udlaishdkq udOH isoO

a dka; - fl ye|skaula

uydpdh veksfh,a peka,*

mj:kh( iuka t.ldrshlrjk**

ye|skau

1960ka miqj 80 oYlh jk f;la %;dkHfha;a wfkla fndfyda rgj,;a udOH wOHhk Ifhys
kj udlaiajdoS t<Uqu m%p,s; j Nd; jkq oelsh yels h. udOH wOHhkh ;=< kj udlaiajdoS
kHdh Nd; u wm;sOdrS iajNdjhla fkd.;a kuq;a th b;d mq`M,a j me;s mej;sK tfyhska
udOH wOHhkfha oS udlaiajdofha tk Bg wod< ixl,am ms<sn| bf.kSu yd idlPd lsu b;d
jeo.;a f hhs is;uq udlaiajdoS kHdhsl t<Uq wOHhkh lsrSf oS wu;l fkd l< hq;=
lreKla k Bg wod< jQ ksYa; tla .=re l=<hla fkdue;s njhs. O .=rel=< iska f kHdh
ixjOkh lrka Odldrfhka udOH wOHhkh i|yd fhdod.kq ,en we; f fl
ye|skafuka tu O jQ ixl,am ms<sn| ixlaIsma; ia;rhla bosrsm;a lsrSug W;aidy .efka

mj;akd ;;ajh m%;sksudKh lsu udOHj, ldhNdrh jk nj ;yjqre lsu flfryS kj

udlaiajdoS kHdhslfhda keUqre j is;s. ksoyia nyq;ajjdoSka wjOdrKh lrk wdldrhg k
udOHfha ldhNdrh ksid l:d lsrSf ksoyi jvd wdrlaIdu yd jOkh u is f udlaiajdoS
m%fYh ksoyia nyq;ajjdoskaf.a m%fYfhka imqrd u fjkia f iudc oHdj ;=< udlaiajdofha
ke.Su is jkqfha iudch ms<sn| j tjlg wdm;Hh Wiq,ka mej;s lD;HjdoS udos,Skag
m%;sl%shd jYfhks lD;HjdoSka iudc ixia:d .%y lsrSug W;aidy lrkqfha tajd wka; inkaO
iudc ixialD;sl moaO;shla ;=< mj;sk wfNaoH wx. f,iska olajks ta wkqj lD;HjdoSka iudc
m%;sfrdaO;d ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq fkd lrhs tfy;a udlaiajdoh mka;s m%;sfrdaO;d ms<sn|
wjOdkh fhduq lrka iudc mriamr;d ish Ih m:h njg m;a lr.kshs hqfrdamh ;=< udOH
wOHhkh Ifhys udlaiajdoh n,h m;=rejdf.k is ld,h tk 1970 iy 1980g fmr ld,fha
tys mej;s m%;s udlaiajdoS {dK im%odh jQfha ksoyia nyq;ajjdoh hs th 1940 muK isg tlai;a
rdcOdksfha wm;sOd ms<s.ekSu njg m;a j mej;sK ^Hall,1982:56&. nyq;ajjdoSkaf.a woyia
.=f i|yka lrk wdldrhg fufia h.

nyq;ajjdoSka iudch olskqfha ;r`.ld lKavdh iy Tjqkaf.a wNsu;d:j, ixlSKhla

f,isKs. bka tllaj;a iEu l,ays u wdm;Hh m;=rd fkd ishs udOH ixOdkhla
fndfydfihska rcfha md,kfhka f;dr ksoyia ;;ajhla wdYajdokh lrk" tlg ne`kq ixOdk
moaO;shls tfuka u foaYmd,k mlaI" wdh;k.; n,mE ixOdk wdosfhka o TjqyQ ksoyia j

1
fjfi;s udOHlrejkag ie<lsh hq;= kuH;djla olajk iajdk o.aO mka;slhka msrsila w;
udOH wdh;kj, md,kh /|S mj;S udOH wdh;k iy ish .%dyl ckhd w;r mj;skafka hhs
fmfkk iu;sh ueflda,sf.a jpkj,ska mjif;d;a fufia h zfuu inkaOh idudkHfhka
iafPdfjka yd ish wNsu;fhka we;sjQjla f,i fmfkhs tfuka u Y%djlhdf.a fyda
fm%alaIlhdf.a mQj ksYa; wjYH;dj,g wkqj ish wNsu;h mos O whqka udOH yeisrf
yelshdj Tyqg we; tfuka u fydaf,dardka m%ldY l< wdldrhg iudcfha mj;akd nyqO jQ
jkdlj,g tu iudcfha mj;akd udOH ia:djr lsu fyda wia:djr lsu ke;fyd;a /l.ekSu
fyda m%;slafIam lsu l< yelshZZ^Gurevitch,1982:1&.

.=f ;jrg;a nyq;ajjdoh iu udlaiajdoh iei|Sul fhfoa udlaiajdoSka OkjdoS iudch

olskafka tla iudc mka;shl wdm;Hhg hg jQ iudchla f,ihs ta wkqj udOH oel.; yelafla
O mka;sj, oDIajdo .efgk ix.%du N+hla f,isks tfy;a tu .eu isjkqfha tla mka;shl
wdm;Hh kue;s ikaoNfha h tys wjika md<kh mj;skqfha nyq, jYfhka u m%d.aOkfha
wdm;Hh u;hs udOHlrejka ish iajdm;H ms<sn| ;Hdjla fldf;la m%Ks; f,i ri |ska
ish o i;H ;;ajh jkqfha th hs udOHlrejdf.a ksoyi hkak wm;sOd ixialD;shg yd tu
iudchg uqody, ;Hdjla muKs iuia:hla f,i .;fyd;a udOH iska wm;sOd mka;sfha
wNsu;hkag tl j w:l:k rduq f.dvke.Su lrkq ,nhs udOHfha .%dylhka iska Tjqkag
wkqj fjk fjkia rduq ksudKh lr.ekSu isf .%dylhka we;e g fuu wdlD;sj,g
reoaO jk w;r ;j;a fgl tajd iu`. wkql<kh u o is f l,am w: imdok moaO;s
iamI lsug yelshdj fkdue;s msrsia"1 udOH u.ska imhk w:l:kj,g m%;sreoaO j mj;akd
fjk;a w:l:k iu`. ii|d ksjeros ks.ukhlg t<ug wfmdfydi;a fj;s
^Gurevitch,1982:1&.

Wmrs jHqyh iy wfOdajHqyh

wd:sl jdoh ^th lfGdar udlaiajdoh f,i o y`kajhs& iNdjH udlaiajdofha m%Odk ,laIKh
fWmrsjHqyh fkdfyd;a iudc foaYmd,k yd nqoauh Hqyh iudcfha wd:sl jHqyh fkdfyd;a
wfOdajHqyh iska ;SrKh lrhs hkak wd:sljdoh ^uQ,lD; fyda uQ,Odl udlaiajdoh& wkqj
ms<s.efka wd:sl in|;d iudc m%mxpj, m%Odk fya;=j f,i ms<s.kakd isoaOdka; fN!;sljdoS
isoaOdka; jYfhka ms<s.efka udlaiaf.a fN!;sljdoS Nd;h y`kajkqfha ft;sydisl fN!;sljdoh
f,ihs wd:sljdoh" ;dlaIKsl ksYaphjdoh iu`. inkaO f udlaia ish .%yhka
fndfyduhla bosrsm;a fldg we;af;a ;dlaIKsl ksYaphjdosfhl= f,i hs Tyqf.a we;e
Wmqgd.ekS Bg WodyrK f,i oelah yels h zzTng yq,x fuda, ,efnkqfha jevji wm;shd
iu`. h ldl OkjdoS iudch yqud,fhka jk tkacsu iu`. ,efZZ (Marx,1847). f
uq,OujdoS im%odhg wkqj flfrk nyqck udOH wOHhk ;=< ixialD;sl ksIamdok .%y

2
flfrkqfha tajdfha wd:sl ksh;Ska wkqj h f oelaug wkqj udOHfha wka;.;h yd th ord
isk mKsjqvh iska yslrk w:" uQ,sl jYfhka u tajd ksIamdokh l< wdh;kj, wd:sl
wOia: jHqyh iska ;SrKh lrhs hkak ms<s.kshs (Curran,1982:18).jdKsc udOH wdh;k fj<|
ksfok imhkkaf.a wjYH;dj,g wkqj jevigyka bosrsm;a l< hq;= h .%dylhka je
lr.ekSf ud. o ta iu`. u jOkh l< hq;= h ta ksid Tjqyq fndfydafihska ,sx.sl;ajh yd
wmrdO ms<sn| jevigyka ish udOH ;=<ska bosrsm;a lsug fm<f. f udOH wdh;kj, wdodh
rch fyda foaYmd,k wldrh iska md,kh lrk g Tjqyq w;rueos N+ldjlg .uka lr;s
ke;fyd;a mj;akd idudkH .%dyl leue;a; mskug jevigyka bosrsm;a lr;s(Curran,1982:18).

;ju;a we;e foaYmd,k wd:sl udlaiajdoSyQ oDIajdoh wd:sl uQ,h mok fldg mj;skakla
f,i Yajdi lr;s wfOdajHqy$WmrsjHqy udos,sh ckudOHg wdfoaY l< g th udOHfha whs;sh
yd md,kh hkdosh ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lsu yd inkaO f wd:sljdoh ms<sn| we;s
W!Ks;jdoS fpk tys mj;akd O;ajh .%yKh lr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a jQ tajd f
w,a;=irshdkq udlaiajdoSka wd:sljdoh fpkh lrka fhdackd lrkqfha WmjHqyh
wfOdajHqyfhka idfmalaI ksoyila ,nk njhs tfuka u WmjHqyh wfOdajHqyh u; mj;ajk
wfkHdakH in|;dj o TjqyQ wjOdrKh lr;s.(Althuser Cited in Lapsley and Westlake,1988:5).
f woyig wkqj oDIajdoS Nd;hka jQ ckudOH jeks oE idfmalaI j wd:sl ksh;sfhka ksoyia
f(Stevenson,1995:15-16). flfia fj;;a fuu idfmalaI ksoyi hk woyi o pdrhg ,la j
we;(Paul Hirst:1977, Lapsley andWestlake, 1988:13-14, Curran, 1982:25 lD;s WodyrK f).
w,a;=if.a n,mEfuka miq iagqj fyda,a yd wfkla ixialD;sljdoS udlaiajdoSyQ
WmrsjHqyh$wfOdajHqyh hk udos,sh m%;slafIam lr;s udlaia i|yka l< iudc i;ajhd yd iudc
x{dkh w;r mj;akd ohf,la;slh TjqyQ u;= lr;s(Curran,1982:18).

oDIajdoh

udlaiajdofha flakaSh ,laIKh th fN!;sljdoS uhs tfyhska iudc i;ajhd iska iudc
{dkh ;SrKh lrkq ,nhs hkak th ms<s.kS f oelaug wkqj oDIajdohka o mka;s moku
wkqj mj;S tfuka u iudcfha mj;akd wm;sOdrS oDIajdoh jkqfha iudcfha wdm;Hh orK
mka;sfha oDIajdoh hs fuh {dkhg uQ,sl;ajh fok {dkjdoS m%fYfhka fjkia f iudc
i;ajhd yd iudc {dkh w;r in|;dj ms<sn| m%Yakfha oS udlaiajdoSkaf.a t<Uq o tlsfklg
fjkia f tla lKavdhula iudc i;ajhd yd {dkh w;r inkaOh iDcq kS;shla f,i
i<l;s wfkla msrsi th ohf,la;sl in|;djla f,i jgyd .ks;s

uQ,Odl udlaiajdoh ;=< oDIajdoh hkq idjoH {dkhhs tk h iudc msrsila iska fkd
oeh hq;= {dkhl t<U isuhs tu {dkh yeu g u wm;s {dkh jk w;r th Tjqka
3
;=<g neyerska ldjeoa tlla f WodyrKhla f,i ksOk mdka;sl llrefjl= mam;a j
we;af;a Tyq iska fmr Njhl lrkq ,enQ mdmhla fya;=fjka h hk woyi Tyqf.a iudc
mka;shg wh;a {dkh fkdfth idjoH {dkhls

by; i|yka oelaf msyg

s d n,k g ckudOH iska m;=rejkq ,nkqfha wm;sOd u;jdoh hs
tk udOH ys iy th yiqrejk mka;sfha jkdl moaO;sh hs udlaiajdoS foaYmd,k wd:sl
kHdhslfhl=g wkqj ckudOH iska mka;s wr.,fha wd:sl uQ,hka jika lrkq ,nhs wr.,h
ksis mrs ia:dk.; lsu fjkqjg th uxuq,d lsrSug oDIajdoh Nd; f (Curran,1982:26).
iNdjH udlaiajdofha tk oDIajdoh hkq idjoH {dkh hs hk woyi w,a;=i iska
m%;slafIam lrk ,os oDIajdoh hkq wm f,dalh w;aolsk udOHh f hkak Tyq wjOdrKh lf<a
h. (Curran,1982:24). w,aa;=irshdkq udlaiajdoh iska oDIajdofha mj;akd wvq l< fkd yels w.h
yd tys jHd;aul meje;au wjOdrKh lrhs oDIajdoh iajdh;a; j yeisrSf n,h we;s fohla
f,i Tyq fmkajd fohs ckudOHj, oDIajdoS Nd;h iska ngysr iudch ;=< OkjdoS l%uh m%;s
ksudKh lsug odhl jk wdldrh wmg ksrSlaIKh lrkq ,eh yels h Times jeks i`.rdjla
l,amkdfjka lshjkafkl=g th jegfya.

oDIajdoh ms<sn| ;j;a kHdhslfhl= jQ je,kaka fjd,aisfkda %;dkH ixialD;sl wOHhkh ;=<
b;d oe n,mEula l< wfhls jHd;aul wdlD;shg mQj.d j mj;akd hqla; {dkhla
ms<sn| ixl,amhlg bv i<ik wdldrfhka oDIajdoh ms<sn| isoaOdka;hla f.dv ke.sh yelafla
mdr fN!;sl j muKla nj fjd,aisfkda ;l lrhs oDIajdoS rEmdldrhka {dkfha ksIamdok
fkdf oDIajdo iska {dkh ksIamdokh lsu is lrhs fgdaks fnk i|yka lrk mrsos zz
ljfrl=f.a fyda iajrEmh ksKh u {dkfha rEmdldrj, ks;hkag inkaO jkjdg jvd
fjk;a wjldYj,g inkaO f tajd k wd:sl wjldYh iy oDIajdoS wjldY ia:dmkh
lrkq ,nk ix{dlrK moaO;s hk wjldYhka h fjd u iudc tacka;hkaf.a ^h jHqyhl
tallhlamjq, kue;s jHqyh ;=< k mq;d" j" ;d;a;d wd wkkH;d .ekSu & {dkh imdokh
lrk jdyl f,i ie,lsh yelshZZ(Bennett ,1982:51) udOHhg oDIajdoS n,h we; hkakg
meyeos,s j u ish udlaiajdoS kHdhslhka tl`. f tfy;a tys mj;akd iajNdjh ms<sn| Tjqyq
tlsfkld yd tl`. fkd fj;s

ksIamdok l%ufohla f,i udOHh

iNdjH udlaiajdoS fhj,g wkqj udOH hkq OkjdoS iudc l%uh ;=< md,l mka;sfha
whs;sld;ajh hgf;a" w: imdokh lrkakd" h iNdjH udlaiajdoh ms<s.kakd wdldrhg
udOH iska md,l mka;f
s ha f,dal oelau yd woyia m;=rejd yerSu ir, l%shdj,shls Bg wkqj

4
l,am woyia ksfYaO lsrSu yd hgm;a lsrSu o lrkq ,nhs fuh udlaiaf.a my; ;lfhka
meyeos,s f

zzjHd;aul ksIamdok idOl ys mka;sh tu jHd;aul j;al md,kh lroa oS u udkisl

ksIamdok im;a o md,kh lrkq ,nhs tfyhska idudkHfhka i|yka l< yelafla udkisl
ksIamdok im;a wvq whf.a woyia by; mka;sfha wKilg hg jk njhsZZ(Marx and Engels:The
German Ideology Cited in Curran,1982:22).f ia:djrhg wkqj ckudOH iska jevlrk
mka;sh ;=< jHdc {dkh imdokh i|yd l%shd lrhs fuh ;j;a nrm;, lreKla fj;
wjOdkh fhduq lrjhs tk udOH ks;hka ish,a, ;kslr u md,l mka;sfha jkdl
m%ldYhg m;a lrkakls hkakhs tu .%yh md,l mka;sh ;=< yd udOH ;=< mj;akd ;j;a
fldf;l=;a O;ajhka wu;l lr ouhs tfuka u udOH .%dylhkaf.a l,am lsh yelshdj o
fuys oS wu;l lr oud we;

m%pdrK fuj,ula f,i - udOHh

udlaiajdoS Yaf,aIKh ;=< udOH wdh;k n, jHqyhlg iSud lsu is flf iudcfha mj;akd
wm;sOd wdh;k iu`. udOH tlg wE|S l%shd lsu ms<sn| TjqyQ wjOdkh fhduq lr;s udOH
u.ska wm;sOd wdh;kj, woyia yd wdl,am m%ldYhg m;a lsu is flf Tjqyq tu wdl,am
m%ldYhg m;a lrkqfha tajd fndfyda l,am iNdrhlska tlla f,i fkd f tajd mru i;H"
flakSh" imqrd ksjeros yd iajNdl wdl,am f,i m%ldYhg m;a flfrhs

udlaiajdoS foaYmd,k wd:sl Yaf,aYlhka olajk f,i ckm%sh;dfjka wvq ke;fyd;a

im%odhsl fkd jk woyia u.yer iudch ;=< b;d w.h flfrk yd mq,a j iudch iska
ms<s.;a jkdl yd ms<s.ekS je<|.ekSf keUqrejla udOH iska olajhs.(Murdock and
Golding,1977:37 cited in Curran,1982:26).

zlrkaZi|yka lrk f,i udlaiajdoS im%odhg wh;a fndfyda %;dkH mfhaIlhka ^iagqj fyda,a
jekakka&udOH u.ska m< lrk wmrdO isoa yd f;dr;=re mj;akd kS;s rS;s iajNdl yd mru
i;H f,i oelaf ksr; jk nj wOHhkh lr we; tu m%jD;a;s u.ska mj;akd rdcH
wKmK;a yd kS;s rS;s i|yd iudc wkque;sh ilika tajd ;j;a jOkh lsug odhl fjhs Bg
tfrys jkakka ke;fyd;a tl`. fkd jkakka tfia;a ke;fyd;a bka mrsndysr jQjka
wiajdNdlhka f,i yxjvq .ikq ,nhs f wdldrhg udOH i;= ixksfok yelshdj u.ska
fmd,Sish" kS;sh" mdie,a jeks n, wdh;k fj; nrm;, wdldrfhka iydh imhk wdldrh f
mfhaIlhka iska ksrSlaIKh lrkq ,en we; tu ksrSlaIKj,ska meyeos,s jk wdldrhg udOH
ish n,h wm;sOdrS ixialD;sh ia:dmkh lsrSu i|yd jk mQj ksYa;hka jOkh lsrSu" os.=

5
lsrSu" w;ajehd lsrSu Ifhys Nd; f tu.ska mj;akd ixia:dms;h jOkh lsrSu kd
wNskjfhka ;ekSu is fkd lrhs (Curran,1982:14-27).

udOH iska Pkao m%pdrK jevigyka bosrsm;a lsrSf oS ksoyia m%cd;ka;%jdofha n, jHqyh
iajNdl lrKh lsu i|yd jk Nd;hka ixia:dmkh lrk nj we;e udlaiajdoS pdrlhka
olajd we; Pkaoh oSug hdu - ksfhdacs; m%cd;ka;%jdoh" foaYmd,k iudk;ajh" iduQysl iajHx
ksKh whs;h
s jeks ;Hdjka mj;ajdf.k hdug fya;= jk oDIajdoS Nd;hla f,i TjqyQ ols;s
udOHh f ;Hdj wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdug Wo imhhs^md,sfka;=jla ke;s md,k
l%uhla .ek is;u
S g ksiqkag bv fkd ;nhs& rdcH oDIajdoS fuj,^ISA&" m%Odk foaYmd,k
ixOdk" wOHdmk moaO;s wdosh iska il%Sh j ;yjqre lrk ,o" mq,a j me;sr we;s ngysr
m%cd;ka;%jdoS foaYmd,k jkdl jOkh lsu udOH iska Pkao m%pdrKfha oS is lrk
wdldrh TjqyQ meyeos,s lr;s (Curran,1982:15).

ksia Ih ia:dmkh lsrSu ^fmd,d mekaku&

udlaiajdoS kHdhslhka Ih^Subject&yd jia;=j^Object&w;r fYaI wdldrfha fjkialula ys

lrhs Ih^ksia tackaish& yd jia;=j ^tys meje;af iajNdjh&w;r wfkHdakH f,i jk wka;
inka; {d;S;ajh;a"ft;sydisl >gkh;a w;r in|;djla mj;akd nj fgdaks fnk i|yka
lrhs.(Bennett,1982:42) fcdaka *siala "Ih" hkak fuf,i fjka fldg y`kd .kshs zzmqoa.,hd
hkak iajNdj Ouh iska ksudKh lrhsZ zIh - ksudKh lrkqfha ixialD;sh isks
mqoa.,hd ms<sn| mj;akd isoaOdka; ksiqka w;r fjkial ms<sn| tl`.;dj m< lrk w;r f
fjkial iajNdl foa f,i .%y lsu o lrhs wfkla w;g Ih ms<sn| kHdhka" iudchla
;=< ksiqkaf.a fmd w;aoelS fj; wjOdkh fhduq lrhs tk wm ljqrekao hkak ms<sn|
iudch mjik foa .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrhsZ zIhZ hkq iudc ks;hls th iajNdl
fkdfZZ(Fiske,1992:288).udlaishdkq ka;khg wkqj mqoa.,hd iudc in|;dj, n,mEfuka
ia:dmkh f(Lapsley and Westlake,1988:7). fuh zksia Ih ixia:dmkh lsrSuZ f,i
ye|skaf

ksid iaj {dk.;" wkkHmr;ka;% l%shdldrl yd fm!oa.,sl Yajdi wdl,am wruqKq iy

;j;a foa wkqj ;SrKh f hk udkjjdoS woyi w,a;=i iska m%;slafIam lrk ,os (Lapsley
and westlake,1988:14-15).Tyq ta fjkqjg fmd,dmekSf l%shdj,sh^interpellation&ms<sn| ixl,amh
bosm;a lf<a hzsIhkaZ mQjfhka fok ,o jHqy wkqj ia:dmkh jk nj Tyq iska fmkajd
fok ,os oDIajdoh mqoa.,hka Ihka njg m;a lsug l%shd lrhs tu.ska mqoa.,hka fmd,d
mkakkq ,ef ^th mqoa.,hkag O iudc wkkH;d mjrhs& ckudOH meie,a yd mjq, wdosh

6
we;=<;a oDIajdoS rdcH fuj, u.ska(I.S.A) mqoa.,hka fmd,dmekakSu lrkq ,ef ksiqka
wkkH;dj ms<sn| wjfndaOh;a h:d:h ms<sn| wjfndaOh;a rdcH oDIajdoS fuj, u.ska ,nd
.kshs(Lapsley and westlake,1988:8).

ksia Ih mQjfhka fok ,o jHqyhlg wkqj ixia:dmkh f hkak jHqyjdofha idudkH

ms<s.ekSu hs Bg wkqj ksia Ih" NdIdj" mjq,a in|;d" ixialD;sl im%odhka yd wfkl=;a
iudc n,hka hk jHqy u.ska ;SrKh f(Lapsley and westlake,1988:10-11).fmd,dmekSu
ms<sn| w,a;+if.a ixl,amh udOH m;j, foaYmd,k l%shdldrS;ajh .%y lsrSug udlaiajdoS
udOH kHdhslhkag wjia:dj i<id fohs m;h .%dylhd fmd,d mkakkq ,nhs Tyq fyd weh
ksia Ihla njg m;a lrhs ^tu(12& f woyig wkqj Ih ^fm%alaIlhd" wikakd" lshjkakd&
m;h iska ia:dmkh lrkq ,nhs tfia u ckudOH i;= Ih ksudKh lsrSf n,h ;j;a
wdldrhlg oelsh yels h tk udOH u.ska m%ldYhg m;a lrk foh tosfkod h:d:h ;=<
ms<sUq u hs h:d:h f,i ffoksl j w;a|sk idudkH oekSu mqoa.,hd ;=< f.dvke.Su ka
woyia flf fuh mqoa.,hd ;=< f,dal oelau ieliSug mQj.d j mj;S w,a;=irshdkq
udlaiajdoh fmd,dmekSf l%shdj,shg tfrys j frdaOh mEug mqoa.,hdg we;s yelshdj ms<sn|
i|yka fkd lrhs tfy;a rdcH oDIajdoS fuj,j, l%shdldrS;ajh ia:sr f,i u" imqrd u
id:l jkafka hhs kshuhla ke; ukao h fudfyd;l tacka;hd jk mqoa.,hd u ;j;a fgl
fmd,dmekSug ,la jkakd o h yels neks w,a;=irshka udOH kHdhslhka m;h imqrd u
mqoa.,hdf.a ^Ifha&m%;spdrh wkqj w: ksYaph lrkakla f,i i<lhs oDIajdofha wduka;%Khg
mqoa.,hd olajk m%;spdrh wkqj muKla fmd,dmekSu isu Bg fya;=jhs (Lapsley and
westlake,1988:15).f udOH kHdhslhka o ksia Ih talSN+; m%mxphla f,i i<lk ,os tfy;a
miqld,Sk udlaiajdoSka flaka%.; fkdjQ ksia Ih ^mqoa.,hd&m;h iu`. m%;sfrdaO;dj,g hk
w;r mqoa.,hd m;h w;a|sk ikaoNh fyda Tyqf.a ixialD;sl yev.eiau Bg fya;= jk nj
mejiS h(Curran,1982:25).

;;ajh tfia jqj o yn udfldaiaf.a^1972&ck udOHj, n,h ms<sn| is;shu .%dyl ckhd wl%Sh
f.dre f,i oelaug keUqrej we; tfy;a kj udlaiajdoS kHdhslhka mGkfha oS .%dylhkag
Yd, ldhNdrhla mjrhs zlrkaZ i|yka lrk f,i udOH iska wm;sOdrS w: moaO;s
fudv,hka f,i .ekSu yd tajd tlsfkld w;r yqjudre lr .ekSu olakg ,enqK;a th o
mj;akd w: moaO;s iu`. fyda mka;s mok jQ w: moaO;s iu`. iyfhda.fhka .%dylhd iska
u udOHlrejkag mqre mqyqKq lrk ,oaola f,i o .; yels h tk .%dylhd o fmr<d udOH
Ifhys tacka;hd f,i fkdfyd;a fmd,dmkakjkakd f,i ke;fyd;a wduka;%Kh lrkakd
f,i l%shd lrhs (Curran,1982:25).

7
O udlaiajdoSka w;r fjkial

pdrlhka iska udlaiajdoS udOH kHdhslhka O wdldrhg rduq .; lr we; fp,a .=f
iy Tyqf.a wkq.dlhka Bg we;=<;a mervhsu^iqiudoY& ;=kla k lr we;

1jHqyjdoS mervhsuh
2foaYmd,k wd:sl mervhsuh^wfOdajHqyh u; mok jQ&
3ixialD;sljdoS mervhsuh^Wmrs jHqyh u; mok jQ&

w,a;=irshdkq udlaiajdoh jHqyjdoS f meye,s jHqyjdoS Yaf,aIKhla u.ska udOHfhys

ix{dlrK moaO;sj, wNHka;r m%ldYkh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrhs (Curran,1982:28).
udlaiajdoS uQ,OujdoS im%odh ;=< tk foaYmd,k wd:sl kHdfhy" oDIajdoh wd:sl
mokug mrdh;a; j mj;skakla f,i olshs.(Curran,1982:26)..%eye ufvdlaf.a lD;sj,
(Murdock and Golding,1977, Murdock1982) pdrd;aul foaYmd,k wd:sl t<Uqula bosrsm;a
lrhs tys oS udOH i;= n,h wd:sl l%shdj,sh ;+< fyda udOH ksIamdokfha jHqyj, ia:dk.;
lrhs udOH u.ska bosrsm;a lrk ksfok ;SrKh lrk yd tajd fufyhjk ;Srl idOlh
udOHfha whs;sld;ajh yd wd:sluh md,kh f,i tys oS y`kd .kshs

iagqj fyda,af.a (Hall,1978) ueosy;a udlaiajdoS ixialD;sljdoS t<Uqula .kshs Tyq nyqck
udOH fmd {dkh ilia lsrSf oS uy`.= n,mEula lrk nj y`kd .kshs ixialD;sljdoh
wd:sljdoh neyer lrka w,a;=irshdkq jHqyjdoS udj; wkq.ukh lrhs tfy;a jHqyjdofhka
fjkia j iudcfha Wm lKavdhj, i;H w;aoelS wjOdrKh lsrSu;a" ixlSK m%ldYk
mqxchla f,i fmfkk iudchla ;=< udOHh hkak ikaoN .; lsrSu;a Tjqka siska lrkq ,nhs
(Curran,1982:27).l,la iagqj fyda,a wOHlaI OQrh fynjQ nka.aye YajoHd,fha iuld,Sk
ixialD;sh wOHhkh i|yd jQ uOHia:dkfha lghq;= fuu ixialD;sljdoS t<Uqu ksfhdackh
lrhs nyqck udOH"oDIajdoj, n,h" udOHfha iajNdjh" nyqck udOH ksKh u hk lreKq
inkaO j O udlaiajdoS kHdhslhka ork u; fjk fjkia f(Curran,1982:23).

*%ekala* .=rel=,h

*%ekala* .=rel=,fha fpkd;aul isoaOdka; iNdjH udlaiajdoSka gqf ixfYdaOkjdohla

f,ihs Bg fya;=j k Tjqyq iNdjH udlaiajdofha wd:sl ksh;sjdoh yd oe fN!;sljdoS
ia:djrh m%Yak lsrSu;a *%ekala* .=rel=,fha isoaOdka; ;=< ;snQ idr ix.%yjdoS .=Kh;a h udOH
wOHhkh ;=< fudjqkaf.a woyia jeo.;a jkqfha udOH" kHdhsl j lshug oerE m%:u udlaishdkq
m%h;akh fuh jk fyhsks(Gurevitch,1982:23).flfia fj;;a TjqyQ udOH wOHhkh i|yd W;

8
u ud.h imdokh lf<a hhs lsj fkd yels h (Curran,1982:23) *%ekala* .=rel=,h iu.
inkaO is fndfyda fihska u jeo.;a kHdhslhska k ;shfvda wevfkda" yn udlia yd
uelaia fydlhsu hk whhs f ish fokd u udlaiajdoSka f tfuka u Tjqka ish fokd u
1923 *%ekala*ys wer iudc mfhaIK wdh;khg inkaO j isfhda fj;s f wdh;kh 1933
oS ksfhdala kqjrg f.k hk ,os

*%ekala* .=rel=,h fldkafijhq woyila jQ nyqck iudch kue;s ixl,amhg jdujdoS

w:l:khla fok ,os f wjfha u;= fmfkk u;jdoh jQfha fldkafij jdohhs
(Bennett,1982:42)kj jdu ka;kfha mshd f,i ie<flk yn udlia Tyqf.a zjka
vhfukaIk,a uEkaZ(One-Dimensional man, 1972) kue;s lD;sfha udOH hkak ykajd oS we;af;a
b;d wiqNjdoS f,i hs th fkdje,elah yels n,hla f,i Tyq y`kajd we;(

zzikaksfokfha wruqK ke;sk w:h k udOHfha fkdaoh iemhSf yd f;dr;=re

ludka;fha fkd je<elah yels M,h jkqfha tu f;dr;= yd fkdaoh iu`. wdl,amuh"
phduh" nqoauh yd Ndjuh f,i mqoa.,hd" mdrsfNda.slhd" ksIamdolhkag ne| ;eu hs iuia:
iudch u fuf,i ksIamdolhka fj; ne| ;eug udOH Wo f ksIamdokh mdrsfNda.slhd
fj; ldjeoaoSu yd tu.ska mdrsfNda.slhd md,kh lsu is flf udOH tu ksIamdokh ms<sn|
ienE ;;ajh jid ouhs f wdldrhg taludksl ka;k Odrdjla yd phd rgdjla u;= u is
fZZ(Marcuse cited in Bennett,1982:43). udliag wkqj wm f,dalh ms<sn| is;sh hq;= wdldrh
udOH iska w:l:kh lrhs (Bennett,1982:44). fmdf .;a l, *%ekala* .=rel=,h udOH
ms<sn| wiqNjdoS wd,amhla orhs fck jQ,afld wef.a lD;sj, i|yka lrk f,i *%ekala*
.=rel=,hg wkqj udOH yd ixialD;sl ludka;h ish oDIajdoS n,fhka uOHu mka;sfha
mqoa.,jdoh;a" ksOk mka;sfha ma,jjdoS cSj .=Kh;a kdY lrkq ,nhs (Woollacott,1982:105)
;shfvda wevfkda yd uelaia fydlhsu udOHfha iuia: l%shdldrS;ajh we`.u i|yd ixialD;sl
ludka;h kue;s fhu Nd;hg f.fkk ,os(One-Dimensional man- 1972, cited in
Bennett,1982:47)oDIajdoh ms<sn| *%ekala* .=rel=,fha oelau udlaiajdofha wd:sl ksh;sjdoh
we;=<;ska Ldokhg ,la lsrSug iu;a h tfy;a tu pdr wkH udlaiajdoSka iska m%N+;ajjdohla
f,i yd fy.,shdkq {dkjdohg h<s mshuka lsula f,i olajka fpkhg ,la lrk ,os
(Bennett,1982:47).

w,a;=i - 1918 ^Althusser&

w,a;=i ^1918 Wmka jIh hs& udlaiajdoh oHdjla f,i gq m%xi udlaiajdosfhls Tyqf.a
im%odkh jHqyjdoS im%odhg we;=<;a f w,a;=irshdkq udlaiajdofha tla fYaI ,laIKhla k

9
th udlaiajdofha we;s fy.,shdkq ksh;sjdoh fkd ms<s.ekSuhs ksh;sjdo iska hula tla
kshduhlg fyda tla idrhlg W!Kkh lsu is lrhs w,a;=i iska udlaiajdofha tk wdldr
foll ksh;sjdo m%;slafIam lrhs wd:sl ksYaph jdoh^wd:sl idOlh ish,a, ksKh lrhs hk
woyi&iy udkjjdoh^mQjfhka fok ,o ksia iajNdjhl m%ldYkhla f,i iudc ixjOkh
isf hk woyi&tajd f tfyhska w,a;=irshdkq udlaiajdoh m%;s wd:sljdoS yd m%;s udkjjdoS
f wd:sl ksYaph jdoh m%;slafIam lrk Tyq oDIajdoh wd:sl jHqyhg wkqj mrdh;a; j
mj;skakal fkdj iajdh;a; j ;SrKh f yelshdj we;a;la f,i;a thg ksia {dkh
ieliSf n,h we;s nj;a y`kd .kakd ,os rdcH oDIajdoS fuj,j, ffjYsl ix{dlrk
Nd;hka ;=< oDIajdoh uQ;su;a f tf,i u th idfmalaI iajdm;Hhla w;am;a lr.kshs
w,a;=if.a ka;kuh Nd;h udlaiajdofha wd:sl ksh;sjdoh flfrys ;snQ wjOdkh fjk;lg
yrjhs

w,a;=ig wkqj oDIajdoh hkq mqoa.,hkaf.a ienE meje;au ms<sn| l,ams; inkaOhla Tyq fj;
bosrsm;a lsrSuhs(cited in Stevenson,1995:37) oDIajdoh ksiqka ksia Ihka njg mrsj:kh
lrhs oDIajdoS l%shdj,shla u.ska mqoa.,hka fjkia lsrSu ke;fyd;a ksudKh lsrSu lrkq ,nhs
tfia ;hoS;a ;uka ;ud ms<sn| j ;Srl tacka;hd jkafka h hk ;Hdj ms<s.kakd ;ekg
mqoa.,hd f.khdu oDIajdoh iska lrkq ,nhs

fgdaks fnk i|yka lrkqfha mj;akd iudc l%uh m%ldYhg m;a lsrSu i|yd Nd; jk
oDIajdoS wdldrhka ish,a, ms<sn| i|yka lsrSf oS w,a;=i ysiqkq f,i lD;Hjdofha
2
wdikakhg u mefKk njhs Tyq OkjdoS iudch fudf.d,s;sldldr jQjla f,i bosrsm;a lrhs
tfuka u tys wNHka;r .egq ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq fkd lrhs(Bennett,1982:53) w,a;=if.a
kHdh ;=< wm;s u;jdoh l:sldj yryd m%ldYhg m;a lrk wdldrh f;are .ekSu myiq nj
iagqj fyda,a i|yka lrhs(Hall,1982:78)w,a;=if.a kHdhg wkqj udOH m;h iska Ih
lr.kakd ^mdGlhd" fm%alaIlhd" wikakd& fmd,dmkajkq ,nhs tfiauq;a woH;k udOH
kHdhslhka ;l lrkqfha Ih ke;fyd;a mqoa.,hd iska udOH m;hg w: f.k tk njhs
w: u; lrk igk ms<sn| oek.ekSug flfkl= fjd,aisfkd yd .%dia foig keUqre h
hq;= h w,a;=if.a iuyr f,aLk u.ska Tyqf.a we;e wkq.dlhka" nyqck udOHj, ix{dlrk
moaO;Skays ksIamdok m%dldrh yd tajd fmd ms<s.ekSug ,la lsrSf hdka;%Kh ms<sn| fkd ;ld
tu nyqck udOH ;kslr u wdlD;sjdoS lshulg ,la lsu fj; ;,afldg we;s iehla o
olakg yels h flfia fj;;a jHqyjdoh yd ix{d:foh hk {dk YdLd fofla ixjOkh
udOH ms<sn| udlaiajdoS t<Uqu idl,Hfhka fjkia l< w;r w,a;=i tu l%shdj,sfha flaka%Sh
prs;hla f(Bennett,1982:53) w,a;=irshdkq udlaiajdoh ms<sn| fndfyduhla udOH pdrlhka

10
iska fmdf wjOdkh fhduq lr we; (Lapsley and Westlake,1988:3-16. Gurevitch,1982:23-
25, Bennett,1982:51-53. White,1992:168-169. Fiske,1992:286-288).

.%dia yd wKil ^fycfudksh&

wkaf;daksfhda.%dia b;d,s cd;sl udlaiajdosfhl= jk w;r m%Odk Odrdf udlaishdkq

ka;lfhls (1891-1937) Tyq o w,a;=i fuka u udlaiajdofha wd:sljdoh m%;l
s afIam lrk ,os
oDIajdofha iajdk meje;au ms<sn| Tyq wjOdrKh l< w;r oDIajdo wd:sl jHqyh iska
;SrKh lrkafka h hk iNdjH udlaiajdoS woyi neyer lrk ,os ksia Ih ^mqoa.,hd& foi
udkjjdoS oelaulska hq;= j n,k udlaishdkq t,Uqula Tyq iska ksudKh lrk ,os

3
h iudc mka;shla wfkla iudc mka;sh u; olajk wd;Hh ia;r lsrSug .%dia fycfudks
kue;s fhu Nd; lrk ,os nqIqjd fycfudksh WodyrKhla f,i i|yka l< yels h
fycfudksh hkafkka woyia jkqfha foaYmd,ksl yd wd:sl jYfhka jk md,kh muKla fkd
f md,l mka;s iska Tjqyq f,dalh olsk wdldrh" f,dalh ms<sn| is;k wdldrh wfkl=;a
md,l mka;sj,g idudkH oekSu ke;fyd;a jHjydr {dkh f,i b;d iajNdl foaj,a jYfhka
ta;a;= .ekaug olajk iu;alu o fycfudks hkakg we;=<;a f tfy;a f wdm;Hh md,s;
mka;s iska ms<s.kqfha ish leue;af;ks ish wNs,dI iu`. o md,l mka;sfha fycfudksh
ms<s.ekSu ne|S we;s nj pdrlfhda mji;s jHjydr {dkh ms<sn| fc*ars fkdfj,a ia;a
mjikqfha" ksm%N+ mka;h
s iska ish ksm%N+ cSjk l%uh mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh jHjydr
{dkh jk njhs(cited in Alvarado and Boyd-Barrett,1992:51).flfia fj;;a w,a;=i fihska u
.%dia o wr.,h wjOdrKh lrhs jHjydr {dkh hkq oe fkd fi,afjk fohla fkdj
ksrka;rfhka iajhxj mrsj:kh lr.kakd fohla nj Tyq olajhs ^Gramsci cited in
Hall,1982:73& *siala olajk f,i zzleue;a; hkak h<s h<s;a ksrka;rfhka oskd .; hq;a;ls
ksiqkaf.a fN!;sluh iudc w;aoelS iska ksrka;rfhka Tjqka ksm%N+ Ndjhg m;a j isf
wjdisodhl ;;ajh u;la fldg fohs tu.ska wm;sOdrS mka;shg yd tys wdm:Hhg wk;=re
t,a, f oDIajdoh yd ksm%N+kaf.a iudc w;aoelS w;r mj;akd ksi`. m%;sfrdaO;d iska fkd
je<elah yels f,iska oDIajdoS wr., ula ksudKh lrhsZZ(Fisk,1992:291) udOH
inkaOfhka" oDIajdoS wr., ula" hk fhu fnfyka n,mE iy.; we; .%diaf.a
ia:djrh jkqfha wd:sl ksh;sjdoh m%;alafIam lsrSuhs Tyq oDIajdoS wdm;Hh ,nd .ekSu i|yd
lrk wr.,h ms<sn| b;d /l,a jQ oe wjOdrKhla lrhs .%dia oDIajdoh ms<sn| olajk
woyia yryd Tyqf.a kHdhg kj udlaiajdoS iajrEmhla ,ef

iagqj fyda,a ^Stuart Hall&

11
fyf;u iuld,Sk ixialD;sh wOHhkh i|yd jQ nka.aye uOHia:dkfha mqfrda.d
nqoauf;la f Tyq 1960 iy 1970 ld,fha %;dkH jdudxYsl foaYmd,kfha m%Odk prs;hla h
w,a;=i wkq.ukh lrka Tyq ;l lr isfha udOH iska h:d:h m%;snkh lrk w;r u
h:d:h ksIamdokh lsrSu o lrk njhs fck jQ,afld iska iagqj fyda,af.a m%Odk
,sh,a,la jk Policing The Crisis kue;s f,aLkhg jeo.;a fpkhla bosrsm;a lrka M,odhS
lreKq /ila olajd we; (Janet Woollacott,1982:108-110) jQ,afld mjik f,i fyda,af.a tu
wOHhkh .%diaf.a fycfudksh ms<sn| isoaOdka;h foig keUqre jQ udlaiajdoS ixialD;sljdoS
mhdjf,dalkhls tu.ska nyqck udOHj, ix{dlrK l%shdj,sh Yaf,aIKh flfrhs tfia u
w,a;=if.a kHdhg wkqj udOH" rdcH oDIajdoS fuj, f,i f.k tajd wm;s oDIajdo
ksudKh lrk wdldrh ms<sn| j o fyda,a wjOdkh fhduq lrhs udOHj, idfmalaI wdm;Hh o
fyda,a ms<s.kshs (Janet Woollacott,1982:108-110). by; i|yka f,aLkfha fyda,a olajk f,i
nyqck udOH iska md,l mka;sfha rehg wkqj w:l:k ksIamdokh lrkq ,nhs tfy;a tu
l%shdj,sh isjkqfha o oDIajdoS wr., ul h udOH ix{dlrK moaO;sh idfmalaI
iajdm;Hhlska hqla; nj oelsh yels h zm%jD;a;sZ jevigyka O isoa w: oelaf oS Yd,
N+ldjla ksfhdackh lrhs TjqyQ m%jD;a;s f,i bosrsm;a lrk lreKq uQ,sl w: olajkakka jQ
rch fyda fjk;a wdh;k u.ska wkqu; lrk ,o tajd jqj o kej;;a oa;Sh w: l:khlg ,la
lr;s udOHh o ms<s.;a jd.a im%odhla Nd; lrka ms<s.;a woyia m%ldY lsug iqiql orhs
wd.u"mjq, fyda mdie,a fuka fudjqka o ms<s.ekSug ,la j is;s tu n,h yryd udOH iska
fmd iuq;.
s ; woyia Yla;su;a lsu i|yd fiajh lrkq ,nhs (Woollacott,1982:108-110)

udOH m; fj;ska ckhd w: ,nd .kqfha flfia o hk m%Yakh kHdhd;aul j idlPd lsug
o iagqj fyda,ag yels ;sf fyda,a w,a;=if.ka fjkia jkqfha udOH m;hlg m%;spdr
oelaug we;s bvlfvys jQ O;ajh wjOdrKh lsrSfuks iagj
q fyda,af.a m%Odk f,aLkhla
jk Encoding/Decoding-1980^fla:lrKh$fla:kh& ys udOH m;hl" wm;sOd oDIajdoh
fok ,o lshula f,i ^Prefered reading& ksi.fhka u igyka jk njg ;l lrhs tfy;a
udOH m;h weiqre lrkakd ksrdhdifhka u th ms<s fkd .kakd nj o Tyq i|yka lrhs
lshjkakdf.a"krUkakdf.a fyda wikakdf.a iudc ;;ajh O ia:djrhka ms<s.ekSu foig Tyq
fhduq lrjhs ish iudc ;;ajh yd fok ,o lshu tlg .e,fmk wjia:djl lshjkakd iska
wm;sOd lshula ^Dominant Reading& imdokh lrkq ,nhs m;h wkql<kh l<
lshulg ,la lrkqfha fok ,o lshu ish iudc ;;ajhg wkqj ilia lr .ekSu i|yd tys
w: fjkia lr.kq ,nkakd isks fok ,o lshu yd ish iudc ;;ajh iDcq j .efgk
wjia:djl oS tu lshjkakd iska cks; lrkqfha m%;smlaI^Oppositional&lshuls(Fisk,1992)
*sialaf.a u idrdxYh yd Tyq Bg olajk WodyrK f lD;sfha we; tfuka u fyda,a iska
w:l:khg iSud mj;sk nj wjOdrKh lrk ,(Stevenson,1995:41-42).tk w: ir, f,i

12
;ks mqoa., (Individual) fyda mqoa.,sl (Private) h fkd yels njhs (Hall,1980:135) fyda,a
oDIajdoh ms<sn| olajk wjOdrKh fpkhg ,la j we; Bg fya;=j whs;sld;ajfha iy
md,kfha jeo.;alu ms<sn| fkd ;elSuhs(Stevenson,1995:35)

udlaiajdoS Yaf,aIKfha iSud

udlaiajdoh ;j;a tla oDIajdohla muKlehs we;e pdrlfhda ;l lr;s^ft;sydisl

fN!;sljdoh jHd;aul oHdjla f,i fmdf ms<s.kshs udlaiajdoh oDIajdohla f,i i<lk
wh tu lreK wu;l lr;s&we;efula udlaiajdoSyQ wkaO Nla;slhka msrsilehs fpdaokd
lr;s(Berger,1982) uQ,OujdoS udlaiajdoh b;d r`M f,i ksh;s jdoS f Ih uQ,sl;ajhg yd
mqoa., l%shdldrS;ajhg jHjdoS W!Ks;jdosfhl= ,nd fokqfha b;d wvq bvlvls udlaiajdoh
fndfyda g fmfkkqfha wdkqNl mfhaIK j,lajk iqmsrs isoaOdka;hla f,ihs flfia fj;;a
udlaishdkq foaYmd,k wd:sl im%odh ;=< fYaI jYfhka wdkqNl l%ufo Nd;hg .kshs
tfuka u fYaI m; ms<sn| lrk im wOHhk u.ska udOH m%ldYk Yaf,aIKhka is lrkq
,nhs

iNdjH udlaiajdofha tk jHdc {dkh kue;s ixl,amh u.ska" ueosy;a yryd lD;s fkd
lrk ,o h:d:hla mj;sk njg jeros woyila fhdackd lrkq ,nhs fuu jHdc {dkh ms<sn|
u;h iu`. inkaO jk wfkla woyi k udOH iska bosrsm;a lrk fohg m%;sreoaO lshula
bosrsm;a lsrSug mdGlhdg bvla ke;" hkak ms<s.ekSuhs .%dylhka iska udOH Nd; lrk O
rEmdldrhka ms<sn| wjOdkh wm fj;ska bj;a lsrSug udlaiajdoS mhdjf,dalh ljr fyda
W;aidyhla fkd .; hq;= h flfia fj;;a kj udlaiajdoSyQ f w.;Ska u.yrska is;s
uq,ald,Sk udlaiajdoSka mka;s wjYH;d ms<sn| l< wjOdrKh f jk g b;d iS.%fhka wfkl=;a
iudc fNaokhka jQ ,sx.sl;ajh" cd;sl;ajh" wd. jeks lafIa;% lrd o f.k hka mj;S

udlaiajdoS Yaf,aIKfha YlH;d

wfkla kHdhka fuka fkdj udlaiajdoh udOH wOHhkh i|yd meyeos,s kHdhl wjYH;dj w.h
lrhs Y=oaO oHd iu`. .;a g iudc oHd w.fhka f;dr h hk ;Hdj udlaiajdoS pdr kHdh
iska fy<sor lrk ,os udOH u.ska m%ldYhg m;a jk foa ;=< we;s wiu;=<s; nj wjOdrKh
lrka tys we;s wd:sl yd foaYmd,k wNsu;hkaf.a iajrEmh foig wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq
lsrSug udlaiajdoS mhdjf,dalkh iu;a f udOH m; iqi,a iudc rEmdldrhla ;=< msysgqug
udlaiajdoh Wo lrhs oDIajdofha iajNdjh ms<sn| th olajk wjOdkh fok ,o jkdl
ixfhdackh lsug wmg Wo f udOH m; u.ska wm fj; msrskukqfha ldf.a h:d:h o
hkak fy<sor lr .ekSug oDIajdoS wOHhkh wmg Wo lrhs mqoa., iajdm;Hh kue;s

13
;Hdj we;=<;ska ydrd oeug w,a;=irshdkq udlaiajdoh Wo lrk g wfkl=;a udlaiajdoS
ia:djrhka iska udOHh" oDIajdoS w: i|yd wr., ula f,i y`kd .kshs ta wkqj
mdGlhkag h m;hla Ifhys m%;sfrda lshul fhoSug we;s yelshdj jD;a; lrhs

udlaiajdoS kHdh iudc mka;sj, jeo.;alu udOHfha whs;sldrs;ajh yd .%dylhd udOH m;

ms<sn| lrkq ,nk ksjpkh hk lreKq fol ms<sn| j u wjOdkh fhduq lrka wjOdrKh
lrhs udlaiajdoS kHdh ;=< fuu wjOdkh fYaI jeo.;alula Wiq,hs wka;.; Yaf,aIK yd
ix{d:foh udOHfha wka;.;h u; ish wdf,dalh m;=rejoa oS udlaiajdoS kHdh udOH
ksIamdok yd Bg olajk m%;spdrj, %jHd;aul ;;ajh ms<sn`o lreKq wjOdrKh lrk ,os
fpkd;aul foaYmd,k wd:sl kHdhslhka udOHfha whs;sldrS;ajh yd tys md,kh ms<sn|j;a"
udOHfha whs;sldrS;ajh tys wka;.;hg u. fkd yeh yels wdldrhlska n,mdk whqre;a
wOHhkh lrhs O iudc wd:sl mka;s ia:r iska yev.eiaiQ O YlH;d yd w:l:k
udos,s f,i fujeks wjia:d wOHhkh lsrSf o jeo.;alula mj;S udlaiajdoS udOH mfhaIK
udOH m%ldYk Yaf,aIKh lsf o ksr; fjhs^foaYmd,k wdjrK yd iudc lKavdhj,g
wod< j& tu Yaf,aIKj, oS iqfYaIs; jQ oDIajdo fy<sor lr .kshs wmg ;ju;a udlaiajdoS
Yaf,aIK l%uh wjYH j mj;S uka o h;a iudch ;=< n,h yd im;a fnoShdf Iu;djla
mj;sk ;dla h:d:h ms<sn| O w:l:k ys jk w;r tajdfhka we;ejd jvd n,mE
iy.; jk neks we;e fgl .%dyl m%;spdr m%;sfrda h yels h we;e fgl udOH
wka;.;h Ifhys .%dyl m%;spdrh Okd;aul ug o bv we; udlaiajdoS Yaf,aIKh f ish
Nj;d w;am;a lr .ekSug W;aidy orhs

mj;lf.a mdNdIsl Yo ud,dj ^,smsfha fhoS we;s ms<sfj,g&

1. ksoyia nyq;ajjdoSka ) Liberal Pluralist

2. lD;H jdoSka Functionalists
3. udlaiajdoS fkd jk Non-Marxist
4. o.aO mka;l s hka Elite Class
5. tl`. u Negotiate
6. Wm jHqyh Super structure
7. wfOda jHqyh Base
8. wdl jdoh Economisam
9. lfGdar udlaiajdoh Vulgar Marxism
10. m%mxp Phenomena
11. ;dlaIKsl ksYaphjdoh Technological Determinism
12. nyqck udOH Mass Media
13. foaYmd,k wd:sl udlaiajdoh Political Economic Marxism
14. W!Ks;jdoS Reductionist
15. ixialD;sljdoS udlaiajdoSka Culturalist Marxists
16. iudc {dkh Social Consciousness

14
 17. oDIajdoh$u;jdoh Ideology
18. {dkjdoh Idealist
19. idjoH {dkh$jHdc {dkh False Consciousness
20. iudc tacka;hka Social Agents
21. jkdl Values
22. ksia Ih ia:dmkh lsrSu Constitution of the Subject
23. fmd,d mekSu Interpellation
24. oDIajdoS rdcH fuj, Ideological State Apparatuses
25. m;h Text
26. wduka;%Kh Hailing !
27. mGkhReading
28. ixfYdaOkjdoS Revisionist
29. idr ix.%yjdoS Eclecticism
30. nyq ck iudch Mass Society
31. ixialD;sl ludka;h Cultural Industry
32. im%odkh Contribution
33. ksh;sjdoh Essentianlism
34. udkjjdoh Humanism
35. fycfudksh ^wKil& Hegemony
36. idudkH oekSu$jHjydr {dkh Common Sense
37. fok ,o lshu Preferred Reading
38. wdkqNl Empirical
39. wka;.; Yaf,aIKh Content Analysis
40. ix{d:foh Semiotics

mj:lf.a mdol igyka(

1.fndfyda g im;a ys`.fhka fmf<k ksOk mka;sh yd my< uOHu mka;slhka f .Khg jefudlaishdkq
udkfhka Tng fuu woyi .%y lrkafka k mqreIdm;H ;=< ia;%Ska o jd.sl lsh ;=< hg;a ck lKavdh
o wm;sOdrS fkd jk jK yd wd. o tfuka u ,xldjg wkqj .;fyd;a ixialD;sl im;a flaka%.; j we;s
fld<U w.k.rfhka mrsndysr j fjfik msrsia o f msrsig we;=<;a l< yels h

2.fudf.d,s;sl hkq mdIdKS N+;" ke;fyd;a .,a .eyqKq" taludksl" fkd fi,afjk woyiams<sn| oelaug fhdok
jpkhls

3.fycfudks hkq u;jdoS wdm;Hhs fycfudksfha Ih jia;+ka ksm%N+ka f .%diaf.a tu fhu i|yd ,xldj
;=< O msrsia O isxy, jpk Nd; fldg we;wdpdh ksgka .=Kisxy ta i|yd Nd; fldg we;af;a
wdm;Hh" hk fhuhs ^.=Kisxy ksgka"wkaf;daksTZ .%dia fl ye|skaula" 1986" llre f.d wdh;kfha
m%ldYkhls"ms(9&X lKavdhu ta i|yd Nd; lf<a "fycfudksh" hk jpkhhs ^.=Kr;ak oSma;sl=udr"mD:slrKh iy
fycfudksfha kj iajrEm"1999,X lKavdhf m%ldYkhls& ta i|yd "wKil" hk mqrd;k jpkh u Nd; lsrSug
iixl fmfrd we;= oaj;=ka msrsila W;aidy orhs ^fmfrd iixl"oikdhl yrSka%" m; bx.%Sis-isxy, isxy, -
bx.%Sis mdrsNdIsl mo ud,dj"m<uq ixialrKh"2006" m%ldYkh" iudc ixialD;sl ;Sj% wOHhkh i|yd jQ fld<U
wdh;kh"ms20&wd{dpl%h hk ixialD; mofhka th |S ths wd{d pl%hg mqoa.,hd olajk m%;spdrh h f tfy;a
wkq.; u je<| .ekSu jeks m%;spdrhla fycfudksh flf olajhs

wdYs%; .%ka:(

1. Allen, Robert C. (Ed.) (1992): Channels of Discourse, Reassembled. London:

Routledge.

15
2. Althusser, Louis (1971): 'Ideology and ideological state apparatuses'. In Lenin and
Philosophy, and Other Essays. London: New Left Books

3.Alvarado, Manuel & Oliver Boyd-Barrett (Eds.): Media Education: An

Introduction. London: BFI/Open University

3.Bennett, Tony (1982): 'Theories of the media, theories of society'. In Gurevitch et

al. (Eds.), op. cit.

4.Berger, Arthur Asa (1982): Media Analysis Techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
(Chapter 2, 'Marxist Analysis')

5.Boyd-Barrett, Oliver (1992): 'The Social Science Tradition'. In Alvarado & Boyd-
Barrett (Eds.), op. cit. [section from pp. 174ff]

6. Curran, James, Michael Gurevitch & Janet Woollacott (1982): 'The study of the
media: theoretical approaches'. In Gurevitch et al. (Eds.), op. cit. [b;d jeo.;a]

7.Fiske, John (1992): 'British Cultural Studies and Television'. In Allen (Ed.), op. cit.
[includes summary of Hall's account of 'preferred readin' and alternative reading
strategies: pp 292-3]

8.Gramsci, Antonio (1971): Selections from the Prison Notebooks. London: Lawrence
& Wishart

9.Gurevitch, Michael, Tony Bennett, James Curran & Janet Woollacott (Ed.) (1982):
Culture, Society and the Media. London: Methuen (Part 1, 'Class, Ideology and the
Media')

10.Hall, Stuart (1980): 'Encoding/decoding'. In Centre for Contemporary Cultural

Studies (Ed.): Culture, Media, Language. London: Hutchinson [important paper,
though not initially an easy read]

11.Hall, Stuart (1982): 'The rediscovery of "ideology": return of the repressed in

media studies'. In Gurevitch et al. (Eds.), op. cit. [fyda,af.a jeo.;au ,smshla]

12.Hall, Stuart, C. Critcher, T. Jefferson, J. Clarke & B. Roberts (1978): Policing the
Crisis. London: Macmillan.

13.Lapsley, Robert & Michael Westlake (1988): Film Theory: An Introduction. Manchester:
Manchester University Press (Chapter 1, 'Politics': pages 1-17 offer a very useful account of
Althusserian Marxism)

14.Marcuse, Herbert (1972): One-Dimensional Man. London: Abacus [not for the faint-hearted]

16
15.McQuail, Denis (1987): Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage (Chapter 3, 'Theory of
Media and Theory of Society'; Chapter 4, 'Media Theory Applied: Power, Integration and
Change')

16.Murdock, Graham (1982): 'Large Corporations and the Control of the Communications
Indtries'. In Gurevitch et al. (Eds.), op. cit.

17.Murdock, Graham and Peter Golding (1977): 'Capitalism, communication and class relations'.
In James Curran, Michael Gurevitch & Janet Woollacott (Eds.): Mass Communication and
Society. London: Arnold

18.Stevenson, Nick (1995): Understanding Media Cultures: Social Theory and Mass
Communication. London: Sage (Chapter 1: 'Marxism and Mass Communication Research')

19.Strinati, Dominic (1995): An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture. London: Routledge

(Chapter 4: 'Marxism, Political Economy and Ideology', pp. 127-76)

20.White, Mimi (1992): 'Ideological Analysis and Television'. In Allen (Ed.), op. cit. [useful
overview pp. 163-170,with good bibliography]

21.Woollacott, Janet (1982): 'Messages and Meaning'. In Gurevitch et al. (Eds.), op. cit.
[fyda,af.a jeo.;a u ,smshla et al. 1978]

*uydpdh vekssfh,a peka, Aberystwyth YajoHd,fha rx. l,d ;%mg yd rEmjdyskS wOHhk
fomdf;ka;=f uydpdhjrfhls %;dkHfha isk ms<s.;a oDYH ix{d:ffhls

**iuka tldhlrjk reyqK YajoHd,fha isxy, wxYfha fiajh l< lldpdhjrfhls Y%S ,xld
inr.uqj YajoHd,fha;a Y%S chjOkmqr YajoHd,fha;a ndysr lldpdhjrfhls mj:lfhla
yd mfhaIlfhls

17