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Surface Energy PDF
Surface Energy PDF
Surface Energy PDF
6 Surface Energy
(1) Background:
Consider the atoms in the bulk and surface regions of a crystal:
Surface: atoms possess higher energy since they are less tightly bound.
Bulk: atoms possess lower energy since they are much tightly bound.
The sum of all the excess energies of the surface atoms is the
surface energy.
2. Experimental approaches:
a. Stretching film:
b. Capillary tube:
rgh
r=
2 cos
For one-mole crystal, there are NA atoms and at least 0.5NA bonds will
form among them. Take the coordination number into account, there
will be (0.5NA*Z) bonds in one-mole crystal.
For the (111) plane in FCC crystal, atoms at the surface possess a CN
of 9, which means that 3 bonds per atoms are broken at the surface of
(111).
As a result, the energy required to form one (111) surface in FCC can
be given as:
E (111) = (energy of one bond)*(number of bonds broken / atom)
H S
= *3 (Z=12 for FCC) energy required per surface atom
2N A
H S N
/surface area) =
2N A A
H S 4 H S
(111) =
2N A 3a 2 = 3 N a 2
0 A 0
2 H S
E (100) = * 4 = energy required per surface atom
3N A
N 2 H S 2 4 H S
(100) = E(100) = 2=
A 100 3N A a 3N a 2
0 A 0
23
= 12 = 31 , one can determine the relative surface
sin1 sin3 sin 2
energy by measuring the angles among those phases.
increase s,v .
c2 c2
A( 001) = a 2 Etop surf = (a 2 ) * ( 001) * 2
4 4
dEedge da da 1 (110)
= (2 2 ) * (100) + (110) = 0 = 2
dc dc dc 2 (100)
dEtop surf da c da 1 c
= ( 2a ) * ( 001) = 0 =
dc dc 2 dc 4 a
c (110)
= 2 2
a
(100 )
c
a. The size of (100) is proportional to (a ).
2
The size of (110) is proportional to c.
b. If (110) is equal to or greater than ( 2 * (110) ) ,c will be zero
c
d. At equilibrium: = 2 2 (110)
a (100)
c
2
(110) = 2
c
= 2 = h(110)
(100) 2a a h(100)