DOCUMENT RESUME ED 353 815, FL 020 896 AUTHOR Tegey, Habibullah; Robson, Barbara TITLE Pashto Reader. INSTITUTION Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C. SPONS AGENCY Office of International Education (ED), Hashington, De. PUR DATE 92 cowmacT 017410030, NOTE 226p.; For related documents, soe FL 020 894-895, PUB TYPE Guides ~ Classroom Use - Instructional Materials (For Learaer) (051) EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Advertising; Grammar; Instructional Materials; *Language Variation; Letters (Correspondence); News Media; *Pashto; Poetry; *Reading Materials; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Vocabulary; *Written Language IDENTIFIERS Authentic Materials ABSTRACT This reader is the basic text for a set of instructional materials in Pashto. Tt consists of 45 authentic passages in Pashto script, each accompanied by background information, a vocabulary list, hints for scanning, comprehension exercises, and notes for detailed rereading. An introductory section offers study suggestions for the student. The passages are presented in 7 groups: essays; articles; stories} poetry} public writing (signs and advertising); letters and memoranda; and fractured Pachtc. Each group is accompanied by an introduction and answers to coaprehension questions. Additional jokes and anecdotes are included throughout the materials. (MSE) Je II I URIS IO II ARI IOI IIS AAI IIT %* Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made = * * fron the original document. * Zhuhai hihi ic Rc GE RSS RR I AAA AFL 020 R16 ED353815 e513 pt Pashto Reader Center for Applied Linguistics BEST COPY AVAILABLE 225/53 po Pashto Reader Habibullah Tegey Barbara Robson Center for Applied Linguistics Washington, D.CPashto Reader Introduction This Pashto Reader 1s accompanied by three other components: Pashto Reader Originals , a set of most of the passages in the Reader in their original published forms; and Pashto Reader Passages in Transcription, a set of the passages in broad phonetic transcriptions, for use by linguists and others who are interested in the structure and pronunciation of authentic Pashto but are not familier with the written script; and the Pashto-English Glossary for the CAL Pashto Materials, a glossary of all the vocabulary items used in the Reader and the other Pashto materials described below. All four of the Pashto Reader components are available In microfiche or hard copy through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. For information, please contact ERIC/CLL, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington, D.C This Reader has been developed by the Center for Applied Linguistics with funding from Grant No, PO17A10030 from the International Research and Studies Program of the US. Department cf Education, The same office funded CAL to develop Beginning Pashto and Intermediate Pashto, the components of which are also available from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. This Reader assumes that the student has mastered the material in Beginning and Intermediate Pashto. We wish to thank Mr. Anwar Ayazi for field-Lesting and commenting on the Reader units and the Glossary for us. His careful reading end thoughtful comments have been of special value in the preparation of the Reader, and we are very grateful to him for his continuing interest in this project.Pashto Reader ii Tabie of Contents Introduction . : 7 5 if To the Student bese . 5 ’ Unit 1: Essays Introduction aren 7 1 Selection A: 534 LS oe Spee aoGoa0 2 Selection 8 srk gory 9-5 . cee 8 Selection C: Iss yuk » oe poppe 0 Selection D: ot, Sty ero . cee 14 Selection E: ey 9 Sub3 > 5 : te Selection F: alas QE 2 wsdeg Qo . at Selection & S5 git : 25 Selection H: dx . . 30 Answers to Past-reading Questions, 35 Unit 2: Articles Introduction cee ce 38 Selection A: Seo 248 Gaal cee 38 Selection B: gl gle tng 45 Selection: 25 a8 ob pole a GLUE! sieyet Ble oe 51 Selection 0: 453 Sass!) 045 S55 = : cee 87 Selection E: News Briefs : : 6 Answers to Post-reading Questions ...... : 65 Unit 3: Stories Introduction re 68 Selection A: ea? iinet, 4 69 Selection B: Sea glk jal... : 75 Selection C: S59 pal 8 Selection D: 3. 69 Answers to Post~reading Questions 98 Unit 4: Poetry Introduction pepandooe 100 Selection A: il) : A 101 Selection B: | : : mt aPashto Reader Selection C: | Selection D: ljyint o jen Selection E: ihe Selection F: coe sume ‘Answers to Post-reading Questions Unit 5: Public Pashto Introduction Selection A: Street Signs in Kabul Selection B: Wall Writing in Peshawar Selection C: Baba Rahman's Tomb Selection D: Khoshal Khan Khattek’s Tomb. Selection E: Advertisements. Answers to Post-reading Questions. Unit 6: Letters and Memoranda Introduction Selection A Selection B Selection C Selection D. Selection €, Selection F. Selection 6... Selection H... Selection I. Selection J. Selection k. Selection L fo Answers to Post-reading Questions. Unit 7: Fractured Pashto Introduction ... Selection A: News Briefs Selection B: ay 6 oySlisass Selection C: Sly e255 Selection D: 2 4S ale y s4z 5:83 4 pz5y US 9 Selection €: 68:58 Sone galt Gh Answers to Post-reading Questions 115 126 128 134 2143 145 146 148 150 152 154 157 158 159 161 163 165 167 169 171 173 176 179 181 183 186 189 190 196 201 = 205 au 216Pashto Reader v To the Student The purpose of this Reader is to provide English-speaking students of the Pashto language with an introduction to modern written Pashto. In preparing it, we have tried to keep in mind students’ different needs for Pashto: some are working with the Tanguage in en academic environment, and are interested in the language for its own sake; and others are learning the language for practical purposes, for example foreign service officers who expect to work among Pashtuns in Afghanistan or Pakistan. We have also taken into account that some students are working on their own, and others are working with a teacher. We have tried, as far as Is possible, to work within all these variables. All users of the Reader , however, are assumed to have mastered the material presented in Beginning Pashto and Intermediate Pashto. The Pashto pieces in the Reader were chosen mainly for their interest to English- speaking readers, and for the insights Into Pashtun culture and society they provide They range from pieces which are widely accepted in the Pashtun community as examples of modern literature, through letters and articles written by “ordinary” people, to pieces immediately reeagnized by the Pashtun as non-native, “fractured” Pashto Excent for deletion of some parts, the pieces are authentic, unedited Pashto as ft appears in books, newspapers, journals, and other public and private sources. You will natice that the first selections in Units 1, 2, 3, end 4 were written by Ulfat. Ulfat fs, first, universally recognized as one of the - if not the ~ best Pashtun writer of this century; @ more in-depth knowledge of his writings will serve the Pashto student well. Second, Ulfat's style is closer to spoken Pashto than most, and for that reason 1s somewhat easier for the foreign learner of the lenguage to handle, Third, the provision of several types of pieces by the same author will allow the student to compare the same author across genres to different authors in the same genre. It should be remembered that unlike English, Pashto does not have firm “rules which govern spelling, punctuation, and even spacing between words, Such matters are left to the author, and Pashtun authors vary widely with regard to their concern for correctness", their exposure to and appreciation for western notions of consistency, and other aspects of publishing that occupy western editors. Each unit in the Reader consists of a number of selections, each of which contains @ piece (or pieces) of authentic Pashto. Each selection has the following parts: © the passage in Pashto, presented in normalized computer Pashto like that of Beginning and Intermediate Pashto, \.e. with consistent spacing between words. We have carefully preserved the spelling and grammar mistakes and misprints in the originals, and called your attention to the mest important of them in the detailed notes. © Pre-reading information end activities. In the Background, information is given which places the selection tn context, eg. information on the author and the circumstances under which he wrote the piece; cultural information which will help youPashto Ri jer wi understand the selection better; and bibitogrenhical information. Note, please, that any dates given are likely to be off: the sources for them are in three different calendars, and tn any event are subject to individuals’ recollections. In the Key Vocabulary section, most of the new words appearing in the selection are listet in Pashto alphabetical order, with grammatical information and English glosses. Each of these words, and all others in the selection, appear in the Pashto- English Glossary for the CAL Pashto Matertals. In the Glossary, the words are given more detatled treatment than in the Key Vocabulary sect ton. In the Scanning Hints section, information 1s given which will help you get an idea of the overall structurs of the passage. There are, in addition, notes to alert you to ‘typographical errors, punctuation conventions and other potential sources of confusion. © Post-reading comprehension questions, with answers given at the end of the select ion Notes for Detailed Reading, These notes are for the student who ts learning Pashto in an academic environment If you ere working with @ Pashtun teacher, the teacher will ¢“ rourse use the passages in the Reader as he or she sees fit. If you ere working on y. Town, we suggest ‘that you work through the unfts tn the following order: 5,6, 1, 2,3, 4, 7. This is the order in which the units were developed, and also the order in which you will be exposed to the least complicated Pashto first. Alternatively, you might want to work through Units 5 and 6, then reed the plecesby Ulfat In Units 1, 2, 3, and 4, then proceed with the other pleces In each unit. Under any circumstances, we suggest that Unit 7, Fractured Pashto, be studied last, We also suggest, if you are working on your own, the following approach to each selection: 1, Read the Pre-reading section, and follow the suggestions. 2. Scan the selection several times ({.e. read It for the general 1deas, not for word-by- word comprehension), using the Original version (See the Introduction, 9. #f, tor availability of the Pashto Reader Originals.) If you have trouble processing the Original, compere it to the version presented here in the Reader. 3. When you are comfortable with the overall pessage, try the comprehension questions given tn the Post-~reading section 4. If you are studying Pashto for the language rather than to use it for practical Purposes, go over the passage again in detail, being sure you understand the structure of each sentence. Use the Glossary to look up any words you don't understand. If, having worked through the selections in this Reader, you would like to continue with other modern Pasho stories, essays and poetry, we recommend that you try to find a three- volume sat of writings entitled JljSJ Geel. JS) ging! i8 8 collection of pteces from well-known Pashtun authors, collected and edited by Senawa in 1960/61. Each writer wasPashto Reader vil asked to send a biography and three or four of his favorite pieces for the collection. The result | {1s @ large collection, uniformly typed, and with more attention than usual to consistency of punctuation and spelling. It is avatlable in bookstores in Pakistan. We also recommend the Pashto pleces in the literary journal Kabul, which Is likely to be carried in large university Ubrartes. Wherever space has permitted, we have included fillers ~ jokes, anecdotes, |poetry - for the sole purpose of amusing you. Most of the jokes are trom joke books bought in book stores in Pakistan; they have been edited and glossed to make for easy reading, All such fillers are enclosed in a double box like the one [surrounding this paragraph.Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 1 Unit 1: Essays Introduction The selections in this unit are short formal essays, called apt; esl ‘literary piece’ in Pashto, Adebi parche were originally inspired by the French. Sorrowed Into both Pashto and Dart, they are short essays on political and soctal problems in Afghanistan, written in figurative language. The most well-known Pashto adab/ parche were written by the first generation of modern Pashtun writers; younger writers extended the genre to include love end romance as topics. An adabi parcha differs from a mugéla ~ Jk. ~ an article - mostly in length; there are pieces (ane of them 1s given in Unit 2) which are adepi parche in every respect except that they are “too long” and are therefore considered articles rather then essays. Besides length, another difference between an adabi parche end 8 mugale 1s thet the formers primary purpose 1s to be an expressive piece of writing, whereas the latter's 1s to give information. In fact, many of the edab/ parche look more Itke western ideas of free verse than like essays. Adabi parche are published everywhere - mostly in newspapers, but also in magazines end journals, and occasionally for particular anthologies and collections. Thay were particularly popular in the years between 1946 and 1953 - the time when Shah Mahmud was prime minister - were a time of relaxation of the heavy censorship that existed in the Afghan government, It was possible then to criticize the government and its policies, although even so such criticism had to be very carefully worded. ‘The essays we have chosen for this unit were almost certainly written during that period, although we cennot identify their original sources. They have all been reprinted in anthologies and collections, which indicates that they have been accepted as good examples of the genre by subsequent generations of readers and writers, and that their topics were mfld enough to have survived the reimposition of heavy censorshin in 1953 The authors represented here were heavily Influenced by Arebic, which was the language of education for most of them. They were also, however, heavily influenced by the movement towards Pashtun nationalism in the 40s, which included en interest in using Pashto vocabulary rather than Arabic or Persian, They used Pashto words whenever possible, borrowing them from other Pashto dialects, sometimes taking words from the Pashto Academy's list of created Pashto words, and sometimes making them up. Frequently, they coupled a Pashto word with Its more familiar Arabic or Perstan equivalent; these synonyms are listed in the Scanning hints section of each selection. There are fewer misprints in the originals of these essays than usual, prabably because they are in their third or fourth printingPashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 2 Selection A ete lS og sage ptt Sk Bee tS sali! y 2a edsgions © SoS lay 6 6 oad elt yl obs 0d olS at JyS way 093 ard gS ols Gee Go lS @ 2G Gr ee we Ie gotten ol gk ate oa pele aly Ly Glas J ge © ge ot Bae PP gphoe Verge Gx Sg le Lege Ss ot oe Ge pS! pe ok Go S SES ey to ele OS yh 4 Gas le Erte HS HSK 558 Garey Be Go gel Gagl wget ges SHl4a-4 529m ge HSI ol Sle gy Yes piy Gx oS oe Io hose ony +6059 Saree Gere Bed Slo oy of seo eke & Ge oe he gh ol ne ste Gort 1 IS Gert Je WSs, 2 G2 sSoeteg sled ol pass G Saab o 159 poles oy clack! pols gl SE yl Gor 9 Sergry Gar lS & Io bess ge S985 Cag a pl gal walsl g oss SoS Le oly tsyrS Gs obs SoS ele de pe oe sing 52S Ue sta ds Ft dal! sree oF Gt gt 1S NsagnyPashto Reeder Unit 1: Essays 3 nist BS Je CIS std ol gt dem wl GS Ee EES age Sy Sable 9 5! Gyre Gad 1 Gad qe & Ns yS3 3 Saga yh au be tel SB ome d oy 2S ge 2S Pro-reading [Background Gul Pacha Ulfat was born in Laghman, probably around the turn of the century, His lucation was entirely in mosque schools. When he was twenty-seven, he was eppointed as a clerk on the staff of the newspaner An/s. Some years after, he was elected to the Afghan Parliament and subsequently appointed as president of the Pashto Academy, From then until his deeth in 1977 he was active both in politics and government and on the Witerary scone. Wifet was a prolific writer, recognized for both his poetry and his prose. His style Is noted for its simplicity, and Its closeness to spoken Pashto. His writings have been reprinted In several collections and anthologtes, and his books are widely available in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Ultat continually spoke out against repression, urging the government to relex its censorship and the people to voice their opinions, or at least to listen carefully to those who did. In this essay, Uifat argues for the release of an innocent prisoner: he gives reasons not to keen the prisoner locked up, end then gives reasons to free him. At the end, he explains who or what the prisoner Is. The essay was originally published sometime in the forties, and later reprinted in say old SI «k, Ulfat’s preliminary version of his how-to book on writing, Our copy was published in «4,2: «44, a collection of Ulfat’s writings published by the Pashto Academy In 1957, pages 85-86.Pashto Reader [Key vocabulary kingdom n, M2.[saltenét] 22bL, treatment n, M2. [suldk] J yb straightender. tr. vb. (samaw-] ~ ya Unit 1: Essays predict der. tr. vb. (sanjewél - yin pretty adj 2. Ixkwaléy] Sx correct adj 4. [sayll camo nature n, M2, [tabiyét] oneal [raséo] L$ throne n, F2, tkorséyl su 9S crooked adj 1. [kog] 5S confusing adj 1. [gadwédl avs sin n, F3. Iguné] 6&5 difficulty n, 2, Imushkri] [Ste creature 1,2. ImawjGdl 355 56 corruption n, M2. ‘Scanning hints secret n, M2. asrdrl 5| pl straighten der. tr. vb. lawaraw<] ~ 9 513] situation n, F3. lawzd) ¢ Ls 4) cured adj 4, (bind) Ly bothered, confused adj 1. [presh&nl ol,» prediction n, F2, [peshbin!l (stentny cruel adj J. (jafakar] IS lig solve phr. [hal kaw-I- 5S Ja danger, fright n, M2, (khewf] 3 55, dream n, M2. tkhob] <5 ‘well (source of water) n, FS. (tsalle secret n, M2. tramzlj« 5 reason n, 2. (sabéb] ow 1, This essay {s close to free verse, and is punctuated and formatted to accommodate the semi-poetic structure, Look over the general structure, noting the repeated exclamation and the last four lines, Also look for internal rhymes, most of them verbs with the same grammatical structure, e.g. intransitive ~ yp present tense, 2. Patred synonyms: gee al one eaylyt gl ols Leer sl az08 verbs in third person Hed Al cpp hs Sn 3. If seS translates as sin, guess the meanings of iS ye and yal yp 13Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 5 Post-reading Se S5 eo re gt So ek oe Gay Hh St Sort Gt Hoe $538 Spb GS ope Hy sy sySlin gle d gay Sy oT $53 Shagay Is Notes for Detailed Rereading 1. Ulfat apparently intended that all lines be indented; we have several versions of the essay, and in each of them one or two lines haven't been indented ~ but not the same one or two Tines, from which we have concluded that the non-indented lines are typographical errors. 2. The 4.5» referred to in the essay is the same innocent Joseph of the Old Testament, whose brother imprisoned him out of envy of his coat of many colors, 3. In the eleventh line of the essay, the adjectives 5, and ayy are used as nouns, and translate as ‘hungry ones’ and ‘naked ones’. Compare the Statue of Liberty, five me your tired, your poor on 4. In the same line, Ulfat uses 5,5 in the first phrase, and .saslS , which 1s a dialectal equivalent (but not Ulfat’s dialect!) of «5S, in the second. The use of saslS is further odd in that it 1s the odd man out of a series of «5S structures deliberately chosen because they are rhymes or near-rhymes. 5. The fourteenth line of the essay, 1h ge USI sh silee! wy, translates iterally 8s ‘Don’t eat him with (by means of) wolves and leopards’, which doesn't make sense. The Pashto construction Is grammatically parallel to something like ‘Don't eat the meat with (by means of) @ fork’, but translates idiomatically as ‘Don't let wolves and leopards eat him, 14Pashto Reader Unit : Essays 6 6. The sum of the twentieth fine of the essay, Se poles oy cTlastl ols sf SE al ee 1s much more poetic than the translations of its words. Literally, it's ‘The requirements of the weather and sky situation sre known to him.” Its effect in Pashto is closer to something like ‘The natures of air and space are known to him.” 7. A espcy Isa detour around an obstacle or a Switchback, for example the routing of @ road around an outcropping of rock, or @ road zig-zagging up a mountain 8. The best translations of 53 as Uifat ts using tt in his conclusion, are ‘thought’ and ‘opinion’, especially the free expression of opinion: ah J eal GG JS cselt ol USI Grom ey 9 Gos oe IE GY e GE gt 5 gle oe BLE I SIS 59 8 p7Se sill se fee Gy557 sl Syyreasl oe Lt ge J a8 399 we SH a oS sk tes go al Sa te Oo ee spe : muzzle n,A2. (puzl 5.5 affection n, m2, (uitét] =i! rub smp. tr. vb, (maK-] ~ap0 neck n, M2. formég] yao » 3!Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 7 Selection B pam Bee > ell - 62S ORY PSY God Go Fy Se oe OG EF wo Bh pe ed OS te ye SE ope de eylbe Lee Lay eas GED ek tly od gee So9r8 ot VS pty vel ows gS 4 HI | bay we sod Vist eal paige Po yd U5 gel 109 Sash oy79 oyd Curlew gl cal o 294 GSa Ge AAR epg oY Gaol sl sd pe gd +6285 ret ot 2 al th oY 62 4 GE oe thal J lS oe 82 gree 2 WE LS 1S Bk Geo gly! L 63932 Se 3! sysle & Le 9 6 wh get Fat eS ok ce ottd® segs Le 2 oe hE go J set IS obs! gz tle Gla Say 6 Sy lee ope teh sla G5 ee oe Ghee dW LS be test orbs we lk vss Pre-reading Background This essay {s addressed to Ulfat's readers. Underlying the point made in the essay fs the assumption that there are two waus to make a statement: bluntly, and figuratively or obliquely. Ulfat does not discuss the blunt statement, but in this essay cautions his readers about figurative or oblique language. 16Pashto Reader Unit \: Essays 8 Key vocabulary honey, M2. [asall Jue feeling n, 2. Ar. pl. (xfisés) Lal mark n, FI. (?alémal 4s Le subtle adj 1. [bartk] als 54 ceraven n, FI. {aattiel «BU perceptive phr. (DarIK Dink gray Le 3h been, F2. Imuchdyl sae vell 1, FI. (pardsl 02 59 feminine adj J. imu?enés] <3 5+ carefully phr. (pa dzfr dzirl pad pad breeze n, M1. twagmal 4s customer n, H/. tkharidérl jl oe 55 speech n, FS. [waynd] Ly y perfume 9, F2. (khwashoUyll or nh 9 [Scanning hints 1. This essay is formatted more conventionally than the essay in Selection A. UIfat starts with @ topic sontence/paragraph, then amplifies his point in the following paragraphs, then concluces by relating his own work to the point made in the first paragraph, Post-reeding Ss S my Gest 54 Gor -! pS S seag val 9 de sy Ma Ge GS ond HS GT Seo S328 9 S sl Gd S554 Sea gt 2 9 BG YSJ sot $52 BS ot gt Ee ys le oa gh dt Notes for Detafled Rereading 1. In the second sentence, Ulfat is talking about grammatical cheracteristics; the nouns that he lists are all feminine nouns referring to thought and speech, 2. As you can see from the spelling, .-L» and ,-L-»! are derived from the seme Arabic root 17Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 9 Selection C aglge Gls a een obs ew & » oS $3 ody sd? G98 Magy oY ays eo Vanes - at plas atte ot SLE Be clots 5393 Got woe we gs PS po 3 ae OH oO ot a! GS See gt ple os eh oes w Sq Gb lo peo Ie 8 Srrsg SHE SC lhe Le ST Gg ple o ot oS S82 sat & oatisy 2 tke a ee oS 995 Gt 28 on © So oe oe 2 Gil — Ue SE 4S at WS 6g Som tS ye ple 8 eg Ws Gs HE Uw sa erg 3h saske GS a ts ry 19 Gy Sia 005 2 ple 0 oe 099 gilge J9sse 6 le nb dee oe oko Gs 209 aglod goed 4 sas8 Uae 299 ey glk yb oe Cys” > oat et slSe sore Gl 2 Gore aglsh G99 5 9 ote de BS SH ds G2 So le S dF gsttss cd gtal tel Gh gy S aol gates of sles Gh 3! ell jal BIE oO gd Gre 9 Bile WO OSI Hd 5! 6855 Se oe gh ath $3 me oe ISe ob Ht Ga c va OS SoS 095 8 ple oe oy ae elo Gls ent lo oy See 8 pe Ss Ly Bee of 909 ot (58) Glas S45 Pcl gate Eee es 5s OS OS oF itd Bs So SIS GS ot pl bet loos gt Gla Ged wore 2% bay gt al sake ete gts Wal Io Al, cas LS 2 oS GE oH Ah ole 25K > se Gor Gs GS WS eee Seat of At ls og b sd ls 0 ple Ss tldpe Ss yA o YO 9 355 4! yak re Y Gs deeds BEST COPY AYAILASLE 18Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 10 ees gt else! gia 2 sl 9S Glos 29 Sy gt alia Bae 69 6 GE oe oy 9 AE be gs oe ge Stats Jeo So gt OE 5 Broek ees! ides gts ol SS ty 22 elt ahah S415 9 — 09 ld LIS 9 3 owe te Dd Cgleh Gly o & sey ed LE I ope thas gf Sas 3! Seals Wh Sok 095 8nd ald 12 eds lhe ot oe G Gl? gore 29 8 gt aged we olk aold 9 Ga 08 lity! ony Sy IS 0S 095 ple Wy — vga Pre-reading Background Abdul Rauf Benawa 1s considered by Pashtuns to be the top poet of his generation ~ Unit 4 contains samples of his poetry - es well as one of the best all-around writers, He was born in 1913, His career paral-leled Uifat's, tn that he served in both the Afghan Parliament and the Pashto Academy, At one time or another he was director of the Academy, president of Kabul Radio, press attache to India, vice-president of the Tribal Affairs Department of the Afghan govern-ment, and Minister of Information and Culture. In the 1980's he was sent to Libya as ambassador; there he became {11, and went to the United States, where hts famfly had moved, for treatment. He died in New York in 1986. Besides poetry, he wrote essays and dramas, most of them on social end historical topics, One of his great contributions to Pashto letters was Ji,SJ (4) , the three= volume anthology of Pashto writings published in 1961, (See the Introduction for a more detailed description of this anthology.) Benawa was the director of the Pashto Academy when he wrote this essay. The Academy ts 8 government institution, so Benawa wes able to publish the essay in Kabul , the Academy's journal, despite the fact that the essay was critical of the royal family The ‘family hat" is a general metaphor for privileged birth; here it symbolizes membership in the Afghan royal famfly. The essay was first published sometime in the late forties. Our copy of the essay appears in Uifat’s Lisi 4 Lal sy ,SJ, page 154, 19Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays group n, FI. [gétal Js go phr. (rahi kég-l~ 5S og young man n, M3, tzelméyl coud 5 effort n,m2 fayérl 5b 5 Wife n, M2, lehwandiinl 55 55 capital n, FI. [sarmayél PL gISe gh abo eySa eQlS she geS ole y oh 9 S gees ple ole 2 eS Ghee g gulps 2 09 eB odes 5 eS 08 ood gly Gal ele 6 Cale Lo ol sl oo aul tzgals SY ox ox 6 obs Go ged soe ob oe 2% oe ted A ee Re oe eR tr IY Ge by Io Gl Soya oh Is re SLE gt SY es ol Geeals OSG erqus wt at GS cons oF As pe le oe OS SE 3! OS ve 2998 2 6 slat 2 ste gt G8 Ke 898 S59 GH SY nlp 2 6 59 03 Hom SG oH Be hs SY 9 ols ogi ole ge me RR gt hs 6 SS SS 6b le te vl glo ts et Se oH Go BSS Sl IS 2 Us © gt S Gt pw yg ld $0 45 6 EA GES bees Fags 2 hSs gS Sy e Ost FOS Baily yo Seort gi 2 GS Lets doo © ba58 ol GS Bays de et See oh 0S 5b ore be GS po nla 2 a s!aSly 9 oS 18 SS Giles J hb ES SL oh od S alee go th Ge SOS ES Ff Gul Le ol 22Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays Pre-reading | [Background Master Abdul Karim is. from Pakistan, hence the title (In Pakistan, school teachers are called ‘Master’), and the many Pakisteni dialectal words and usages in his writing. He was born In 1908 ~ he was one of the first generation of modern writers - and after @ career which included stints tn jail for his writing, he died sometime in the fifties of tuberculosis This essay, written sometime in the forties, 1s a light-hearted discussion of tobecco end tea. It revolves around a pun - the word sly refers both to leaves, es in leaves of tobacco and tea, and also to pages, the relevent pages here being the pages of the Koran, Our copy of the essay appears in Uifat’s Les! 41 Le! [Key vocabulary overtake phr. [shata kaw‘]- 4S Ls althoughphr. (sara dl d6 teal

instead of o .. J 3, The sentence BSUS 9 Se ro ey ay Cope cope ES 15S Silye ngs Sel say olny gly 2 fs alittie difficult to process, even for Pashtuns, It translates best as * Not only in the house, but also in the street, ..., do the genies of the tobacco leat sit 4, There are two different types of beings mentioned in the essay. A [perdu] sony 18 an ordinary local evil gente, of the type that populates the Arabian Nights end other Islamic Mterature, A [peril sy (Persian word) or a [xeperdyl <5 puts, (Pashto word), on the other hand, 18 8 good fairy that comes from east of the Ceucasus Mountains. 5. A Geo is. container for snuff. Some gabif are like American shoe polish cans, but with mirrors on the lids. Others are made of small gourds: the narrow top (stem end) of 24Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 16 the gourd 18 cut off; the insides of the gourd are burned out; the gourd fs dyed bright red with henna; and a stopper of sitk, sometimes decorated with beads, is fashioned to keep tho snuff in 6, In working on the sentence containing the clause

be GS HS Hl Y AS 6 oy ol gam 2 pd Se ow GIS 5m gl goSos ters pe ot SOs 2 Gob one pS ore ope! Ut + Et BD tS ol Se Gisele gl gd gt WS ngs 6 4p she pS ol dt 6d» gb Gt tt OG oe 6 ydlo Sot Save sae d ge Le oh oy BEST GG? 1 LYAMARLE 26Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays Pre-reading [Background Dost Shinwar! was born in Ningrahar. He studied in a religious school in Kabul - his poetry as a student attracted attention - and worked on the staff of Anis. After 1961 he went to the USSR, where he studied Russian. After returning to Afghanistan, he became a member of the Academy of Sciences, where he served as writer and translator. This essay was probably written in the late forties/early fifties. Our copy appears in JIS) yl, Pages 397-398. In the essay, Shinwari compares the situation of an intellectual in @ developing country to a lamp on a tombstone, [Key vocabulary although phr, {ka tsél4& émarl jae funeral n, FY. {andzé) 0 sly biased aaj 1. {muta?sib] ante cuckolded adj 1. [dawds] wy meaning n, Ff. (mama) Las president , Mf. [ra?is] jus 5 opportunity, time n, Fi, Imogél a3 y+ Faculty of Letters phir. [de edebiyato pohandzéyl ghte ye ly 2 Note: Advocates of the Pashto language and those who worked for it were frequently called mutasib_by a number of Persian speakers.Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 29 Selection H a Hoty 3 ate - 2 Gee SF ogh tee Gye JS 02 end NEES! 9 ks pS oot Mae 2 eB Soy 2 oy doy Hey! tle 2 Sly 9 lay ee CG me OU Gal ee es 298 aye Ae oy RS Ged gt gy a3! 6 lel 3 1g Gal oe ee se ey dael Saye Slory Jarle 6 de Ss GS 5 cee eg Soy te lb BS Soe 6 sas dsl oy ot P88 1 59 Goh oe Gul oo SESE plLL 2 0) a3 toe gs Pa ge tt fon or ee ws wi & ——————C—C— Bot? 933 CHHSe 5B GS st Hoa rhs 6 Hh Les 8 gave 5289 233 29 ged LSE 4 | AT pa Se oy Hb Gs GI rola (Bag gt ys BS Eg wet Be > ale ele F I S68 pte Ge SELL ky eee pl yt Ue 629 995 ot? SL > wy Se ee 5 Shh Il eo we Ge Soe SPS eal ol pe tees gol sa pS pe Bae G GL Ge oO Soe 5 2 gt 895 Gd ae Gs ok pe Le od tl po AUR ly oy SES GS oes Gurls GULL dS US ya Gal, OSs Bigs pill pe eS Ure Ge 02 ey se G Ss oH set Gee tS eG os AE G2? ses J olan HG Gl [ces eee eelisretens ee Ge mnte ae 3 IB gy So sty IS ol st oh 9 ay Ue ge 2 by GOP | ost Sho 39 oH GY BAIE 9 6 Bo ty sodel 303 9 gt doe ope Sl dar yoy roe ret 0) 005995 Fee 6S eget ‘aoe sty olPashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 30 Gt Se g ol tees Ge 2S ye ott ULE 2 > Be Gor Ged Io bye 9 035 8 DL ES, Soy I rk Sg ele 8 FSS ge AY ayes Grd yt gS Soe 2 6 2g BS Sg gy BIE 8 GIP st re GH 8 ago wb Jl Wo Geese BOS PRG be Gal oeers ot Ge of Grd Gos SI ot SI ly Gal, FS gah gad hls oe eS ee gy ot OS sree Fgh y ep rts oI SS oS th Sete pi se gy ok oe Je $595 Sh cok dee ye ede St 8 PEGE phi los wed $5 $5 9 Gi es ot SHS Le eS UH oe ee P38 8 I ee sdy of Has 0 Sy ee ty : BUS 9 sl oS eo sy eryrs Ht 8 09 glss t & ! Bs oly oe te Glebe 98 0S y gd thle Eb eee GEoy gS Gg tl Soro 6 ph S53 Oe F UBL ay Ys Wis SIS y eee FUSE Sore gl Se ge ste 38 GL Gaede se BEY Gt IS ol et Jtess re IIS oe Fn? aS BG Is rt SS tee gt SG De gt ay yee Ie os ogg 6 MLS 3 Boy ggld La zits Pre-reading [Background ‘Samandar do Badresho was from Peshawar, born In the early 1900's, He wont as far as the fourth grade Ina modern school in Nawshera. He worked as a broadcaster in Radio Peshawar, and vrrate postry which won him acclaim. This essay recounts a bettle that took place between the British and Afghans (Pashtuns) on the Maywand Plain (in southern Afghantstan) in 1880, and the part piayed in the battle by one of the Pashtuns’ comp followers, the girl Malala, telela’s story isPashto Reader = Unit 1: Essays 31 probably only \aosely based on fact, Dut whatever really happened, Malele is now a legendary Pashtana heroine, The more conventional here of the bettie was Sardar Mohammad Ayub Khan. The essay of course gives the Pashtun point of view of the battle. Here is how Louts Dupree describes it (Afghanistan, p. 410-411): “But some months would follow before the British left Afghanistan, and they would suffer encther disastrous defeat at the hsnds of the Afghans, On July 27, 1880, Mohammad Ayud Khan, ifth son of Amir Sher Ali, decisively defeated & British force under Brigadier 6. RS. Burrows in spen battle at Malwand, near Qandaher. of the 2, 476 British and Indian soldiers engaged in the fighting, 971 were killed In action, 168 wounded. In addition, the Afghans slaughtered 331 camp-followers and wounded seven; 210 horses were kitled and 68 wounded (Abridged Offictal Account of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, 1908, 9.526.) At the battle of Maiwand a legendary Pushtun heroine, Malalat, used her vell a8 @ standerd, and encouraged the warriors by shouting the following couplet (randey ) in Pashto (Sho00n, 1968, p. 46) Young love, tf you do not fall in the battle of Meiwand. By God, someone fs saving you as a token cf shame,” (The landay appears in Samandar's essey as well; you can compare Shpoon's translatfon with your own, and with the translation given in the Notes for Detailed Rereading section.) Dupree uives @ footnote to all this (9. 411): it seems that this was the battle in which Or. John H. Watson, as in “Elementary, my dear Watson", was Wounded. See Arthur Conan Doyle's A Study in Scarlet for the details, It eiso seems that the Baker Street Irregulars et one point asked the Afghan government for permission to put up & monument to Dr. Watson, baffling the Afghans who couldn't understand why anyone would erect a monument to a fictional character, and on @ site where the monument erectors side lost... Our copy of the essay appears In Ulfat's Lis! abel Gfl4SJ, page 146, with the notation that it comes from Key vocabulary Christian n, M11. tparangéyl 3 ~ great God phr. (allan tara] $43 Wi towards phr. [pa l6rl yy) oy fire 7, M2. (work 53! intensity, strength n, 2. [t8wl 45 wrong n, M1. (batsi) Jbl thirst n, FI. (téndal oas alternative of Syl (baydd} sigh cannon n, FI. (t6pal 55 dishonor n,F2. Ibe nangil 63 og 40Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays against, compared to prep. {dzéne] gis wee vein n, 2. Irag)S 5 abbrev. for Ar. fradiyélshu anhal pride n,M2. ghordr] 5 52 arrow n,M3. (ghéshay) igbe stone n, 13. Ikdnayl 5S Infidel n,M7. tkufar] US bullet, ammunttion n, FZ. Igwatdyl ig} 5S army unit n, M irreg. [laxkér] Sunt plain, desert n, FI. [meré] » yo0 brave, masculine adj 1. {narl 5 panic phr, (war khata k6g-] ~ ypS Use sly {haskaw-] - Sno ralse der. tr. vb. [Scanning hints 32 runaway phr. {textakew4}- 9S ans withstand der int. vb. [hingég-] - yp Sta3 emotton n, FI. 3 (yazb4l 4 female general n, FI. (jarnéylal Ls yo fighting man n, M1, (jangyaléyl (J LSam botling adj 1. (i6shl Gye alternative of (gles n, F2. Wendy) psige noise, shout n, F1. [chéghal te explode smp. irreg. int. vb. ichw+] “ soring a, Fl. lohins] ane wrong adj J. {kher8b) Gl & entrenched phr. Ukhakh nstleweG Gee drinking 9,2, (tskak} JIS 1, Samandar’s style, as exemplified in this essay, is straightforward and unadorned. He starts with description of the conditions of the battle, then describes what happened. The narrative includes two traditional landays, which are set apert from the prose via punctuation. The essay ends with @ couplet, also punctuated separately, 2. Before scanning, go through the passage, putting periods after each full verb. Samandar’s sentences are very short. 3. One of the characteristics of Samandar’s style Is that ne deletes parallel verbs - in particular , - , parallel to something in English like As for ammunition, they were well supplied: as for food and water, full. The deleted verbs have Deen added (and double-underlined) in the following sentences from the text (and see Note 5 below): sa gr USE task gy 4a oa ob ol 5 be ey 88s I sy Got pole al om SLE SbLLU » gs PAR Ghee GH uss gee or ge pbs GS &Pashto Reader = Unit 1: Essays 33 Post-reading 85 Say S tor y she tt no Sees 26 BLE We dhe Sosy BS GLIE ly 6 Gad d gle .o ToS Bsrt Sd, A God mazes dhe 1 Sl, toe Gade er os ev Notes for Detailed Rereading 1. Misprint: 44Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 36 boas ol GS ba 2 do9 4 Gee tas be 9 oh ule oo S ee Gees W534 vse So HUG ols oS Sle g ler we so Ly Selection E. 2 6 ge Sys OS Ie SS +03 I 4 GOS SS GI GH et PS eal vest Je gate 8 338 8 gbay ra8 phe 8 169 8 tory 53 Sly 2 Gl 6 OH Gp ae Selection F. 199 03 Some ol om Sshk Hs i > sp eeSs 03 SIs Hr53 y ek ol Rb cleey Lol ake o ate tell gl pls 1s g&et Lad yl L551) vaaly hs re GS sam gt +3 Sorte sl emery Led PB Ue ob gL soot onl fs phpel of BSL « xe Selection 6 GEIS fee belt Shs azo ol lel of Ue de ee oe S85 Ge Oe ot SR 8 555 309 GUL ie Y JE Go oem > «shoe 6 GE gen o yi dye 6 ed oe Got 3s td ty le Ul go Gh oy Gh & ge vag Comtly soy hor ys Bally het @ oSlox 3! Jee he eh 45Pashto Reader Unit 1: Essays 37 Selection H gohan Gort GE tl ome oles IS > te ae? 3 Say S toe gy SS othe he ee d gees galal oe feeds BS ge d Qhl ov sigthy 4 oe! Gy Ge 2 6 Bol gee pil ot weet Shy oy oe & SESE 0 6 Qed ae oUt Voy eee ol tess S BLGE Ly o sa J I 0 ote ee 3 OS Bark Say Ge oad wage It aS oie a gt sly foe Gade Soe o shoe sbLLG gl os uv Fram the joke book Pe att99 tots CS ee ht oe 2 ety oe 8 ot Std By cape gh Sede U3 Be Gepedl teas S ously +S SE ced ee Ge Fs P69 Cope sl Stl oly 6 ore S Nth AS thos owly SGaotery da Jb so Se silly you phr: (kam békhtalazsy pS if only phr. fatsds chel de (1 pul take pride phr {nz kew<] ~ 5S 56 ages!" agesg {get married phr, {nikah keg-I-y¢S ¢1S3 with eyes af irreg.{stargawér-] 5 «Sz really adv. (waail gaily beauty 7, M2. Ixtytst] ow Le 46Peshto Reader Unit 2 Articles 38 Unit 2: Articles Introduction ‘The pieces in this section are articles - (muqalé] lis in Pashto. The primary purpose of @ mugala 1s to inform or to argue @ point: 8s such, ft can be either a news. article, an editorial, or @ piece of research. muglles are published in newspapers and journals. We have shortened the articles, even the excerpts. There are factors which encourage Pashtun writers to be lengthy and repetitive: newspapers and journals pay by the word, and ~ not surprising given the IMteracy and education rates in Afghanistan, which severely limits the number of people capable of producing articles - are frequently hungry for material to fill their pages; and there fs a traditional opinion that the longer a piece is, the higher the scholarship tt exhibits. The selections in this unit include a classic analytical article by Ulfat, an excerpt from a long erticle on the aten, an excerpt from a speech reprinted as an article, a humorous feature article trom a newspaper, and some short news briefs. sate sl eS eS hs gre + ots Jess BUSI gg ele eo be 8 64 we tos we 9 GH pels de ood one S strse Gs 2 eee ge Gt lhe” GF ES BS SLY al tof sags Oly gS Shy 4 HS oo Sih oo whe ge on become tong der: int. vb. (ugdég-] ~ ye inrelation phr. w/...9 pa trtepati bls | weekly bulletin phr. Ide zfrt jerid4l ody 5% sozd > be published n, 2. tkhpareg-1 ~ yp bed message, name of bulletin published in Kabul. n, M3. (2éraul 5 523 numerous adj 1. (muta? did] stars expertise n, M2. [maharét] & 5+Pashto Reader Unit 2: articles 39 Selection A {ga Jed Goal aul - lo GE oS 2 ol ayy t obs som y Gs se we cergly ale I Be gt Gel Soy GE GS at SLB ye Go ge sllpes Ye fle ge vale yl Gaal o St Soy ae ee ok oe 4 08 Gale oy y sibs Gs S5la os pay Gos tht Sag ds oh 4 oe desl GS gle srt gas ogee gotoe gle By qa 3 # bet BS gt sl gow segs oly gfe JL he ot lS GLE gt + ck g ot 162 ot de Jb bss 2 sl st ot de de Ge nly dB GY oe S39 Je oe 559 set st oe JL Go Peo Ish Gas Be ge ot Bee we 2 Joe ee ge Sts oe ee! gels Le Soe tS whe Gy sl seep he J ob al GS 5 soln Sle be Be og ols sl 4 lps be BI GE Io eS op ol JS Y oe pte gy ole! GE al GS Ha Eo | HS sala goo WW Ie al GB ag Se Sale og Ik GS ey gt Sus sgt BS y esha cul S AB ab ed oe celle Le ly ee se GhS ons © JR See soy de Gg Ge sf OE a et ere 99 BIS 4! hod GAS oleae Greg JS be ae alse 2 gt RE Gg ol oysls 6 Gad de oo 6 ole d Slope 48 BEST COPY AVAILASLEPashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 40 Laem WS 1a S5 ot la Sy gt SS re oS Ha gay d sagt ple 052d gt GS sarldl Gg sl pS fee alien gy ur o why gf gl ESo1 sl ek 2 Sh hy oy ew bs ee GPS WS Gy tao pt Mole OS Se orth oy 303 Sh gale gt 4K IS s caja d gt AS Soy OL in segals get SS op tle I gory 6 BS ele he say KAY at GS Sas 5lo So Gos oe Go | apt tle boo L aye & Soler gs IS vgs She GS a al ole nw WE 3h oo S singe She osha ghia oS weal ope Galy WS 6 2 S3 I Lele oles ol ghia S pos at sae 8 255 al Shel Goleta, Se -o9 slab st gaat sex dS gla este gheler 2 GS Gras srt 3! sls 9 fie oo +S & ye 18 gl Soy ghd! Gre 4! asS qe oo Lad aa fie | ye Le 6 S55 dy Sligns 2 do ge By 2,5 logs | ue ols 55 3 sl GELS ke BH GiyhS 2 Sie fe 68 Sot Gy lke ot 4! Lge 2 SS eat ot A 8 Gat Goletue 4! Je It S wee ls gt Sgt Sad ghle st 53535 Gols spel Bk no sl os SS Se SS 535055 tt ea ol GS 4 ot Soy CLE sl tut Get SF gtd 5.Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 41 Jae st sls 6 GosHS gl US Ss oe eS Chl Y gre S ss ses0aglga 6 53 opto © tay ol GE Glade 6 cla! yi é 8 6 Gaal al oS lS Gg ot oo agtas slang S cle 2G 6S sl BSG Ro tne bb Hs Borg we tals 6 Geel Sos Ho% ESos ree VI EG BE I SE ge Gel 658s 5s ol GSs IS Gos oe sre ne SS soe SG Gos let & oS Se Ke wrt & BI sy3y 079 G Hh eB US on Gl we @ dS ew Is ed gal no yale oes OS 8 ole yl a! obal Sat Ee tS Sate ol G08 4p ES oo a5 te ee SPI SIS gor EH ale GES Gla 2 gl Yat ae 1S ¢ Sogo os hoo SPIE GL, Ga Gly & tls pet ES gl Gg te Ele ss esl! Ge Bt gl Grb ole eof gl ab s Yeh JL aq at ope et Ree Sines een ser slam leo ee! (ence wl GeS ats alt sa 6 BI Le Gee bt ey OS aod Sols por? wl 68 ab Gal ee wl Joy oe ul gal sly y Sel Pre-reading Background ‘This plece 1s halfway between what we have defined as an article and whet we have defined as an essay, Its length and analytic nature qualify It as an article; Its Tanguage qualifies it as an essay The article was probably written in the fifties, and originally published in @ newspaper. Our copy of the essey appears ines +52, pp. 17-20.Pashto Reader [Key vocabulary) | compliment n, 12, (srfét] io Unit 2: Articles art n, M2 (sin78t] eato humor, wit n, M2, (zaratét} 231 ps wisdom n, M2, [éqall ae glasses n, F1. laynékel (Si. reason, purpose M2. igherezl (yo 52 poor adj J. (gharfo] ay sé famine n, F2. tqattl bos gambling n, M2. [gemérl jlas strength n, 2, (quwét] = 93 dialectal obl. form of [kor] (kalé] JIS weak adj 2. (kamz6rayls 1554S inflation n, F2. (grant) (lS lame adj f. (gwadl 9 5S dumb, speechless adj J. tgwang] SS search emp. tr. vb. [etaw/] - 2 nonsensical adj 1. {muzakhrét]ob 5 5+ spiritual adj 4. (mBnaw'l (5 gine decoration n, M2. Inamid) 3 yi show FI. tnondéré] » )|_as shorteoming 1, F3. Inimgactybites Sas jobless, idle adj 1. (wuzgirl S55 egg n, F2, (hagdy] .gSa desire n, F3. thaw8l | ya caprice n, F2. thaw6s) Gy 59 42 tihsén} gla! (ahméal gaa! needy adj 1. fac] yf listiraaé] ooze! extravagance n, M2 kindness n, M2. stupid adj 1 gain, 1 FI, Usr8f) GI yal famsé] Lo! toaddul sl ve price n, Fi. foolish adj 1. tbe 28qal] ee ose loss n, 2, (t8WEnl gf yb cane n, FS. rich mann, ?7 (bya a mere, empty adj 1. (tashl (85 view n, M2. [tasawér] p03 sharp adj 1. [ez] 5,3 generosity n, M2, (ud) 35a. stupidity 12. [hamaqét) =5 lax, customer n, MI. {kharid&r] jlay 5 Diassing, Benet, M2. tkrayel pak boil smp. tr. vb. Ikhujaw“] ~ 93 5% good taste n, M2, [zawgl G33 veks naive adj 4, [s804) ool. increase der. int. vb. (2yBtég-l praise n Fi, (styénal you generosity n, 12, [sakhwét] os yLow combread n, M1. (sokrsk] JS profit nm, M2. [sud] > pu merchant n, M1. [sawd5gér]_»S1> guPashto Reador Unit 2: Articles “as (Scanning hints 1. Uifat starts this article with @ premise about stupidity ala Ble g oS 2 ol yeteg © ols sl oe y So oe ae sesglly sale ol Jie ge Gel Sas GE US then argues against the validity of the premise by giving a number of examples. In almost all the examples, he shows that a particuler action 1s considered stupid under one set of circumstances, and benevolent/generous/aparopriate under another set of circumstances. 2, Synonyms: sede ol pal AB tot axed fl Isl gh rset ce ee este eae pos al oe set ot alk a gl os 3. Guess: ake 2 Post-reading Sj apt at hs cole s Geils Cs) Segesle phe d gt bode a we S beg -t et Saba gy sl aggl deo ola d Slope on a dS SIL Gy Geol gly Ge gle oS Bd ols oy I lk o ay) etre lee anon oe Sorts el ee Se Fert Gls yl de dt Soo Sistls Hol Sos do de GS 63 IS tap oe ee nS SURI ey aoe GY tale os glet ogls ol Hs! Ghia:Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 44 Notes for Detailed Rei ding 1, The Word a y+ {8 ‘forgiven’ in Arabic, referring te Gad's forgiveness to someone who has gied 2. gls 188 grammatical quantifier, eg. the word ‘piece’ in’s piece of bread’ ar a plece of chalk’. Pashto, like English, usuatly just counts things with numbers, e.g, ‘four eggs 3. The phrase Jl. (5 > fs an idiom meaning ‘worldly goods’ (as opposed to heavenly attributes) 4, The sentence boiow is convoluted, even for native speakers, & cel ewe SIs gt lo gS apd ol JR Gg ies tag glee dd ol GS Sb5 st EF | olS eles gos 3S Io Boag Ret ele Gt le GS Hy gtd ould sot SS y eSla ul s ‘The idea expressed is something Tike. “It wouldn't occur to us that Mullah Nasruddin lowered the price end hid his kindness in this business, in such a way that his customers would be unaware of his generosity end instead consider it stupidity. 5. 4,S- 1s cornbread, a flat round laaf of corn flour and water, baked in @ tandur. The whole point of Ulfat’s example here is based on the Pashtun vpinton thet cornbread 15 of much lower quality and desirability than wheat bread 6. Thephrase J ¢ 2 < 19 an idiom. It transiates as ‘is irrelevant for’, or ‘is not needed by’ 7. Throughout the essay, Ulfat uses 24 coupled with attriputes. In these cantexts, it translates best as ‘a man of ..” or ‘the possessor of .. 8. The phrase a: +55 a la 18 used here by Ulfal as a logical transition. It translates as ‘It [thus] becomes obvious thatPashto Reader Unit 2: Articies 48 Selection B JS same le SH ds gr Jo Is Ab oh Gs Sue oe SS gt tore oe get we mw pe St 5 st cs SH gel Obl ts U2? ot Flake SR $52 glee gh gy (ae eS) g3 gS pSer IAS > op oe dae be gl ays got no Gl Lb ty se a alg ee hele tg 9 aoe Woe OU oe ctl Bin 3 259 be ba QhU asgS ope 3 tye Gee S vA bs wrt ye doy ot ote estas y Sle al GS ow Fath Gt Bods9 gl perl pole eS he ol S Qeeced gal Ue 6 wd on Bl YS Sta y et al Se cglig tty 2 Sh eS 6 es Gils Ib gl te ee gS hos ge (HE Sete I sl oe ge gee Gos (Este) el gh oo lh d gre gS rn lls tes_l Gs gh Ese ¢ po los ge AS oth we os PES Soils ee pole opt oS ge 5 Leb geope (45) ge Slee tye SrtaF gph (a) ole pes cls ee 93 8 Got ge SS pe SS AI gore Sl (L5) gue SgpS dey Se ol US o3ly gy set Gl oS Est Y opl oS shy G vely o le gyPeshto Reader Unit 2: Articles 46 ots > og Gale 2 238 Gil 3 gS awl 3) GIS & GE oe soe ome BS she Gaze sl 08 GL style 9 g55 & patil > SS se g 533 ee 2 pe 08 tay Saks 8 le ge Gos od 6 lod oS le & aed casyet bos ee gy cals 2 be 503 4! pete C09 Y gttole > gt och lol oe WS GS or rb 4 16398 gt ste an 9 Le 2 tte eS) seg gt WF be be SS S85 9 ee GS 2 tog Y (Oaks) getey 5 tot oo (pS) pes Obl egal ele sl ol 6 See J oe Shey 6255 4! foe gat gat 6 Bee (pe Sah) geS gry 2s 2 SASL) 2 sd! Got oe J eed gb ye ge GF ol cag! 6 gk Sone Ger I gee Gales os Joe doe cere! 6 pat ee soot Sars Jo? gS Bay er GEHL GES 2 gS og SH oF 9 9 sl gern GS gla gl sess DS ee L LE 3 US > AS 3 ae sb gbles ecrs dy ( D ioe See lye ls ol sos 6 BS ghd I sual Ey be 2 ge old han gt Flt tsers 9 SHE ge Ws SY Sots Ue? gt S ote J dys s ( D boo 2 igh Jala © glaee gol o 18 agh 16339) Bae BGS 8 pS Ft Saye ot toe ae Gptee) tse 8 Sars Use Ob U get boo tseS (Gsaly J Jot let ge US ct 82 Is Obl ge Uta OG J gee a? > sels? gS $45 G9 Y Serres © Olde FI 2 6 Fs older 2 goblet sl sgl sole gil 26 ste J (gin) eons ob OS mr tHe g olde 2 48 or tse Go Ge SEY LS one Sm ey older 9 do ab st eg gtos we OLS 2 DS 52 pal og 9829 Oe Soe gyre te US ol 699 2 Slt gal Gee gl 9 OES ee be gly Se gl 9 abt seals le J Ws Gh ol sly5Sa9 2 Set 2 Al al plo Sag tomer Unit 2: Articles 47 Pre-reading Background ‘among the Mangal tribe in Paktya. [Key vocabulary body n, M2, [surét] po band of robbers n, F2. Ighadsyl.g 2 gather der. int. vb Ighwandég-! pe Vine 1, M2. (katar] LS quality 7,2. [keyifiyét] iS Ikslal 4S twenty-cartridge group n, F/. [gamtél 4zaS Vine n, FI gather in material, F/. [gwéndzal «33 4S outfit, costume n, M2, (ebisl ald turban n, F2. flungdyl 5 9) gold/silver lace or braid n, M2, (ays) jped oe square n, M2. (maydén] g/ competition phr, imakhi kawél] 5S (sie Scanning hints This plece is excerpted from a long article on the Pashtun national dence which ‘appeared in Kebu! in August, 1980. The excerpt focuses on the atan a3 (t 1s danced mommy 1, F1. fadékal 4S al style n, M2, (anddz) 313! velvet n,M2. [bakhméll Judy decorative thread n, FI. [charmé] 4+ y= alarm, summons n, FI. (ohighal inp shirt, blouse n, M2, [khat] 2 shoulder-length heir n, FY. [tségel oak ancient adj 1. [dzangénl «aad over, on top of phir. {de paisa) «Ls > enter der: int. vb. [daknelég-] - ppl lo medium green adj 1. (zarghdnl «52 55 happy occasion n, F2, [x8cil galy 1. This article starts out with the refrain from the song sung while dancing the atan. It continues with @ sample landay , then goes into @ prose discussion of the national atan The point in the second paragraph is fMustrated with a six-line poem. We have repli- cated the original's format as closely as possible, including bold-face for sub-titles. 56Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articies 48 2. Mangal uses a lot of dialectal words, and when he uses one that he thinks wil! not be understood, he puts the more common word in parentheses, (Sometimes the less common Word 1s in parentheses.) The unusual words are listed below, with their more widespread equivalents and English glosses: English ‘Common Pashto word HMangal's word torn, broken got (bézhal oy. coupiet on Ibaml aly early morning her [tankay bridzérl 554 52 ,S3 shot (from a gun) 459 Igigel eae young man ole Lehspaul 5 277 tlaysantl iJ popular oi [nyszmin} cea 5 late morning She eel Istagh bridzérl 53 EL member of a! oll, (wratséyl ss9 egg ag (Weyl ests Post-reading $e ope Fo cay Haye Sl Lo a chy, SS ob ile Al ot Sows] AG o pete o GS vals g obled oY Soh Sore pS S85 % ot 2 Sines Jue +t SoS 4B gt fale 6 glam rr — Jo on oly ot gt Sol als GE az ES oylga oe Glo ev So ob ka ol 1 bgt et gly BEST COPY AVAILABLE 57unit 2; Articles 49 Notes for Detefled Rereading 4 free translation of the refrain of the atan song is as follows: Musictan, may your drum be torn! Why did you silence that drum? Our Hakim was dancing well, His lovely body was getting tired... The couplet given after the refrain is a Jandey. During an atan, the dancers alternate the refrain with Jandays of their choice. The Janday can be anything, but woll- constructed atans include Jandays that have a word or an idea in commen with the refrain, A written article of course cannot convey the very distinct rhythm of the music ‘that accompanies the atan, or the way in which the refrain and landays are chanted. 2. A po inrural Afghanistan fs @ berber, and one of the barber's duties ts to act as musician, which includes beating the drum for the atan. A ps in Afghanistan does not en oy particularly high soctal status. In the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan, however, the term refers to minstrels, who as composers and poets enjoy much higher status. 3. gS eye 33 19.an idlom; it translates best as ‘be carried out’ or ‘be accomplished 4 When the author uses the phrase size o|,S In the first paragraph, he means ‘our deer country, in this case Afghanistan 5. The phrase «sss ySal in the poem about the girl and her blouse is @ vocative phrase CO dear mother’). Masculine vocatives end in «-; when @ feminine noun ending tn «- occurs In the vocative, the ending 18 «5 « 6. sye ge the author is referring to himself in the plural 7. The wlla mentioned in the discussion of weddings is the groom. 8 go) Ssb5 21s the ‘day of shrine’, {.2. Thursday. See Shinwara’s essay in Unit 1 9. The phrase wy ely 2 oslgs a993 3! ga3 dee gee 09 Gog Sales 2 bee BS oS obo eS Sl ¥ oH ye by od is a direct quote, i.e, the wording of the invitat‘on. on aPashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 50 10. The verb -si.+ , ‘wash’, 1s a simple transitive verb. There 1s another verb, also ‘wash’, which Is a doubly irregular, stress-shifting verb with two possible past stems. ‘The alternatives and their forms are given below: Pres_tmo. (mindz Ipremindz sg pSoa ol pete gals lat ol Se Uy 2 6 BlLG! sie yell sorte 8 ol slog gras Y Goto OSL oe Gl! ahs old Joh GH SLI > gp aS le ge 152 gS tos pee 4 AGS SS gt Gate gl TS gh Ge Cpghs 19 eS gH gre et rt aockyl oe sha 8 GEASY alyee ylalen yl eurge 2 ep 09 457 29 GIS tye yyy Sa gSa yh SIR slyeagss ge Sy ste Ld A 2 Sy alge eel oye 24 S Srbl, © ge st le om ye oe al go El Gg aly seed ers! oO astossas 3 oh gtd Ses 9 ULE! gp Sy yd Gale Bys59 bee Spe et Sy cleee ge 5e 59 I ge capree 8 gio Gad ots gt BS Baty a 2 Soe oe ge ett ee eS dys er GS BL ge te the blo axa sl GS er nye 2S BESTSGIY AYA 61 uePashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 53 Pre-reading This article 1s the transcription of @ speech read by Professor Resul Amin at @ conference on the tenth anniversary of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. We have deleted portions of the speech which do not have to do with the subject matter. Rasul Amin is the director of WUFA, an organization funded by Pakistan and some of the western countries to provide an outlet for scholars resistant to the communist government in Afghanistan, WUFA has been headquartered in Peshawar, and has published a quarterly journal Sis, (in which this article appeared, in the October 1969 Issue), the Journal WUFA in English, and @ newsletter. Professor Amin was educated in Pakistan, and wes a professor at Kabul University until 1979. He was imprisoned for a short time, and after his release he fled to Peshawar. See Unit 6 fora sample of his less formal writing, Key vocabulary direct adj 1. [mustagim] aakewe responsible adj { irreg. Imasdl] J p+ support n,M2. [mtatér) 55 Le cruelty n, FI. [nkébal 4S threshold n, 42. [dershél Jb 53 continuation n, 112. [dawéml aly pure, secred adj 2. [spetsdlayl Ra Problem n, FI. [stGnza] 035 yz border n, M2, [sarhéd] da pw stronghold n, M2, [sangér]_,Sim slogan 1, M2, [she?ér] jak guarantor, (41, [28min] cals condemn smp. tr: vb. [ghand4] ~ sé decetving adj 2, [ghulawGnkay! S342 amity n, M2. [gSwangit6d] yz oi lS throne n, F3. [gaddyl ag aS Interference a, FI. (las wahdnal aay ethical adj 4 Jakhlagfl (3 MAb security n,M2. lemniyét] outa! success n, M3. [bardyl «sy total adj f. (béshparl ty basis n, 12, [bansét] ¢—» form n, Fi. [banalay ‘on the contrary phr. {pa khelat] 33a <> acquit der-ir-vb. (tabre?é kaw-I- 5S ot y3 aggression n, M2, [tajawézl 5 les experience FI. [tejrubél 4 525 invasion n, M3. [tiréyl (5 5 point n,M3. [sskayl SF be recorded der. Int. vb. (sabtég-] ~ yptd proof n, M2, [subit] oy attitude, approach n, M2. Ichalénd] aly ready adj.4 [chamtd] pte» support n, M2, themayét] cu loaPashto Reader unit 2: Articles 54 help, support n, FI. [mréste] wpe respect smp. tr. vb. (Imandz4] ~33 lt world community n, FY.[nucayw8lal dlyz 53 united, aligned adj 1. [mutahéd] onze migration n, M2. Ihijrét]= yas interference n,F/. Imudékhals] ala! 44 attack ptr: (yarghél kaw“] ~ 4S 2p [Scanning hints 1. The author begins with @ statement of the purpose of the speech. He then briefly touches on the treachery of the Russian/Soviet invasion, and the forced Afghan Fesponse, He comments that the Russian withdrawal and their acknowledgement of error is not sufficient, He concludes by thanking Pakistan and other western countries for ‘their help. 2, The author alternates between ,5y+5 and yy+5, and between and 5. 3. Guess: ped eusls Post-reading ahs £2 Ba Ss GES Gok SIS @ oe oS oi 3 pot se tay Gob 2 ekg el sale gl Gabe ye skis oy Tyb gree S ulate J 362 By BL GOH Gg 6 GEKLI Wd gbhy, & Gul tT Sos GOS bog ee ES y30G5 ol GI ere $59 pS SF Heb! Jey > she 2 lL as ot $5509 gt AS BLL srl gly, EI 9 459 GS slye tess a Se Sy Sp pSa teh oe gt Bo Se 4! atya 2 Js] wvPashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 35 Notes for Detafled Rereading 1, The original seventh paragraph reads as foltows: pS gl etya d GLnSly algae glelew gl eurys 9 gee 09 459 29 pg ByS3 He LIL see sky! eo Go SE oS gee oles 3 Got te gah Sa ySe 5) SR ole sega cae Botte Sashes syle 8 gee cole bres ged J} ge 4g2 OS get ge ‘There has been sume kind of printing mixup, ae the last three lines ebove don't make sense. It is impossible to reconstruct what Professor Amin wrote: our correction of the paragraph ta Bile gl tdga d gleSly sly ght sl cays 3 gp 2 od eS? ge 278s Ge Ld gee gg! ot 8 gt 3 GE wg8 B98 ty pend Sega ol Sib alge makes sense, but probably varies somewhat from what Professor Amin had in mind. 2. Inthe first paragraph, Amin uses the word S, ,I, ‘connection, relation’, which Is not a common Pashto word. 5S. 1 1s a masculine noun, but ~ probably because {ts synonym dul 1s feminine, it’s considered feminine as well ~ hence the feminine sy gol Immediately after. 3. In the first paragraph, the nouns ae, and In the last paragraph translates as ‘in support of one another’ 9. The phrase 5,5 4 which ends the speech/article is literally with respect. It's customarily used to signal the end of a piece of writing or a speech, much the way ‘sincerely’ or ‘yours truly’ is used to end letters in English. From the Joke book HI 6 Jee pp o Sak coylon 2 Ge SH nd Hw 199 Sa tS J Pt HS Bt Ge WS co tsoes Stee OS pte Sak 03 Sd OP gt S GEV SI gt om Seek GS Soy ol 18 tye Be ss BI Ge ost ASG however, but conj. (ékmnl ¢ SJ heavy adj 1. (ghat] gt floor, level n, M2, Imanzéil_J5%4 fall smp. int. vb. [ghurdz6g-] ~ ye 5592 consciousness , M2, (hush] (% ya , English words: (Jliweaa we SobPashto Reader Unit 2: “Articles 37 Selection D GS ely 0s S55 | SII gop seh Ss dbo oes wer Gly AS! wort oa S & Fabs ot GS ee 8 Sl oh gy tH ore 9 re Del a mw dls Geo gt Geb d ol Sy Srine Be wove SEs sabe! gly ws syle Be Fo ol Got we I Gt 8 al oe le dea 6 Geb S Qosnee GH Bee 2 S53 al 539 2 gl Jae 6 GL Se ye HS GSiao Aly agile Greer 2 yl gs JE Gin dpe phe Jas at eth dee & GW ol ol GS Soe gy sade po o Hoo ap os ts ot Ee dee oy b5 Sg Sass ere kes 9 ee pyle 3 ot od OS Gel oe oh 05 GE bess Say Geb S GS AY La Goss eet Bom ee pile 8 ol HS ee gg 6 Sl ae Let gb ples oe gk NGG 2S dle @ old G29 Sl, BE 8595 8 MSY Gel get A ots ae 22 Is 5a! ort ge bok & dass S els Y be GS ols OLS ad oe & 4595 ds 52) G22? SL S ILSG WlGe! SH Gs 4 Sag load ol eS 5 SK gl ast ola 3 Br Gs Pad get dime oe @ oe SS ray 6 6 pe Sle 363) Gol 28 4595 54 Shy Oe Gy See Glad gl GAS GSE see cel pe 6 lS BEL s oe GSS Bhs SL PAE SS ae gt pe US USL set we S old art SEE Bred GS BEY Fo KE HE SS Ga thes Ge art one Fo god Gl oe he o Slat oS PB G5 Syy Goss gb ghd GEL 2 sla! JI eS 66Pashto Reador Unit 2: Articles 58 veg old IME kee ope Gita ge 2 ciel S oS Oe Y up ls Cotasgee BV okey See be te see @ US Pt et osse 2 59 GS bel ge OLS op old Gas ALS cogSy sre Hales > ghd 21 > Ges GA og ot pt Boh 2 2 Sly GS Nk oye eos te etoosee sph eek & o29 BGS orld IM Gt gyms PEGS He Dass 3 AE 3 pe ope Gta 9 ty > AALS Gori oe ks el A at Shy YG 8 5939 2 ds OSs Syptr? ee dass S Qh S te soot vert ls 1 LI see oad 5992 gst oS Obj cel ph Gt ody ISG 3 i599 9 2b des 6s tt Sa F xp Seb Gets cree S ahs Gy Sols SP G39 HES 152 9 HE Ge GE Cds Ge 2 pyly opie a Uys Die ghwyS ob et pet eho an ge GH ol S 499 6 e3Bl pw OS my te 9 se plas ek ee eG ng «63 Gog GHGS IM 2 Bt 95 2 PE SpSo po | SHE SOG ge SS same 3 Us S9 G29d! Goer GS FESpS oS webs 1b Pre-reading Background This article was published in January 1992, some months after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev as its president. It appeared in Mujahid Wolas Newspaper , a publication of the Afghan Mujahid Information Centre in Osto.Pashto Reader unit 2: Artictes private adj 2, [dztngarayl «s ySoLs peace n, Fi. [s6la] 4 yw improvement 7, M3. (xowStaul gly beg pardon phr. ( twa ghwar-l- lz 0 se food 1, F3. Ignez8l Se order (for food) n, M2. [farmagsh] ty le 3 disappearphr. [1a méndza dz-] -& tine J axis n, M2 Imehwér} 5 g0 brain n, 2. (magh2] 50 international adj 1. (naray wall ly so authority phr. [Wak lardnkayl So 55) tls however, but cony. {wélel «fy 59 request, desire n, F3. [arz6l 55 | relation 0, M3. lacikéyl .So 5) goals, M2. Ar. pl. fanaa] 3! aa at all phr, [bérkwal] JSG capitalist m, Mf. (pingewsll fl 5S! capital n, M3. (pangal «S freely phr. (pa waryé togal S55 G55 4 regret n, M2. (e7esét] in accomplishment 0, F712. [min] grea compliment n, M2. (tawsif] eo 95 scheduled adj 2. [t8kéley) AS Tet alone phr. Itsékawe chel ga syS oh 1, This article 1s a ‘report’ about incidents in the relationsnis between Presidents Busn and Gorbachav. The hearts and brains mentioned in the article are Iiteral, not figurative. 2. The piece has apparently not been edited, and there are several gross misprints and erbitrary punctuation marks. Go through the piece, inserting periods after full verbs and colons after the occurrences of 245 signal that the sentence has ended. 3. Guess: The conjunction gq 1s used twice merely as a als aH pate 68Pashto Reeder Unit 2: Articles 60 Post-reading SOBs eye Sh Spel Cts He ots sore +! gy the ak 6 Grab Sd ge uy So Sy 30 Oo Ad Grek Sot ISB > sesh gla 3 ea a Sraba sd Vy 6 Ss a dS at TaSs Soy obo giles 2 Sosy bh S SrelsS Ut -0 SIS De Us Gai nS s2 o2 Geet S SJ opel pls yS ov gs PESHS o 5 ye Notes for Detailed Rer ading 1. Watch for major typographical errors, The Inserted (55) In the nineteenth line of the article was omitted from the original, 2. The phrase = 535 | has been constructed out of tne Persian»! and the Arabic 3 ok fs literally ‘white castle’ 4-498 Sze q sak 2 18 an idom: Took with favor on’ 5. gph no Gt Leelee Gens means ‘get beyond the formal banquet’, j.e. to become on closer terms with. 6. The phrases gest Sone care piles 2 and ples a3 gll,SLy o gle translate as ‘show myself to be antl-socialism’ and ‘show myselt to be enti-capitelism,, respectively 7. eL-S usually means ‘revenge’, but here it works better as ‘reciprocate’. The verb 3S Iai usually occurs with the word pli2:!, which is the normal one for ‘revenge’Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 61 Selection E News Briefs 1 phy Gysled 2 ote sbl ote dl eed pote Gets see 2 GL o 2 sly a9 eb Gy ppl eS Ges ye 2 Seamer dls Coelho 8 ge EI stesatls 2 GSH! GSayy Ble Stet one pling Gnd aloo 6 alps Go Ge sodz gt ent sy e595 gS 2 glitbils QS pin > (5/30/91) al ygh ~ bh bole ort bes S Bark dels g Ht 81S Gale d raee 8S ol G Hetil 9 rele Hes tile 2 ge Go > oe GS G52 shes 929 9 FISH Gt Y ED eg ol eats SSG 2y9 GB 2 pets v92d oS eet 182 oot 2% sl sot Uda ghS ol US ee ttl pe 645 TE OLS 6 Gere oe GHLS od 2 ad © obs - ee Hale Se I Ob os 8 ot OS ee IDS Ae A RD Bot ok BILS etsy Gy srlk 3! Got hy tole yl Sw 1B date (1176/91) ojfane abe ers shal eS gs eb yl lS GAST o Geko he J pd 2 GIS God 9 Gebeb o ghgl s yb 4 Shs aby pl Ges ybsl Say 20Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 62 ye eek gy GoGo ee shes Soy alk tte eS GS wg wets ly Gla Ula 2 Gr sl oS Gal S83 God 3! 2 sitll eS ore G oft 2 Ge GAs ok LI! so 2 3839 SIs Foe 32 GS God hg Fete od HH stad serge 9 GH GSaS HL 2 op IPS poglt a bla gy Sade a ee 2 ee 8 GSR Ge 2 sl OSs wl g glk gla abs! sssp8 gl BIG! see 3 Gy! 1683 God (6/8/91) slgea - [Background These news briefs are typical of those appearing in newspapers. Such briefs are frequently from news services such a5 age and ie lh lal. Brief *1 appeared just after one of those plane crashes that attract international attention; brief #2 appeared a month or two before the demise of the communist government in Kabul, when the Afghan mujeheddin were still engaged in sporadic fighting around the cities controlled by the government; and brief #3 appeared during Xavier Perez de Cuefitar’s tenure as Secretary General of the United Nations. You can tell by the tone of the articles that sly W28 published in Kabul (stiT1 under the communist government) and sjlaza ale 3 was published by a mujeheddin organization in Pakistan, Afghan newspapers contain news, editorials, and poetry. While there are Pashto- only and Dari-onty papers, most pubiish in both, with both Tenguages appearing in any given Issue, and the frequency of one language over the other depending on the locale and political positfon of the newspaper. During the communtst regime, the government backed newspapers were mostly in Dari, while the mujaheddin publications were mostly in Pashto fn Pakistan, and in Dari/Farst in Iran. In general, en article 1s printed in the language It 1s suomitted in, although frequently articles are translated into Pashto, See Unit 6 for some examples of these translations veePashto Reader unit 2; Articles 63 Key vocabulary injured eof 4 taptl goo Austria n, 2, lutarafsnl oy ybI according to phr. [de .. la mokhel gw U.. 9 equipment n, M irreg, lakmalatl ys YUS! consolation phr. [dag giréna] Sala attack m, M2. [brid] dy organization n, 12. (sézménl gle ;L» movement, process n, M2, Ibahfrl ae force n,F3. {gawél »43 continuous phr. (parle pasél gm» pe meeting n, FI. tkaténa] 2S progress n, M2. Iparmakhtég) Sedu yo famous, brave adj 2, [numystéy) JLo for the sake of phr. ipa khatér] -bl efforts n,Ft. (ele d2élel lt gle message n,M2. Ipeygh&inl alis by the seme token phr. {hamd& raz] 3} |iea destroy der tr vb (takhribaw<] ~ yey 555 [Scanning hints 1. We have put the headlines in bold face. The second brief doesn’t have one. 2. Guess: . 7 ) los leally e535 #2) Sy oly slS (British Englishds 5 ¥ 3) sls Sy oes ebse wh ose eS lst Gee so5 bea! Sol pel 2. In #3, there are several titles: Palestine Liberation Organization Glasly gSyr¥2 ssljl Gob s United Nations glisle tle Slo General Secretary he Organtzation of African Unity Lisle lyse 2 Gy sil Signatory eS a9S Le Middle East eek Ge VePashte Reader unit 2: Articles 64 Post-reeding $58 Wat! play 6G UI ees Gtasene gli oo $459 Gyre! play Gt 9S play oS UI cas oY $3 GS gar ot Hoy SF ok gy Gti os rele ot TISa ttoe gt og oY teat & olesae -— Gh oe Hale Gd abel Gots obs See Gallo ork > SS 5 te Spas god ut og ob 9S gl Beek Notes for Detetled Rereading 1, Sos S555 Sl in #1 Is Iterany traveler carrying piane’, fe. 2 passenger plane. 2 ag gles a 2 In 1 1s literally “loss of head’, 1.0, casualty, 3. The phrase Gl ul 4S sa in #2 translates most economically as “those inside “1 eoPashto Re: Unit 2: Articles 65 Answers to Post-reading Questions Selection A. ole salt gas 2 eg lo ula e5la a guallpes Lo tage et ¢ Sagi es ge 4 gh ge 4 gh vlaboe gle Cy gs et ke eS gt gre J Gls ol GAS a sas Je wa S be g aS geegles 3 th 4 OE Gy Gal SA Slope Go Se 1d gh Gls! Gyas gl aS G Line fie BS eat ot lo et Glew ol Je IA S sexs gS Bee gly gel 65, Se dh GBI pene at G gt os awe syd oe OS Selection 8. Ba agSighd voaly «sta! Sin a aya Bl Urs clay 16S te FS oe ned G doy 2 sl ote get tl Se gli Sh GS 6 le gale Zl GS pa SoSely Sot ger 6 Hee ot eet oto gy ool e oblast mentee Se GE 6 JS S sa, 4 Arno Sry Le? srs GES glain sl A458 toe gt I Jae > hee opt fhla S Glan Bl oe bls tuts Som sso oh 632 GS BG olde 9 Glee 2! tls Sb! yt Gg do on Gol 3 bein 74Pashto Reader Unit 2: Articles 66 Selection c. Beh Gk Sly He S55 GEE Gok SIS @ owe oS 3 aly sales a ghaskil o yl gas s By o gly, 283 got sya ela gl exe 2 tleyset 9 eb Gy sales yl ghlu ghiskil » co pee 6 obel boo om Gey GA I ee 2 1S8 oy SA GS Gg 6 GLI I gly, Gul 203 6S lag ery tases of ple Se eel oye 2 GS Ll day 2 che > ells! s +69 Jape ONS gee lS lah a! Se Jot 2S BULII AL oles, S503 dee ge 58 oS sly G209 Y Ge CSL © YI sede ee Saecks Gole lod Ua ys! oe 45 sist Gite gt toe YS ee gin yl pe pie 2 SE gl aya es GSE a ght 252 BOS ge te SUL de Sy Hh Selection D. te Bot ol Gato Gogh lS Ges oe GH te one By syne Gel Gly a a Seta Lael gers de oF eo Sy dhe SC Srgh SdH attests er wd Bow oe Ss oa leo Hd Soh dS 80S Coe B59 GIS SE 3545 2 lly GL Sgt Fe ghd 2 Ge a Goh Ss Se Ue dS repSa Gog Ste gy ld 2 1 get BA gt 2 SI BS bik oy sk tha S Grek SH sph otek © oe F GBS bs IS y5e 3 GE SyS BEST COPY AVES ABLE 75Pashto Reader unit 2: Articles 67 ge 95k dae SS (We St Gh pS oe ot Grol 0 +65 agar Nae Jb 6 o3bLe glans pS cov +62 G2od! Gord gts BEES 9A Selection te Seoser Glo os obl § Gta oe gh lal so) 159 Ueel plang 6 PLD, 2555 168 deel pling grSale oe ll, es5 dl oe oy Pam dag op rte 2 GS ole Y a otily 9 stele oT +69 GS 959 oleS hoy og peda 3s Dos GY obsve — Gh ele _ eS tt Be pele Guat Glagle Siete Galzl os Gab soo 2S 3 te eS ioe sts ght do ylal a yl 4 SL geod tae & abel oS ote g ok See ol ob HE +6089 Go Foren From the joke book Ae aye 6 SS op 2 eg FF Gt a 6 OS on og Wh eS AT Gg cage gf Gh geld ¢5 vary Wh 555 2 alas rqns eembly gt HS 59 AE oS BS gts a! ot Ss Bld Ss totly ces GS Se Gla yp Wh oS re GIS 2 oso Ly pb oe Go Jl lo Ls rl, Wh LS s 1ge BS 33S find smp. tr. vo. tkat-]-3S finally phr. (pa akhr kel geS jal 4 rental adj 4. (krayfl (#1 ,S all adj 4 ([tamami) ols except for lla... na 7al8wAl oye... J thief nm, Mf. [gna] JePashto Reader Unit 3: Stories 68 Unit 3: Stories Introduction Modern Pashto short stories reflect a long oral tradition which includes the InakSH] JS and the [qisé] 3. nakals are longish fairy tales and romances, told either within the famfly to pass a winter evening, or among men in the hujra by professionel story-tellers ~ or at least by some talented story-teller in the neighborhood, nekals told in the hufra include songs, and are frequently accompanied with music from the rabob. The stories are either fairy tales, some borrowed from Persian or Arabic, or romances. Some of the more famous Pashtun romances are Adem Durkhanay, Momsn Shirinay, Zerif Khan Mabay, and Dalay aw Shahey from the Afghanistan/Pakistan border area, In addition to the central plots, romances like these usually contain references to uniquely Pashtun customs; they, and their modern counterparts, can provide wonderfully Clear insights into Pashtun {deal values and behaviors, as well as spin a terrific yarn, In contrast to the nakal, grse are anecdotes and jokes: Mullah Nasruddin stories are perfect examples of traditional qzse, and qrse are used throughout this reader as fivlers. ‘The naka! and qrsa comfortably made the shift to print. There are very few Pashto dramas or novels, either modern or traditional. But collections of Pashto qise and nakals are easily found, and the nakal 's modern counterperts - lange arse (a direct translation of the Western term short story ) - appear regularly in newspapers, journals, and collections. After the communist coua in 1979, most of the Afghan intellectuals and writers fled to Peshawar, where they regrouped and continued their writing, In that circle, the Janda gisa has effectively replaced the adabi parcha as the vehicle for descriptive prose, ‘A modern Pashto fanda giso 1s either a narrative with a strong central plot, or a descriptive piece patterned after such western short stories as Crane's The Open Boat: In Intermediate Pashto , Munshi Ahmad Jan's Badal in Unit 25 exemplifies the former, and Tegey’s Jer Worbal in Unit 26 exemplifies the latter. A particular story, of course, can include both elements; much of the description the original Badal was deleted in the interests of space and reducing the vocabulary load. Of course, there are well-told and ill-told stories. From the Pashto learner's point of view, it would appear that (vocabulary problems aside) the Detter the quality of, the Pashto, the easier it Is for the non-Pashtun to understand the story In thie Unit, Selection B, Munshi Ahmad Jan's La 55 pal, 18 one of the naka! mentioned above, rewritten In short story form. The other three selections are examples of narrative lenge qrse.