Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2014 Lecture 006
2014 Lecture 006
Cylindrical Coordinates
. Change of Variables in Multiple Integrals, Jacobian
9
.
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
.
Volume and Double Integrals
.
Let f (x, y) be a function of two variables defined on rectangle R = [a, b] [c, d].
We would like to define the double integral of f (x, y) over R as the algebraic
volume
. of the solid under the graph of z = f (x, y) over R.
. . . . . .
The sum of the volumes of all these small rectangular solids approximates the
volume of the solid under the graph of z = f (x, y) over R.
m n
The sum f (xij , yij )A is called Riemann sum of f .
i=1 j=1
.
Definition The double integral of f over rectangle R = [a, b] [c, d] is
m n
R
f (x, y) dA = lim
m,n
f (xij , yij )A, if this limit exists.
. i=1 j=1 . . . . . .
The given double integral represents the volume of the solid S that lies below
the circular cylinder and above the rectangle R. The volume of S is the area of
a semicircle with radius 1 times the length of the cylinder. Thus
1
1 x2 dA = Volume of S = 12 (2 (2)) = 2.
R 2
. . . . . .
.
d
Therefore, the value of the integral f (x, y) dy is a function of x, and we can
c
integrate it with respect to x from x = a to x = b. The resulting integral
b ( d )
f (x, y) dy dx is called an iterated integral.
.a c
.
Remark. We call the vertical red segments inside the region R the
cross-sections
. of R, cut by the line x = x0 .
. . . . . .
.
d
Therefore, the value of the integral f (x, y) dy is a function of x, and we can
c
integrate it with respect to x from x = a to x = b. The resulting integral
b ( d )
f (x, y) dy dx is called an iterated integral.
d ( b )
a c
Solution.
3 2 3 2 3 2
(a) x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx = x2 y dydx
0 1 0 1 0 1
3 [ 2 ]y=2 3 2 [ 3 ] x=3
2 y 3x x 27
= x dx = dx = = .
0 2 y=1 0 2 2 x=0 2
2 3 2 [ 3 ] x=3 2 [ ]y=2
2 x y 9y2 27
(b) x y dx dy = dy = 9ydy = = .
1 0 1 3 x=0 1 2 y=1 2
. . . . . .
.
Example. f (x, y) is a positive function defined on a rectangle R = [a, b] [c, d].
The volume V of the solid under the graph of z = f (x, y) over R, is given by
either one of the iterated integrals:
b d d b
f (x, y) dy dx, or f (x, y) dx dy.
. a c c a
. . . . . .
Proof. First partition [a, b] and [c, d] each into n equal subintervals, so that we
(ba)(dc)
have n2 smaller rectangles of area A = xy = n2
for R. Construct a
Riemann sum of f on R which is close to the iterated integral. For i = 1, , n,
choose any point xi in subinterval [xi1 , xi ]. By mean value theorem of integral,
y
j
there exists yij in subinterval [yj1 , yi ] with f (xi , y)dy = f (xi , yij )y.
yj1
This produces a point (xi , yij ) in each rectangle [xi1 , xi ] [yj1 , yi ].
Then the Riemann sum ( ) ( )
n n n n n yi
f (xi , yij ) A = f (xi , yij ) y x = f (xi , y)dy x
i,j=1 i=1 j=1 i=1 j = 1 yi 1
n ( d ) n d
= f (xi , y) dy x = A(xi )x, where A(x) = f (x, y) dy.
i=1 c i=1 c
Then the desired result follows as n tends to +.
. . . . . .
.
Remark. More generally, the conclusion also holds, if
(i) f is bounded on R,
(ii) f is discontinuous only at a finite number of smooth curves, and
(iii)
. the iterated integrals exist.
Furthermore, the theorem is valid for a general closed and bounded region as
discussed in the subsequent sections.
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
.
Using Vertical Cross-sections
.
In evaluating R f (x, y)dA, one can ideally use the iterated integral
b ( )
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y) dy dx,
R a ?
the difficulties lies in determining upper and lower limits , ? in the iterated
.integral.
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
1. Sketch and label the bounding curves, and determine the region R of
integration in the double integral.
2. Project the region R onto one the coordinate axes, so that its shadow is an
. . . . . .
.
Important. Want to see (bymathematical means) the relative position of the
curves y = 1 x and y = 1 x2 when x varies in the interval [0, 1].
For 0 x 1, we have 0 1 x 1 + x, so
(1 x)2 (1 + x)(1 x) = 1 x2 ,
it follows that 1 x 1 x2 for 0 x 1, i.e. the line segment C2 is below
.the circle C2 . . . . . . .
1. Choose any arbitrary point P(x, 0) or P(0, y) in the shadow, draw a line
through P perpendicular to the axis with shadow.
2. Ideally the line meets the boundary R at only two points (x, y
max ) and
(x, ymin ). These two ys depends on x, and hence are functions of x, i.e.
the ones determined by the boundary curves of R. Then the region
R = { (x, y) R2 | a x b, ymin (x) y ymax (x) }.
Answer: f (x, y)dA
1 1 x2
R
= f (x, y) dy dx
0 1x
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Solution. If one uses the cross sections parallel to x-axis, then we have the
diagram above, in which the lower limits may be on C1 if y 1, and on C2 if
0 y 1. So one may divide the region R into two subregions R1 and R2 as
above. In fact, R1 = { (x, y) | 0 y 1, y x y }, and
R2 = { (x, y) | 1 y 4, y 2 x y }. So it follows that area of R is
1 y 4 y
1 dA = dA + dA = dxdy + dxdy.
R R1 R2 0 y 1 y2
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Solution. We just calculate the volume of portion D of the region in 1st octant.
2 2
One immediately recognizes the solid D has a top face given by x + z = 1,
i.e. zmax (x) = 1 x , and the bottom xy-plane given by zmin (x, y) = 0.
2
Moreover, the shadow R of the solid D is a circle disk in the 1st quadrant, so
R = { (x, y) | 0 x 1, 0 y 1 x2 }.
volume of D is given by
The
(zmax (x, y) zmin (x, y), ) dA = 1 x2 dA
1 1 x2
R R
1
= 1 x2 dy dx = 1 x2 1 x2 dx
0 0 0
1 [ ]1
x3 2
= (1 x )dx = x
2
= .
0 3 0 3
. . . . . .