2 // comments identifiers keywords returning from main 4 / and % operators APPENDIX B C99 versus C89 ‘This appendix lists many of the most significant differences between C89 and C99, (The smaller differences are too numerous to mention here.) The headings indicate which chapter contains the primary discussion of each C99 feature. Some of the changes attributed to C99 actually occurred earlier, in Amendment 1 to the C89 standard; these changes are marked “Amendment 1.” C Fundamentals C89 requires compilers to remember the first 31 characters of identifiers; in C99, the requirement is 63 characters. Only the first six characters of names with external linkage are significant in C89. Moreover, the case of letters may not matter. In C99, the first 31 characters are significant, and the case of letters is taken into account. Five keywords are new in C99: inline, restrict, Bool, Complex, and _Imaginary. In C89, if a program reaches the end of the main function without executing a return statement, the value returned to the operating system is undefined. In C99, ifma.in is declared to return an int, the program returns 0 to the operating system. Expressions ‘The C89 standard states that if either operand is negative, the result of an integer division can be rounded either up or down, Moreover, if i or j is negative, the sign of 1 & j depends on the implementation. In C99, the result of a division is always truncated toward zero and the value of i % 3 has the same sign as i. 737738 Appendix B C99 versus C89 5 _Bool type 6 for statements 7 long long integer types extended integer types ong long integer constants types of integer constants hexadecimal floating constants ‘implicit conversions designated initializers variable-length arrays 9 no default return type mixed declarations and statements Selection Statements C99 provides a Boolean type named _Boo1; C89 has no Boolean type. Loops In C99, the first expression in a £or statement can be replaced by a declaration, allowing the statement to declare its own control variable(s). Basic Types C99 provides two additional standard integer types, Long long int and un~ signed long long int. In addition to the standard integer types, C99 allows implementation-defined extended signed and unsigned integer types. C99 provides a way to indicate that an integer constant has type long long int or unsigned long long int. 99's rules for determining the type of an integer constant are different from those in C89, C99 provides a way to write floating constants in hexadecimal. The rules for implicit conversions in C99 are somewhat different from the rules in C89, primarily because of C99"s additional basic types. Arrays C99 supports designated tures, and unions, ize arrays, struc- In C99, the length of an array may be specified by an expression that’s not con- stant, provided that the array doesn’t have static storage duration and its declara~ tion doesn’t contain an initializer. Functions Ifthe return type of a function is omitted in C89, the function is presumed to return a value of type int. In C99, it’s illegal to omit the return type of a function. In C89, declarations must precede statements within a block (including the body of a function). In C99, declarations and statements can be mixed, as long as each vari- able is declared prior to the first statement that uses the variable.declaration or definition required prior to. function call variable-length array parameters static anay parameters compound literals declaration of main return statement without expression 14 aditional predefined macros empty macro arguments ‘macros with a variable number of arguments _fune__ identifier ‘standard pragmas _Pragma operator 16 structure type compatibility Appendix B C99 versus C89 739 €99 requires that either a declaration or a definition of a function be present prior to any call of the function. C89 doesn’t have this requirement; if a function is called without a prior declaration or definition, the compiler assumes that the func- tion returns an int value. C99 allows variable-length array parameters. Ina function declaration, the * sym- bol may appear inside brackets to indicate a variable-length array parameter. C99 allows the use of the word static in the declaration of an array parameter, indicating a minimum length for the first dimension of the array. C99 supports the use of compound literals, which allow the creation of unnamed array and structure values. C99 allows main to be declared in an implementation-defined manner, with a return type other than int and/or parameters other than those specified by the standard, In C89, executing a return statement without an expression in a non-void fune- tion causes undefined behavior (but only if the program attempts to use the value returned by the function). In C99, such a statement is illegal The Preprocessor C99 provides several new predefined macros. C99 allows any or all of the arguments in a macro call to be empty, provided that the call contains the correct number of commas. In C89, a macro must have a fixed number of arguments, if it has any at all. C99 allows macros that take an unlimited number of arguments. In C99, the __func__ identifier behaves like a string variable that stores the name of the currently executing function. In C89, there are no standard pragmas. C99 has three: CX LIMITED RANGE, FENV_ACCESS, and FP_CONTRACT. C99 provides the _Pragma operator, which is used in conjunction with the #pragma directive. Structures, Unions, and Enumerations In C89, structures defined in different files are compatible if their members have the same names and appear in the same order, with corresponding members having740 AppendixB C99 versus C89 trailing comma in enumerations 17 restricted pointers flexible array members 18 block scopes for ‘selection and iteration statements array, structure, and union initializers inline functions 21 header 22 =printé conversion specifications scant conversion specifications snprint£ funetion 23 additional macros in header compatible types. C99 also requires that either both structures have the same tag or neither has a tag. In C99, the last constant in an enumeration may be followed by a comma. Advanced Uses of Pointers (C99 has anew keyword, restrict, that can appear in the declaration of a pointer. C99 allows the last member of a structure to be an array of unspecified length, Declarations In C99, selection statements (i £ and switch) and iteration statements (while, do, and for)—along with the “inner” statements that they control—are consid- ered to be blocks. In C89, a brace-enclosed initializer for an array, structure, or union must contain only constant expressions. In C99, this restriction applies only if the variable has static storage duration. C99 allows functions to be declared inline. The Standard Library The header, which defines the bool, true, and false macros, is new in C99, Input/Output ‘The conversion specifications for the ..print £ functions have undergone a num- ber of changes in C99, with new length modifiers, new conversion specifiers, the ability to write infinity and NaN, and support for wide characters. Also, the #1, $18, $1£, $1g, and $1G conversions are legal in C99; they caused undefined behavior in C89. In C99, the conversion specifications for the ..scanf functions have new length modifiers, new conversion specifiers, the ability to read infinity and NaN, and sup- port for wide characters. C99 adds the snprint £ function to the header. Library Support for Numbers and Character Data 99 adds the DECIMAL DIG and FLT_EVAL METHOD macros to the header.additional macros in header math_errhandling macro additional functions in header 24 EILSEQ macro 25 digraphs header universal character names header ewetype .h> header 26 va_copy macro additional functions in header additional functions in estdlib.h> header additional strftime conversion specifiers Appendix B C99 versusC89 741 In C99, the header contains three new macros that describe the characteristics of the long long int types. C99 gives implementations a choice of how to inform a program that an error has occurred in a mathematical function: via a value stored in errno, via a floating-point exception, or both, The value of the math_erxhandl ing mac- ro (defined in ) indicates how errors are signaled by a particular implementation, C99 adds two new versions of most