vt liu lm TBX ta c gii hn bn b = 700 645 MPa
Tnh c: = 0,13; = 0,195
m = 7,052 7; m = 4,48 4
D - ng knh cc c trc ca TBX cho trong mc 4.2
Vy ta xc nh hm phn b ca i lng ca TBX theo xc sut ph
hu P% tc l xc nh hm phn b ca gii hn mi ca TBX theo xc sut ph
hu P% cc tit din ca cc mt ct trn TBX.
thun li vic tnh ton hm phn b cc GHBM theo xc sut ph hu
ca cc chi tit dng trc c tit din hnh trn, xy dng phn mm tnh i
lng theo xc sut ph hu P% v kt qu cho trong mc 4.3.1.3.
* Xc nh gii hn bn mi ca TBX u my D19E theo xc sut ph hu
Gii hn mi ca TBX u my D19E c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
.0,5 . 1 .0,5 . 1
1TBX = ; 1TBX = (4.35)

Trong : 1 ; 1 : gii hn mi trung bnh ca mu vt liu lm TBX,
1x = 0,55 1u Vy ta c -1 = 347 Mpa ; -1 = 191 Mpa.
-1TBX; -1TBX: gii hn mi ca TBX
; : h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt ca TBX
H s tp trung ng sut l thuyt vi trng hp trc bc c chu un v
chu xon c tnh theo s hnh 4.12 v s dng cc cng thc nh sau: [17]
- 96 -
1
= 1+ (4.36)
0 , 20
2 + 5 , 4 2 2
4
B
U
1
= 1+ (4.37)
0 ,80
2 3
3
2 + 9
2
BX
2 3 1 r D
A 1 A ; B X = A (1 0,8 A)
3 2
BU = ; A = ; 2 = ; 3 =
3 2 3 d2 d2
r
MU
MU
MX
d2
D
MX
Hnh 4.12. S trc bc c tnh h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt

Cn c kt qu tnh ton l thuyt xc nh trng thi ng sut ca TBX
trong mc 4.2.2 cc mt ct tnh ton bn mi.
thun li vic tnh ton GHBM ca TBX dng trc bc c tit din hnh
trn, xy dng phn mm tnh GHBM theo xc sut ph hu P% v kt qu cho
trong mc 4.3.1.3.
b. Xc nh h s an ton mi ca TBX u my D19E theo xc sut ph hu
Tnh h s an ton mi cho TBX u my D19E vi trng hp chu trnh ng
sut i xng (R = -1)
s: H s an ton ng sut php; s: H s an ton ng sut tip:

s = 1 TBX ; s = 1 TBX , (4.38)
a a
trong : a: Bin ng sut php;
a: Bin ng sut tip;
-1TBX: ng sut php ln nht ti khu yu nht trong TBX s gy ra
s ph hu chu trnh i xng vi s chu trnh ng sut c s N0;
-1TBX: ng sut tip ln nht ti khu yu nht trong TBX s gy ra s
ph hu chu trnh i xng vi s chu trnh ng sut c s N0.
s . s
Tnh HSATM ton phn l: s = [s ] , (4.39)
s 2 + s2
Theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt phn 4.2.2.3. chng IV ta c c gi tr
bin ng sut php v tip ti cc mt ct ca TBX, tnh HSATM thnh phn
Vic tnh ton HSATM ca TBX dng trc bc c cc tit din mt ct hnh
trn, xy dng phn mm tnh HSATM theo xc sut ph hu P% v kt qu
cho trong mc 4.3.1.3.
- 97 -
4.3.1.1.2. Tnh ton bn mi KGCH u my D19E bng phng trnh
ng dng tuyt i
a. Xc nh GHBM ca KGCH u my D19E theo xc sut ph hu
* Xc nh hm phn b cc gii hn bn mi i vi cc chi tit c tit din
ngang dng hnh hp rng
Bin i phng trnh (2.23) chng 2, hm phn b ca gii hn mi ca
KGCH theo xc sut ph hu P% nh trong mc 4.3.1.1.1.
max
u
h/2
/2
t b
Hnh 4.13. S tnh hm phn b cho tit din hnh hp rng

i vi cc chi tit c tit din ngang dng hnh hp rng theo ti liu [27] ta
xc nh nh sau: Vng ly tch phn Fu bao gm thnh phn a0 y a t v bn
chiu rng b cn c vo s ng dng cc tam gic trn biu
u max u
= = G do - u = G(y a0)
y a0 a a0
Ly tch phn biu thc (2.23) trong Chng 2
m m m
u dF a t
G m ( y a0 ) a
G m ( y a0 ) b
I = =2 m
dy + 2 m
dy (4.40)
Fu
0 F0 a0
0 F0 a t
0 F0
Sau khi bin i ta c

m
2b u 1
I = 2 , 3 lg (1 P ) = f ( ) (4.41)
G (m + 1 ) 0 F0
1
( 1 )m + 1 1 1 t G
( )m +1
trong f ( ) = (4.42)
b
Cc thng s trong phng trnh c xc nh nh trong mc 4.3.1.1.1
2
Gradien tng i cn c th xc nh theo cng thc G =
h
c tnh c hc ca vt liu lm KGCH ta c
- 98 - 9
gii hn bn b = 600 MPa
Tnh c: = 0,1425 v = 0,21375
m = 6,3775 6 v m = 4,0384 4 10
i vi KGCH u my D19E. Chn mt ct
285
8
D D trn x dc ca KGCH (Hnh 4.5 v 4.14)
l mt ct nguy him nht tnh ton, c cc thng
s kt cu nh sau: t = 9 mm ; h = 285 mm
b = 180 mm ; = 8 mm 180
2 2t
G= ; tG = Hnh 4.14. Mt ct D D trn x dc ca KGCH
h h
F0 = 1 mm2 din tch b phn n v
m : thng s phn b khi thu ca Weibull
Vy ta xc nh hm phn b i lng ca KGCH theo xc sut ph hu
P% tc l xc nh hm phn b gii hn mi theo xc sut ph hu P% cc tit
din ca cc mt ct nguy him, nhy cm trn x dc ca KGCH.
thun li vic tnh ton hm phn b i lng theo xc sut ph hu
P% ca x dc KGCH c tit din ngang dng hnh hp rng, xy dng phn
mm tnh ton v kt qu cho trong mc 4.3.1.3.
* Xc nh GHBM ca KGCH u my D19E theo xc sut ph hu
i vi kim loi do u = -1; max = -1.
Gii hn mi ca KGCH u my D19E c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
.0,5 . 1 .0,5 . 1
1 KGCH = ; 1 KGCH = (4.43)

Trong : 1 ; 1 : gii hn mi trung bnh ca mu vt liu lm KGCH,
1x = 0,55 1u ; -1 = 205 MPa; -1 = 113 MPa (Chng 3)
-1KGCH; -1KGCH: gii hn mi ca KGCH;
; : h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt ca KGCH.
Xc nh h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt. Chn mt ct D - D l mt ct
nguy him nht tnh ton, cn c theo kt qu o trng thi ng sut thc t v
kt qu tnh ton l thuyt mc 4.2.1.3.
i vi x dc khung gi chuyn c kt cu hnh hp rng v thay i kch
thc theo chiu dc ca x dc khung gi chuyn vy c th xem xt s ng
dng v nng lng v vt cht, trong tnh ton mi ta c th coi x dc khung gi
chuyn c kt cu tr bc rng. Theo phn " Phng php mi tnh bn mi ca
bn trc cu sau t" trong [19] trang 492.
Chuyn mt ct D - D thnh hnh vnh khn, gi nguyn chu vi ngoi v tr
s din tch mt ct khng i, v tnh n st mt tip xc c gi n hi, ta c
- 99 -
hnh dng quy i dng tnh ton h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt theo hnh
4.15. Sau khi qui i ta c cc thng s kch thc nh sau :
D = 312 (mm); d2 = 300 (mm)
d1 = 290 (mm); r = 25 (mm)
Tnh h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt vi trng hp trc bc rng chu
un v chu xon theo cng thc nh sau:[17]
r
Mu Mu
D
d1
d2
MX MX
Hnh 4.15. S trc bc rng tnh h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt

1
= 1+ ; (4.44)
0 , 20 12
2 + 4
+ 5 , 4 2 4 2
BU (
4 1 1 )
1
= 1+ (4.45)
0 ,80 12 9 3

3 2
+ 2 ,5 + 2
1 14
2
BX
2 3 1
BU = A 1 A ; B X = 3 A 2 (1 0,8 A) ; A=
3 2 3
d r D
1 = 1 ; 2 = ; 3 =
d2 d2 d2
Cn c theo cc kt qu tnh ton l thuyt, v ti liu [1, 15] tnh ton
bn mi KGCH u my D19E.
thun li vic tnh ton GHBM ca x dc KGCH dng hp rng, xy
dng phn mm tnh GHBM theo xc sut ph hu P% v kt qu cho trong mc
4.3.1.3.
b. Xc nh HSATM ca KGCH u my D19E theo xc sut ph hu
* Xc nh HSATM vi trng hp chu trnh ng sut phi i xng (R -1)
KGCH u my D19E va chu m men xon, va chu m men un v lc
dc x nn ng sut ti im nguy him ca mt ct nguy him thay i theo chu
trnh ng sut phi i xng (R - 1) vi trng hp k / k 1 (k / k <1).
HSATM c xc nh theo cng thc (2.42, (2.43) v (2.44) trong Chng 2.
Vi 1 v 1 : GHBM khi chu un v xon ca mu chun i vi vt liu
KGCH c th nghim cho kt qu trong Chng 3;
- 100 -
m v m : ng sut php v tip trung bnh ti cc im nguy him v
nhy cm trn x dc KGCH tng ng vi cc trng thi vn hnh cho trong mc
3.2 ph lc 3;
a v a : ng sut php v tip bin cho trong mc 3.2 ph lc 3;
k v k : h s tp trung ng sut php v tip thc t;
v : h s nh hng kch thc ca KGCH;
, , v : h s nh hng s bt cn i n bin gii
hn ca vt liu lm KGCH.
Cc h s c xc nh nh sau:

= 0, 02 + 2.104. b ; = ;
2

= ; =
(k ) KGCH (k ) KGCH
k 1 k 1
= ( k ) KGCH = = f ( P) ; = ( k ) KGCH = = f ( P) .
1KGCH 1KGCH
* Xc nh HSATM vi trng hp ti cc im trn mt ct nguy him c
ng sut thay i ngu nhin (R = var)
Cng thc xc nh h s an ton thnh phn vi trng hp ng sut thay
i ngu nhin theo cng thc(2.46) v (2.49) Chng 2.
Xc nh ng sut tng ng e khi ng sut thay i bc [17]
k
1 m 1
e = m
a
.
N0

i =1
i
m
. ni ; (4.46)
1 1 k
e = m .m
a N0

i =1
i
m
. ni . (4.47)
Trong : = L/tb s blc (khi) ti trng tc ng trong ph ti;

L - tui th (s gi, km) ca KGCH
(1) L = 3 000 000 km (tui th thit k KGCH)
(2) L = 130 000 km (s km vn dng n khi xut hin vt nt KGCH
i vi u my D19E t u tin ang vn dng ti X nghip u my H Ni)
tb - khong thi gian, km tc ng ca mt blc ng sut, tnh theo cc
khu gian c trng cho cc trng thi vn hnh u my
m, m - s m ca ng cong mi Wohler cho trng hp ng sut
php v ng sut tip i vi vt liu lm KGCH
C C
Theo [17] xc nh c m = ; m =
(K )DC (K )DC
Vi C = 12 20 cho thp ccbon lm chi tit
i vi thp 12Mn chn C = 17
- 101 -
Vy tnh c: m = 8 v m = 10
ni - tng s chu k ng sut ca i (hoc i) v gi tr i (hoc i) theo cc
kt qu o c trong cc ti liu [1, 15] v trong ph lc 1
a, a - tui th tng i cho trng hp ng sut php v ng sut tip
Vi trng hp ti trng phn b bc, tui th tng i c xc nh theo
biu thc sau [17]:
a = 0,15 + 0,85Kx + 2(1 - Kx) Kx2 (4.48)
Trong : Kx = 1,52 0,731
Vi: 1 = Samax / Sr = S1/ Sr - phn nh mc qu ti;
Vi trng hp ti trng phn b bc: Tnh cho trng hp P = 50%
= 0,964 v = 0,473. Vy ta c Kx = 0,816 v Kx = 1,174
Thay vo cng thc (4.48) xc nh c a = 1,088 v a = 0,668
Vy tnh c cho trng hp (1) theo tui th thit k v trng hp
(2) theo tui th thc t ang vn dng th xut hin vt nt x dc KGCH.
Vic tnh ton HSATM ca KGCH dng hp rng c cc tit din mt ct hnh
ch nht rng xy dng phn mm tnh HSATM theo xc sut ph hu P% v
kt qu cho trong mc 4.3.1.3.
4.3.1.2. Tnh ton bn mi bng phng trnh ng dng tng i
4.3.1.2.1. Tnh ton bn mi TBX u my D19E bng phng trnh ng
dng tng i
a. Tnh ch tiu ng dng ca TBX.
* Khi TBX b un:
- Tnh graien tng i ca mu G mu v ca TBX Gctu theo bng P-3 trong ti
liu [17]
Vi kch thc: D mm; d mm; mm ca mu theo hnh 3.4 v cc kch
thc ti cc mt ct ca TBX theo hnh 4.3
Kch thc tng i:
D 2,3 2
Nu 1,5 th G = + (4.49)
d mu
d
D 2,3(1 + )
2
Nu < 1,5 th G mu = + (4.50)
d d
1 D d
Trong : = ; t = (4.51)
t 2
4( + 2)

- Tnh m men chng un cho mu v TBX: Wmu = Wctu = 0,1d3 (4.52)
- Xc nh ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi u khi TBX b un theo cng thc
(2.31) Chng 2
- 102 -
* Khi TBX b xon
- Tnh graien tng i ca mu G mx v ca TBX G ctx theo bng P-3 trong [17].
Vi kch thc: D mm; d mm; mm ca mu theo hnh 3.4 v cc kch
thc ti cc mt ct ca TBX theo hnh 4.3
1,15 2
G mx = + (4.53)
d
- Tnh m men chng xon cho mu v TBX: Wmx = Wctx = 0,2 d3 (4.54)
- Xc nh ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi x khi TBX b xon un theo cng
thc (2.32) Chng 2
thun li vic tnh ton GHBM v bn mi ca TBX c tit din hnh
trn xy dng phn mm tnh i lng ch tiu ng dng u v x, kt qu
b. Tnh gii hn mi ca TBX c trng thi tp trung ng sut khi chu un
v xon ca chu trnh i xng ng vi chu trnh ng sut c s No.
* Xc nh gii hn mi ca TBX ti cc mt ct
T dng tng qut ca phng trnh ng dng ph hu khng th nguyn, theo
cng thc (2.25) ta c phng trnh tnh cho TRX:
(
1 TBX = 1 m . + a , . bu . 10
,
U .S
;p
(4.55) )
(
1TBX = 1 m . + a , . bx . 10
, U p . S
). (4.56)
Trong : -1TBX: Gii hn mi khi chu un ti khu yu nht trong TBX s gy
ra s ph hu xc xut p 0 0 ;
-1TBX: Gii hn mi khi chu xon ti khu yu nht trong TBX s gy
-1m: Gii hn mi khi chu un ca mu chun vt liu lm TBX chu
trnh ng sut No;
-1m: Gii hn mi khi chu xon ca mu chun vt liu lm TBX chu
trnh ng sut No;
: H s nh hng ca kch thc tuyt i n sc chng ph hu mi;
s, s: lch bnh phng trung bnh ca i lng ngu nhin X =
lg(max -u) v X = lg(max -u) ;
a, b: Hng s mi ca vt liu lm TBX phn nh c trng cu trc
ca vt liu v iu kin lm vic thc t ca TBX.
Xc nh cc thng s thnh phn:
- H s nh hng ca kch thc tuyt i n sc chng ph hu mi
= . = . = ( S ) d = 0,5
( S ) do
- 103 -
- Gii hn mi khi chu un ca mu chun vt liu lm TBX
Kt qu th nghim xc nh cc c trng mi mu vt liu lm TBX
chng 3, cho kt qu nh sau: -1m = 347 MPa; -1m = 191 MPa vi N0 = 6.106
- Hng s mi ca vt liu lm TBX
Theo [17] v kt qu th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc mu vt liu
lm TBX chng 3, cho kt qu nh sau:
Gii hn chy c = 380 MPa; Gii hn bn b = 645 MPa
Mun n hi E = 2,121.105 MPa
a = a = a = 0,5
b = + k ( 1- ) c ,
Vi = 0,2515; = 0,5581
0, 2 380
Vy: c= = = 0,589
b 645
347 191
k = 1 = = 0 , 538 v k = 1 = = 0 , 296
b 645 b 645
- lch bnh phng trung bnh ca i lng ngu nhin lg(max-u)
Trong tnh ton c th ly ss = 0,02 0,06 - i vi thp theo ti liu [9]
Trong tnh ton gii hn mi ca TBX, cn c c trng c hc ca vt liu
xc nh c ss= 0,05
Phn v up ng vi xc sut ph hu P% theo ti liu [9] bng cch s dng
bng tra, kt qu cho trong bng 4.8.
Bng 4.8. Phn v ng vi xc sut ph hu
TT f(z)=F(t) (z)=up
1 0,0001 -3,719
2 0,01 -2,326
3 0,05 -1,645
4 0,1 -1,282
5 0,2 -0,842
6 0,3 -0,524
7 0,4 -0,253
8 0,5 0
9 0,6 0,253
10 0,7 0,524
11 0,8 0,842
12 0,9 1,282
13 0,95 1,645
14 0,99 2,326
15 0,9999 3,719
thun li vic tnh ton GHBM ca TBX dng trc c tit din hnh trn
xy dng phn mm tnh GHBM theo xc sut ph hu P% v kt qu cho trong
mc 4.3.1.3
- 104 -
c. Xc nh HSATM ca TBX u my D19E theo xc sut ph hu
Xc nh HSATM ca TBX vi chu trnh ng sut i xng (R = -1)
TBX u my D19E va chu m men xon, va chu m men un v lc dc
trc nn ng sut ti cc mt ct ca trc thay i theo chu trnh ng sut i xng
(R = - 1). HSATM c xc nh nh trong phn b mc 4.3.1.1.1 theo cng thc
(4.38) v (4.39)
Vic tnh ton HSATM ca TBX dng trc bc c cc tit din mt ct hnh
trn, xy dng phn mm tnh HSATM theo xc sut ph hu P% v kt qu
4.3.1.2.2. Tnh ton bn mi KGCH u my D19E bng phng trnh
ng dng tng i
Hnh dng quy i dng tnh ton theo ch tiu ng dng:
i vi x dc KGCH c kt cu hnh hp rng v s thay i kch thc theo
chiu dc ca x dc KGCH vy c th xem xt s ng dng v nng lng v vt
cht, trong tnh ton mi ta c th coi x dc KGCH c kt cu tr bc rng. Vy tnh
c HSATM cho KGCH theo ch tiu ng dng nh sau:
Chuyn mt ct ngang i qua im P4 trn x dc KGCH thnh hnh vnh
khn, gi nguyn chu vi ngoi v tr s din tch mt ct khng i, v tnh n st
mt tip xc c gi n hi, c xc nh nh trong phn a mc 4.3.1.1.2 theo
hnh 4.12.
a. Tnh ch tiu ng dng
* Khi KGCH b un:
- Tnh graien tng i
i vi mu v x dc KGCH c xc nh nh tnh cho TBX phn a
mc 4.3.1.2.1 theo cng thc (4.49) v (4.50)
Hoc c th xc nh G ctu . Khi tnh ton GHBM ca chi tit c tit din
2
ngang hnh hp vic tnh G KGCH theo cng thc sau [12]: G u .KGCH =
h
- Tnh m men chng un vi mu v x dc KGCH: Wmu = Wctu = 0,1d3
- Xc nh u: Trng hp x dc KGCH chu un: c xc nh nh
phn a mc 4.3.1.2.1. theo cng thc (2.31) Chng 2.
* Khi KGCH b xon
- Tnh graien tng i
i vi mu v x dc KGCH c xc nh nh phn a mc 4.3.1.2.1 theo
cng thc (4.51).
- Tnh m men chng xon vi mu v x dc KGCH: Wmx = Wctx = 0,2 d3
- 105 -
- Xc nh x: Trng hp KGCH chu xon: c xc nh nh phn a
mc 4.3.1.2.1. theo cng thc (2.32) Chng 2
thun li vic tnh ton GHBM v bn mi ca KGCH dng hnh hp
rng c qui i ta xy dng phn mm tnh i lng u v x , kt qu cho
trong mc 4.3.1.3.
b. Tnh h s nh hng ca kch thc
T phng trnh (2.28) chng 2 c th tnh c h s nh hng ca
b' u p . s
kch thc: = + a' 10 (4.57)
( S )d
Vi = . = . = = 0,5
( S )do
Theo [17] trang 111 v kt qu th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc ca
vt liu lm KGCH chng 3, xc nh c h s a v b nh sau:
a = a = a = 0,5
b = + k ( 1- ) c , (4.58)
0, 2 1
Vi = 0,2515; = 0,5581; c= ; k =
b b
c. Tnh gii hn mi ca KGCH c trng thi tp trung ng sut khi chu un
v xon ca chu trnh i xng ng vi chu trnh ng sut c s No.
T dng tng qut ca phng trnh ng dng ph hu khng th nguyn,
theo cng thc (2.27) ta c:
( ,
1 KGCH = 1 m . + a , . bu . 10
U .S
p
; (4.59))
( ,
1 KGCH = 1 m . + a , . bx . 10
U p .S
). (4.60)
Trong :
-1KGCH: Gii hn mi khi chu un ti khu yu nht trong x dc KGCH s gy
-1KGCH: Gii hn mi khi chu xon ti khu yu nht trong x dc KGCH s
gy ra s ph hu xc xut p 0 0 ;
-1m: Gii hn mi khi chu un ca mu chun vt liu lm KGCH chu trnh
ng sut No;
-1m: Gii hn mi khi chu xon ca mu chun vt liu lm KGCH chu trnh
ng sut No;
: H s nh hng ca kch thc tuyt i n sc chng ph hu mi;
ss - lch bnh phng trung bnh ca i lng ngu nhin lg(max - u);
a; b: Hng s mi ca vt liu lm KGCH phn nh c trng cu trc ca vt
liu v iu kin lm vic thc t ca KGCH.
Xc nh cc thng s thnh phn tng t nh mc tnh cho TBX trn.
- 106 -
Kt qu th nghim xc nh cc c trng mi mu vt liu lm KGCH
chng 3, cho kt qu nh sau: -1m = 205 MPa v -1m = 113 MPa vi N0 = 6.106
Xc nh ss - lch bnh phng trung bnh ca i lng ngu nhin
lg(max-u) v xc nh up (cn k hiu l zp) phn v ng vi xc sut ph hu
P% tnh i vi x dc KGCH tng t nh phn tnh cho TBX trn.
thun li vic tnh ton gii hn mi ca KGCH dng hnh hp rng
c qui i, xy dng phn mm tnh GHBM theo xc sut ph hu P%, kt
qu cho trong mc 4.3.1.3.
d. Tnh HSATM ca KGCH u my D19E.
* Tnh HSATM ca KGCH vi chu trnh ng sut phi i xng (R -1)
KGCH u my D19E va chu m men xon, va chu m men un v lc
dc x nn ng sut ti im ca mt ct nguy him thay i theo chu trnh ng
sut phi i xng (R - 1) [11] vi trng hp k / k 1 (k / k<1).
HSATM c xc nh tng t nh trong phn b mc 4.3.1.1.2
Vic tnh ton HSATM ca KGCH dng hp rng c cc tit din mt ct
hnh ch nht, xy dng phn mm tnh HSATM theo xc sut ph hu P% v
kt qu cho trong mc 4.3.1.3.
4.3.1.3. Xy dng phn mm tnh ton GHBM v HSATM
a. Xy dng phn mm tnh ton GHBM v HSATM ca TBX u my
D19E theo phng trnh ng dng tuyt i.
c th xc nh c hm phn b cc GHBM, gi tr GHBM v HSATM
ca TBX u my D19E theo phng trnh ng dng tuyt i vi xc sut ph hu
v biu din mi quan h gia chng vi xc sut ph hu, xy dng phn mm tin
hc tnh ton chuyn dng s dng ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic.
* S khi tnh ton
Trn c s cc l thuyt trnh by trn, tin hnh thit lp thut ton
tnh ton theo phng trnh ng dng ph hy mi tuyt i cho TBX u my
D19E theo cc s khi sau:
S khi 1 tnh ton hm phn b cc GHBM TBX = f(P)
S khi 2 tnh ton gii hn bn mi 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P )
S khi 3 tnh ton h s an ton mi s = f(P)
Ch thch s khi:
Block 1: Cc tr u vo: 500 > D > 0; F0; 100 < b < 180 MPa
Block 2: G tr P = 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,9 0,95 0,99.
Block 3: G tr thng s phn b khi thu ca Veibull m; m .
- 107 -
Block 4: Tnh lp tm g tr hm phn b cc GHBM theo xc sut ph
hu: = f(P , m ), = f(P , m ) , theo phng trnh ng dng tuyt i khi
tnh cho tit din ngang dng hnh trn:
2
I = 2,3 lg (1 P ) =
2 D
[0,0152(m + 1)].
( 1) m +1 ( 1)
( 2 )
F0 2 m +1 m+2
BT U 2
BT U 1
1 D > 0; 0 < d 2 < 50 0;

0 < r < 500;
500 > D >0; F0
100< b <180 MPa 6

3 1
2 =
r ; 3 =
D ; A= ;
2 d2 d2 2.3
P = 0,01 0,99 2 3
Bn = A 1 - A
3 Bx = A 2 (1 - 0, 8.A )
3

;
1 7
m = 0, 64
0, 2 0, 0001. b 1 ; = 1+
1
t = 1+
1 0, 20
t
0, 80 9 3
m = 0, 64 2 + 5, 4 2 2
4 3
22 + 2
1, 5. ( 0, 2 0, 0001. b ) BU B
X
8
4 .0, 5. .0, 5 .
= f(P , m ), = f(P , m ) 1T B X = 1
; 1T B X = 1
t t
Lu d
Lu d
BT U 3
9
0 < a < 300 M P a;
0 < a < 200 M P a;
N 0 = 6 .1 0 6 ; -1 ; -1
10

( k )D C = 1
; (k )D C = 1
-1 T B X -1 T B X
11
-1 T B X
s = -1 T B X
;s =
a a
12
s .s
s r = -1 =
s2 + s 2
Lu d
KT THC
Hnh 4.16. S khi tnh ton TBX = f(P), 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) , sTBX = f(P)
- 108 -
Lu gi tr u ra , , P %
Block 5: Cc gi tr u vo: D > 0; 500 > d2 > 0; 500 > r > 0
Block 6: Tnh gi tr 2; 3
Block 7: Tnh gi tr h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt vi trng hp trc bc c
chu un v chu xon ;
Block 8: Tnh gi tr GHBM ca TBX u my D19E theo xc sut ph hu
Lu gi tr u ra 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) , P%
Block 9: u vo a; a; N0
Block 10: Tnh cc gi tr tr h s tp trung ng sut thc t ( k )DC ; ( k )DC
Block 11: Tnh s: H s an ton ng sut php; s : H s an ton ng sut tip.
Block 12: Tnh H s an ton ton phn sR = -1
Lu gi tr sTBX, in v kt thc
* Chng trnh tnh.
T s khi thut ton tin hnh xy dng cc chng trnh tnh ton.
Chng trnh c xy dng trn my vi tnh, thit lp nh ngn ng lp trnh
Visual Basic 6.0 v c s d liu Microsoft Ofice Access 2003 v mt s chng
trnh lp trnh, ha chuyn dng. Chng trnh c xy dng c lp vi hai m
un tnh ton l: M un tnh theo phng trnh ng dng ph hy mi tng i
v M un tnh theo phng trnh ng dng ph hy mi tuyt i.
Cc giao din ca chng trnh tnh cho trong ph lc 4.
* Kt qu tnh ton
- Nhp s liu u vo theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt, ly kt qu tnh ton
nh phn mm SOLIDWORK COSMOS c c cc gi tr ng sut ti cc mt
ct trn TBX u my trong mc 4.2.2.3 tnh trong phn mm chuyn dng.
Hnh 4.17. Kt qu tnh TBX = f(P); 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) ; sTBX = f(P)

ca mt ct I ca TBX u my D19E
- 109 -
- S dng phn mm chuyn dng tnh ton c c kt qu tnh ton hm
phn b cc GHBM TBX = f(P); GHBM 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) ; HSATM sTBX = f(P)
ca mt ct I cho trong hnh 4.17 v cc mt ct ca TBX u my D19E cho trong
mc 5.3 ca ph lc 5.
- Kt qu tnh ton HSATM sTBX = f(P) ca cc mt ct trn TBX u my
D19E cho trong cc bng 4.9.
Bng 4.9. Kt qu tnh ton TBX = f(P); 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) ; sTBX = f(P) ca
cc mt ct ca TBX u my D19E
TT P% MC I MC II MC III MC IV MC V MC VI MC VII MC VIII MC IX
1 0,0001 2,933 2,7 5,337 5,731 11,072 13,982 8,029 3,104 3,437
2 0,01 2,933 2,7 5,337 5,731 11,072 13,982 8,029 3,104 3,437
3 0,05 2,933 2,7 5,337 5,731 11,072 13,982 8,029 3,104 3,437
4 0,1 2,934 2,7 5,337 5,731 11,072 13,982 8,029 3,104 3,439
5 0,2 2,935 2,701 5,34 5,733 11,077 13,988 8,032 3,106 3,441
6 0,3 2,937 2,702 5,342 5,733 11,077 13,989 8,033 3,107 3,442
7 0,4 2,939 2,704 5,343 5,736 11,083 13,996 8,036 3,109 3,445
8 0,5 2,942 2,706 5,345 5,739 11,087 14,002 8,04 3,112 3,449
9 0,6 2,945 2,707 5,348 5,742 11,097 14,014 8,044 3,113 3,451
10 0,7 2,949 2,71 5,35 5,744 11,103 14,022 8,048 3,116 3,457
11 0,8 2,955 2,714 5,355 5,749 11,114 14,036 8,055 3,121 3,463
12 0,9 2,963 2,719 5,363 5,758 11,135 14,063 8,067 3,126 3,473
13 0,95 2,972 2,724 5,37 5,763 11,151 14,083 8,078 3,132 3,483
14 0,99 2,988 2,735 5,385 5,783 11,188 14,131 8,101 3,145 3,502
15 0,9999 3,026 2,763 5,428 5,823 11,285 14,255 8,165 3,177 3,547
*Nhn xt: - Gi tr ng sut ti cc mt ct u nh hn nhiu GHBM ca TBX
- HSATM s = f(P%) ca cc mt ct TBX u my D19E ln hn 2,5
- HSATM s = f(P%) ca mt ct II trn TBX u my D19E nh nht
- HSATM s = f(P%) ca mt ct VI trn TBX u my D19E ln nht
b. Xy dng phn mm tnh ton GHBM v HSATM ca KGCH u my
D19E theo phng trnh ng dng tuyt i
ca KGCH u my D19E theo phng trnh ng dng tuyt i vi xc sut ph
hu (khi vn hnh u my cc trng thi khc nhau vi cc yu t nh hng) v
biu din mi quan h gia chng vi xc sut ph hu P%, xy dng phn mm
tin hc chuyn dng s dng ngn ng lp trnh Visual Basic.
* S khi tnh ton
Trn c s cc l thuyt trnh by, tin hnh thit lp thut ton tnh ton
theo phng php ng dng ph hy mi tuyt i cho KGCH u my D19E
theo cc s khi hnh sau:
S khi 1 tnh ton hm phn b cc GHBM KGCH = f(P)
S khi 2 tnh ton GHBM 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P )
S khi 3 tnh ton HSATM sR-1 = f(P)
S khi 4 tnh ton HSATM sR=var = f(P
- 110 -
Ch thch s khi:
Block 1: Cc gi tr u vo: t > 0; b > 0; > 0; 100< b <1800.
Block 2: Gi tr P = 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,9 0,95 0,99.
BT U 1
1
t>0; b>0; h>0; > 0
2
P = 0,01 0,99
3
1
m = 0, 64
0, 2 0, 0001. b
1
m = 0, 64
1,5. ( 0, 2 0, 0001. b )
4 BT U 2
= f(P,m ), = f(P,m ) 5
t > 0; b > 0; b2 >0; h > 0; h2 >0;
Lu d > 0 ; r > 0; -1 ; -1
6
1 ; B = A 1- 2 A ; B =
1 = 1 ; 2 = ; 3 = ; A = 3 A 2 (1- 0,8.A ) ;
d r D 3
n n
d2 d2 d2 2.3 3
4 b + h 2 D = 2 (b + h ) ; 2 (b2 + h 2 )
d1 = - bh + (b - )(h - 2t) d1 =

7
1
t = 1 +
0, 20 12
2 + + 5, 4 2 4 2
BU 4 (1 1 )
4
1
t = 1 +
0, 80 2
3
22 + 2, 5 1 4 + 9 23
BX 1 1
8
.0 , 5 .
1K GCH = 1
t
Lu d
.0 , 5 .
1K GCH = 1
A
Hnh 4.18. S khi tnh ton KGCH = f(P) v 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P )
Block 3: Gi tr thng s phn b khi thu ca Veibull m ; m .
Block 4: Tnh lp tm gi tr hm phn b cc GHBM theo xc sut ph
hu: = f(P , m ), = f(P , m ) , theo phng trnh ng dng tuyt i khi
tnh cho tit din ngang dng hnh hp.
- 111 -

m +1
0 . 69 2
( 1 )m + 1 1 1 t

I = 2 , 3 lg (1 P ) = m +1 L
( 1 ) b h
u gi tr u ra , , P
Block 5: Cc gi tr u vo: t > 0; b > 0; b2 >0; h > 0; h2 >0; > 0 ; R > 0; -1 ; -1
Block 6: Tnh gi tr 1; 2; 3
Block 7: Tnh gi tr h s tp trung ng sut l thuyt vi trng hp trc bc c
chu un v chu xon ;
Block 8: Tnh gi tr GHBM ca KGCH u my D19E theo xc sut ph hu P%
A: Lu gi tr u ra 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P )
- S khi tnh ton HSATM sKGCH = f(P)vi chu trnh ti trng R 1 v chu trnh
ti trng R = var:
BT U 3
1 BT U 4
-1 ; -1 ; m ; m ; a ; a ; b 6
s m ax ; m ax ; i ; c; t b ; L; n i ; N 0 = 6.10 6
2 7
1 1 L C C
A ( k )DC = ; ( k )DC = = ;m = ;m =
-1KGCH -1KGCH tb ( k )D C ( k )D C
3 8
m ax max
4 = ; = ;
= 0, 02 + 2.10 . B ; = -1 K G C H -1 K G C H
2 k = 1 , 5 2 - 0 , 7 3 . ; k = 1 , 5 2 - 0 , 7 3 .

= ; = a = 0 ,1 5 + 0 , 8 5 .k + 2 (1 - k ) k 2
( k )DC ( k )DC a = 0 ,1 5 + 0 , 8 5 .k + 2 (1 - k ) k 2
4
9
-1
s = ; 1 1 k
a . ( k )D C + . m + . m e = m
a
m
N 0
i=1
i
m
. . n i ;

-1
s = 1 1 k
a ( k ) DC + . m + . m e = m
a
m
N 0
i=1
i
m
. . n i
10
5 -1KGCH
s .s A s = ; s = -1KGCH
e
s r 1 = e
k
s 2 + s 2 1 + 2 1 ( s 1 )
k
11 s .s
s r = vax =
s 2 + s 2
Lu d
Lu d
KT THC
Hnh 4.19. S khi tnh ton sKGCH = f(P)

Ch thch s khi:
Block 1: u vo -1; -1; m; m; a; a; b;
- 112 -
Block 2: Tnh cc gi tr tr h s tp trung ng sut thc t ( k )DC ; ( k )DC ;
Block 3: Tnh cc gi tr , , v : h s nh hng s bt cn i
n s gia gii hn ca vt liu;
Block 4: Tnh s: H s an ton ng sut php; s: H s an ton ng sut tip;
Block 5: Tnh h s an ton ton phn sR-1 = f(P);
Lu gi tr s, in v kt thc;
6
Block 6: u vo s max ; max ; i ; c; t b ; L; n i ; N 0 = 6.10 ;
Block 7: Tnh cc gi tr - s blc ti trng tc ng trong ph ti; m, m - s m
ca ng cong mi Wohler cho trng hp ng sut php v ng sut tip;
Block 8: Tnh cc gi tr tui th tng i cho trng hp ng sut php v tip;
Block 9: Tnh ng sut php tng ng tt; ng sut tip tng ng tt;
Block 10: Tnh s: H s an ton ng sut php; s : H s an ton ng sut tip;
Block 11: Tnh h s an ton ton phn sR=var = f(P);
Lu gi tr s, in v kt thc.
* Tnh ton theo kt qu o c ca Vin C hc
- T kt qu o c c cc s liu thng k, trng thi ng sut ca cc
im nguy him trn KGCH ca u my D19E 903 ko tu, theo ti liu [1] trong
Chng 1 ta c cc s liu u vo cho phn mm tnh ton nh sau:
max = t+ maxm + a ; = m + 2a
m = t + maxm ; a = 0,5
+ Tnh hung hm dng tu max = m; a =
+ Tnh hung khi ng on tu max = m; a =
+ Vi ng sut tnh t = 66 (MPa) v nh trnh by trn chn gi tr ln
nht ca ng sut theo phng ngang = 0,33 . Ta c ng sut php, ng sut
tip v s gia ng sut trn cc mt ct nguy him v nhy cm ca KGCH ng vi
cc tnh hung vn hnh cho trong cc bng 4.10 v trong mc 3.2 ph lc 3.
Bng 4.10. Cc gi tr ng sut cc im trn KGCH khi vt o Khe Nt
T im max(2) m a max m a
T o (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
1 A10 96,45 47,46 85,32 23,73 31,8285 15,6618 28,1556 7,8309
2 P2 90,465 57,54 77,97 28,77 29,85345 18,9882 25,7301 9,4941
3 A11 75,45 18,06 70,2 9,03 24,8985 5,9598 23,166 2,9799
4 P4 100,02 62,79 82,8 31,395 33,0066 20,7207 27,324 10,36035
5 A1 82,8 51,03 71,46 25,515 27,324 16,8399 23,5818 8,41995
6 A2 92,775 38,43 84,27 19,215 30,61575 12,6819 27,8091 6,34095
7 P7 111,255 59,64 95,4 29,82 36,71415 19,6812 31,482 9,8406
8 A9 119,235 82,53 99,6 41,265 39,34755 27,2349 32,868 13,61745
- 113 -
+ Thng k cc mc nh bin dng ng ca u my D19E ko tu E1
tuyn H Ni Nng, kt qu cho trong bng 4.11.
Bng 4.11. Thng k cc mc nh bin dng ng ca cc im trn KGCH
TT m/m (MPa) P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9
1 300 129 1 1 0 5 0 1 5 0 1
2 250 118,5 1 2 0 27 0 5 18 0 1
3 200 108 6 10 1 205 1 24 48 0 2
4 150 97.5 109 81 4 1567 5 244 418 4 12
5 100 87 2093 1031 64 8629 22 3133 4128 8 210
ca im A9 KGCH u my D19E vt o Khe Nt
phn b cc GHBM KGCH = f(P); GHBM 1d ; 1d = f(P); HSATM sKGCH = f(P),
ca im A9 v cc im khc trn cc mt ct nguy him ca KGCH u my
D19E vt o Khe Nt, cho trong bng 4.12 v khi vn hnh u my cc tnh
hung khc nhau cho trong ph lc 5.
Bng 4.12. Kt qu tnh sKGCH = f(P) ca cc im KGCH u my D19E vt o Khe Nt
TT P% A1KN A2KN A9KN A10KN A11KN P2KN P4KN P7KN
1 0,0001 1,736 1,986 1,253 1,771 2,911 1,604 1,513 1,534
2 0,01 1,856 2,114 1,335 1,887 3,091 1,712 1,614 1,633
3 0,05 1,913 2,172 1,378 1,942 3,162 1,766 1,665 1,682
4 0,1 1,941 2,201 1,399 1,969 3,195 1,792 1,691 1,706
5 0,2 1,971 2,229 1,423 1,997 3,224 1,821 1,717 1,732
6 0,3 1,991 2,246 1,439 2,015 6,241 1,839 1,735 1,749
7 0,4 2,005 2,259 1,452 2,028 3,251 1,853 1,749 1,762
8 0,5 2,018 2,271 1,463 2,039 3,261 1,866 1,761 1,773
9 0,6 2,029 2,28 1,473 2,049 3,267 1,876 1,771 1,783
10 0,7 2,039 2,288 1,482 2,059 3,271 1,886 1,791 1,792
11 0,8 2,05 2,297 1,493 2,059 3,275 1,899 1,793 1,802
- 114 -
12 0,9 2,063 2,306 1,505 2,089 3,278 1,911 1,805 1,814
13 0,95 2,073 2,314 1,515 2,089 3,281 1,921 1,815 1,823
14 0,99 2,089 2,325 1,531 2,101 3,281 1,936 1,831 1,837
15 0,9999 2,111 2,338 1,555 2,119 3,272 1,958 1,854 1,857
- Tng hp cc im trn KGCH u my D19E c xc sut ph hy vi gi
tr ng sut ln hn GHBM v HSATM nh hn gi tr cho php khi vn hnh u
my vt o Khe Nt (ch xt ng sut php, tnh ton theo phng trnh ng
dng tuyt i) cho trong bng 4.13 v khi vn hnh u my cc tnh hung
khc nhau cho trong ph lc 8.
Bng 4.13. Xc sut ph hy ti cc im trn KGCH c gi tr ng sut ln hn
GHBM v HSATM nh hn gi tr cho php khi vt o Khe Nt
T max P% P%
T
im o R
(MPa) > -1KGCH)
( (sKGCH < [s])
1 A10 96,45 0,50793157 60 100
2 P2 90,465 0,36395291 20 100
3 A11 75,45 0,76063618 0,1
4 P4 100,02 0,37222555 80 100
5 A1 82,8 0,38369565 1 100
6 A2 92,775 0,58577203 30 100
7 P7 111,255 0,46393421 100 100
8 A9 119,235 0,30783746 100 100
* Tnh ton theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc
- Cn c kt qu o c ca Trung Quc Chng 1, cc s liu u vo cho
phn mm tnh ton c xc nh nh trong phn Tnh ton theo kt qu o c
ca Vin C hc, trn . Cc gi tr ng sut ti im 34 trn tm ng ca x bn
b mt gim chn (ch tnh ton vi mc ng sut ln hn 40 MPa) nh sau:
Bng 4.14. Cc mc gi tr ng sut ca im 34 trn KGCH
max m a max m a
Tn s
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
22,5 11,25 18 5,625 7,425 3,7125 5,94 1,85625 1569
27,5 13,75 22 6,875 9,075 4,5375 7,26 2,26875 108
32,5 16,25 26 8,125 10,725 5,3625 8,58 2,68125 39
37,5 18,75 30 9,375 12,375 6,1875 9,9 3,09375 28
42,5 21,25 34 10,625 14,025 7,0125 11,22 3,50625 14
47,5 23,75 38 11,875 15,675 7,8375 12,54 3,91875 11
52,5 26,25 42 13,125 17,325 8,6625 13,86 4,33125 8,5
57,5 28,75 46 14,375 18,975 9,4875 15,18 4,74375 5
62,5 31,25 50 15,625 20,625 10,3125 16,5 5,15625 2
67,5 33,75 54 16,875 22,275 11,1375 17,82 5,56875 2
72,5 36,25 58 18,125 23,925 11,9625 19,14 5,98125 1
77,5 38,75 62 19,375 25,575 12,7875 20,46 6,39375 1
82,5 41,25 66 20,625 27,225 13,6125 21,78 6,80625 1
- 115 -
87,5 43,75 70 21,875 28,875 14,4375 23,1 7,21875 0
97,5 48,75 78 24,375 32,175 16,0875 25,74 8,04375 1
- S dng phn mm tnh ton c c kt qu tnh ton hm phn b cc
KGCH = f(P); 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; HSATM sKGCH = f(P) ca im 34 trn tm ng
ca x dc bn b mt gim chn ca KGCH u my D19E cho trong hnh 4.21
ca im 34, KGCH u my D19E theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc
* Tnh ton theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt:
- Cn c kt qu tnh ton ng sut ti cc im trn KGCH nh phn mm
SOLIDWORK COSMOS trong mc 4.2.1.3, c c cc thng s u vo cho
phn mm tnh ton chuyn dng
phn b cc KGCH = f(P); 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; sKGCH = f(P) ca im P9 v cc
im khc trn cc mt ct nguy him ca KGCH cho trong hnh 4.22 v ph lc 5.
Hnh 4.22.Kt qu tnh ton KGCH = f(P); 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; sKGCH = f(P)
ca im P9, KGCH u my D19E theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt
- 116 -
* T cc kt qu tnh ton nh phn mn chuyn dng, c th nhn xt nh sau:
- Ti cc im nguy him trn KGCH c tnh theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt
c cc gi tr ng sut khng ln hn GHBM, cn tnh theo kt qu o c ca
Vin C hc Vit Nam v pha Trung Quc c nhiu im vt qu GHBM (-
1KGCH) ng vi xc sut ph hy 100 % nhiu trng thi vn hnh khc nhau.
- HSATM sKGCH = f(P%) ca im P9 trn KGCH c gi tr nh hn gi tr cho php

tnh theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc v theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt.
- HSATM sKGCH = f(P%) ca cc im nguy him trn KGCH khi vn hnh u
my on gn Hong mai, ng xu c gi tr nh hn gi tr cho php.
- HSATM sKGCH = f(P%) ca cc im P4, P7 KGCH khi vn hnh u my
on Yn Thi Minh Khi, ng tt c gi tr nh hn gi tr cho php.
- HSATM sKGCH = f(P%) ca cc im trn KGCH khi vn hnh u my
D19E t ga Kim Lin ln Trm nh o u c gi tr nh hn gi tr cho php.
my t ga Lng C n ga Hi Vn Bc u c gi tr nh hn gi tr cho php.
my D19E vt o Khe Nt u c gi tr nh hn gi tr cho php tr im A11.
c. Xy dng phn mm tnh ton GHBM v HSATM ca TBX u my D19E
theo phng trnh ng dng tng i
c th xc nh c GHBM v HSATM ca TBX u my D19E theo
phng trnh ng dng tng i vi xc sut ph hu P% v biu din mi quan
h gia chng vi xc sut ph hu. xy dng phn mm tin hc s dng ngn
ng lp trnh Visual Basic, nh i vi phng trnh ng dng tuyt i trn.
* S khi tnh ton
theo phng trnh ng dng ph hy mi tng i cho TBX u my D19E theo
cc s khi sau:
S khi 1 tnh ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi trc b un u
S khi 2 tnh ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi trc b xon x
S khi 3 tnh ton GHBM ca TBX 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P )
S khi 4 tnh ton HSATM ca TBX sTBX = f(P)
Ch thch s khi:
Block 1: Cc gi tr u vo cc kch thc ca mu v TBX: Dm; dm; m > 0;
Dct; dct; ct > 0
Block 2: Tnh gi tr m men chng un vi mu v TBX: Wmu; Wctu
Block 3: Gi tr thng s t
- 117 -
Block 4: Gi tr thng s m v ct
Block 5 v 6: Tnh gi tr kch thc tng i ca mu v TBX
Block 7 v 8: Tnh gi tr graien tng i ca ng sut un cc i ca mu
chun trn v chi tit khi trc b un .
Block 9: Tnh ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi TBX b un - u
BT U 1
BT U 2
1
Dm; dm; m > 0 10
Dct; dct; ct > 0
Dm; dm; m; Dct; dct; ct
2
Wmu=0,1 d 3 ; Wct=0,1 d 3
m ct
11
3 Dm d m ;
D dct
3
Wmx=0,2 d m ; Wctx=0,2 d ct
3
tm = t ct = ct
2 2
4 12
1 1,15 2 1,15 2
m =
1 ct = G mx = + ; G ctx = + ;
t t m d m ct d ct
4 m + 2 4 ct + 2

m ct
13
5 6 Gctx .Wmx
; D ct Dm D ;
Dm
1,5 1,5
dm
1,5 ct 1,5
d ct
x =
dm d ct Gmx .Wctx
7 8
2,3 2 2, 3 (1 + m ) 2
G mu = + ; G mu = + ;
m d m m dm
2, 3 2 2,3 (1 + ct ) 2
G ctu = + ; G ctu = + ;
ct d ct ct d ct
9
G ctu .Wmu
u = ;
G mu .Wctu
BT U 3
14 BT U 4
P; Up ; 100< b <1800 MPa
19
a ; a
15
1 m ; = = ; 1 m ; ( 1 = 1 m ; 1 = 1 m )
15 20
s s = s = s ; a ' = a ' = a ' ; ( 0 , 0 2 < s s < 0 , 0 6 )
1TBX
16 s = ;s = 1TBX ;
; ; c ; b
a a
17 21
1m
17 k = ;k = 1m ;c = c s .s
b b b s=
b '
= + .k (1 ) c ; s 2 + s 2

'
b = + .k (1 ) c ;
18 '
LU D, IN, TH
u p .s
-1T B X = -1m ( + a ' . bu .10 )
' u p .s
-1 T B X = -1 m ( + a ' . bx .1 0 )
KT THC
LU D, IN , TH
Hnh 4.23. S khi tnh ton u , x , 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) v sTBX = f(P) ca TBX
- 118 -
Lu gi tr u ra ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi TBX b un - u
Block 10: Cc gi tr u vo cc kch thc ca mu v TBX: Dm; dm; m > 0;
Dct; dct; ct > 0
Block 11: Tnh gi tr m men chng xon vi mu v TBX: Wmx; Wctx
Block 12: Tnh gi tr graien tng i ca ng sut un cc i ca mu chun
trn v TBX b xon .
Block 13: Tnh ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi TBX b xon - x
Lu gi tr u ra ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi TBX b xon - x
Block 14: Cc gi tr u vo cc kch thc ca mu v TBX: P; Up; 100< B <1800
Block 15: Xc nh cc thng s ca phng trnh ng dng
Block 16: Tnh gi tr cc thng s xc nh h s mi ca vt liu phn nh c
trng cu trc v iu kin lm vic ca TBX
Block 17: Tnh gi tr cc thng s xc nh h s mi
Block 18: Tnh gi tr gii hn mi khi chu un v xon ti khu yu nht trong
TBX s gy ra s ph hu xc xut p 0 0 ;
Lu gi tr u ra gii hn mi ca TBX
Block 19: Cc gi tr u vo ng sut s gia a ; a
Block 20: Tnh s: H s an ton ng sut php; s: H s an ton ng sut tip.
Block 21: Tnh h s an ton ton phn
Lu gi tr u ra, th v kt thc.
* Kt qu tnh ton
- Nhp s liu u vo theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt
T kt qu tnh ton l thuyt nh phn mm SOLIDWORK COSMOS c
c cc gi tr ng sut ti cc mt ct trn TBX u my trong mc 4.2.2.3
phn b cc GHBM TBX = f(P); GHBM 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) ; HSATM sTBX = f(P)
ca mt ct I cho trong hnh 4.24 v cc mt ct ca TBX u my D19E cho trong
mc 5.4 ca ph lc 5.
- Kt qu tnh ton HSATM sTBX = f(P) ca cc mt ct trn TBX u my
D19E cho trong cc bng 4.15.
* Nhn xt:
- Gi tr ng sut ti cc mt ct u c gi tr nh hn nhiu GHBM ca TBX
- HSATM sTBX = f(P) ca mt ct II ca TBX u my D19E c gi tr nh
hn 2,5 v ln hn 2,0. cn li cc mt ct u ln hn 2,5
- 119 -
Hnh 4.24. Kt qu tnh ton u; x; 1TBX ; 1TBX = f (P ) ; sTBX = f(P)

ca mt ct I ca TBX u my D19E
Bng 4.15. Kt qu tnh ton sTBX = f(P) ca cc mt ct TBX u my D19E
TT P% MC I MC II MC III MC IV MC V MC VI MC VII
1 0,0001 2,608 2,366 5,581 4,888 6,014 6,306 5,915
2 0,01 2,628 2,379 5,666 4,938 6,141 6,446 5,995
3 0,05 2,638 2,386 5,713 4,966 6,211 6,523 6,039
4 0,1 2,644 2,392 5,739 4,981 6,249 6,567 6,064
5 0,2 2,652 2,396 5,772 5,001 6,299 6,622 6,095
6 0,3 2,658 2,401 5,797 5,016 6,337 6,664 6,119
7 0,4 2,663 2,404 5,819 5,029 6,371 6,701 6,139
8 0,5 2,667 2,407 5,84 5,042 6,402 6,736 6,159
9 0,6 2,673 2,411 5,862 5,055 6,435 6,773 6,18
10 0,7 2,678 4,415 5,866 5,069 6,471 6,813 6,203
11 0,8 2,685 2,419 5,915 5,086 6,515 6,862 6,23
12 0,9 2,694 2,426 5,956 5,111 6,579 6,933 6,269
13 0,95 2,703 2,432 5,993 5,132 6,634 6,994 6,303
14 0,99 2,717 2,443 6,054 5,169 6,728 7,099 6,362
15 0,9999 2,758 2,472 6,227 5,271 6,991 7,395 6,525
d. Xy dng phn mm tnh ton GHBM v HSATM ca KGCH u my
D19E theo phng trnh ng dng tng i
c th xc nh c GHBM v HSATM ca KGCH u my D19E
theo phng trnh ng dng tng i vi xc sut ph hu (khi vn hnh u
my cc trng thi khc nhau vi cc yu t nh hng) v biu din mi quan
h gia chng vi xc sut ph hu, xy dng phn mm tin hc s dng ngn
ng lp trnh Visual Basic, nh i vi phng trnh ng dng tuyt i trn.
* S khi tnh ton
theo phng trnh ng dng ph hy mi tng i cho KGCH u my D19E
theo cc s khi hnh sau:
S khi 1 tnh ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi KGCH b un u
S khi 2 tnh ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi KGCH b xon x
- 120 -
S khi 3 tnh ton GHBM ca KGCH, 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P )
S khi 4 tnh ton HSATM ca KGCH, sKGCH = f(P)
BT U 1
1 BT U 2
Dm; dm;m; ct > 0 11
D; d1; d2;r; h > 0 Dm; dm; m; ct > 0
2
3 3 4
D; d1; d2;r; h > 0
Wmu=0,1 d m ; = d1 ; Wctu=0,1 D (1 )
D
12
3
tm =
D m dm Wmx=0,2 d 3m ; = d1 ;
2 D
4 Wctx=0,2 D 3 (1 4 )
1
m = 13
tm 1,15 2
4 + 2 G mx = + ;
m m dm
6 1 ,1 5 2
5 G ctx = + ;
Dm Dm ct d ct
1, 5 1, 5
dm dm 14
7 8
G ctx .W mx
x =
2, 3 2 2, 3 (1 + m ) 2 G mx .Wctx
G mu = + ; G mu = + ;
m dm m dm
9 BT U 4
2 21
G ct = G K G C H =
h 1 ; 1 ; m ; m ; a ; a
10 ;;B
G ctu .W m u
u = ; 22
G m u .W ctu
1 1
(k ) DC = ; (k ) DC = ;
BT U 3 1K G C H 1K G C H
1 = 1 ; 1 = 1
15
P%; up 23

= 0 , 0 2 + 2 .1 0 4 . b ; = ;
16

2
1m ; = = ; 1m ; ( 1 = 1m ; 1 = 1m )
16
= ; = ;
s s = s = s ; a ' = a ' = a ' ; (0, 02 < s s < 0, 06) (k )DC (k )DC
17 24
k 1 1
; ; c ; b ; = <1
k 1K G C H 1K G C H
18
19 1m 25
' u .s
= + a' .bu .10 p k = ; k = 1m ; c = c
s 25
1
b b b =
k
' b' up .s ' a + . m + . m
= + a . .10
x
b
= + .k (1 ) c ;

'
b = + .k (1 ) c ; 1

s =
k
a + . m + . m
20 '

u p .s
-1K G C H = -1 m ( + a ' . bu .10 )
26
' u p .s ss
-1K G C H = -1m ( + a ' . bx .10 ) s =
k
2 2
s + s [1 + 2 (1
)(s 1)]
k
LU D
LU D
KT THC
Hnh 4.25. S khi Tnh u , x , 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) v sKGCH = f(P) ca KGCH

- 121 -
Ch thch s khi:
Block 1: Cc gi tr u vo cc kch thc ca mu v KGCH: Dm; dm; m; ct
>0; D; d1; d2; r; h > 0;
Block 2: Tnh gi tr m men chng un vi mu v KGCH: Wmu ; Wctu ;
Block 3: Gi tr thng s t ;
Block 4: Gi tr thng s m ;
Block 5 v 6: Tnh gi tr kch thc tng i ca mu;
Block 7 v 8: Tnh gi tr graien tng i ca ng sut un cc i ca mu
chun trn khi b un; .
Block 9: Tnh gi tr graien tng i ca ng sut un cc i ca x dc KGCH
khi b un; .
Block 10: Tnh ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi x dc KGCH b un - u;
Lu gi tr u ra ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi x dc KGCH b un - u ;
Block 11: Cc gi tr u vo cc kch thc ca mu v KGCH: Dm; dm; m;
ct > 0; D; d1; d2; r; h > 0;
Block 12: Tnh gi tr m men chng xon vi mu v KGCH: Wmx ; Wctx ;
Block 13: Tnh gi tr graien tng i ca ng sut un cc i ca mu chun
trn v x dc KGCH b xon;
Block 14: Tnh ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi x dc KGCH b xon - x ;
Lu gi tr u ra ch tiu ng dng ph hu mi khi x dc KGCH b xon - x;
Block 15: Cc gi tr u vo cc kch thc ca mu v KGCH: P%; Up;
100 < b <1800 MPa;
Block16: Xc nh cc thng s ca phng trnh ng dng tng i;
Block 17: Tnh gi tr cc thng s xc nh h s mi ca vt liu phn nh c
trng cu trc v iu kin lm vic ca KGCH;
Block 18: Tnh gi tr cc thng s xc nh h s mi;
Block 19: Tnh gi tr h s nh hng ca kch thc ; ;.
Block 20: Tnh gi tr gii hn mi khi x dc KGCH chu un v xon ti khu
yu nht trong x dc s gy ra s ph hu xc xut p 0 0 ;
Lu gi tr u ra gii hn mi ca KGCH;
Block 21: Cc gi tr u vo ng sut bin a ; a ;
Block 22: Tnh h s tp trung ng sut thc t ca KGXH khi chu un v xon;
Block 23: Tnh , , v : h s nh hng s bt cn i n bin
gii hn ca vt liu lm KGCH;
Block 24: Tnh t s h s tp trung ng sut thc t ca x dc KGXH khi chu
un v xon K / K ;
- 122 -
Block 25: Tnh s: H s an ton ng sut php; s: H s an ton ng sut tip;
Block 26: Tnh h s an ton ton phn ca KGCH;
Lu gi tr u ra , th v kt thc.
* Tnh ton theo kt qu o c ca Vin C hc
- T kt qu o c c cc s liu thng k, trng thi ng sut ca cc im
nguy him trn KGCH ca u my D19E 903 ko tu, theo ti liu [1] trong
Chng 1. X l v nhp cc s liu u vo cho phn mm tnh ton tng t
nh mc 4.3.1.1.2 trn.
- S dng phn mm tnh ton chuyn dng c c kt qu tnh ton ch tiu
ng dng u; x; GHBM 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; HSATM sKGCH = f(P) ca im A9
vi cc trng thi vn dng u my vt o Khe Nt cho trong hnh 4.26, bng
4.16 v cc im khc ca KGCH u my D19E trong mc 5.2 ca ph lc 5.
Hnh 4.26. Kt qu tnh ton u ; x; 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; sKGCH = f(P)

ca im A9 KGCH u my D19E vt o Khe Nt.
Bng 4.16. Kt qu tnh ton sKGCH = f(P) ca cc im KGCH u my D19E vt
o Khe Nt
TT P% A1DKN A2DKN A9DKN A10DKN A11DKN P2DKN A11DKN P7DKN
1 0,0001 7,256 7,679 4,784 6,918 11,395 6,53 7,418 5,835
2 0,01 7,621 7,939 5,05 7,202 11,569 6,865 7,931 6,099
3 0,05 7,792 8,056 5,178 7,333 11,634 7,025 8,184 6,222
4 0,1 7,882 8,114 5,245 7,399 11,661 7,108 8,317 6,286
5 0,2 7,989 8,181 5,326 7,477 11,689 7,207 8,477 6,316
6 0,3 8,064 8,226 5,383 7,531 11,704 7,277 8,592 6,413
7 0,4 8,126 8,262 5,43 7,575 11,714 7,335 8,688 6,456
8 0,5 8,183 8,295 5,474 7,615 11,721 7,388 8,777 6,496
9 0,6 8,239 8,326 5,517 7,653 11,725 7,44 8,864 6,534
10 0,7 8,297 8,356 5,563 7,693 11,726 7,495 8,956 6,573
11 0,8 8,363 8,389 5,614 7,736 11,724 7,556 9,062 6,617
12 0,9 8,449 8,43 5,683 7,792 11,714 7,637 9,203 6,674
13 0,95 8,516 8,459 5,737 7,833 11,699 7,701 9,314 6,717
14 0,99 8,616 8,496 5,82 7,892 11,661 7,795 9,484 6,781
15 0,9999 8,811 8,53 5,99 7,985 11,496 7,982 9,834 6,894
- 123 -
- Nhn xt:
Cc gi tr ng sut o c ti cc im nhy cm trn KGCH u nh hn
nhiu so vi GHBM 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P )
HSATM sKGCH = f(P) ca cc im KGCH khi vn hnh u my t ga Kim
Lin ln Trm nh o c gi tr nh nht (im A2, A9, P4) v ln hn HSATM
cho php.
* Tnh ton theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc
- Cn c kt qu o c ca Trung Quc Chng 1, c x l v nhp
cc s liu nh phn b ca mc 4.3.1.1.2 trn.
- S dng phn mm tnh ton c c kt qu tnh ton ch s ng dng u;
x; GHBM 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; HSATM sKGCH = f(P) ca im 34 trn tm ng
ca x dc bn b mt gim chn ca KGCH u my D19E cho trong hnh 4.27

ca im 34, KGCH u my D19E theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc
- Nhn xt: ng sut o c ti im 34 trn x dc KGCH nh hn GHBM
KGCH v HSATM sKGCH = f(P) tnh theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc ln hn
gi tr cho php.
* Tnh ton theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt
- Cn c kt qu tnh ton ng sut ti cc im trn KGCH nh phn mm
SOLIDWORK COSMOS trong mc 4.2.1.3, c c cc thng s u vo cho
phn mm tnh ton chuyn dng
- S dng phn mm tnh ton c c kt qu tnh ton ch s ng dng u; x;
GHBM 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) ; HSATM sKGCH = f(P) ca mt im P9 cho trong hnh
4.28 v cc im khc ca KGCH u my D19E trong mc 5.2 ph lc 5.
- 124 -

ca im P9 trn KGCH theo l thuyt
- Nhn xt: ng sut ti im tnh nh hn GHBM ca KGCH v HSATM sKGCH =
f(P) ca cc im KGCH tnh theo kt qu l thuyt u ln hn gi tr cho php
e. Tnh ton GHBM v HSATM ca KGCH u my D19E t nhp th 3
theo phng trnh ng dng tuyt i
ca KGCH u my D19E t nhp th 3 ang vn dng ti X nghip u my H
Ni theo phng trnh ng dng tuyt i vi xc sut ph hu P%. Khi vn hnh
u my t nhp th 3 cc trng thi khc nhau vi cc yu t nh hng nh t
nhp u tin, ta s dng phn mm tin hc xy dng trn tnh ton.
Nhp s liu u vo theo kch thc thay i ca kt cu KGCH t nhp
th 3 thng 8/2004, ng thi cn c theo kt qu tnh ton nh phn mm c hc
SOLIDWORK COSMOS v kt qu o c ca Vin C hc Vit Nam [1],
tnh ton GHBM v HSATM cho im A9 ca KGCH ng vi tnh hung khi vn
hnh u my vt o Khe Nt, kt qu tnh cho trong hnh 4.29
ca im A9 KGCH u my D19E t nhp th 3 vt o Khe Nt
- 125 -
Nhn xt: Ti im A9 KGCH u my D19E KGCH t nhp th 3 c gi
tr ng sut nh hn GHBM v HSATM c gi tr ln hn so vi l nhp th nht
khi vt o Khe Nt. Qua thy c s nh hng ca kch thc n bn
mi l ln.
4.3.2. Tnh ton bn mi theo ngng pht trin vt nt mi.
4.3.2.1. Tnh ton bn mi KGCH u my D19E theo ngng pht trin
vt nt mi.
*Xc nh ngng pht trin vt nt
- T kt qu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt Chng 3, tp
hp cc kt qu tng ng vi da/dN khong 10-7 n 10-8 cho trong bng 4.17 v
trong ph lc 2.3 ca ph lc 2, c th xc nh c ngng s gia HSCUS pht
trin vt nt (K)th ca vt liu lm KGCH u my D19E theo gi tr trung bnh
s liu th nghim c thng k:
Bng 4.17 Kt qu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt vt liu KGCH
da/dN - mm/chu k K MPa.m^0,5 R-h s
3,25E-07 1,23E+01 1,08E-01
6,89E-08 1,10E+01 1,01E-01
4,01E-07 1,28E+01 9,58E-02
9,35E-08 1,01E+01 1,27E-01
1,07E-07 1,16E+01 9,99E-02
8,48E-08 9,31E+00 1,02E-01
7,77E-08 1,08E+01 1,36E-01
5,53E-07 1,16E+01 1,15E-01
8,01E-08 9,26E+00 9,95E-02
5,03E-08 1,04E+01 1,24E-01
8,86E-08 1,27E+01 1,00E-01
4,01E-08 9,82E+00 1,00E-01
3,35E-07 1,29E+01 1,03E-01
6,69E-08 1,10E+01 1,01E-01
4,04E-07 1,29E+01 9,78E-02
1,05E-07 9,64E+00 9,98E-02
7,75E-08 1,18E+01 1,13E-01
3,53E-07 1,26E+01 1,27E-01
2,97E-07 1,21E+01 1,21E-01
6,53E-08 1,22E+01 1,17E-01
9,01E-08 9,33E+00 9,92E-02
5,13E-08 1,14E+01 1,25E-01
7,86E-08 1,13E+01 1,02E-01
- 126 -
4,41E-08 9,72E+00 1,00E-01
2,25E-07 1,26E+01 1,03E-01
7,68E-08 1,07E+01 1,01E-01
2,14E-07 1,27E+01 9,78E-02
6,38E-08 1,05E+01 1,01E-01
1,34E-07 1,21E+01 9,78E-02
7,32E-08 1,12E+01 1,27E-01
Gi tr trung bnh ca cc i lng thu c nh sau:
da/dN = 1,57 .10-07 mm/chu k
K = 11,3 MPa.m1/2 ; R = 0,108
C th thy t kt qu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt ca vt
liu lm KGCH ta c gi tr ngng: (K)th = 11,3 MPa.m1/2 ng vi R = 0,1
n
- Theo cng thc (2.10) ca Paris da/dN = C.(K)
Logarit hai v: lg(da/dN) = n.lg( K) + lgC
T kt qu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt Chng 3, ta
thy gia 2 i lng log(da/dN) v log(K), tn ti mt mi tng quan tuyn
tnh. S dng phn mm chuyn dng, xc nh c biu thc gii tch ca mi
quan h gia log(da/dN) v log(K) cho trong hnh 4.30 nh sau:
Hnh 4.30. th quan h gia log(da/dN) v log(K) ca vt liu KGCH

Kt qu c phng trnh: y = 4,4913.x - 11,652
Vy c th xc nh c cc h s: C = 2,228435e-12 ; n = 4,4913
Xc nh c ngng ca s gia HSCUS pht trin vt nt (K)th
Vi da/dN = 10-7 th (K)th = 10,8513 MPa.m1/2 vi R = 0,1
- 127 -
- Trong mhiu cng trnh nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc v xc nh
ngng pht trin vt nt (K)th ca thp nhit bnh thng trong khng kh,
cho thy s ph thuc ca i lng ny vo gii hn chy c v h s chu k ng
sut R trong cng thc thc nghim gn ng [27]:
(K)th = 12,7 0,006c (11,37 0,0065c)R (4.61)
Trong c gii hn chy, MPa
T kt qu th nghim Chng 3, xc nh c gii hn chy ca vt
liu KGCH c = 300 MPa;
Vy i vi h s R = 0,1 c ngng (K)th = 9.958 MPa m1/2
- Nhn xt: Kt qu xc nh ngng pht trin vt nt ca vt liu lm
KGCH c 3 phng php trn u cho gi tr gn ging nhau. Vi vt liu lm
KGCH: (K)th 10 MPa m1/2 vi h s R = 0,1 ng vi da/dN = 10-7
V c bn vt nt khng pht trin khi tc pht trin da/dN < 10-710-8
mm/chu trnh, do c th tnh c s gia HSCUS K ng vi da/dN = 10-8
ly lm tr s ngng ca vt liu lm KGCH: (K)th*.
(K)th* = 6,5028 MPa m1/2 vi h s R = 0,1 ng vi da/dN = 10-8
Nh vy gi tr ngng cn khong 60 % so vi K* ng vi da/dN = 10-7
Trong tnh ton ly ngng pht trin vt nt ca vt liu lm KGCH c vt
nt dng I, ti cc im nguy him chu ng sut ln nht cc tnh hung vn
hnh u my c th dng cng thc thc nghim xc nh ngng pht trin
vt nt ca vt liu vi cc h s bt i xng ca chu trnh ti trng R khc nhau.
* Tnh ton (K)i v ngng (K)th* ng vi chu trnh ti trng R
Tnh tan theo kt qu o c ca ca Vin c hc Vit nam
Tnh ton s gia cng ng sut ca vt liu lm KGCH ti cc im
thuc mt ct nguy him ca KGCH ng vi cc tnh hung vn hnh u my c
cc h s bt i xng ca chu trnh ti trng R khc nhau.
- Trc tin, tnh ton h s cng ng sut K ca kt cu KGCH c vt
nt dng I theo cng thc (2.2): K I = a . f (g )
trong : ng sut ln nht ti mt ct nguy him c xc nh theo kt qu o
trng thi ng sut cc im nguy him trn KGCH ca Vin c hc Vit nam [1]
a- chiu di vt nt. Theo mc 2.1.3.1 chng 2 xut pht t gc
ng dng, khi tnh ton c th cho kch thc nh nht ca vt nt l 0,1 0,5
mm, su ca vt nt l 0,15 mm. Trong trng hp ny ly a = 0,5 mm
f(g)- tham s khng th nguyn, gi l h s hiu chnh, hoc l h s'
hnh hc ca cu kin c vt nt;
i vi vt nt mt cnh
- 128 -
2 3 4
a a a a
f ( g ) = 1 ,12 0 , 231 + 10 , 55 + 21 , 72 + 30 , 95
b b b b
i vi tm di ca x dc KGCH c coi l tm rng hu hn c vt nt
xuyn thu c chiu rng l b, chiu di vt nt l a xuyn thu, chu tc dng ng
sut ko thng gc vi b mt vt nt.
Chiu rng tm y di ca x dc KGCH b = 180 mm
Vy f(g) = 1,11964 = 1,12
- Trong thc t vic ng dng l thuyt c hc ph hu, ngi ta a vo
khi nim chiu di vt nt tnh ton nhm tin hnh hiu chnh kt qu tnh
ton ca c hc ph hu. Chiu di vt nt c th tnh ton nh sau:
a = att + w
Trong :
att chiu di vt nt thc t;
w kch thc vng bin dng do, c tnh theo cng thc (2.7)
S dng phng php thay chn tin hnh thc hin vic tnh ton cng
ng sut KI: theo ti liu [10] ta c
Bc 1: Thay tr s a vo cng thc K I = a . f ( g ) tnh c KI0
2
1 KI
Bc 2: em KI0 thay vo cng thc W mon = tnh c Wmon0
2 0
Bc 3: em a = att + wmon0 thay vo cng thc K I = a . f ( g ) tnh c KI1
Bc 4: Lp li cc bc, ti khi K I( n ) K I( n 1 ) tho mn yu cu sai s cho trc.
Bc 5: Ly KI(n) lm kt qu cui cng ca KI
- Tnh ton KI h s cng ng sut v chiu di vt nt c tnh n kch
thc vng bin dng do ti cc mt ct nguy him ca KGCH ng vi cc tnh
hung vn hnh u my, cho trong bng 4.18 v cc bng trong ph lc 6.
Bng 4.18. Chiu di vt nt trn KGCH khi tu chy vt o Khe Nt

T max Kli W a
im o
T (MPa) (MPa.m1/2) (m) (m)
1 A10 96,45 4,988407 0,000179 0,000679
2 P2 90,465 4,581243 0,000151 0,000651
3 A11 75,45 4,337482 0,000339 0,000839
4 P4 100,02 5,244322 0,000198 0,000698
5 A1 82,8 5,122973 0,000473 0,000973
6 A2 92,775 4,735366 0,000161 0,000661
7 P7 111,255 6,127846 0,00027 0,00077
8 A9 119,235 6,846703 0,000337 0,000837
- 129 -
- ng thi tnh s gia HSCUS (K) theo cng thc (K) = KI(1 - R), so
snh vi kt qu tnh ton tr s ngng ca vt liu lm KGCH: (K)th* cho
trng hp vi da/dN=10-8 tng ng vi h s bt i xng ca chu trnh ta
trng R ti cc im trn mt ct nguy him ca KGCH vi cc tnh hung vn
hnh u my, kt qu cho trong bng 4.19 v cc bng trong ph lc 7:
Bng 4.19 Kt qu tnh ton (K)Ii v ngng (K)th* ti cc im trn KGCH
khi tu chy t ga Kim Lin ln Trm nh o
T im max Kli K)li
( K)atb*
(
R
T o (MPa) (MPa.m1/2) (MPa.m1/2) (MPa.m1/2)
1 P1 89.94 0.54469646 4.546731127 2.070142777 3.46137561
2 P2 109.47 0.49355988 5.978922161 3.027966057 3.75039956
3 A11 107.16 0.37094065 5.790876414 3.642804953 4.44344345
4 P4 127.74 0.36214185 7.731911227 4.931862591 4.49317426
5 A1 106.32 0.46077878 5.723950047 3.086475328 3.93567834
6 A2 126.795 0.40873063 7.626695866 4.50943166 4.22985448
7 P7 118.185 0.44561493 6.748611044 3.741329206 4.02138442
8 A9 137.925 0.39249592 9.009592659 5.4733643 4.32161306
- Nhn xt:
+ Khi vn hnh u my khu gian c ng dc cao, ng cong bn knh
nh t ga Kim Lin ln Trm nh o, ti im P4, A2 v A9 c (K) ln hn
(K)th*. Nh vy tai ba im , vt nt s pht trin v ty thuc vo tn s ph
ti tc dng ln cc im khi vn hnh u my t ga Kim Lin ln Trm nh
o. Cn im P7 c (K) gn bng gi tr ngng (K)th*
+ Khi vn hnh u my khu gian ng dc nh o Khe Nt v t ga
Lng C n ga Hai Vn Bc c mt s im c (K) gn bng gi tr ngng
(K)th* nh im A9; A1
+ Khi vn hnh u my khu gian ng bng thng, cht lng ng tt
v trong qu trnh qu khi hm dng, khi ng tr li, cc im u c (K)
nh hn (K)th*, vt nt s khng pht trin.
Tnh ton theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc
Cn c theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc Chng 1 chn gi tr ng
sut ng lc ln nht ti im 34 trn tm ng ca KGCH u my chy trn
tuyn H Ni - Nng l 97,5 MPa tnh ton, ng thi cn c theo kt qu
o c ca Vin C hc nhn thy h s ti trng cc trng thi vn hnh on
tu t 0,3 n 0,9. Vy c th xc nh c chiu di vt nt, s gia h s cng
ng sut K ti im 34 v ngng pht trin vt nt ca vt liu KGCH nh
sau, kt qu cho trong bng 4.20.
- 130 -
Bng 4.20 Kt qu tnh ton (K)Ii v ngng (K)th* ti im 34 trn
KGCH tnh theo kt qu o c ca Trung Quc
T max a Kli (K)li (K)th *
R 1/2
T (MPa) (m) (MPa.m ) (MPa.m1/2) (MPa.m1/2)
1 97,5 0,3 0,001495743 7,48369261 5,23858483 5,2481
2 97,5 0,4 0,001495743 7,48369261 4,49021557 4,6358
3 97,5 0,5 0,001495743 7,48369261 3,7418463 4,0235
4 97,5 0,6 0,001495743 7,48369261 2,99347704 3,4112
5 97,5 0,7 0,001495743 7,48369261 2,24510778 2,7989
6 97,5 0,8 0,001495743 7,48369261 1,49673852 2,1866
7 97,5 0,9 0,001495743 7,48369261 0,74836926 1,5743
Nhn xt:
Khi vn hnh u my chy trn tuyn H Ni - Nng ti im 34 trn
tm ng ca KGCH c c (K) gn bng gi tr ngng (K)th* vi cc h
s bt i xng ca chu trnh ta trng R = 0,3 0,5 tng ng khi tu chy ln
dc cao v ng cong bn knh nh nh vt o Khe Nt, t ga Lng C n ga
Hai Vn Bc, t ga Kim Lin ln Trm nh o
Tnh ton theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt
Cn c kt qu tnh ton l thuyt nh phn mm COSMOS mc 4.2.1.3.
Xc nh chiu di vt nt, s gia HSCUS K ti cc im tng ng trn u
my 903 vi t hp 1 v ngng pht trin vt nt ca vt liu KGCH theo cc h
s ti trng R tng ng ti cc im theo kt qu o c ca Vin C hc,
kt qu cho trong bng 4.21 nh sau:
Bng 4.21 Kt qu tnh ton (K)Ii v ngng (K)th* ti cc im trn
KGCH theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt
*
im max a Kli (K)li (K)th
TT R 1/2 1/2 1/2
o (MPa) (m) (MPa.m ) (MPa.m ) (MPa.m )
1 P4 25,2 0,36214185 0,000509169 1,12853285 0,71984388 4,867605452
2 P5 15,84 0,77549 0,000503583 0,70546175 0,15838322 2,33667473
3 P6 4,977 0,61443263 0,000500351 0,22094698 0,08518994 3,322829007
4 P7 12,57 0,44561493 0,00050225 0,55908547 0,30994864 4,356499784
5 P9 61,85 0,54870705 0,000560835 2,90696804 1,31189418 3,725266733
6 A1 27,84 0,46077878 0,000511236 1,24928831 0,67364277 4,26365153
7 A2 26,46 0,40873063 0,000510127 1,18607467 0,70128962 4,582342353
8 A9 15,72 0,39249592 0,000503528 0,70007948 0,42530114 4,681747482
9 A10 2,983 0,50793157 0,000500126 0,13239632 0,06514805 3,974934997
10 A11 44,71 0,37094065 0,000530044 2,04288363 1,28509505 4,8137304
- 131 -
Nhn xt: Ti cc im trn KGCH u c (K) nh hn hn so vi ngng
pht trin vt nt (K)th*. Nh.vy, vt nt khng pht trin.
4.3.2.2. Tnh ton bn mi TBX u my D19E theo ngng pht trin vt
nt mi.
Tnh ton tng t nh tnh i vi KGCH trong phn 4.4.2.1 trn.
*Xc nh ngng pht trin vt nt
- T kt qu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt Chng 3, tp
hp cc kt qu tng ng vi da/dN khong 10-7 n 10-8 cho trong bng 4.17, c
th xc nh c ngng s gia HSCUS pht trin vt nt (K)th ca vt liu
lm TBX u my D19E, theo gi tr trung bnh s liu th nghim c thng k:
Bng 4.22 Kt qu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt vt liu TBX
da/dN - mm/chu k K MPa.m^0,5 R-h s
2,35E-07 9,42E+00 1,02E-01
7,59E-08 1,05E+01 1,01E-01
3,34E-07 9,51E+00 9,89E-02
6,35E-08 1,01E+01 1,27E-01
2,27E-07 9,12E+00 9,89E-02
7,48E-08 8,75E+00 1,02E-01
8,97E-08 9,48E+00 1,16E-01
6,54E-08 9,53E+00 1,27E-01
7,31E-08 8,86E+00 9,82E-02
3,13E-08 9,34E+00 1,26E-01
8,95E-08 9,47E+00 1,07E-01
5,51E-08 8,62E+00 1,02E-01
2,32E-07 9,38E+00 1,03E-01
6,58E-08 1,07E+01 1,01E-01
3,04E-08 9,59E+00 9,79E-02
1,25E-07 9,51E+00 9,99E-02
7,68E-08 9,48E+00 1,16E-01
4,51E-08 9,36E+00 1,27E-01
3,76E-07 1,05E+01 1,36E-01
4,31E-07 9,42E+00 1,27E-01
7,01E-08 8,73E+00 9,92E-02
2,53E-08 9,54E+00 1,26E-01
7,86E-08 9,47E+00 1,02E-01
5,42E-08 9,52E+00 1,00E-01
1,42E-07 9,46E+00 1,03E-01
6,479E-08 1,04E+01 1,01E-01
2,08E-08 9,59E+00 9,78E-02
6,72E-08 9,56E+00 1,01E-01
1,45E-07 9,67E+00 9,79E-02
7,25E-08 9,22E+00 1,53E-01
Gi tr trung bnh ca cc i lng thu c nh sau:
- 132 -
da/dN = 0.766 .10-7 mm/chu k
K = 9,527 MPa.m0,5 ; R = 0,1095
C th thy t kt qu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt ca vt
liu lm TBX ta c: (K)th = 9,527 MPa.m1/2 ng vi R = 0,1
- S dng phn mm chuyn dng, xc nh c biu thc gii tch ca mi
quan h gia log(da/dN) v log(K) cho trong hnh 4.31 nh sau:
Hnh 4.31. th quan h gia log(da/dN) v log(K) ca vt liu TBX

Kt qu c phng trnh: y = 2,6436.x - 9,5805
Vy c th xc nh c: C = 2,62724.10 -10 v n = 2,6436
Xc nh c ngng ca s gia HSCUS pht trin vt nt (K)th
Khi da/dN = 10-7 th (K)th = 9,4652 MPa.m1/2 vi R = 0,1
- Tnh ton theo cng thc thc nghim, cho kt qu nh sau:
i vi vt liu TBX, h s R = 0,1 c ngng (K)th = 9.958 MPa m1/2
- Nhn xt: Kt qu xc nh ngng pht trin vt nt ca vt liu lm TBX
c 3 phng php trn u cho gi tr gn ging nhau. Vi vt liu lm TBX:
(K)th 9,5 MPa.m1/2 vi h s R = 0,1 ng ng vi da/dN = 10-7
Tnh c s gia HSCUS K ng vi da/dN = 10-8 ly lm tr s ngng
ca vt liu lm TBX: (K)th*.
(K)th * = 3,98 MPa m1/2 vi h s R = 0,1 ng vi da/dN = 10-8
Nh vy K cn khong 42 % so vi K ng vi da/dN = 10-7
Trong tnh ton ly ngng pht trin vt nt ca vt liu lm TBX c vt
nt dng I, ti cc im nguy him chu ng sut ln nht cc tnh hung vn
hnh u my c th dng cng thc thc nghim xc nh ngng pht trin
vt nt ca vt liu vi cc h s i xng ca chu trnh ti trng R khc nhau.
- 133 -
* Tnh ton (K)i s gia cng ng sut ca vt liu lm TBX
Cn c kt qu tnh ton l thuyt nh phn mm COSMOS Chng 3.
Xc nh chiu di vt nt, s gia h s cng ng sut K ti cc mt ct vi
t hp 1 v ngng pht trin vt nt ca vt liu TBX theo h s bt i xng ca
chu trnh ti trng R = -1, kt qu cho trong bng 4.23.
Bng 4.23 Kt qu tnh ton (K)Ii v ngng (K)th* ti cc mt ct ca
TBX theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt
T Mt max Kli (
K)li K)th *
(
R a
T ct (MPa) MPa.m1/2 MPa.m1/2 MPa.m1/2
1 I 69,44 -1 0,000579192 3,3166833 6,63336659 8,1669
2 II 75,85 -1 0,000597469 3,67956307 7,35912614 8,1669
3 III 23,42 -1 0,000507899 1,04751097 2,09502193 8,1669
4 IV 29,7 -1 0,000512827 1,33482625 2,66965251 8,1669
5 V 10,96 -1 0,000501709 0,48721348 0,97442697 8,1669
6 VI 5,964 -1 0,000500505 0,26480404 0,52960808 8,1669
7 VII 19,96 -1 0,000505713 0,89083128 1,78166255 8,1669
8 VIII 65,97 -1 0,000570389 3,12690694 6,25381389 8,1669
9 IX 59,25 -1 0,000555275 2,77092727 5,54185455 8,1669
Nhn xt: Ti cc mt ct trn TBX u c (K) nh hn so vi ngng

pht trin vt nt (K)th *. Vy TBX ca u my D19E m bo bn mi
4.4. D bo tui th mi KGCH u my D19E
S dng phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi (2.36) c xut c xt
ti tn s ti trng trong Chng 2, d bo tui th mi KGCH u myD19E.

(a a0 )
N = N E 1 A

(K K )
a0B Ii a tb
( fi f0 )
(1 R )(K IC K Ii )
f0

T kt qu tnh c (K)Ii trong phn 4.3 khi vn hnh u my t ga Kim
Lin ln Trm nh o nhn thy ba im: P4, A2 v A9 c (K)Ii ln hn (K)th*,
vy c th d bo tui th mi cho KGCH ti im P4, A2 v A9 nh sau:
* Xc nh cc thng s ca phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi
- 134 -
Nhn thy ti ba im c (K)Ii ln hn (K)*th v c vt nt pht trin
x dc KGCH u my, nn s chu trnh ng sut N thc t ti ba im trn x dc
KGCH ln hn s chu trnh ng sut ng vi ngng pht trin vt nt, vy c
th xc nh chiu di vt nt a bt u vt nt pht trin theo cng thc nh sau:
2 2
1 K 1 K
a = th ; Xc nh chiu di vt nt ac bt u ph hu ac = IC
f m i f m i
a0- chiu di vt nt ban u; a0 = 0,0005 + W. xc nh trong mc 4.3.2.1.
a - chiu di vt nt ng vi s chu trnh ng sut N
ti im P4: a = 0,006223583
ti im A2: a = 0,006316697
ti im A9: a = 0,005338366
NE - s chu trnh ng sut ti hn; NE = 6.106
fi - tn s ti trng th i; fi = 1,5 25
Khi u my vn hnh t ga Kim Lin ln Trm nh o, nhn thy u my
ln dc cao kt hp vi i vo ng cong bn knh nh, vi vn tc tng i thp,
khong t 15 n 30 km/h, ti mt ct nguy him ang xt c i lng ng sut
tng i cao v tn s cc xung ng sut vo khong t 1,5 n 10 Hz. [1]
f0- tn s ti trng nh nht. f0 = 1,5
KIC - gi tr ti hn ca HSCUS, t gi tr tr ln th s lan truyn vt
nt dn n ph hu hon ton. KIC = 20 MPa.m1/2
A v B - cc h s ca vt liu lm KGCH. c xc nh theo cng thc
(2.20) ca Paris. Logarit hai v: lg(da/dN) = B.lg( K) + lgA
ng quan h gia lg(da/dn) v ls s gia cng ng sut
Hnh 4.32. th quan h gia log(da/dN) v log(K), xc nh cc h s ca vt

liu lm KGCH trong phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi
- 135 -
Ti ba im P4, A2 v A9 c (K)Ii ln hn (K)th* nn vt nt pht
trin, ta xc inh A v B - cc hng s ca vt liu lm KGCH, tng ng vi tc
lan truyn vt nt da/dN khong 10-4 n 10-6 vi cc (K)I t kt qu th
nghim tc lan truyn vt nt vt liu lm KGCH cho trong ph lc 2
S dng phn mm chuyn dng ta c biu thc gii tch ca mi quan h
gia log(da/dN) v log(K) cho trong hnh 4.32
Ta c a = 0,22114 v b = - 3,8947
Tnh c cc hng s B v A trong phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi c
xt ti tn s ti trng: B = 4,4913 v A = 1,27438.10-4
* Tnh ton s chu trnh ng sut N theo phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi c
xt ti tn s ti trng
a gi tr ca cc thng s c xc nh trn vo phng trnh lan
truyn vt nt mi c xt ti tn s ti trng, tnh s chu trnh ng sut N ti ba
im P4, A2 v A9 trn x dc KGCH, c (K)Ii ln hn (K)th* , khi vn hnh u
my t ga Kim Lin ln Trm nh o. Kt qu tnh ton c cho trong bng
4.24; 4.25 v 4.26
Bng 4.24. S chu trnh ng sut N ti im P4 KGCH bt u ph hu
max fi Kli-Katb KIC-Kli
TT R N %
(MPa) (Hz) (MPa) (MPa)
1 127,74 0,36214185 1,50007 0,687752171 12,27010894 5969130,167 99,49
2 127,74 0,36214185 1,50008 0,687752171 12,27010894 5958525,833 99,31
3 127,74 0,36214185 1,50009 0,687752171 12,27010894 5946185,865 99,1
4 127,74 0,36214185 1,5001 0,687752171 12,27010894 5932066,424 98,87
5 127,74 0,36214185 1,5002 0,687752171 12,27010894 5685382,984 94,76
6 127,74 0,36214185 1,5003 0,687752171 12,27010894 5228758,452 87,15
7 127,74 0,36214185 1,5004 0,687752171 12,27010894 4542931,598 75,72
8 127,74 0,36214185 1,5005 0,687752171 12,27010894 3613360,947 60,22
9 127,74 0,36214185 1,5006 0,687752171 12,27010894 2428191,633 40,47
10 127,74 0,36214185 1,5007 0,687752171 12,27010894 977334,2111 16,29
Bng 4.25. S chu trnh ng sut N ti im A2 KGCH bt u ph hu

TT R N %
1 126,795 0,40873063 1,50006 0,47284232 12,3750695 5955978,409 99,27
2 126,795 0,40873063 1,50007 0,47284232 12,3750695 5938096,976 98,97
3 126,795 0,40873063 1,50008 0,47284232 12,3750695 5916832,192 98,61
4 126,795 0,40873063 1,50009 0,47284232 12,3750695 5892086,956 98,2
5 126,795 0,40873063 1,5001 0,47284232 12,3750695 5863773,356 97,73
- 136 -
6 126,795 0,40873063 1,5002 0,47284232 12,3750695 5369101,072 89,49
7 126,795 0,40873063 1,5003 0,47284232 12,3750695 4453435,632 74,22
8 126,795 0,40873063 1,5004 0,47284232 12,3750695 3078152,655 51,3
9 126,795 0,40873063 1,5005 0,47284232 12,3750695 1214092,232 20,23
Bng 4.26. S chu trnh ng sut N ti im A9 KGCH bt u ph hu

TT R N %
1 137,925 0,39249592 1,5002 1,895874081 10,99845052 5980090,655 99,67
2 137,925 0,39249592 1,5003 1,895874081 10,99845052 5951194,903 99,19
3 137,925 0,39249592 1,5004 1,895874081 10,99845052 5907794,951 98,46
4 137,925 0,39249592 1,5005 1,895874081 10,99845052 5848970,597 97,48
5 137,925 0,39249592 1,5006 1,895874081 10,99845052 5773971,65 96,23
6 137,925 0,39249592 1,5007 1,895874081 10,99845052 5682159,64 94,7
7 137,925 0,39249592 1,5008 1,895874081 10,99845052 5572975,851 92,88
8 137,925 0,39249592 1,5009 1,895874081 10,99845052 5445921,722 90,77
9 137,925 0,39249592 1,501 1,895874081 10,99845052 5300545,87 88,34
10 137,925 0,39249592 1,502 1,895874081 10,99845052 2760656,737 46,01
* Nhn xt: Qua kt qu tnh s chu trnh ng sut ti ba im P4, A2 v A9 trn
KGCH khi u my vn hnh ln dc cao kt hp vi i vo ng cong bn knh
nh, vi vn tc tng i thp, ti mt ct nguy him ang xt c i lng ng
sut tng i cao khi tn s cc xung ng sut nh v c gi tr cng gn bng tn
s nh nht f0 th s chu trnh ng sut cng gim mnh. Vi trng thi ng sut
ca im P4 s chu trnh ng sut cho n khi bt u ph hu ch cn khong 16
%, vi trng thi ng sut ca im A9 s chu trnh ng sut cho n khi bt u
ph hu gim it hn v cn khong 94 %.
4.5 Mt s bin php nng cao bn mi cho KGCH
Kt cu KGCH u my D19E l kt cu hn v l kt cu ln tng i phc
tp, c nhiu thanh, dm lin kt giao nhau thng gc v c nhiu mi hn giao
nhau, do vy tn ti ng sut tp trung cc b, to nn s tp trung ng sut khi,
ng sut khng gian rt phc tp trn khung gi, lm nh hng n bn mi
ti khu vc nhy cm ca kt cu. Trong qu trnh vn hnh iu kin chu ti
trng ng, ti trng chu k, cc v tr tp trung ng sut ny tr thnh trung tm c
tn sut xut hin vt nt cao nht. y c th l cc vt nt mi, nt kt tinh, mt
trong cc khuyt tt khng cho php tn ti i vi khung gi. Trn thc t sau khi
a vo vn hnh u my t nhp th nht mt thi gian, c hin tng trn
khung gi ti nhiu v tr xut hin vt nt. Trong phn tnh ton 4.3 trn, ta nhn
thy hai yu t nh hng ln n bn mi ca KGCH l:
- 137 -
- Kt cu ca KGCH tn ti ng sut tp trung cc b c im trn KGCH
chu ti ln hn GHBM v vt qua ngng pht trin vt nt.
- Qu trnh vn hnh u my nhng iu kin kh khn, c im trn
KGCH chu ti ln vi nhng tn s nh bt li, lm gim tui th
mi ng k.
Bi vy, trong thit k, ch to, vn dng, bo dng sa cha chi tit, vic
gim nh ng sut tp trung khng ng c v gim thp mc ng sut tp
trung cc b v qu trnh vn hnh u my nhng iu kin kh khn, trnh
nhng tn s ph ti nh bt li i vi KGCH, l rt cn thit v quan trng.
4.5.1. Gim mc ng sut tp trung cc b ca kt cu
4.5.1.1. Lin kt gia cc kt cu ca kt cu cn c kh nng trn nhn, lin tc.
Trong kt cu KGCH, s lin kt giao nhau gia cc dm l khng trnh
khi. Vi nhng phng thc giao nhau thng gc ca cc x dc v x ngang
trong kt cu, c th gim thp mc ng sut tp trung cc b, c th dng
phng php qu . Khi sa cha cn gia cng thm ti ch gc cc tm c
cung trn hoc cnh vt gia cc x dc v x ngang, gia cc tay ko v x dc
trong kt cu KGCH, v tr nn c gia cng cho trong hnh 4.33.
Hnh 4.33. V tr nn c gia cng trn KGCH

4.5.1.2. Chn kch thc l nh nht
Trong kt cu KGCH, thng gp phi nhu cu khoan l, to ra ni c ng
sut tp trung, ni d sn sinh vt nt mi. Trong Chng 2 ta bit cng
ng sut u vt nt l K I = a . f (g ) trong h s hiu chnh f(g) tng ln
khi a/r gim nh. Vi iu kin chiu di vt nt nh nhau, th KI s tng khi r
tng. Do , l c kch thc nh, tnh nng chng ph hy tt hn. Trong qu
trnh sa cha cn ch n l cht ca cc l xo bu du v l nh v chuyn
ng ngang ca hp du u trc trn x dc KGCH
4.5.1.3. Bin php kt cu gim ng sut d
ng sut ko d trong mt s trng hp t n gii hn chy (trong vng
ng sut tc ng). V th mt s bin php dng khi hn, ngoi vic nung nng s b
- 138 -
, ni chung khng gim c ng sut d do ko dc x gy ra do co dc, song c th
gim c mt cch ng k ng sut gy ra do co ngang. [12]
gim ng sut d th bin php quan trng u tin l vic xem xt vt
liu lm KGCH v la chn dy, que hn. Kim loi KGCH khng c c tnh d
ti khi ngui trong khng kh, dy hn phi cho kim loi chy c tnh do khng
km kim loi KGCH. lm gim ng sut mt phng v ng sut c khi khng
nn c cc ng hn giao nhau hay cc ng cong khp kn v nh. S lng
ng hn nn gim n mc ti thiu v tit din ca n khng c ln hn kch
thc thit k. Gn tng cng phi phn b sao cho khi hn s nung nng cng
mt ch hai pha ca kim loi KGCH, nh vy s lm gim co ngang ca
vch v v th m gim ng sut chung ca kt cu.
4.5.1.4. Bin php cng ngh hn
Cng ngh hn l mt trong nhng cng ngh ch yu trong ch to, sa
cha kt cu KGCH. i vi kt cu hn khuyt tt thng l: r kh, kt x, khng
thu, xo hn, cn mp v cc vt nt (vt nt kim loi hn v vt nt vt liu kt
cu) Ngoi ra ti vng hn thng khng trnh khi vic tn ti ng sut d ba
chiu hin nhin l s tn ti ng sut hn v ng sut d s gim thp tnh nng
chng ph hu ca kt cu hn; Bi vy, khng ch cht ch cng ngh hn
m bo cht lng kt cu KGCH l cc k quan trng.
i vi cc kt cu hn, ngoi vic phi tn kh nng lm gim nh sn sinh
cc loi vt nt v khuyt tt ra, do bin dng hn m ny sinh ng sut d v
mmen ph ti vng ph cn u mi hn u gy nh hng xu n tnh
chng ph hu v tui th ca kt cu hn, do vic ch nh quy trnh cng
ngh hn tt nht, nghim khc tun th quy trnh cng ngh hn, nhm m bo
cht lng ca kt cu l rt quan trng.
kh hay gim ng sut d sau khi hn ngi ta x l nhit theo hai cch:
- Ram cao ton b: khng p dng c vi cc kt cu KGCH.
- Ram cc b: Nung nng vng ln cn mi hn n 6000C bng in hay
ngn la kh. Phng php ny khng kh c hon ton ng sut d, gim c
kh ln ng sut d, tng kh nng lm vic ca kt cu KGCH.
4.5.1.5 Gii php ngn chn vt nt mi
1) Kim tra kt cu KGCH c vt nt:
Vic tin hnh tu sa hp l i vi kt cu KGCH, thanh, dm, x trn
KGCH c vt v nhng b phn b ph hy l mt mt quan trng ca vic kim
tra. Gii php tu sa ch yu l hn. Mc ch ca n l khi phc hnh dng v
cng nng vn c ca kt cu KGCH
- 139 -
Loi b hoc thay th b phn c vt nt mi trn kt cu KGCH: nh tm
cnh, tm y hoc tm trn ca x dc KGCH
i vi mt s chi tit thanh, dm, x trn KGCH, thng xut hin tnh
hung l: Sau khi dng mt phng php no sa cha khi phc, th mt
thi gian ngn sau , ti vt nt c hoc gn li pht hin vt nt mi. Nguyn
nhn ca hin tng ny c kh nng nh sau:
- Vn thuc v bn thn kt cu.
- Sa cha cha tt.
- Ph cn vt nt c tn ti vt nt t vi khi sa cha cha kp loi tr nn
sau pht trin.
2) Bin php sa cha ko di tui th kt cu:
Trong qu trnh sa cha cc chi tit, khi c nghi ng b mt chi tit c vt
nt t vi, ngi ta cng dng phng php phun bi x l. Mc ch l to thnh
mt lp b mt chu nn, ging nh x l ln p, bn cht l a vo lp b mt
chi nn ng sut nn d.
4.5.2. Trnh vn dng u my khi KGCH chu ti vi tn s nh bt li
Trong qu trnh vn hnh u my nhng khu gian c dc cao v
ng cong bn knh nh khng nn chy tu vi vn tc qu nh, nhanh chng
trnh vn hnh u my vi tc v 15 km/h trn ng o dc cao, c ng
sut trung bnh ln v c tn s nh, cn thc hin tt cc vic sau:
- Sa li ng mt s khu gian gim dc, tng bn knh ng cong;
- Duy tu, bo dng ng st
- Lp biu chy tu ti cc khu gian c dc cao v ng cong bn knh
nh hp l
- Li tu thc hin chy tu ng vi biu chy tu v cc cng lnh chy tu
4.6. Kt lun chng 4

1. Vic phn tch kt cu thc t ca KGCH u my D19E thuc l u tin
gm 10 u my ang vn dng ti X nghip u my H Ni cho thy kt cu
ca mt s phn khng tng thch vi bn v do nh ch to Trung Quc cung
cp, c th l:
- Tm trn ca x dc KGCH khng rng ton phn tm gi
cao su gim chn lin kt vi gi xe (04 v tr);
- Tm di ca x dc KGCH khng c tm hnh thoi ti cc v tr lin
kt vi khi l xo v thanh ko ca bu du u trc (06 v tr);
- Tt c cc tm kt cu hn thnh x dc v x ngang ca KGCH u c
dy nh hn so vi bn v do nh ch to Trung Quc cung cp t 1 n 2 mm.
- 140 -
Cc phn tch ni trn cn cho thy kt cu KGCH c thit k ti nhng
vng nguy him v nhy cm trn x dc l khng hp l: cc chn ca thanh ko
khng c cnh vt theo phng php qu lin kt vi tm di ca x dc
gim ng sut cc b.
Ch ti trng m phng ca nh ch to Trung Quc s dng phn mm
Ansys 5.5.3 trong tnh ton khng phn nh c ch ti trng thc t v ch
khai thc ca u my D19E trn SVN, dn n mt s gi tr ng sut c s
khc bit ln gia tnh ton v kt qu thc t.
Vic nh gi bn mi v tui th mi ca nh ch to Trung Quc theo
s mi c bn Goodman, c ng gii hn ng sut tnh ton c thng s
cao hn nhiu so vi thc t o c nhng vn xut hin vt nt v vt nt li nm
su trong vng c coi l an ton. V vy cn phi xem li vic la chn tiu
chun tnh ton bn cho ph hp vi iu kin SVN.
2. Vic tnh ton l thuyt kim nghim bn bng phn mm chuyn
dng xc nh c cc v tr v cc tr s ni lc cc mt ct, cc im xung
yu nht trn KGCH v TBX u my D19E, gi tr ng sut ti cc im nu
thp hn kh nhiu so vi tr s ng sut cho php. Cc kt qu ny l c s nh
gi mt cch y hn v bn mi v tui th mi ca KGCH v TBX u
my D19E trong qu trnh vn dng hin nay.
3. Da theo cc kt qu tnh ton l thuyt v cc kt qu o c t thc t
ca Vin c hc Vit Nam v chuyn gia Trung Quc, xc nh c hm phn
b ca gii hn mi, tnh ton c gi tr gii hn mi v h s an ton mi ca
KGCH v TBX theo xc sut ph hu P% bng l thuyt ng dng ph hu mi
tuyt i v tng i; ng thi xy dng c phn mm tnh ton chuyn
dng cho KGCH v TBX u my. Kt qu nh sau:
- Tnh ton theo l thuyt ng dng ph hu mi tuyt i
+ i vi TBX:
- ng sut ti cc mt ct u c tr s nh hn nhiu so vi gi tr GHBM
ca TBX;
- H s an ton mi s = f(P%) ca cc mt ct trn TBX u my D19E u
ln hn h s an ton mi cho php.
+ i vi KGCH:
Ti cc im nguy him, theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt, gi tr ng sut
khng ln hn gi tr GHBM; cn khi tnh ton theo kt qu o c ca Vin C
hc v pha Trung Quc, nhn thy c nhiu im vt qu gi tr GHBM (-
1KGCH) ca KGCH ng vi xc sut ph h y 100 % nhiu trng thi vn hnh
khc nhau.
- 141 -
Mt khc, ti cc im nguy him, theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt, c gi tr
ng sut c cc gi tr h s an ton mi ln hn h s an ton mi cho php; cn
khi tnh ton theo kt qu o c ca Vin C hc v pha Trung Quc, nhn thy
c nhiu im c cc gi tr h s an ton mi nh hn h s an ton mi cho
php, ng vi xc sut ph hy 100 % nhiu trng thi vn hnh khc nhau, thm
ch c im vi h s an ton mi nh hn nhiu so vi h s an ton mi cho
php.
- Tnh ton theo l thuyt ng dng ph hu mi tng i
+ i vi TBX:
- ng sut ti cc mt ct ca TBX u c tr s nh hn nhiu gi tr
GHBM ca TBX;
H s an ton mi s = f(P%) ca cc mt ct trn TBX u my D19E u
ln ln hn h s an ton mi cho php.
+ i vi KGCH:
Ti cc im nguy him, gi tr ng sut tnh theo kt qu tnh ton l thuyt
v theo kt qu o c ca Vin C hc v pha Trung Quc u nh hn gi tr
GHBM ca KGCH ( 1KGCH ; 1KGCH = f (P ) )
Cng ti cc im nguy him, gi tr h s an ton mi c tnh theo kt
qu tnh ton l thuyt v theo kt qu o c ca Vin C hc v pha Trung
Quc u ln hn h s an ton mi cho php.
- Tnh theo ngng pht trin vt nt mi ca vt liu
+ i vi TBX: Ti cc mt ct u c gi tr s gia h s cng ng sut
nh hn gi tr ngng pht trin vt nt mi ((K)<(K)th*). Do c th kt lun
TBX u my D19E m bo bn mi.
+ i vi KGCH: Khi vn hnh u my khu gian kh khn ( dc ln,
ng cong bn knh nh) c ba im c gi tr s gia h s cng ng sut
vt gi tr ngng pht trin vt nt mi ((K)>(K)th* ). Cng ti ba im ny
gi tr ng sut ca KGCH (c tnh theo kt qu o c ca Vin C hc Vit
Nam) vt qu gi tr GHBM (-1KGCH) ng vi xc sut ph hy 100 %; ng
thi c gi tr h s an ton mi nh hn h s an ton mi cho php ng vi xc
sut ph hy 100 %. Nh vy ti ba im vt nt s xut hin v pht trin, ty
thuc vo tn s ph ti tc dng ln cc im khi vn hnh u my cc khu
gian kh khn. Ngoi ra trn KGCH cn mt s im c gi tr s gia h s
cng ng sut gn t ti gi tr ngng pht trin vt nt mi.
nh gi v tui th mi i vi cc im xut hin vt nt v pht trin
trn KGCH:
- 142 -
Khi vn hnh u my khu gian kh khn (ln dc cao kt hp vi vic i vo
ng cong bn knh nh, vi vn tc tng i thp), ti cc im c gi tr ng
sut vt ngng nhn cc gi tr ng sut tng i cao, khi tn s cc xung ng
sut cng nh th s chu trnh ng sut cng gim mnh. c im tui th mi
(chu trnh ng sut) gim cn 50%, c bit c im chu gi tr ng sut cao v
tn s cc xung ng sut nh th tui th mi gim ch cn 16% so vi tui th
thit k.
Qua thy c s nh hng ca tn s ti trng n tui th mi, tn s ti
trng cng nh tui th mi cng gim.
4. xc nh c gi tr GHBM v HSATM ca KGCH u my D19E
l nhp th 3 theo phng trnh ng dng tuyt i.
Ti cc im nguy him trn KGCH gi tr ng sut theo kt qu tnh ton l
thuyt v kt qu o c ca Vin C hc Vit Nam v pha Trung Quc u nh
hn gi tr GHBM ca KGCH v gi tr h s an ton mi u ln hn h s an
ton mi cho php. Qua thy rng, kt cu v kch thc khng hp l gy ra s
tp trung ng sut cc b cng ln bn mi cng gim, xc sut xut hin vt
nt cng ln
5. T cc cc kt qu tnh ton thy rng chng trnh tnh ton hm phn b
ca gii hn mi, gi tr GHBM, HSATM theo phng trnh ng dng tuyt i
nn s dng tnh ton cho chi tit dng hp rng (KGCH), cn chng trnh
tnh ton hm phn b ca gii hn mi, gi tr GHBM, HSATM theo phng
trnh ng dng tng i nn s dng tnh ton cho chi tit dng trc tr c
(TBX).
6. xut mt s bin php nng cao bn mi cho KGCH u my
D19E i vi l nhp u tin ang s dng X nghip u my H Ni:
- B tr hp l cc gn gia cng lm gim s tp trung ng sut cuc b;
- Khng ch cht ch cng ngh hn nh: chn vt liu c bn v vt liu
hn hp l, chn phng php hn, ch hn thch hp, kh ng sut d;
- Tun th cht ch v chu trnh kim tra vt nt trong qu trnh s dng;
- Duy tu, bo dng v sa cha ng st m bo yu cu k thut;
- Trong qu trnh vn hnh u my nhng khu gian c dc cao v
ng cong bn knh nh khng nn chy tu vi vn tc qu nh, nhanh chng
trnh vn hnh u my tc v 15 km/h trn ng o dc cao, khi chu ng
sut trung bnh ln v tn s nh.
- 143 -
kt lun chung
Ni dung ca Lun n gii quyt c nhng vn c bn sau y:
1. p dng thnh cng l thuyt ng dng ph hy mi cho kt cu
khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe u my D19E s dng trong ngnh
ng st Vit Nam. Kt qu tnh ton cho thy: khung gi chuyn hng ca t
u tin gm 10 u my D19E nhp t Trung Quc v Vit Nam khng m bo
bn mi. iu ny ph hp vi qu trnh vn hnh thc t ca chng trn ng
st Vit Nam, l sau mt s chu trnh ng sut (khong hn 100 000 km chy),
mt s tm trong khung gi chuyn hng xut hin vt nt, nh u my
D19E 902, D19E 904, D19E 905 v D19E 907.
2. Trn c s s dng cc i lng khng th nguyn, xy dng c
mt phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi c xt ti tn s ti trng, dng tnh s
chu trnh ng sut (tui th mi). Phng trnh lan truyn vt nt dng khng th
nguyn ny cha c tm thy trong s cc phng trnh lan truyn vt nt hin
c.Vic s dng phng trnh mi ny cho php d bo c tui th mi ca
khung gi chuyn hng u my D19E khi vn dng trn mt s khu gian ca
ng st Vit Nam.
3. xy dng thnh cng mt phn mm chuyn dng bng ngn ng VB
v.6. cho php xc nh bn mi v h s an ton mi theo nhng xc sut ph
hy khc nhau cho cc kt cu b phn chy u my D19E trn ng st Vit
Nam. y l im mi trong vic tnh ton cc ch tiu v kh nng lm vic ca
chi tit my m trong cc sch gio khoa tng t cha cp ti.
4. tin hnh hnh lot th nghim bao gm th nghim phn tch thnh
phn ha hc, th nghim xc nh cc c trng c tnh v c trng mi, th
nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt mi v dai ph hu mi ca vt liu ch
to khung gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe u my D19E ti cc Phng th
nghim ca Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam, Trng i hc Giao thng
Vn ti, Vin C kh nng lng v m (TKV). T cc th nghim nu trn xc
nh c cc thng s v mc thp, c tnh, gii hn mi. c bit y l ln u
tin Vit Nam ni chung v trong ngnh ng st Vit Nam n ring, tin
- 144 -
hnh th nghim v c hc ph hy trn cc thit b hin i INSTRON 8801 ca
Vng quc Anh, theo tiu chun ASTM E 399-90 v ASTM E 467 ca M nhm
xc nh h s cng ng sut ti hn KIC (MPa.m1/2) cho vt liu ch to khung
gi chuyn hng v trc bnh xe. Cc kt qu th nghim l c s cho vic tnh
ton bn mi v d bo tui th mi theo phng trnh lan truyn vt nt.
5. Kt qu tnh ton, d bo c trin khai ng dng cho u my D19E s
dng ti X nghip u my H Ni, nhm so snh vi cc kt qu thng k v
tnh trng nt mi ca khung gi chuyn hng v a ra cc khuyn ngh cho vic
chy tu an ton theo quan im ca qu trnh lan truyn vt nt mi v tc vn
hnh ca on tu.
6. xut mt s bin php nhm m bo v nng cao bn mi cho
KGCH u my D19E i vi t nhp u tin ang s dng ti X nghip u
my H Ni, trong lu khi vn hnh u my nhng khu gian c dc cao
v ng cong bn knh nh khng nn chy tu vi tc thp v 15 km/h, khi
kt cu chu ng sut trung bnh ln v tn s nh.
- 145 -
TI LIU THAM KHO

Ti liu ting Vit
[1] - Bo co kt qu o kim tra v nh gi trng thi ng sut - bin dng ng
trn khung gi chuyn hng M D19E-903 v D19E-907. Vin C hc, H Ni-
2003.
[2]- B.N. ARZAMAXOV. Vt liu hc. Nh xut bn Gio dc 2000
[3]. Nguyn Hu Dng. Cu to v tnh ton M Diezel. Nh xut bn Giao thng
vn ti. 2005
[4]. An Hip, Trn Vnh Hng, Nguyn Vn Thip. Thit k chi tit my trn my
tnh. Nh xut bn Giao thng vn ti. 2006
[5]. Hng dn s dng M D19E. X nghip M H Ni. 2002
[6] Phan Vn Khi. Tui th mi ca kt cu thp ngoi bin, NXB Khoa hc v
k thut H Ni 1997.
[7] Kt cu hn. B mn cng ngh kim loi Trng H Bch khoa H Ni. H
Ni 2000.
[8]. Kim loi Phng php th mi nhiu chu trnh v t chu trnh. Tiu chun
Vit Nam. TCVN: 4169 - 85
[9]. Nguyn Hu Lc. Thit k v phn tch h thng c kh theo tin cy. Nh
xut bn khoa hc v k thut. 2005
[10]. Khut Tt Nhng. K thut M toa xe hin i. Nh xut bn Giao thng
vn ti. 2002
[11]. Nguyn Vn Phi, Nguyn Quc Vit. Tnh ton bn mi. Nh xut bn
khoa hc v k thut. 2004
[12]. Phm Ngc Phc, Ng Vn Quyt. Tnh ton bn mi chi tit my c k
ti xc sut ph hy. Tuyn tp cc cng trnh khoa hoc Hi ngh C hc vt
rn bin dng ton quc ln th VI. H Ni. 11- 1999
[13]. Phm Ngc Phc, Ng Vn Quyt. ng dng l thuyt xc sut thng k
trong Tnh ton bn mi chi tit my. Qun i nhn dn. H Ni. 2001
[14]- P.I. ORLOP. Cm nang c kh. Tp 1. Nh xut bn Hi phng 2002
[15]. Phn tch vt nt khung gi chuyn ca Mi mi ca Vit Nam. CSR.
Ziyang Locomotive Works, 2005
[16]. Ng Vn Quyt. Nhp mn c hc ph hy Fracture mechanics. Hi C
hc Vit Nam. 1987
[17]- Ng Vn Quyt. C s l thuyt mi. Nh xut bn Gio dc 2000
- 146 -
[18]- Ng Vn Quyt. V bn cht vt l ca phng trnh ng dng ph hu
mi. Tp ch Khoa hc giao thng vn ti. S 12 thng 11 - 2005
[19]- Ng Vn Quyt, Trn Xun Khi. Phng php mi tnh bn mi ca bn
trc cu sau t. Tuyn tp cc cng trnh khoa hoc Hi ngh C hc ton quc
ln th VII. H Ni. 12- 2002
[20]- Ng Vn Quyt, Trn Xun Khi. Phng php xc nh cc thng s ng
cong mi ca chi tit my. Tp ch Khoa hc v k thut. Hc vin K thut
Qun s. S 100/III/2002
[21]- Ng Vn Quyt, c Tun, Phm L Tin. V phng trnh lan truyn
vt nt mi. Tp ch Khoa hc giao thng vn ti. S 12 thng 11 - 2005
[22]- Ng Vn Quyt, c Tun, Phm L Tin. Nghin cu hin tng nt
trong khung gi chuyn hng ca loi M D19E vn dng x nghip M H
Ni. Tp ch Khoa hc giao thng vn ti. S 12 thng 11 - 2005
[23]- c Tun. Nghin cu nh gi bn gi xe v gi chuyn hng M
D9E vn dng trn ng st Vit Nam. ti NCKH B2000-35-106 T. H Ni
2000.
[24]- c Tun. nh gi bn v bn mi kt cu gi xe gi chuyn
hng v trc bnh xe M Diesel. . Nh xut bn Xy dng. H Ni 2005
[25]- c Tun, Trn Vn Khu. Xc nh ng sut d trn khung gi chuyn
hng v trc bnh xe M D9E s dng trn ng st Vit Naml. Tuyn tp cc
cng trnh khoa hoc Hi ngh C hc ton quc ln th VII. H Ni. 12- 2002,
Tp III, C hc vt rn bin dng
[26]- c Tun, Phm L Tin. nh gi bn mi khung gi chuyn hng
M D9E trn c s l thuyt ng dng ph hy mi. Tp ch Khoa hc giao
thng vn ti. S 09 /2004
[27]- V.PKOGAEP. S tay tnh ton bn tui th chi tit my v kt cu. Nh
xut bn Hi phng 2006
[28]. Yu cu v tnh ton sc bn Toa xe Phng tin giao thng ng st.
22TCN 340-05: Qui phm k thut khai thc ng st. B giao thng vn ti.
2008. (D tho 3)
Ti liu ting Anh
[29]. H. ISHIZUKA, V. SATO. Fretting fatigue strength of axles for bullet train
and their maintenance. Sydney Australia 1992
[30]. Operation and maintenance instructions. - Type CKD7F diesel locomotive.
Ziyang diesel locomotive works, P.R.CHINA. 2002
- 147 -
[31]. Ngo Van Quyet. The new equation of fatigue crack propagation -
Proceedings of National Conference on engineering Mechanies. Hanoi, October
12-13, 2001
[32]. Standard Test Method for Plane - Strain Frature Toughness of Metallic
Materials. Designation: E 399 - 90. ASTM international, 1997.
[33]. Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth
Rates. Designation: E 647 - 00. ASTM international, 1997.
[34]. Test and analysis report on #903 and # 907 locomotives Locomotive
and rolling stock research institute, cars; Locomotive and rolling stock research
institute, swjtu. Ziyang locomotive works, CSR. 2003
[35] W.H. MUNSE: Fatigue of welded steel structures, NewYork, 1964.
Ti liu ting Nga
[36]. P.G. Micleev, 979,279 x (Ting Nga). G.X. Nhespov, V.G. Cudriaxov.
Kinettika zazrhenhia.-M., Metallugia,1

Pham Le Tien - LATS - Do Ben Moi Gia Chuyen Huong Va Truc Banh Xe Dau May D19E

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I

Chuyn ngnh: Khai thc bo tr u my xe la, toa xe

LUN N TIN S K THUT

Chuyn ngnh: Khai thc bo tr u my xe la, toa xe

LUN N TIN S K THUT

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC:

TI xin cam oan y l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring ti.

hon thnh Lun n, tc gi trn trng cm n cc c quan to mi

H ni, thng 7 nm 2011

1.1.4. Nhng ch tiu ph hu mi ...................................................................................................... 6

1.3 bn vt liu ca kt cu v cc ch tiu nh gi ...................................................... 11

1.4.1. Khi nim v u my D19E .................................................................................................... 15

1.5.1 Tnh hnh nghin cu vn ngoi nc ......................................................................... 18

1.5.2. Tnh hnh nghin cu vn trong nc ........................................................................ 21

Chng 2: C s l thuyt nh gi bn mi v d bo tui th mi

2.1.3 Tc pht trin vt nt mi ...................................................................................................... 33

2.3.1 Nhng nhn xt ................................................................................................................................ 40

2.3.4. Phng php xy dng .............................................................................................................. 42

2.4. Tnh ton bn mi theo cc h s an ton ................................................................... 44

2.5.2. Cc phng php c lng sc sng cc b phn khi t ti khng n nh.. 47

3.2.2. Tiu chun th nghim tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu ...................... 51

3.3.1. Chun b phi ca mu vt liu th nghim ..................................................................... 54

3.3.2. Mu vt liu th nghim xc nh cc c trng c hc .............................................. 55

3.3.4. Mu vt liu th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai

3.4.2. Thit b th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ........................................................................ 58

3.6.2. Th nghim xc nh gii hn mi ca vt liu TBX ................................................... 66

3.7.1. Th nghim xc nh tc lan truyn vt nt v dai ph hu ca

Chng 4: Tnh ton bn mi v d bo tui th mi khung gi

4.1.1. Gii thiu tng th u my D19E kiu CKD7F .............................................................. 78

4.1.2. Kt cu trc bnh xe u my D19E ..................................................................................... 80

4.2. Tnh ton l thuyt kim nghim bn khung gi chuyn hng

4.2.2. Tnh ton l thuyt kim nghim bn TBX u my D19E ................................. 87

4.3. Tnh ton bn mi theo l thuyt c hc ph hu ................................................ .92

4.3.2. Tnh ton bn mi theo ngng pht trin vt nt mi ....................................... 125

4.5.2. Trnh vn dng u my khi chu ti vi tn s nh bt li .................................... 139

S chu trnh ng sut (hay tui th) khi ph hy Np c xc nh t phng

Hnh 1.1. S nh hng cc mm tinh th so vi cc lc tc ng

Hnh 1.2 S xut hin cc vt nt mi

Hnh 1.3 Vt nt trn x dc KGCH u my D19E s 902

Hnh 1.4 Vt nt trn tm cnh ngoi v tm y ca x dc KGCH s 907

+max R=-1 -min

N=10 min ng sut nh nht

biu th tui th cn li ca chi tit hoc b phn kt cu l

Nu k hiu tng s chu trnh ng sut ng tch lu l ntl, cn mc

A10 92 120 106 193,2

Hnh 1.6 S v tr cc im o kim tra trn KGCH u my D19E - 903

Hnh 1.7. Biu Goodman - Gerber Hnh 1.8. Biu Kuay

1.7. Kt lun chng 1

2.1. S lan truyn vt nt mi

Hnh 2.1. H to v cc thnh phn ng sut ca trng ng sut u vt nt

y y y(x - u) = KI (2x - u)-1/2

Hnh 2.2. Vng n - do ti u vt nt mi

Hnh 2.3. Vng do u vt nt khi chu ti chu k

Trong : C, m, n cc h s c quan h n vt liu, mi cht do thc

Gi thit rng, chi tit c ng sut khi khng u nhau, xt mt phn t

0 khi max < 0.

Tnh (a - a0) theo i lng G, u v t:

y l mt dng phng trnh lan truyn vt nt mi c xut c xt ti

Khi cc ng sut php tuyn v cc ng sut tip tuyn tc ng cng mt

e - theo cng thc tng t:

Chi tit c coi l c kh nng lm vic, nu h s an ton s vt qu gi tr cc

3.1. Phn tch thnh phn kim loi, xc nh mc

ti ph hp vi cng ng sut a ra trong tiu chun.

Hnh 3.3. Kt cu v kch thc mu th nghim c trng c hc.