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G o
G o
G o
B GIO DC V O TO
V CH BIN NNG SN
Tn ti:
NHM 8 MSSV
Thng 05 nm 2011
LI CM N
to iu kin cho sinh vin hiu r hn v ngnh mnh ang theo hc, nh
trng, khoa Cng ngh thc phm mang B mn Cng ngh bo qun v ch v
nng sn vo chng trnh ging dy.
B mn Cng ngh bo qun v ch bin nng sn bao gm 30 tit hc, ni dung
mn hc bao gm cc l thuyt v cc loi lng thc, cch bo qun cng nh ch
bin chng thnh nhiu loi sn phm ang c mt trn th trng. Mn hc chia thnh
2 phn: nng sn v rau qu. V phn tnh im C c cho thm im tiu lun
nhm. Bi tiu lun c tc dng gip cho sinh vin hiu r thm v mn hc, qua
cn lm tng s on kt, lm vic nhm gia cc sinh vin.
Thi gian qua nh s tn tnh ch dy cng nh gp kin ca c Hong Th Trc
Qunh m nhm mi hon thnh c bi bo co.
Nhm xin chn thnh cm n C.
LI M U
Lng thc gi vai tr rt quan trng trong i sng ca con ngi v trong chn
nui gia sc. Tht vy, 75% nng lng dng cho hot ng sng ca con ngi v gia
sc l do lng thc cung cp. V mt trong nhng ngun lng thc chnh khng th
khng k n la go. ng vy, go l ngun thc phm cung cp nhiu cht dinh
dng v cng c trng nhiu ni trn th gii (la nc v c la cn). Xa nay
Vit Nam c xem l t nc gn lin vi nn nng nghip la nc. Mc d hin
nay ngnh cng nghip cng ang ngy cng pht trin nhng la go li l mt trong
nhng mt hng c kim ngch xut khu cao nht. Cng ngy nng dn cng ci tin
hn to ra sn lng la nhiu hn v c cht lng hn.
Mt d sn lng la go hng nm vn tng nhng dn s li ngy cng tng cao
khin cho tnh hnh cung ng la go ngy cng bin ng, c th gy nn khng
hong la go. V vy nhu cu v la go ang cc k bc thit, i hi ngi nng
dn cn tch cc trng la la cung cp cho ngi tiu dng.
Nh ta bit, go l sn phm t cy la v nm trong mt qu trnh sn xut nng
nghip, thng bao gm nhng khu chnh: lm t, chn thc ging, gieo ht, m
m, cy, chm bn, gt v cui cng l khu xay xt. Tt c nhng cng on trn th
cng on no cng mang nhng kh khn nht nh. Trong ni dung bi bo co ny
nhm ch xin lm r hn v cng on xay xt la trong cc nh my xay xt la go.
V quy trnh xay xt la go bao gm rt nhiu cng on, chng nh hng rt nhiu
n cht lng go thnh phm.
Vi bi bi co mang tn Tm hiu cng ngh ch bin la go Vit Nam, nhm
mong mun ngi c s hiu r hn v vic ch bin ra ht go bao gm nhng cng
on no, thc hin nh th no. Trong nhng cng on th c nhng yu t no
nh hng n nng sut cng nh cht lng ca ht go thng phm. Ngoi ra bi
bo co cn gii thiu v mt s my mc thit b dng trong ch bin, cu to,
nguyn l hot ng cng nh hnh nh v my.
Do s hiu bit cn hn hp nn bi bo co c i ch sai st, knh mong c b qua.
Xin chn thnh cm n c.
MC LC
1.3.1. V..............................................................................................................10
1.3.2. Lp aleuron................................................................................................11
1.3.3. Ni nh......................................................................................................11
1.3.4. Phi............................................................................................................11
1.3.5. Ht go.......................................................................................................11
2.2.1. Mc ch v yu cu..................................................................................12
2.2.2. Phng php lm sch...............................................................................13
2.2.3. My lm sch.............................................................................................13
2.3. Bc v tru........................................................................................................16
2.3.1. Mc ch v yu cu..................................................................................16
2.3.2. Phng php bc v tru...........................................................................17
2.3.3. Cc loi my xay........................................................................................17
2.3.4. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut xay....................................................20
2.4.1. Mc ch v yu cu..................................................................................20
2.4.2. Phng php phn ly.................................................................................20
2.4.3. Sng t chy...............................................................................................20
2.5. Bc cm (xt)....................................................................................................21
2.5.1. Mc ch yu cu.......................................................................................21
2.5.2. Phng php xt go..................................................................................21
2.5.3. My xt go...............................................................................................21
2.5.4. Cc yu t nh hng n nng sut v hiu sut xt go..........................23
2.6.1. Mc ch v yu cu..................................................................................26
2.6.2. Phng php xoa bng go........................................................................26
2.6.3. My xoa bng............................................................................................26
2.7.1. Mc ch v yu cu..................................................................................28
2.7.2. Phng php tch tm................................................................................28
2.7.3. My tch tm.............................................................................................28
2.8.1. Mc ch....................................................................................................29
2.8.2. Phng php tch ht mu.........................................................................29
2.9. ng gi...........................................................................................................29
2.9.1. Mc ch v yu cu..................................................................................29
2.9.2. Dy chuyn ng gi.................................................................................29
FAO cng d bo kim ngch xut khu go nm 2011 ca Pakistan l 1,8 triu tn,
gim 50% so vi c tnh trong bo co nm 2010, do l lt lm mt ma nghim
trng ti nc ny.
1.1.1.2. Tiu th:
Tiu th la go ton cu nm 2011 d bo s t mc 461,2 triu tn, tng 3% so
vi nm 2010.
Tiu th go dng cho lng thc tng 7,8 triu tn mc 391,4 triu tn, chim
85% tng tiu th ton th gii. Trong khi , go dng lm thc n cho ng vt c
tnh vo khong 12,2 triu tn.
Mc tiu th go trn u ngi nm 2011 xp x khong 57kg/ngi, tng 0,5kg so
vi nm 2010.
Mc d gi go ti mt s nc chu nh Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri
Lanka, Thi Lan v Vit Nam tng nhng FAO vn d bo tiu th go theo u ngi
ti chu s tng 1% so vi nm 2010 mc 82kg/ngi.
Do ngun cung trong nc n nh nn tiu th go trung bnh ti chu Phi d bo
s tng nh mc 22,1 kg/ngi. Ti chu M La tinh v Ca-ri-b, mc tiu th go
trung bnh cng d bo tng 1% mc 31,1 kg/ngi.
Theo bo co mi nht ca Bolivia, Colombia, Cng ha Dominica, Haiti, Haiti,
Honduras, Mexico v Peru, gi go ti cc nc ny tng so vi 3 thng trc.
Trong khi , gi go li c xu hng i xung ti Brazil, El Salvador v Uruguay.
Bng d bo mc tiu th go th trng th gii
n v tnh: triu tn
n 93,2 90,5 93 95
Theo Hip hi Lng thc Vit Nam, xut khu go qu 1/2011 ca Vit Nam t
1,850 triu tn, tr gi 774 triu USD. Tuy nhin, xut khu c xu hng gim mnh
trong thng 3 so vi cng k nm 2010. Nguyn nhn khin cho xut khu go Vit
Nam st gim trong thi gian ny ch yu xut pht t s st gim ca th trng
Philippines. B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Vit Nam d bo, khi lng go
xut khu ca nm 2011 c tnh t mc 7,1-7,4 triu tn, tng ln so vi mc d bo
cui nm 2010 (d kin 5,5-6,1 triu tn). Cn t chc FAO th d bo lng go xut
khu ca Vit Nam cng gim 6% xung cn 6,5 triu tn.
1.1.2.2. Tiu th la go:
Trong nhng nm gn y th tnh hnh tiu th la go khng c nhiu bin ng
ln, mc d quy m dn s vn ngy cng tng cao v go vn c coi l ngun
lng thc thit yu, trong khi nhu cu la go cho nhng nhu cu khc nh lm thc
n chn nui cng tng ln rt ln. Nguyn nhn l do i sng ngi dn ngy c
nng ln nn lng go trong khu phn cu mi gia nh gim xung.
Chnh nh s n nh v tiu th go trong nc s to iu kin cho nhng doanh
nghip trong nghip trong nc yn tm u t cng ngh, nng cao cht lng go,
tch cc tm kim th trng xut khu, nng cao thng hiu go Vit Nam trn
trng quc t.
Nhn xt: t tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th la go trn th gii v Vit Nam nh
trn, nhm xin rt ra mt s nhn xt l:
+ Ngnh cng ngh sn xut cng nh ch bin la go Vit Nam l rt quan
trng, cn c u t, quan tm hn na. Do din tch cng nh sn lng la go
ca cc nc trn th gii ang c chiu hng gim xung. V vy Vit Nam cn tng
cng nng cao nng sut cng nh sn lng la go.
+ Cn phi tm hiu r cng ngh ch bin go Vit Nam bit nhng kh khn
cng nh thun li ca n. Nu c kh khn ta cn phi khc phc nng cao cht
lng go cung cp trong nc cng nh xut khu ra th gii.
1.2. Gii thiu v cy la go Vit Nam:
1.2.1. Ngun gc:
a s cc ti liu nghin cu v la ca th gii
u thng nht cho rng ngun gc ca cy la
trng hin nay l ng Nam , da trn cc c
s:
+ Din tch trng la ca th gii ch yu tp
trung ng Nam .
+ Kh hu ng Nam nng m, ma nhiu,
nh sng mnh thch hp cho cy la sinh trng
pht trin.
+ Nhiu ging la di l t tin ca ging la trng hin nay ang c mt trong cc
nc ng Nam .
+ Cc ti liu lch s, di tch kho c hc u c ni v ngh trng la xut hin
cc nc ng Nam .
1.2.2. Phn loi:
- Phn loi khoa hc:
+ Ngnh: Angiospermac thc vt c hoa.
+ Lp: Monocotyledones lp 1 l mm.
+ B: Poales ha tho c hoa.
+ H: Poales ha tho.
+ H ph: Poidae ha tho a nc.
+ Chi: Oryza la.
+ Loi: Oryza sativa la trng.
- Da vo c tnh ca t ai v kh hu:
+ La ry (la t kh).
+La ti tiu.
+ La rung nc tri: la rung cn (5 25 cm), su va (25 50 cm), thng b
hn hoc b ngp nc.
+ La thy triu: la nc ngt, mn, phn v than bn.
+ La nc su: la rung cn (25 50 cm), su (50 100 cm) v tht su (la ni)
(>100 cm).
- Da vo chu trnh sinh trng ca cy la:
+ La rt sm: di 100 ngy.
+ La sm: t 101 n 120 ngy.
+ La l: t 121 n 140 ngy.
+ La mun: trn 140 ngy.
Phn ly thc
Thc
CHNG 2: CNG NGH CHgo lt
BIN
LA GO
Bc cm Cm xt
2.1. Quy trnh:
Tch tm Tm
Tch ht mu Ht mu
Bao gi
bi ct v.v
Trong ln sng th hai, thc c phn loi ra 2 phn trn sng 3,8 4 mm l thc
a qua p ru (nu c ru), v sau sng bng 3,0 mm tch ht nh. Thc nh
gn tch tp cht khong , sau qua qut, cn t ng v sang phn xng xay.
Sng kp m
Sng phn ly sn
* Nguyn l hot ng:
Sng chuyn ng ln xung nh mt c cu hnh bnh hnh, nhn chuyn ng t
c cu lch tm. Mt qut y c t pha di sng nhm to thnh lung gi y
cc phn t nm trn mt sng.
My phn ly t tnh
A Nam chm vnh cu; B Xy lanh ng v nam chm vnh cu
C 2 kiu my phn l t tnh:
+ Lp nhng mng nam chm vnh cu cho my hoc cho vi x.
+ My phn ly t tnh l mt xylanh bng ng thau quay bn ngoi mt nam chm
vnh cu c tit din l na vnh khuyn.
a phn my phn ly t tnh s dng nam chm vnh cu, tuy nhin cng c th s
dng nam chm in.
Thng dng nam chm hnh ch U, hai u cc nm l trn mng trt, c t
vo ming ng cch t t trng xuyn qua lp ht mng chy xung, tp cht
kim loi s c gi li.
Khi kim loi bm kn hai u cc nam chm th lc gi ca nam chm s gim, v
vy cn nh k ly tp cht kim loi ra.
Khi thit b khng lm vic ta ming st ni lin 2 cc ghp kn mch t, trnh
t gim nhanh.
2.3. Bc v tru:
2.3.1. Mc ch v yu cu:
Kt qu l go b v khng ch v p lc qu mc ny m cn v s tn ti ca ng
sng m ht go phi vt qua khi ri khi my.
Vic iu chnh theo phng thng ng ca a quay c thc hin bng cch dch
chuyn ton b cm trc a.
S rung ng ca cc cm my l cn phi trnh v n lm v ht.
2.3.3.2 My xay i trc cao su:
* Cu to:
V nguyn tc, my xay qu l cao su gm c 2 trc c bng gang, trn b mt ph
1 lp cao su, t trn cng mt ng thng. Mt qu c nh v qu kia c th iu
chnh v tr t c khe h mong mun gia 2 qu l.
Cc qu l nhn truyn ng c hc, quay theo chiu ngc nhau v qu l iu
chnh thng c vn tc thp hn qu l c nh khong 25%. C 2 qu l u c cng
ng knh v cng mt b rng.
* Nguyn l hot ng:
i trc cao su quay ngc chiu nhau vi nhng vn tc khc nhau gy nn cc lc
ko v nn lm cho ht b tut v.
Qu l c nh quay quay nhanh hn v cng cng mn nhanh hn qu l iu
chnh. Do c th i ch cho nhau nn cc qu l c mi mn ngang nhau.
Trc quay nhanh t trn cc trc c nh, trc quay chm t trn cc trc di
ng.
Khi iu chnh kch thc ca khe xay th tm ca trc dch chuyn chm.
c c kt qu xay ti u, ht phi c phn phi u trn ton b b rng ca
qu l. Tuy nhin thng th b phn phn phi ht hot ng thiu chnh xc v do
b mt qu l s mn khng u v nh hng xu ti hiu sut v nng sut. B mt
qu l c phc hi bng cch ly bt i mt phn cao su, do tui th ca cm cc
qu l cng gim i ng k.
Hiu qu ca my ph thuc vo nhit , m cao ca khng kh, cu trc v tru
v c bit l do ging la ht ngn hay di.
Kh nng xay ca kiu my xay ny cao hn kiu my xay a thng thng, bi
vy y lng go lc nguyn v hiu sut xay u cao hn. Tuy nhin khng c
ngha l sn lng go nguyn ca nh my xay s cao hn do v dc ca ht thc
khng b qu l cao su ph hng, ht b rn nt vn xut hin cng vi ht go lc
nguyn, nhng ch qua ln xt trng th nht cc ht ny s b v.
2.3.4. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu sut xay:
Tnh cht cng ngh ca thc nh m, c ht, ng nht, hnh dng trong
quan trng nht l ng u v c ht, v khe h ca my kh iu chnh, khng th
ph hp cho c hai loi kch c ht nn khng th cng lc bc v hai loi c.
Nhm 8_Cng ngh ch bin go Vit Nam 18
Bo co Cng ngh bo qun v ch bin nng sn
Tnh nng ca my bc v.
Vn qun l, iu khin my mc.
2.4. Phn ly thc go lt:
Hn hp bn thnh phm thu c sau my xay gi l hn hp xay bao gm go lt,
tm xay, thc, cm xay v tru. Nhng thnh phn ny c s lng v cht lng khc
nhau, cn c phn loi v s dng theo chc nng ring ca tng loi.
Go lt nhng ht c bc v tru, l thnh phn gi tr nht. sau nhng khu
ch bin tip theo nh xt, xoa, phn loi s cho go
trng sn phm chnh ca cc nh my xay thc.
Thc nhng ht cha c bc v tru, cn a
tr v xay li thu c go lt.
2.4.1. Mc ch v yu cu:
loi ra cc ht cha c tch v tru v cho
bc v tru li.
* Yu cu:
+ Trong go lt khng ln qu 1% thc v 0,3%
tru.
+ Trong thc hi lu khng qu 10% go lt.
2.4.2. Phng php phn ly:
Da vo s khc nhau v tnh cht b mt v kch thc gia thc v go lt phn
ly ht thc ra khi ht go lt.
Cc thit b thng dng l sng t chy, my phn loi Pakis, my phn loi kiu
Bespalov
2.5.3. My xt go:
2.5.3.1. Xt go bng my xt trc ng:
* Cu to:
My gm 1 xy lanh bng gang hnh cn c lp chng mn.
Cn c lp c nh trn mt trc ng c th quay thun hoc quay ngc chiu
kim ng h. Xung quanh b phn cn c bt c nh mt sng dy thp c cc c mt
li ty thuc vo loi ging thc
c xt.
Khong cch trung bnh gia v
bao ngoi b phn cn v sng vo
khong 10mm.
Sng dy thp s chia thnh cc
on cch u nhau bng cc ming
hm cao su. Nhng ming hm ny
rng 30 50mm ty theo c my.
S lng ming cao su hm cn c
vo ng knh b phn cn.
B phn cn quay lm trng go
c th iu chnh thng ng nn
Nhm 8_Cng ngh ch bin go Vit Nam 20
Bo co Cng ngh bo qun v ch bin nng sn
My xt trc ngang
1. Trc ngang; 2. Lp chu mi mn; 3. V bung xt; 4. Vt cp liu
5. Van chnh p sut xt; 6. V tr c rnh kha
* Nguyn l hot ng:
3 650 - 700
Vi my xt trc ng th vn tc trc xt c khng ch trong khong 14 16
m/s.
2.5.4.3. Lu lng:
Khng ch lu lng vo bu xt tc l iu chnh ca vo v ca ra ca go. Ca
vo v ra phi c iu chnh mt cch nhp nhng cn i sao cho bo m c
trong bu xt c mt p lc cn thit bc v ht go. Ca vo m to m ca ra
m nh th p lc trong bu xt nh, mc bc cm thp.
i vi loi my xt trc ng, vic iu chnh ca vo rt quan trng. Nu ca vo
m qu to th hiu qu bc cm gim i r rt v k ca go khng u.
2.5.4.4. iu chnh dao go:
Dao go dng khng ch mc bc cm. Thu hp khong cch gia dao go v
trc xt th tr lc trong bu xt tng, mc bc cm tng nhng ng thi t l gy nt
cng tng.
Vi loi my xt trc nm, thng ngi ta iu chnh khong cch dao go v trc
xt 2 4 mm, ring gn ca ra th khong cch y nn gi 6 9 mm.
Vi my xt trc ng, iu chnh dao go phi cn c vo vn tc trc xt. Trc xt
c vn tc cao th khng nn a cc dao go vo qu su.
2.5.4.5. Ry cm:
Ry cm c tc dng cm thot ra trong khi xt v tng cng tr lc ca bu xt.
Do cch sp xp v kch thc l ry cm c nh hng nht nh n hiu sut xt
go. L ry nh, cm kh thot. L ry ln, ht go s lt qua ry theo cm hoc git
vo ry ri b gy.
Vi loi my xt trc ngang, thng dng l ry kch thc 0,7 1,0 x 12,0 mm.
Vi my xt trc ng, dng l ry 1,2 x 20 mm.
My nh bng go trc ng
* Nguyn l hot ng:
Go xt c a vo tm my qua mt phu nh.
ng bao hnh tr c th iu chnh thng ng dng iu chnh lng go v s
phn phi ng u trn ton b b mt ca b phn cn quay.
Do lc ly tm, go c a vo gia b phn cn v sng dy thp.
Khi go c ch xt bi cc tm da lm cho cc ht xoay quanh nhau v xoay
quanh da v sng da.
Di mt p lc nh, cc phn t cm cn li c ly i v go tr nn bong hn
hay trong hn.
My ny t lm v go v tiu th cng sut thp.
2.6.3.2. My xoa bng go trc ngang:
* Cu to:
My gm mt xy lanh thp trn c bt mt s ln cc tm da (8x17 cm) bng
bulng.
Xy lanh ny c lp trn mt trc ngang quay bn trong mt bung hnh tr c bao
sng t l rnh kha.
Go thot ra qua mt mng x v cm ri vo b phn gom hnh ch V v a qua
bng chuyn.
Sng phn ly tm
A Mt sng n; B Mt sng kp; C Hai sng n dng ni tip
2.8. Tch ht mu:
Dy chuyn ng gi go
2.10. S xay xt go nh my:
y l s b tr mt nh my xay xt go truyn thng.
Thc kh cha c lm sch vn cn ln mt s ln cc loi tp cht, c
vo phu ri nh bng chuyn nng dn vo thng cha (1). T thng cha ny,
thc c dn xung cn t ng (2) xc nh khi lng. Vic cn khi
lng trong nh my c th b qua nn nh c sn cc phng tin cn bn
ngoi xc nh khi lng thc nhp vo.
S xay xt go nh my
Sau khi cn, thc li c chuyn ln cao mt ln na v c dn vo mt
phu. T phu ny thc c xung mt my lm sch s (3), bn trong c
lp my ht cc tp cht nh cng vi mt sng kp dao ng loi cc tp
cht nng v mt nam chm gi mnh st vn.
Nhng tp cht nh, nh, ch yu l bi bn c thi qua xiclon (4) phn
ly v thi ra ngoi. Cc tp cht khc cng c thi vo cc bao ti hoc thng
cha.
Ni chung loi my ny khng c kh nng tch cc ht sn c cng kch
thc vi ht thc.
Mun tch nhng ht sn ny, ht c dn qua my phn ly theo trng lng
(5) s dng s khc nhau v trng lng gia ht sn v ht thc tch sn ra
khi khi thc. Sau thc li c dn vo cn t ng th 2 (6) xc nh
khi lng thc sch Vic xc nh trng lng 2 ln trc v sau khi lm sch
cho php ta xc nh thun khit ca khi thc phc v thu mua v cc
tnh ton v hiu qu.
Thc sau khi lm sch c chuyn ln cao v vo mt thng cha dn
xung my xay a. My xay ny c gi l loi a di quay. Ht thc i qua
My xt go My xoa bng go
CHNG 4: KT LUN
Nhn vo tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th la go trn th gii, ta c th thy t l cung
ang thp hn cu. Nguyn nhn mt phn l do la go l lng thc chnh ca nhiu
quc gia trn gii, mt khc din tch trn th gii ngy cng thu hp khin cho sn
lng la gim xung, v mt nguyn nhn na l dn s ang ngy cng tng cao.
Vit Nam c th mnh l c din tch t ai rng ln, kh hu ph hp v i ng
cn b k thut hin i. Vit Nam cn nhn c hi ny pht trin nn cng nghip
ch bin la go nc nh vn ln tm cao mi.
Bi bo co ca nhm mt mt gii thiu cho ngi c v quy cng ngh ch bin
la go, mt khc cn nu r cc cng on gm mc ch, yu cu, phng php thc
hin cng nh mt s my mc dng trong ch bin la go.
Qua bi bo co,nhm mun gi n mt thng ip cho cc bn sinh vin ca
ngnh cng ngh thc phm, nhng ai c m c mun lm giu cho qu hng t
nc thng qua nn cng ngh ch bin la go. Th t by gi hy da vo nhng
kin thc mnh hc tm ti, nghin cu ra cc pht minh mi gip cho cng ngh
ch bin la go ngy cng pht trin, gip cho go do ta sn xut ra lun t cht
lng cao v c gi tr xut khu.
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