Osakue Pattern Development Pattern development is the process of creating a 2D model or pattern from a 3D object. The pattern is the unfolded or flattened-out figure ‘of the surface of the 3D object. A pattern may be a true model or an approximate model. A true pattern has the exact size and shape of the surface of the 3D object or model. An approximate pattern is not an ‘exact size and shape of the surface of the 3D model or object. Some distortion of the 3D surface is introduced when formed from an approximate development technique. Pattern development can be done using parallel-line, radialine, triangulation and approximate methods. True patterns are obtained with parallel-ine, radial-line, and triangulation methods. Approximate method is used for developing complex surfaces. Pattern development is used extensively in the sheet-metal industry. Other industries using development applications are packaging, electronics and metal-fabrication. Seams are often used to join the edges of patterns. A seam allowance on the material requirement is thus necessary for such applications. The shortest segment lengths are used for seam lines to minimize material usage. Folding patterns to SD forms leads to bending deformation of the pattern material. Some allowance of material is necessary at bends in the pattern in order to accommodate variation in the top and bottom surface stresses generated during bending operations. Fold lines are shown in development drawings as thin or dashed lines. ‘© Objects consist of points, edges and faces * Edges for pattern development are true lengths (TL) * Faces for pattern developments are true shapes and sizes (TSS) * Pattern base length is equal to the base section (view) perimeter Pattern Development Techniques + Parallel line (parallel lateral edges.¢.g. rectangular prisms) + Radial line (convergent lateral edges, e.g. cones and pyramids) + Triangulation (hybrid lateral edges, e.g. transition pieces for ductwork)E. Osakue cp240T, Pattern Development Techniques Four common pattem development techniques are parallel-line, radial-line, triangulation and approximation. Parallel Line Technique Parallel Line development technique can be used for objects that have parallel lateral surfaces. Usually, the front view of these objects will show parallel edges or lines. Examples are regular/truncated cylinders, boxes and prisms. Fig. 8.5 shows the parallel line technique applied to a box and a cylinder. a) Prism (box) b) Cylinder Fig. 8.5 Parallel line development Radial Line Technique Radial Line development technique can be used for objects that have converging lateral surfaces. Usually, the front view of these objects will show converging edges or lines. Examples are regular/truncated cones and pyramids. Fig. 8.6 shows the radial line technique applied to a pyramid and a cone. a) Pyramid b) Cone Fig. 8.6 Radial line developmentE. Osakue cp240T, Triangulation Technique Triangulation technique approximates a complex. surface by a series of triangular segments in order to create a pattern. The surface is divided into triangular segments with each side being true length. A triangular segment may be a polyhedron, single-curved or warped surface. Polyhedron triangulation produces true patterns and the accuracy of single-curved surface triangulation increases with smaller sized segments. Warped surface triangle segments produces only approximate Fig. 8.7 Triangulation technique patterns. Triangulation is often used to develop transition pieces. Fig. 8.7 shows the triangulation technique applied to a tetrahedron. Approximate Technique Double-curved surfaces are complex 3D objects that can only be made by approximate patterns. The technique uses conical sections of the object to create the patter. Fig. 8.8 shows the approximate technique applied to a sphere. Fig. 8.7 Approximate technique Development Process Though different techniques are needed to develop different types of surfaces and the details of work vary with each task, the phases in the development process are basically the same. These phases may be outlined as: 1. Determine the true length of oblique line(s); i. slant height. If the principal views show and oblique line or surface, its true length must firs be determined before the object can be developed, 2. Determine base or true section perimeter (oblique solids). Except for objects of constant cross-section with the long axis perpendicular to the base, the true size and shape of the cross-section may have to be determined before the object is developed. An auxiliary view showing the TSS of the section will give the dimensional information for development. Choose transverse direction and start point. ‘A start point in the transverse direction or a center must be chosen on the development plane to begin the drawing. 4, Create pattern boundary or divide cross-section if necessary The object base or true size and shape section may need division in order to project points from one plane to the other. A suitable number like 10 or 12 should be chosen. 5, Project'transfer dimensions To generate the pattem, true length size must be transferred or projected on the development plane.E. Osakue Developments of Different Types of Solids Regular Solids: Long axis perpendicular to base Prism cb240T 2 r STRETOH.OUT UNE 1-2 2+963-446-9) Zan ‘Step ‘Step2 Fig. 8.9 Development of a rectangular box 2. Cylinder + | | i | ' | ! ' ne eee ' -emeciovrne-cneweanencs | sept ‘step? Fig. 8.10 Development of a cylinderE. Osakue cp240T, 3. Cone Prete eienenrs =Q Step 1 Fig. 8.11 Development of a cone Fig. 8.12 Development of a pyramidE. Osakue cD240T Truncated Solids: Top surface not perpendicular to long axis 1. Prism Tr Csrmetenour UNE (12 02943-4461) Step sep Fig. 8.13 Development of a truncated rectangular box —“TZass eT ee wnt S051 Fig. 8.14 Development of a truncated cylinder 10E. Osakue cD240T. 3. Cone. a Step t siep2 Fig. 8.15 Development of a truncated cone 4. Pyramid Fig. 8.16 Development of a truncated pyramid iE, Osakue cb240T, Oblique Solids: Long axis not perpendicular to base 1. Prism yA SECTION view RIGHT SECTION UNE Fig, 8.17 Development of an oblique prism 2. Cylinder TANGENTLINE AUXILIARY SECTION IEW step? Fig. 8.18 Development of an oblique cylinder 12sue (C tneras cD240T RUE LENGTHS Fig. 8.19 Development of an oblique cone Development of a Sphere PARTIALOEVELOPMENT (0) Pyonie ato (ei Payyindre Matos Fig. 8.20 Development of a sphere 1BcD240T E, Osakue Triangulation Development Step 1 steps Fig. 8.21 Development of transition pieces CAD Methods 2D development is done using orthographic projection techniques. True lengths of oblique edges must be determined and used in the development task, However, 3D modeling can be used to generate the object and operations like slicing used to create the pattern, But there are specialized software available to generating patterns. Such software usually create a wireframe or surface model of the object and unfold it into a pattern. Bending allowances are also handled by these software. 4