Applied Mathematical Modeling of The Phenomenology of Photon Emission, Transmission and Absorption Events

APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF PHOTON
GORDON
EMISSION, TRANSMISSION AND ABSORPTION EVENTS
Perry Lee Gordon, B. S. Physics
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G O D
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*REX EST MERCES*

OF
Misericordia, Honor et Iustitia

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G O D
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*REX EST MERCES*

OF
The University of Texas at Dallas

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G O D
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*REX EST MERCES*

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Department of Mathematical Sciences
Mathematics Ph. D. Program
CONSTANS
Admissions Thesis [Application ID#: 10461G9596]
ERA: [2016:01:13:20:10 2016:01:20:21:47] UTC
SUMMARY: Applied Mathematical Model of photon emission, transmission and absorption as being
probabilistically determined events facilitated by virtual photons behaving as waveguide proxies for particle
quantum tunnel transit across vacuum barriers in space-time.
INTRODUCTION
The phenomenology of light is contained primarily in the physical events of emission, transmission and
absorption of electromagnetic radiation.[3] It is generally accepted by physicist that light exists as one of two
entities, a wave (for the classical modeling of lights behavior of interference, reflection and refraction) or a
particle (for the quantum modeling of lights discrete characteristics, such as pair production / annihilation and
excitation / de-excitation of electrical particles). While both models agree with observation, (which is the only
requirement for physical theory), they do not agree with each other; this is a problem. Under macroscopic
inspection light is a propagating, self-sustaining oscillation traveling at constant velocity through the electric
field of our universe. Subject to microscopic perspective, light is a fast, infinitesimal, massless particle of pure
energy. These two facts should (and very often do) invoke the question, What exactly is light? The answer to
this question is very simple; Light is the observance of probability! It is the purpose of this paper to
substantiate this solution to the question about the nature of light via the synthesis of a new Physical Model, a
model that shall serve as both the reconciliation of the two previous and as their successor. Lets Begin!
GORDONS MODEL
Our Model is predicated on few simple assumptions:
PRINCIPIUM I: Light only exists at the emission and absorption points at electric particles.[3] This statement
means that light could be using any mode (or nature) of travel between these two points; particle or wave.
PRINCIPIUM II: Light does not exist as a particle entity. This is validated by our understanding that the
particle nature of light is the result of the occurrences of excitation and de-excitation of electric particles; the
explanation of such evens being given as the collision of Photons (particles of light), with these objects. These
collisions are the primary instances of physical observances of light in the universe.
Therefore,
PRINCIPIUM III: The particle nature of light is a metaphor for the phenomenology of light. We use the word
particle in describing the physicality of light, and it is usually done so at emission, absorption or probabilistic
events to explain lights odd, behavior. (Basically, we call light a particle when we dont know whats going
on.)
With these assumptions in place we shall build a model for explanation of the three primary interactions of light
(classical and quantum), that is based on energy and probability. We shall concurrently support our claims with
APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF PHOTON EMISSION, TRANSMISSION 2
AND ABSORPTION EVENTS
the ideas and thoughts of the Titans of Physics and Mathematics who have gone before us that you may know
our model is not only convincing and well founded, but also valid and affirmed.
EMISSION PHENOMENOLOGY: THE ELECTRON-NEPHON MODEL
The event of light emission from an electron in an excited state can be viewed as a two particle configuration.[2]
The excited electron is accompanied by a theoretical anti-particle, that is the result of its electron hole in the
lower energy state, called a Positron.[2] This arrangement can be viewed classically as an electric dipole
supporting a static electric field.[7] In addition, simultaneously, this arrangement can also be viewed quantumly
as two probabilistically determined particle clouds on opposite sides of a vacuum barrier.[2]
[NOTE: Vacuum barrier simply means an excluded region where neither particle should be expected to be
found.]
Reconciliation for the classical picture is provided by Quantum Electrodynamics, saying, that the electric field
supported by the two particles can be represented by the relaying of exchange particles called virtual electrical
photons.[2] These virtual electrical photons are quantized energy entities that embody the electric field energies
between the particles, however, make no mistake these virtual electric photons are not actual particles, these too
are just metaphors to explain the attractive forces between our electron and positron. So, using the definition for
our microscopic dipole, we can combine both models into one, energy and probabilistically themed, model; we
shall call our model Nephon, from the Ancient Greek word for Storm.
[NOTE: Our Nephon is different from Positronium, in that, in our model the two particles do not self-annihilate
and release energy, they simply excite and de-excite accompanied by energy transmission.[2]]
In this Nephon Model, the electron-positron dipole has been rendered into the two probability matter-wave
clouds in the quantum model. These two clouds trade virtual electrical photons between each other across the
vacuum barrier gap that separates their orbitals: (thus the virtual electrical photons are the theoretical
embodiment of the notion of the band gap energy difference between the two levels). As we all know, Entropy
rules the universe at all scales and orders, and so the atomic configuration of orbitals demands stability and
requires the excited electron to return to its lower state.[2] But how does the process of de-excitation actually
occur? Thats easy, measurement.
CONSIDER: An excited electron moves into a higher energy state relative to ground while an excited positron
moves into a lower energy state relative to the same ground.[2] Therefore, since both energized particles have
the same energy offset (i.e.: band gap with respect to their own, distinct ground levels) they occupy opposite
sides of the same energy difference (vacuum barrier) and therefore the excited electron and the excited positron
have switched places, with each other positioned in their counterparts lower energy state.
To answer the problem of how to lower entropy, that is the energy configuration of the electron-positron
nephon, one has to consider probability. It is impossible for either electron or positron cloud to transcend the
vacuum barrier between them and return to lower states. After all, the cloud probabilities themselves exclude
them from being that far out of their orbitals and neither cloud has enough energy to perform a quantum
tunneling event through the barrier. In fact, the only extra energy they share is the virtual photons of their
nephon (after all, that energy is the energy of both their barriers). What if, in order to comply with the demands
of entropy, both clouds emit their virtual electrical photons and thus broadcast electromagnetic radiation?
Would that be enough to return the particles to their lower states? No! The emission of electromagnetic
radiation is only half the solution to the problem, the other half comes from what happens to the clouds when
they broadcast their photons.
Two affects occur when the nephon clouds broadcast their electromagnetic energy: the coupling of 1.)
Schrdingers (1887 1961) Wave Equation defined collapsing of the clouds probability wave functions into
points of locality possessing incalculable energy (i.e.: the clouds coalesces into particles moving at
incomprehensible velocities.) and 2.) These two newly constituted particles act as antennas broadcasting a
signal. When antennas broadcast a signal, they emit two types of photons, one electrical and long range (i.e.: our
virtual electrical photons) and one virtual and short range: it is the nature of this short range, virtual particle that
is of key interest to us and our model.[C] Why? Because what all this means is, the clouds have used the
emission of electromagnetic radiation as a means of measuring themselves. (That is to say, the act of
measuring a particles position using energy (light) to observe it, is the same as a particle emitting energy itself;
it tells us where it is.) By throwing away their virtual electrical photons the clouds have calculated their own
exact positions and as such have just informed the entire universe where they are (and where they are not; it is a
very Boolean Logic that governs the probability of their quantum locality). Through Heisenbergs (1901
1976) Uncertainty Principle, once the exact position of a particle is know, its position can not be know
thereafter, and the particle is lost in uncertainty and that is exact what the particles want.[2] Remember, the
electron and positron do not have enough energy to tunnel through the vacuum barrier and achieve lower energy
states. But the virtual photons that were emitted with the virtual electrical photons do! These virtual photons
have the mathematical signature of a quantum tunneling particle transiting through the vacuum of space-time.[2]
The broadcasting of the radiation has provided an opportunity for the electron and positron particles to hitch
rides through a wormhole they themselves could not have built. In one instance, the radiation is emitted,
quantum tunnels are established and the particles certainty becomes uncertainty, allowing them the possibility
of traveling through the tunnel to the other side. Our clouds have done the impossible!
[NOTE: Virtual photons creation during electromagnetic radiation broadcast do not violate the Conservation of
Energy since the particles themselves transport no energy away from the antenna (i.e.: the particles).[2][C] All the
energy of the system is contained in the virtual electrical photons that become real electrical photons or just real
photons during transmission.[2][C] For this reason of the virtual photons inability to transfer energy and yet allow
for the transit of matter through vacuum barriers, we consider them to be Agents of Probability: the worms that
build wormholes!]
TRANSMISSION PHENOMENOLOGY: THE ASTRAEON COUPLE MODEL
Now that our photons have been emitted, lets look at the transmission mode of light. But first we must know
that the virtual photons that facilitated the electron-positron tunneling events is not gone, it continues outward
through space towards infinity, it itself being a signal broadcasted from our nephon. They accompany our
photons like shadows, propagating evanescently with them. In time it becomes a real entity, we believe to be the
evanescent probability phasor theorized by Feynman (1918 1988); the reigning probability decision maker
ERWIN RUDOLF JOSEF ALEXANDER SCHRDINGER (1887 1961): Nobel Prize-winning Austrian physicist who developed a
number of fundamental results in the field of quantum theory, which formed the basis of wave mechanics: Schrdinger formulated the
wave equation (stationary and time-dependent Schrdinger equation) and revealed the identity of his development of the formalism
and matrix mechanics. Schrdinger proposed an original interpretation of the physical meaning of the wave function. Schrdinger is
also known for his "Schrdinger's cat" thought-experiment.[I]
WERNER KARL HEISENBERG (1901 1976): German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics.
Heisenberg published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born (1882 1970) and
Pascual Jordan (1902 1980), during the same year, this matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. In
1927 Heisenberg published his Uncertainty Principle, upon which he built his philosophy and for which he is best known. Heisenberg
made important contributions to the theories of the hydrodynamics of turbulent flows, the atomic nucleus, ferromagnetism, cosmic
rays, and subatomic particles. Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 "for the creation of quantum
mechanics".[II]
RICHARD PHILLIPS FEYNMAN (1918 1988) : American theoretical physicist who path integral formulation of quantum mechanics
(the Feynman diagrams), the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium and
proposed the Parton Model of Hadrons. Feynman assisted in the development of the atomic bomb during World War II and was a
for all of lights non-absorbative interactions with the universe that gives rise to the Optical Physical
phenomena of interference, diffraction, reflection and refraction.[3] How? We, like Feynman, believe this
evanescent probability wave to be an encrypted temporal memory containing historic information about the
electrical photons creation event, what physicist call a Phasor.[3] This phasor information details the behavior
the photon itself would exhibit upon contact with external entities such as other photons or objects with
comparable wavelength characteristics (like atomic sheets or diffraction gratings). Why is this information
contained within the evanescent photon and not the actual photon? We must remember, light does not exist
between the emission and absorption points! Mathematically it can be described via Maxwells (1831 1879)
Equations as a traveling disturbance in the electric field, but in reality there is only a chance for an encounter
with light that is in transmission and that chance is ruled by a shadow, not the light. For this reason we shall call
our shadow of light Skoton from the Ancient Geek word for Darkness. These skotons are the agents of
probability that build wormholes, bend and bounce light off surfaces, construct interference patterns and
energize matter.
[NOTE: The real entities that our virtual photons have become are apparently Stop-watches, internally recording
the time of transmission for its accompanying photon for phase based interactions with external entities.
Nevertheless, internally the skotons still serve as engineers for the construction of quantum tunnels. We shall
name this complement of photon and skoton in transmission with the portmanteau Astraeon from the Ancient
Greek deities, Astraeos (meaning Dawn of the Stars), the Titan of the Dusk and his wife Eos (meaning
Dawn), the Titaness of the Dawn.]
Before we move on to our next model of light, we must inform the reader of something very strange that is also
happening with our traveling Astraeon; it is not alone! It is only one half of a set of twins! Remember the
electron and the positron each emitted a photon and a skoton. These four particles are, as Schrdinger put it,
entangled.[2][6] As such, both Astraeons are capable of knowing the exact position and location of each other
(and their constituent components), instantaneously across space and time. And we assert that, the emission
event that birth their journeys shall only be concluded by one event that terminates it, that is, if one Astraeon
gets absorbed, or participates in interference, reflective or refractive actions, so does the other in mirror, causing
it to redirect, disperse or even vanish from space-time, even though it itself had not partook in the actual event
to cause such behavior. For our discussion, this means that the energy absorbed at one event, involves two
photons, not one: thus is Einsteins (1879 1955) Spooky Effect.[2][6]
member of the Rogers Commission that investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster. Feynman has been credited with
pioneering the field of quantum computing, and introducing the concept of nanotechnology. Feynman held the Richard C. Tolman
professorship in theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology. Feynman, jointly with Julian Schwinger (1918 1994)
and Sin'ichir Tomonaga [ ] (1906 1979), received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965.[III]
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL FRS FRSE (1831 1879): Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics. Maxwells most
notable achievement was to formulate the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, bringing together for the first time electricity,
magnetism, and light as manifestations of the same phenomenon. Maxwell's equations for electromagnetism have been called the
"second great unification in physics" after the first one realized by Isaac Newton (1642 1726/27). Maxwell helped develop the
MaxwellBoltzmann distribution, a statistical means of describing aspects of the kinetic theory of gases. Maxwell is also known for
presenting the first durable colour photograph in 1861 and for his foundational work on analysing the rigidity of rod-and-joint
frameworks (trusses) like those in many bridges. Maxwells discoveries helped usher in the era of modern physics, laying the
foundation for such fields as special relativity and quantum mechanics. On the centenary of Maxwell's birthday, Einstein (1879
1955) described Maxwell's work as the "most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of
Newton".[IV]
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1879 1955): German-born theoretical physicist. Einstein developed the general theory of relativity, one of the
two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of
science. Einstein is best known in popular culture for his MassEnergy Equivalence Formula E = mc2 (which has been dubbed "the
world's most famous equation"). Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his "services to theoretical physics", in
particular his discovery of the law of the Photoelectric Effect, a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory.[V]
[NOTE: We shall give mathematical reasons for our consideration of twin photons (and skotons) emission in our
model later in this paper.]
ABSORPTION PHENOMENOLOGY: THE POSITRON-NEPHON MODEL
The photons and skotons of our astraeons are reaching the end of their journeys and are about to encounter a
ground state electron matter-wave cloud. This electron cloud has a band gap equivalent to the photons energy
and thus can absorb both photons (one, absorbed by the ground state electron, the other, though separated across
space, shall be absorbed by the electrons electron hole or positron).[2] For the electron, an actual and present
entity, the photon absorption renders a measurement of the electrons position: The One. Uncertainty shall be
invoked and the particle may be able to transit through the skotons tunnel, except, theres one problem, the
skoton is one directional transit, in a direction opposite to the one the electron wants to move in (it leads to
lower energy levels not higher). So how does the electron become excited? It doesnt, the positron does! Dirac
(1902 1984) Theory of particles allows for the creation of electron holes in vacuum space.[2] It also accounts
for the creation of two photons from one emission event (as our model also does).[2] We take this idea and pair it
with the notion that measuring the electrons exact location is the same as measuring the electrons exact non-
location and thus the absorption of the photon by the electron creates an electron hole or positron particle to
absorb the second photon from our emission event via the Spooky Effect: The Zero. Both particles having
absorbed the total energy of the emission event for our astraeons, the Uncertainty Principle is invoked and the
positron tunnel transits to its excited state and in doing so simultaneously, probabilistically invokes the tunnel
transiting of the electron to its excited state.
[NOTE: If our ground level electron is a valence electron the electron hole may form in vacuum space outside
the atoms established energy levels. If this happens the excited electron is liberated from the atom entirely; thus
is Einsteins Photoelectric Effect.[2]]
Now that we have laid the foundations for the theory of our Physical Model we must build a Mathematical
Model to support it. This model must achieve one single goal; the mathematical derivation of a skoton as a
quantum tunneling particle of energy equal to that of its emitting electron (i.e.: the energy of the excited state or
the energy of the emitted photon). In doing this we shall effectively build a wave-guided tunnel through vacuum
space capable of allowing transit for matter-waves. Lets begin!
APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELING
Schrdingers Wave Equation is the cornerstone of Quantum Physics. His equation is used to mathematically
model the probability of finding a free particle moving through vacuum space or the likelihood of a particle of a
specific energy being able to quantum tunnel through a barrier and appear on the other side.[2] For this reason of
expectation of particles based on their energy, such a probabilistic wave equation is of interest to us. For our
model of electron-positron matter-wave clouds, particle coalescences induced by photon emission, as the
suppositional prerequisite for wave-guided, Skoton established, quantum tunnel transit through a
probabilistically determined vacuum barrier, as explanation for the emission and absorption phenomenology of
light, we must have our own Wave Equation. How? We shall derive it.
PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE DIRAC OM FRS (1902 1984): English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the
early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. Dirac was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the
University of Cambridge, a member of the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, and spent the last decade of his life at
Florida State University. Dirac formulated the Dirac Equation which describes the behavior of fermions and predicted the existence of
antimatter. Dirac also made significant contributions to the reconciliation of general relativity with quantum mechanics. Dirac is
regarded as one of the most significant physicists of the 20th century. Dirac shared the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics with Erwin
Schrdinger (1887 1961) "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory".[VI]
In Mathematical Physics, the usefulness of Second Order Liner Differential Equations can not be understated,
especially in modeling the behavior of waves (and make no mistake, broadcasting probability [skotons] is
manifested as wave functions, this is what Schrdinger taught us). Indeed, it is in this exact capacity that we
shall derive a Schrdinger-esque Probability Wave Equation for our skotons. In formulating this equation and
finding and interpreting its solutions, we shall effectively prove that skotons are truly the agents of probability,
behaving as quantum tunneling wave-guides that allow for instantaneous transit through insurmountable
vacuum barriers. Our formulation shall parallel that of Schrdingers (only with slightly more Mathematical
rigor). To build our model we must introduce a new concept to Quantum Physics:
PRINCIPIUM IV: The Probability Barrier: the notion of classically excluded regions for a particles expectation
value as being the result of a probabilistic determination (i.e.: there is no physical obstacle, like an electric
potential, to oppose and restrict our particle, it is simply a matter of odds). This mathematical notion of vacuum
space as serving as an impedance or barrier to the electron and positron matter-wave clouds of our nephon shall
behave in our model as a real, yet insubstantial, wall. This wall therefore, is the very fabric of space-time, and
any transit through this wall can only be achieved via one form of phenomenology, teleportation.
Any particle experiencing a quantum tunnel transit through an object also experiences decay in its probability
wave amplitude (i.e.: the reduced likelihood that the particle can be found on the other side).[2] This reduced
chance of transit shall be codified in the rendering of an evanescent propagating probability wave, whose
expectation value is very close to, but not exactly, zero. Therefore, our model shall also account for the decay of
the particles probability wave function due its transit in vacuum.
COMMENT: Only energetic particles can experience a quantum tunneling event.[2] Our model is for a particle
with the energy of the emitted photon, tunneling through a barrier. Since the probability wave equations
consider only the energy of the tunneling particle, any particle or localized entity with energy equivalent to this
photon that is found near the event horizon of the tunnel, is allowed transit through it. Therefore, the act of
measurement by our particles not only builds their tunnels, it also conditions them worthy of its utility.
Now, lets use our Tele-Mathic Powers to build our Tunneling Photon Model, using the following guiding
principles:
PRINCIPIUM V: To build our wave equation we shall begin with the Wave Equation;
1 2 x, t
[1] 2 x, t [OCEANUS DE POSSIBILITATEM]
c2 t 2
For 1-Dimensional Space-time, the Laplacian (1749 1827) of the d'Alembert (1717 1783) Operator
simplifies as follows;
PIERRE-SIMON, MARQUIS DE LAPLACE (1749 1827): an influential French scholar whose work was important to the development
of mathematics, statistics, physics and astronomy. Laplace summarized and extended the work of his predecessors in his five-volume
Mcanique Cleste (Celestial Mechanics) (17991825). Laplace formulated Laplace's Equation, and pioneered the Laplace Transform
which appears in many branches of mathematical physics, a field that he took a leading role in forming. The Laplacian Differential
Operator, widely used in mathematics, is also named after him. Laplace restated and developed the nebular hypothesis of the origin of
the Solar System and was one of the first scientists to postulate the existence of black holes and the notion of gravitational collapse.
Laplace is remembered as one of the greatest scientists of all time. Sometimes referred to as the French Newton or Newton of France,
Laplace has been described as possessing a phenomenal natural mathematical faculty superior to that of any of his contemporaries.
Laplace became a count of the Empire in 1806 and was named a Marquis in 1817, after the Bourbon Restoration.[VII]
JEAN-BAPTISTE LE ROND D'ALEMBERT (1717 1783): French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music
theorist. Until 1759, D'Alembert was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclopdie. D'Alembert's formula for obtaining
solutions to the wave equation is named after him. The wave equation is sometimes referred to as d'Alembert's Equation. d'Alembert
1 2 x, t
2 x, t
c2 t 2
2 x, t 2 x, t 2 x, t 1 2 x, t
2
x 2 y 2 z 2 c t 2
2 x, t 1 2 x, t
0 0
x 2 c 2 t 2
2 x, t 1 2 x, t
2
x 2 c t 2
The wave equation tells us that our function x, t is continuous and must be at lest twice differentiable.[1]
Knowing this we can rewrite the left hand side of this one-dimensional wave equation into a polynomial of
progressively higher-order derivatives via a Maclaurin (1698 1746) Series [or Taylor (1685 1731) Series
about the origin], that is;[A]

n x, t
an
n0 x n

n x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t 2 x, t n x, t
an
n 0 x n
a0
x 0
a1
x1
a 2
x 2
... a n
x n
For our purposes we only need to generate a Second-Order Polynomial so;
N
n x, t
an
n 0 x n
N 2
2
n x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t 2 x, t
[2] an
n0 x n
a0
x 0
a1
x1
a 2
x 2
[A PARTE SPATII]
used L'analyse dmontre, a standard work, to study the foundations of mathematics. D'Alembert was also a Latin scholar of some
note and worked in the latter part of his life on a superb translation of Tacitus, for which he received wide praise including that of
Denis Diderot. In 1740, D'Alembert submitted his second scientific work from the field of fluid mechanics Mmoire sur la rfraction
des corps solides, which was recognized by Clairaut. In this work d'Alembert theoretically explained refraction. In 1741, d'Alembert
was elected into the Acadmie des Sciences, was later elected to the Berlin Academy in 1746 and a Fellow of the Royal Society in
1748. In 1743, D'Alembert published his most famous work, Trait de dynamique, in which he developed his own laws of motion. In
1752, D'Alembert wrote about what is now called D'Alembert's paradox: that the drag on a body immersed in an inviscid,
incompressible fluid is zero. In 1754, d'Alembert was elected a member of the Acadmie des sciences, of which he became Permanent
Secretary on 9 April 1772. d'Alembert was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in
1781.[VIII]
COLIN MACLAURIN (1698 1746): Scottish mathematician who made important contributions to geometry and algebra. The
Maclaurin series, a special case of the Taylor series, is named after him. Maclaurin used Taylor series to characterize maxima,
minima, and points of inflection for infinitely differentiable functions in his Treatise of Fluxions. Maclaurin attributed the series to
Taylor (1685 1731), but Maclaurin received credit for his use of the series, and the Taylor series expanded around 0 is sometimes
known as the Maclaurin series. Maclaurin also made significant contributions to the gravitation attraction of ellipsoids. [IX]
BROOK TAYLOR FRS (1685 1731): English mathematician who is best known for Taylor's theorem and the Taylor series. Taylor's
Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa (1715) added a new branch to higher mathematics, now called the "calculus of finite
differences". Among other ingenious applications, he used it to determine the form of movement of a vibrating string, by him first
successfully reduced to mechanical principles. The same work contained the celebrated formula known as Taylor's formula. Taylor
was elected a fellow of the Royal Society early in 1712, and in the same year sat on the committee for adjudicating the claims of Sir
Isaac Newton (1642 1726/27) and Gottfried Leibniz (1646 1716). [X]
Noting that by the Light-Seconds-Distance Relation; ct x , we can adapt our spatial polynomial into a
temporal one since;
ct x cdt dx ct x or ct x
Plugging this in gives us a second polynomial differentiated in terms of time:
N
n x, t N n x, t

n 0
an
x n
an
n 0 c n t n
N 2
2
n x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t 2 x, t
an
n 0 c n t n
a0
ct
0
a1
ct
1
a 2
ct
2
2
n x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t 2 x, t
[3] an
n0 c n t n
a0
t 0
a1
ct 1
a 2
c 2t 2
[PRO TEMPORE]
So we now have two equivalent polynomials:
2
n x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t 2 x, t
an
n0 x n
a0
x 0
a1
x1
a 2
x 2
And,
2
n x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t 2 x, t
an
n 0 c n t n
a 0
t 0
a1
ct 1
a 2
c 2 t 2
Or;
2
n x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t 2 x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t 2 x, t
an
n 0 x n
a 0
x 0
a1
x1
a 2
x 2
a 0
t 0
a1
ct 1
a 2
c 2 t 2
PRINCIPIUM VI: In order for the form of the Second-Order Linear Partial Differential Equation to be valid for
our model, the wave form of x, t must be in complex trigonometric form to ensure that the first and second
spatial and temporal derivatives are in congruity with the principles of Quantum Physics.[2] Here are the
complexities of the wave form and its derivatives:
[4] x, t coskx t i sin kx t [FORMUS DE FLUCTUS]
Whose first and second spatial derivatives are:
x, t
k sin kx t ik coskx t
x
And,
2 x, t
k 2 coskx t ik 2 sin kx t
x
2
The first and second temporal derivatives are:
x, t
sin kx t i coskx t
t
And
2 x, t
2 coskx t i 2 sin kx t
t2
PRINCIPIUM VII: Our wave equation must be linear in the function x, t , that is, any multiplicative change to
a derivative of the function must equal the differentiation of the multiplicative function.[2] And this must hold
true for zero and all positive degrees of differentiation:[2]
n x, t n x, t
; 0
x n x n
And likewise,
n x, t n x, t
; 0
t n t n
Where is any integer. Satisfaction of this postulate dictates that every term in our equation must
contain x, t , with the linearity of x, t implying that every term in our wave equation has integer powers no
greater than and no less than 1:[2]
x, t p p 1
Now that we have the Mathematics for our model lets formulate the Physical requirements for it;
PRINCIPIUM VIII: Our wave equation must be consistent with both the de Broglie (1892 1987) and Einstein
Postulates for quantum momentum and photon energy:[2]
h
pPhoton
I
LOUIS-VICTOR-PIERRE-RAYMOND, 7E DUC DE BROGLIE (1892 1987): French physicist who made groundbreaking contributions
to quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis he postulated the wave nature of electrons and suggested that all matter has wave
properties. This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of waveparticle duality, and forms a central part of the
theory of quantum mechanics. Louis de Broglie was the sixteenth member elected to occupy seat 1 of the Acadmie franaise in 1944,
and served as Perpetual Secretary of the French Academy of Sciences. De Broglie became the first high-level scientist to call for
establishment of a multi-national laboratory, a proposal that led to the establishment of the European Organization for Nuclear
Research (CERN). De Broglie formulated a Neutrino theory of light, that introduces the idea that the photon is equivalent to the fusion
of two Dirac neutrinos. De Broglie won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929, after the wave-like behaviour of matter was first
experimentally demonstrated in 1927.[XI]
And,
EI hvI
Where h is Plancks (1858 1947) Constant, valued at h 6.626 1034 J s .[2] Our model must also include
the traditional wave variables for wave number and angular frequency:[2]
2
k
I
And,
I 2vI
Respectively.
PRINCIPIUM IX: Our model must be characteristic of the Quantum Energy Conservation Equation and account
for all effects on photon kinetic energy due to the environment (i.e.: vacuum space):
[5] EI EKinetic DVacuum [OMNI POTENTIAL]

2
pPhoton
EI V i
2mPhoton
Where mPhoton is the mass of one photon entity, DVacuum is the damping effect on the photons kinetic energy and
is composed of V which represents the zero energy of vacuum space and i which represents the effect of
decay on our tunneling photon.
[NOTE: Our tunnel decay term is complex, we shall see why shortly, but for now this should not surprise us
since the barrier in our model is technically fictitious but its effect on the photon energy is measurable and
therefore real.]
Assembling PRINCIPIUM VIII and IXs variables into the Quantum Energy Conservation Equation renders:
EI EKinetic DVacuum
KARL ERNST LUDWIG MARX PLANCK, FRS (1858 1947): German theoretical physicist whose work on quantum theory won him
the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918. Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily
on his role as an originator of quantum theory, which revolutionized human understanding of atomic and subatomic processes.
Plancks most notable work is that on Black Body Radiation where he introduces the Planck's constant, also known as Planck's action
quantum used by Physicists to call the energy quanta photons, and a photon of frequency will have its own specific and unique
energy. The total energy at that frequency is then equal to h multiplied by the number of photons at that frequency. At first Planck
considered that quantisation was only "a purely formal assumption ... actually I did not think much about it..."; nowadays this
assumption, incompatible with classical physics, is regarded as the birth of quantum physics and the greatest intellectual
accomplishment of Planck's career. Planck in 1918, the year he received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum
theory.[XII]
2
pPhoton
EI V i
2mPhoton
h 2 k 2
EI V i h I
2mPhoton
h
Where h is h . The terms of this equation shall help us find the constants for our Second-Order Partial
2
Differential Equation.
PRINCIPIUM X: The V i terms of the vacuums dampening effect on photons may be functions of space and/or
time. [2] Here in our model V is a function of space but i is a function of time since the tunneling photon
experiences an exponential decay while tunneling:
V V x, t Vo 0
And,
[6] i i x, t i o [VERMIS]
[NOTE: The Constant is yet to be determined.]
Inputting the derivatives of our function into the Maclaurin Series Polynomials gives:
2
an
n0 x n
a0
x 0
a1
x1
a 2
x 2
a0
t 0
a1
ct 1
a 2
c 2t 2
2
n x, t
an a0 coskx t i sin kx t a1 k sin kx t ik coskx t
n0 x n

a2 k 2 coskx t ik 2 sin kx t
a
a0 coskx t i sin kx t 1 sin kx t i coskx t
c
a

22 2 coskx t i 2 sin kx t
c

Since we are working with a Maclaurin Series our polynomial must converge on an interval that includes the
origin (or here the emission point; x t 0 )[1]. Therefore, we can use the fact that coskx t x t 0 1 and
sin kx t x t 0 0 to find the following Coefficient Equation for the series:
2
n x, t a1i a2 2
[7] an
n0 x n
a0 a1ik a 2 k 2
a0
c
2
c
[EX LINQUA DE GRECI]
Using this Coefficient Equation we can match the Maclaurin Series Polynomials terms with like terms in the
Quantum Energy Conservation Equation:
h 2 k 2
EI V h I i
2mPhoton
[ALERT: We have moved the Tunnel Decay term to the right, temporal side of the equation since it is only a
function of time and have kept the zero energy of vacuum space term on the left side since it is a function of
space only.]
2
n x, t a2 2 a1i
an
n0 x n
a 2 k 2
a1ik a0
c2

c
a0
[ALERT: We have rewritten both sides of the Maclaurin Series Polynomial in descending order.]
Matching we see a k 2 term on the right spatial side and an term on the left side of both equations;
2
n x, t a2 2 a1i
an
n0 x n
a 2 k 2
a1ik a0
c2

c
a0
h 2 k 2
EI V h I i
2mPhoton
Equating the pairs of terms gives:
h 2 k 2 a1i
a2 k
2
h I
2mPhoton c
h 2
a2 a1 cih
2mPhoton
Further recognition of the fact that both the zero energy vacuum and the tunnel decay terms are linear, non-
derivative based terms of the Quantum Energy Conservation Equation tells us to pair them with the a0 on their
respective sides of the Maclaurin Series Polynomial; this gives a0 V and a0 i . The lack of pair-able
coefficients in the Quantum Energy Conservation Equation for the remaining a1ik and a2 2 terms of the
Maclaurin Series Polynomial informs us that their coefficients are zero;
a2 2
a1ik 0 0
c2
a1 0 a2 0
Plugging in all these coefficients into the Maclaurin Series Polynomial generates our Wave Equation;
2

n0
an
x n
a0
x 0
a1
x1
a2
x 2
a0
t 0
a1
ct 1
a2 2 2
c t
2
n x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t h 2 2 x, t
an V 0
n 0 x n x 0 x1 2mPhoton x
2
0 x, t 1 x, t 2 x, t
i cih 0 2 2
t 0 ct 1 c t
2
x, t
n
x, t h
0 2
x, t
2
0 x, t 1 x, t
a n
V i i
h
n 0 x n x 0 2mPhoton x
2
t 0 t 1
Rewriting both polynomials in descending order and recombining the zero energy vacuum and tunnel decay
terms on the left hand side gives;
2
n x, t 0 x, t h 2 2 x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t
an
V i i
h
n0 x n x 0 2mPhoton x
2
t 0 t 1
2
n x, t h 2 2 x, t 0 x, t 1 x, t
an
V i i
h
n0 x n 2mPhoton x
2
x 0 t 1
Or written in Standard Wave Equation format,
2
n x, t h 2 2 x, t x, t
[8] a n V i x, t ih [QUOD ERAT FACIENDUM]
n 0 x n
2mPhoton x
2
t
This is GORDONS WAVE EQUATION. This equation describes the probability of transit by a solo photon across
the vacuum of space. As we shall soon see the solutions to this equation explain the photons transit as being a
quantum tunneling event evidenced by the Tunnel Decay Effect from the vacuum barrier on the photons
amplitude.
GORDONS WAVE EQUATION SOLUTIONS
The solution to our wave equation is rather straight forward; first we assume the solution form to be:
[9] x, t x t [SOLUTIO]
[NOTE: The Solution Form is distinct from the Wave Form but, they are obviously connected.]
Plugging this into our Wave Equation gives,
2
n x, t h 2 2 x, t x, t
an V i x, t ih
n0 x n
2mPhoton x
2
t
2
n x, t h 2 2 x t x t
a n V i x t ih
n0 x n
2mPhoton x 2
t
Recognizing that,
2 x t 2 x d 2 x
t t
x 2 x 2 dx 2
And,
x t t d t
x x
t t dt
Evolves our equations into,
2
n x, t h 2 2 x t x t
an V i x t ih
n0 x n
2mPhoton x 2
t
2
n x, t h 2 d 2 x d t
an t V i x t ih x
n0 x n
2mPhoton
2
dx dt
Dividing both sides by x t and setting them equal to a Separation Constant G makes the equations
separable and thereby independently solvable;[2]
[NOTE: Our solution for Gordons Wave Equation shall not be Time-Independent like Schrdingers since the
passage of time is key to the Phasor Entity State of real probability for the transmitted photons and skotons in
the Astraeon Model. The separation process is only to accommodate easier methods for finding solutions.]
2
an t V i x t ih x
n0 x n
2mPhoton
2
dx dt
2
an t V x t i x t ih x
n0 x n
2mPhoton
2
dx dt
2
an t V x t i x t ih x
n0 x n
2mPhoton
2
dx dt
2
an t V x t ih x i x t
n 0 x n
2mPhoton
2
dx dt
[ALERT: Again, we have moved the tunnel decay term to the right, temporal side of the equation since it is only
a function of time and have kept the zero energy of vacuum space term on the left side since it is a function of
space only.]
Continuing;
2
an t V x t ih x i x t
n0 x n
2mPhoton
2
dx dt
Becomes,
2
n x, t 1 h 2 d 2 x 1 d t
an V x ih i t
n 0 x n
x 2mPhoton dx
2
t dt
Using our Separation Constant G obtains,

2
n x, t 1 h 2 d 2 x
[10] an
V
x G [DE SPATIO]
n 0 x n x 2mPhoton dx 2
And,
2
n x, t 1 d t
[11] an ih i t G [DE TEMPORE]
n 0 c t
n n
t dt
Yielding,
2
n x, t h 2 d 2 x
an V x G x
n 0 x n 2
2mPhoton dx
And,
2
n x, t d t
an ih i t G t
c t dt
n n
n 0
We now have Independent Spatial and Temporal Wave Equations. Lets rearrange some terms to find;
2
n x, t h 2 d 2 x
an x n
2 V x G x
n0 2mPhoton dx
2
n x, t d 2 x 2mPhoton G V
an
x n
2
h 2 x
n 0 dx
For the Spatial part of the solution and,
2
n x, t d t
an ih i t G t
c t dt
n n
n 0
2
n x, t d t G i
an t
n 0 c n t n dt ih
For the Temporal part. Remembering the spatial half of our Coefficient Equation we find:
h 2 k 2
[12] EI V [TRANSLATIO DE LINGUA DE GRECI]
2mPhoton
h 2 k 2
EI V G
2mPhoton
2mPhoton EI V 2 2mPhoton G V
k
h 2 h 2
2mPhoton EI V
We see that our Separation Constant G EI and k 2 . With the help of these constants (and our
h 2
definition; V 0 ),we can rewrite the coefficients in our equation for the modeling of a solo photon, tunneling
through a vacuum space as;
2
n x, t d 2 x 2mPhoton G V
an x n
2 h 2 x
n0 dx
2
n x, t d 2 x 2mPhoton EI V
an
x n
2 h 2 x
n0 dx
n x, t d 2 x

2
an k x
2
n 0 x n dx 2

For the Spatial and,
2
n x, t d t G i
an t
n 0 c n t n dt ih
2
n x, t d t E I i
an t
n 0 c n t n dt ih
2
n x, t d t i E I i
an c n t n

dt

h t
n 0
For the Temporal.
2mPhoton EI V
[NOTE: For V 0 our k 2 changes into;
h 2
2mPhoton EI V
k2
h 2
2mPhoton EI 0
k2
h 2
2mPhoton EI
k2
h 2
And for photons passing through vacuum, a medium of Index of Refraction 1 ,[2]
2mPhoton EI 2vI
2
[13] k2 [DE MINIMO AD MAGNUM]

h 2 c
2mPhoton EI 2vI 1
2
k2
h 2 c
2mPhoton E I 2vI
2
k
2

h 2 c
This equation takes us from the microscopic realm of Quantum Physics into the macroscopic realm of Optical
Physics.]
META-ANALYSIS: TWIN PHOTONS
Using this bridge, we can refine our meaning of photon mass and simultaneously justify our models
consideration of twin photon creation at the emission event. Lets take the center and right side of the equation
and solve for mPhoton ;
2mPhoton EI 2vI
2

h 2 c
hv
2mPhoton 2I
c
Perhaps you would recognize this equation in its more famous form;
hv
2mPhoton 2I
c
2mPhoton c EI
2
Or,
[14] EI 2mPhoton c 2 [GLORIA DE LEGENDA]
This is EINSTEINS MASS-ENERGY EQUIVALENCE EQUATION, but here its a little different. The initial energy
released in the emission event creates double photon energy! This might be hard to comprehend but thanks to
the genius of Dirac, we realize that the Photon-Anti-photon Pair simultaneously released at emission, (and
traveling in opposite directions) agrees with his prediction of Total Relativistic Energy for free matter or energy
particles (remember our skoton is traveling through vacuum and is therefore technically a free particle).[2]
GORDONS WAVE EQUATION SOLUTIONS
Now that we have fulfilled our promise to mathematically and physically explain our logic for using twin
photons in our model, let finish solving our wave equation to prove that photons transit through vacuum space
as a probability wave function related to a quantum tunneling event:
The method for finding the solutions to both the Spatial and Temporal Wave Equations are:
For the Spatial Solution:
n x, t d 2 x

2
an k x
2
n 0 x n dx 2

We use the method of Characteristic Equation:

d 2 x

dx 2 k x
2

" x k 2 x
r 2 k 2
r ik
Where,
2
r1 k1 i
I
And,
2
r2 k 2 i
I
For the Temporal Solution:
2
n x, t d t i E I i
an c n t n

dt

h t
n 0
We us the method of Separation of Variables:
d t i EI i
dt h t
d t i EI i
t h dt

d t i EI i
dt
t h
d t i E i
t hI dt
d t i E i
t hI dt
i EI i
ln t t C
h
Raise everything to an Euler (1707 1783) Exponential Power;
LEONHARD EULER (1707 1783): Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer who made important and
influential discoveries in many branches of mathematics like infinitesimal calculus and graph theory while also making pioneering
contributions to several branches such as topology and analytic number theory. Euler also introduced much of the modern
mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. Euler is
also known for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, astronomy, and music theory. Euler was one of the most eminent
mathematicians of the 18th century, and is held to be one of the greatest in history. Euler worked in almost all areas of mathematics,
such as geometry, infinitesimal calculus, trigonometry, algebra, and number theory, as well as continuum physics, lunar theory and
i EI i
ln t t C
h
i E I i
ln t h t C
e e
i E I i
t C
t e
h

i E I i
t C
t e
h

e
Where e C can be defined as eC EI and thus;
i E I i
t C
t e
h

e
i E I i
t
t e
h

EI
i E I i
t
t EI e
h
Thus the Solution Form to the Wave Equation is;[1][2][4]
[15] x, t x t [COMBINARI]
i E I i t
x, t Ae Be ik 2 x
EI e h
ik1 x

i E I i
i 2 x x t
2
i
x, t Ae I h
I
Be EI e

Combining the complex spatial and temporal terms needed for wave propagation gives,
i E I i
i 2 x x t
2
i
x, t Ae I h
I
Be EI e

i 2 x i
2
x i I t t
E
x, t Ae I
Be I
EI e h
e h

i 2 x i E I t i
2
x i EI t
t
x, t Ae eI h
Be I e h EI e h

other areas of physics. Euler is the only mathematician to have two numbers named after him: the important Euler's number in
calculus, e, approximately equal to 2.71828, and the EulerMascheroni constant (gamma) sometimes referred to as just "Euler's
constant", approximately equal to 0. Euler is also widely considered to be the most prolific mathematician of all time. A statement
attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749 1827) expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is the
master of us all."[XIII]
i 2 x i EhI t i
2
x i I t
E
t
x, t Ae I
Be I h
EI e h

EI hvI 2hvI 2 2
Noting that 2vI I , k1 i and k2 i gives;
h h h I I
2
i 2 x i EhI t i
2
x i I t
E
t
x, t Ae I
Be I h
EI e h

h t
x, t Ae ik1 x i I t
Be ik 2 x i I t

EI e

t
[16]
x, t E I e h Aei k1x I t Be i k 2 x I t [QUOD ERAT FACIENDUM]

This equation (via the Complex Euler Exponentials) describes two propagating waves, traveling in opposite
directions (Photon and Anti-Photon) and both experiencing (the same) decay in their amplitudes reminiscent of
quantum tunnel transit. Most of the variables in this solution equation are know, except the A , B and so lets
find them and complete the formula.
Using the fact that the Photon and Anti-photon waves originate at the emission point and travel in opposite
directs through space we can define the emission point as being the Boundary of the Probability Barrier. If we
set the spatial solutions for both photons waves equal to each other at this boundary point we can solve for the
B coefficient in terms of A ;[2]
t

x, t EI e h Aei k1 x I t Be i k 2 x I t

Set at the boundary both waves spatial terms become,[2]
x x 0 Aei k x 1
Be i k 2 x
x 0 x 0
Taking their derivative helps to establish continuity for the wave function across the boundary,[2]
x x 0 Aei k x 1
Be i k 2 x
x 0 x 0
d x

d Ae i k1 x

d Be i k 2 x
dx x 0 dx x 0
dx x 0
d x
A
de
i k1 x
B
de i k 2 x

dx x 0 dx x 0
dx x 0
d x d i k1 x d i k2 x
Aei k1 x Be i k 2 x
dx x 0 dx x 0 dx x 0
d x
Aei k1 x ik1 Be i k 2 x ik2
dx x 0 x 0 x 0
d x
ik1 Aei k1 x ik 2 Be i k 2 x
dx x 0 x 0 x 0
Setting x 0 and solving for A gives;
d x
ik1 Aei k1 x ik 2 Be i k 2 x
dx x 0 x 0 x 0
d x
ik1 Aei k1 0 ik2 Be i k 2 0
dx x 0
d x
ik1 A1 ik2 B1
dx x 0
d x
ik1 A ik 2 B
dx x0
d x ik 2 B
A
ik1dx x 0 ik1
d x kB
A 2
ik1dx x 0 k1
2
i
d x
A I
B
ik1dx x 0 2
i
I
d x i 2I
A B
ik1dx x 0 i 2I
d x
A 1B
ik1dx x 0
d x
A 1B
ik1dx x 0
d x
[17] AB [SPECULO]
ik1dx x 0
This progresses our Wave Equation Solution into;
t

x, t EI e h Aei k1 x I t Be i k 2 x I t

t

x, t EI e h Aei k1 x I t Ae i k 2 x I t


t

x, t AEI e h ei k1 x I t e i k 2 x I t

[NOTE: The shared wave coefficient verifies our Photo-Anti-photon Pairs as indeed twins.]
The value of A is arbitrary and is traditionally set at A 1 ;[5]

t

x, t AEI e h ei k1 x I t e i k 2 x I t

t

x, t 1EI e h ei k1 x I t e i k 2 x I t

t
[18]
x, t EI e h ei k1 x I t e i k 2 x I t [FERE PERFECTUM]

Now lets solve for the unknown variable in our equation. If we take our Wave Equation and plug into it the
partial derivatives in complex trigonometric form along with the initial conditions of x t 0 , and realize that
at such initial conditions the wave equation equals the Total Energy of the photons, (this is in keeping with our
models dictates that the transit entities of the electron and positron behave like particles at such initial
conditions of measurement and shockingly also agrees with the Compton (1892 1962) definition of light as a
particle entity at observable emission and absorption events; It is this fact that leads to the supposition of a
particles ability to be channeled through in tunnel transit; Simultaneously in measurement, both light and
matter think they are particles that thereafter can to be transmitted as waves!), we obtain;
2
n x, t h 2 2 x, t x, t
an ih V i x, t EI
n0 x n
2mPhoton x
2
t
2
n x, t h 2 2 x, t x, t
an ih V x, t i x, t EI
n0 x n
2mPhoton x
2
t
2
n x, t h 2 2 x, t x, t
an ih V x, t EI i x, t
n0 x n
2mPhoton x
2
t
Remembering that;
2 x, t
k 2 coskx t ik 2 sin kx t
x
2
ARTHUR HOLLY COMPTON (1892 1962): American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927 for his 1923 discovery
of the Compton effect, which demonstrated the particle nature of electromagnetic radiation. It was a sensational discovery at the time:
the wave nature of light had been well-demonstrated, but the idea that light had both wave and particle properties was not easily
accepted. Compton is also known for his leadership of the Manhattan Project's Metallurgical Laboratory, and served as Chancellor of
Washington University in St. Louis from 1945 to 1953. In 1919, Compton was awarded one of the first two National Research
Council Fellowships that allowed students to study abroad. Compton chose to go to Cambridge University's Cavendish Laboratory in
England, where he studied the scattering and absorption of gamma rays. Further research along these lines led to the discovery of the
Compton Effect. After the war, Compton became Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis. During his tenure, the university
formally desegregated its undergraduate divisions, named its first female full professor, and enrolled a record number of students after
wartime veterans returned to the United States.[XIV]
x, t
sin kx t i coskx t
t
x, t coskx t i sin kx t
and coskx t x t 0 1 and sin kx t x t 0 0 gives; [PRO BINARY]
2
n x, t h 2 2 x, t x, t
a n ih V x, t EI i x, t
n0 x n
2mPhoton x
2
t
n x, t h 2

2
an k coskx t ik sin kx t
2 2
n0 x n
2mPhoton
ih sin kx t i coskx t V coskx t i sin kx t EI
i coskx t i sin kx t
At x t 0 (and considering one photon), becomes;
n x, t h 2

2
a k coskx t ik sin kx t
2 2
n
n0 x n
x t 0 2mPhoton
ih sin kx t i coskx t V coskx t i sin kx t EI
i coskx t i sin kx t
n x, t h 2

2
a k cosk 0 0 ik sin k 0 0
2 2
n
n0 x n
x t 0 2mPhoton
ih sin k 0 0 i cosk 0 0 V cosk 0 0 i sin k 0 0 EI
i cosk 0 0 i sin k 0 0
n x, t h 2

2
a k cos0 ik sin 0 ih sin 0 i cos0 V cos0 i sin 0 EI

2 2
n
n0 x n
x t 0 2mPhoton
i cos0 i sin 0
n x, t h 2

2
an k 1 0 ih
0 i1 V
1 0 EI i
1 0
2

n0 x n
x t 0
2 m
Photon
x, t h 2

2 n
k 1 ih i 1 V
1 EI i
1
2
a n
n0 x n
x t 0
2 m
Photon
n x, t h 2

2
an k ih i V 1 EI i 1
2

n0 x n
x t 0 2mPhoton
n x, t h 2

2
k i h V EI i
2 2
a n
n0 x n
x t 0
2 m
Photon
2
n x, t
h 2 k 2
an i h V EI i
2

n0 x n
x t 0 2mPhoton
n x, t h 2 k 2

2
i h V EI i
2
a n
n0 x n
x t 0
2 m
Photon
2
n x, t h 2 k 2
an 1h V EI i
n0 x n x t 0 2mPhoton
2
n x, t h 2 k 2
an h V EI i
n0 x n x t 0 2mPhoton
2
n x, t h 2 k 2
an
n0

x n x t 0 2mPhoton
h V EI i
Substituting;
2
2vI
[19] k
2
V 0 [TRANSLATIO DE LINGUA DE GRECI]
c
hv h
2mPhoton 2I h
c 2
I 2vI EI hvI
Gives;
2
n x, t h 2 k 2
an
n0

x n x t 0 2mPhoton
h V EI i
2
n x, t h k h V hv i
2 2

n0
an
x n

2mPhoton I
x t 0
2 2
h 2vI
2
n x, t 2 c h
an 2vI 0 hvI i
n0 x n x t 0 hvI 2
c 2
4 2 h 2vI2
4 2c 2
2
n x, t 2hvI hv i
an 2 I
n0 x n x t 0 hvI
c 2
h 2vI2
c2
2
n x, t
an hv hv i
I I
n0 x n x t 0 hvI
c 2
2
n x, t h 2vI2c 2
an 2
hvI hvI i
n0 x n x t 0 hvI c
2
n x, t
an hvI hvI hvI i
n0 x n x t 0
2
n x, t
an hvI 2hvI i
n0 x n x t 0
2
n x, t
a n hvI i
n0 x n x t 0
Taking the Absolute Value of both sides gives;
hvI i
hvI i
hvI hvI i i
1 1hvI hvI i i
1hvI hvI i i
hvI hvI i i
hvI 2 i i
hvI 2 i 2 2
hvI 2 1 2
hvI 2 2
[20] hvI [PERFECTUS]
[NOTE: There are two roots for this decay value, by convention, we shall use the positive root.]
Plug this into the solution form of the Wave Equation gives;
t

x, t EI e h ei k1 x I t e i k 2 x I t

t

hv I

2hv I
t


x, t EI e 2v I t

ei k1 x I t e i k 2 x I t
Or,
[21]
x, t EI e I t ei k1 x I t e i k 2 x I t [AEDIFICAVIT UNUM CUNICULUM]
DIMENSIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

x, t EI e I t ei k1 x I t e i k 2 x I t

x, t EI e I t ei k1 x I t e i k 2 x I t
i 1 m Hz s i m Hz s
1

x, t EI e Hz s e m
e m

1s s i m1 m 1s s i m s
1 1
x, t EI e
e
e m s

ss i mm ss i
m s
x, t EI e e

e m s

x, t E I e 1 e i 11 e i 11

x, t E I e 1 e i 0 e i 0

x, t E I e 1 1 1

x, t E I e 1 2
The Ones in the Exponential and Exponential Functions means that the Physical Units eliminate, this is needed
for the exponential functions since such mathematical entities operate with pure numbers or dimensionless
quantities. This leaves only the physical units of the amplitude to be considered;

x, t E I e 1 2
x, t E I 2
x, t hvI 2
x, t hvI 2
x, t J s Hz 2
1
x, t J s 2
s
J s
x, t 2
s
x, t J 2
x, t 2J
x, t 2 J
x, t 2 J 2 Joules
Our equation is in units of energy called Joules 1818 1889) for two photons (as it should be) and thus;[B]
[22]
x, t E I e I t e i k1x I t e i k 2 x I t [QUOD ERAT DEMONSTRANDUM]
This is GORDONS PROBABILITY WAVE EQUATION FOR QUANTUM TUNNELING PHOTONS. The first part of
this equation is our tunnel decay function, EI e I t . Thus our decay constant is the initial frequency of the
JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE FRS (1818 1889) was an English physicist and brewer. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered
its relationship to mechanical work. This led to the law of conservation of energy, which led to the development of the first law of
thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after James Joule. Joule worked with Lord Kelvin (1824 1907)
to develop the absolute scale of temperature the kelvin. Joule also made observations of magnetostriction, and he found the
relationship between the current through a resistor and the heat dissipated, which is now called Joule's first law. Among many awards
Joules also received the Royal Medal, (1852) For his paper on the mechanical equivalent of heat, printed in the Philosophical
Transactions for 1850 and Honorary degrees from LL.D., Trinity College Dublin, (1857); DCL, University of Oxford, (1860); LL.D.,
University of Edinburgh. (1871).[XV]
emitted photon, I . The nature of this tunnel decay constant should not surprise us, after all, most of lights
interactions with objects, media and other particles are usually frequency dependent phenomena.
FINAL ANALYSIS
Now that we have formulated the behavior of these tunneling photons, we can clearly see that they, 1.) Display
the observed characteristics of virtual photons by decaying rapidly to evanescent propagating waves and 2.)
They also behave identical to the wave function for a particle (of energy equivalent to that of the emitted photon
or orbital energy level) exercising a quantum tunneling transit through a barrier. Paring these observations with
the Boolean Logic of ones and zeros as the only possible outcomes of orbital particle measurements, we can
conclude that at the moment of measurement, this logic dictate a particles chance of location, and that we have
no other instinct than to confirm that these skotons facilitate the transit through vacuum of eligible particles by
establishing quantum tunnels.
In harmony with the finding of our model we feel obligated to extend our reasoning on the nature of light
further with an informal explanation of Pair Production / Annihilation events as, respectively, skoton
transmission phenomenologies that probabilistically perform the encrypted dematerialization and
rematerialization of particles across vacuum space through tunnel transit. That is, the annihilation of particle
complements might very actually be a means of transformation and conveyance of matter as information.
Likewise, the production of particle pairs, from high energy photons (astraeons) interacting with heavy atomic
nuclei, may be a probabilistically determined particle location event. In dept analysis is needed, so this shall
most likely be the subject of our next paper.
GRATIAS IESUS CHRISTUS
CURRICULUM VIT
Perry Lee Gordon (1982-Present): American Mathematical Physicist,

Composer and Artist was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana to a French
Creole Catholic family of Collegiates and Artisans. Gordon began drawing at
age 4. At age ten (1992) Gordon participated in the Xavier University MathStar
High School Scholar Program and the New Orleans Center for Creative Arts
(NOCCA). Ever the Honor Student in Elementary, Middle and High School,
Gordon excelled in Science, Mathematics, Art, Etymology, Theology and Music.
Gordon graduated Valedictorian from Bishop McManus Academy in 2002 and
planned on becoming a Monk of the Order of Saint Benedict but after the death
of his Grandfather, Hollis Hawk Gordon, Sr. (1919-1998) he decided to
embark on a College Education and enrolled in the University of New Orleans
Physics Program in 2003.
As an Undergraduate, Gordon studied Astrophysics, and become the UNO

Physics Department Astronomy Test Proctor and Tutor, joined the Society of Physics Students, participated in
the Louis Stokes Louisiana Alliance for Minority Participation (LS-LAMP) in Science, Mathematics,
Engineering, and Technology (SMET) Program, UNO Honor Society and Physics Club. After Hurricane
Katrina in 2005, Gordon evacuated and relocated to Dallas, Texas and transferred to the University of Texas at
Dallas, where he was awarded the Texas Space Grant Consortiums Columbia Crew Memorial Undergraduate
Scholarship 2006-2007, Volunteered as UTD Physics and Math Tutor, joined the UTD Math Club and self-
taught himself Acoustic Guitar. Gordon received his Bachelors Degree in Physics from UTD in 2009.
Since Graduation, Gordon has Independently Researched the Physics that govern the Phenomenology of
Catastrophes of Hurricane (Super Cyclonic Storm / Category 5 Hurricane Phailin of 2013), Tornadoes (The F5
Moore, Oklahoma Tornado of 2013), Industrial Accidents / Explosions (The West Texas Fertilizer Plant
Explosion of 2013 and The British Petroleum Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill of 2010), etc. and Self-Published his
findings in an effort to not only share Physical Understanding of the Forces of Nature but also to prevent and
rectify the Aftermath of Natural / Man-Made Disasters.
Gordons Work titled The Storm done in 2006 is a portrait of Mother and Child in the Surrealism style of
French Masters and tells the story of Hurricane Katrina Evacuees featured in a Times Picayune News photo.
The 6x6 inch Pencil portrait fills the Central Square of a Hurricane Flag and is encrypted with the artists own
personal experience of Katrina evacuation via Mystic Gothic Steganography.
In 2013 Gordon founded Pelego Records and composed his first song All Things Remembered an
Instrumental Guitar Album in honor of the family pet cat Sonya Jean Gordon (1991-2011).
Gordon continues to learn and explore the universe through both Science and the Arts.
APPENDIX I: GORDON DIAGRAMS
Electron-Nephon Emission Model Positron-Nephon Absorption Model
Electron Cloud Positron Cloud
Astraeon Couple
Virtual
Skoton
Electrical Band Gap
Photons
Photon
Positron Cloud Electron Cloud
Photon Positron Particle Photon

Electron Particle
Skoton Skoton
Skoton Skoton
Photon Positron Particle Photon Electron Particle
Photon
Positron Electron
Tunnel Tunnel
Transit Electron Positron
Transit
Tunnel Tunnel
Transit Transit
Photon
Positron Particle Electron Particle
Electron Particle Positron Particle
Positron Cloud Electron Cloud
Virtual
Band Gap Electrical
Photons
Electron Cloud Positron Cloud
Astraeon Transmission Model
Anti-Astraeon Couple Astraeon Couple
Skoton Skoton
Vacuum
Photon Photon
Quantum Entanglement
APPENDIX II: LATIN TRANSLATIONS
A FORMUS DE FLUCTUS: Form of Waves.

A PARTE SPATII: The Part of Space.
AEDIFICAVIT UNUM CUNICULUM: Built a Tunnel. G
GLORIA DE LEGENDA: The Glory of a Legend.
C
COMBINARI: Combined. O
OCEANUS DE POSSIBILITATEM: [An] Ocean of
D Possibility.
DE MINIMO AD MAGNUM: From Small to Large. OMNI POTENTIAL: All Power.
DE SPATIO: About Space.
DE TEMPORE: About Time. P
PERFECTUS: Perfect.
E PRO BINARY: For Binary.
EX LINQUA DE GRECI: The Language of the PRO TEMPORE: For Time.
Greeks.
Q
F QUOD ERAT DEMONSTRANDUM: That Which Was
FERE PERFECTUM: Almost Perfect. Meant To Be Demonstrated.
QUOD ERAT FACIENDUM: That Which Was Meant T
To Be Done. TRANSLATIO DE LINGUA DE GRECI: Translation
From the Language of the Greeks
S
SOLUTIO: Solution V
SPECULO: Looking-glass [Mirror] VERMIS: The Worm
TEXTUAL REFERENCES
[1] Mathematical Methods for the Physical Sciences, 3rd Edition, Boas, Mary L., John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
[2] Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles, 2nd Edition, Eisberg, Robert and
Resnick, Robert, John Wiley & Sons, 1985
[3] Optics, 4th Edition, Hecht, Eugene, Pearson Addison Wesley, 2002
[4] Classical Dynamics of Systems and Particles, 5th Edition, Thornton, Stephen T., Marion, Jerry B.,
Thomson Books/Cole, 2004
[5] Elementary Differential Equations and Boundary Value Problems, 8th Edition, Boyce, William E. and
DiPrima, Richard C.. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005
[6] Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Second Edition, Griffiths, David, J., Pearson Education, Inc. 2005
[7] Introduction to Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition, Griffiths, David J., Pearson / Prentice Hall Inc., 1999
ONLINE / DIGITAL REFERENCES
[A] Just the Maths Unit Number 14.9 Partial Differentiation 9 (Taylor Series for Functions of Several
Variables) A. J. Hobson, Coventry University, School of Mathematical and Information Sciences,
https://archive.uea.ac.uk/jtm/contents.htm, PDF: https://archive.uea.ac.uk/jtm/14/lec14p9.pdf
[B] SI derived unit. (2016, July 13). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22:18, September 21,
2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SI_derived_unit&oldid=729629556
[C] Near and far field. (2016, November 28). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:02,
November 28, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near_and_far_field&oldid=751907112
BIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
[I] Erwin Schrdinger. (2017, January 14). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 03:08, January 14,
2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger&oldid=759959433
[II] Werner Heisenberg. (2017, January 18). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:29, January
18, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Heisenberg&oldid=760683344
[III] Richard Feynman. (2017, January 17). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:58, January
17, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Feynman&oldid=760500481
[IV]James Clerk Maxwell. (2017, January 14). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 11:18, January
14, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Clerk_Maxwell&oldid=760005670
[V] Albert Einstein. (2017, January 18). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 13:38, January 18,
2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Einstein&oldid=760684151
[VI] Paul Dirac. (2017, January 8). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23:51, January 8, 2017,
from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dirac&oldid=759045293
[VII] Pierre-Simon Laplace. (2017, January 19). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:52,
January 19, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Simon_Laplace&oldid=760865710
[VIII] Jean le Rond d'Alembert. (2016, December 23). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 07:11,
December 23, 2016, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert&oldid=756296164
[IX] Colin Maclaurin. (2017, January 16). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12:41, January 16,
2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_Maclaurin&oldid=760349823
[X] Brook Taylor. (2016, October 29). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 01:13, October 29,
2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brook_Taylor&oldid=746704232
[XI] Louis de Broglie. (2017, January 18). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:03, January 18,
2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&oldid=760718712
[XII] Max Planck. (2017, January 11). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10:57, January 11,
2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&oldid=759473705
[XIII] Leonhard Euler. (2017, January 16). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:45, January 16,
2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonhard_Euler&oldid=760363339
[XIV] Arthur Compton. (2017, January 11). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:59, January
11, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Compton&oldid=759548237
[XV] James Prescott Joule. (2016, December 1). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 06:13,
December 1, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Prescott_Joule&oldid=752433227
In The Highest
S
G O DOF
*REX EST MERCES*

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and
darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said,
Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from
the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. And the evening and the morning
were the first day. Genesis 1:1-5
The Holy Bible

Applied Mathematical Modeling of The Phenomenology of Photon Emission, Transmission and Absorption Events

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Applied Mathematical Modeling of The Phenomenology of Photon Emission, Transmission and Absorption Events

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APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF PHOTON

*REX EST MERCES*

Misericordia, Honor et Iustitia

*REX EST MERCES*

Misericordia, Honor et Iustitia

The University of Texas at Dallas

*REX EST MERCES*

Misericordia, Honor et Iustitia

Our Model is predicated on few simple assumptions:

EMISSION PHENOMENOLOGY: THE ELECTRON-NEPHON MODEL

TRANSMISSION PHENOMENOLOGY: THE ASTRAEON COUPLE MODEL

ABSORPTION PHENOMENOLOGY: THE POSITRON-NEPHON MODEL

APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELING

For our purposes we only need to generate a Second-Order Polynomial so;

Plugging this in gives us a second polynomial differentiated in terms of time:

So we now have two equivalent polynomials:

[4] x, t coskx t i sin kx t [FORMUS DE FLUCTUS]

Whose first and second spatial derivatives are:

The first and second temporal derivatives are:

[5] EI EKinetic DVacuum [OMNI POTENTIAL]

[NOTE: The Constant is yet to be determined.]

Equating the pairs of terms gives:

Or written in Standard Wave Equation format,

GORDONS WAVE EQUATION SOLUTIONS

Plugging this into our Wave Equation gives,

Evolves our equations into,

Using our Separation Constant G obtains,

For the Spatial part of the solution and,

For the Spatial and,

For the Temporal.

[13] k2 [DE MINIMO AD MAGNUM]

META-ANALYSIS: TWIN PHOTONS

[14] EI 2mPhoton c 2 [GLORIA DE LEGENDA]

GORDONS WAVE EQUATION SOLUTIONS

For the Spatial Solution:

We use the method of Characteristic Equation:

For the Temporal Solution:

We us the method of Separation of Variables:

Raise everything to an Euler (1707 1783) Exponential Power;

Where e C can be defined as eC EI and thus;

Thus the Solution Form to the Wave Equation is;[1][2][4]

Set at the boundary both waves spatial terms become,[2]

Setting x 0 and solving for A gives;

This progresses our Wave Equation Solution into;

The value of A is arbitrary and is traditionally set at A 1 ;[5]

and coskx t x t 0 1 and sin kx t x t 0 0 gives; [PRO BINARY]

At x t 0 (and considering one photon), becomes;

a k cos0 ik sin 0 ih sin 0 i cos0 V cos0 i sin 0 EI

Taking the Absolute Value of both sides gives;

DIMENSIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

GRATIAS IESUS CHRISTUS

Perry Lee Gordon (1982-Present): American Mathematical Physicist,

As an Undergraduate, Gordon studied Astrophysics, and become the UNO

APPENDIX I: GORDON DIAGRAMS

Electron-Nephon Emission Model Positron-Nephon Absorption Model

Electron Cloud Positron Cloud

Positron Cloud Electron Cloud

Photon Positron Particle Photon

Photon Positron Particle Photon Electron Particle

Electron Particle Positron Particle

Positron Cloud Electron Cloud

Electron Cloud Positron Cloud

Astraeon Transmission Model

Anti-Astraeon Couple Astraeon Couple

APPENDIX II: LATIN TRANSLATIONS

A FORMUS DE FLUCTUS: Form of Waves.

REX EST MERCES

REX EST MERCES

REX EST MERCES

REX EST MERCES