1

Chapter 2 - Macromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Exercise Set

2.1 The number of independent elastic constants in three dimensions are:

Anisotropic 21
Monoclinic 13
Orthotropic 9
Transversely Orthotropic 5
Isotropic 2

2.2
13.675 6.39 10.846 0 0 0
6.39 6.58 6.553 0 0 0
10.846 6.553 12.316 0 0 0
C= Msi
0 0 0 7 0 0
0 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 0 0 0 6

0.25 0.05 0.1935 0 0 0

0.05 0.3333 0.1333 0 0 0
0.1935 0.1333 0.3226 0 0 0 1
S =
0 0 0 0.1429 0 0 Msi
0 0 0 0 0.5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.1667

2.3
a)
1
8.269
2
6.731
3 4.423
= kPa
23 0

31 10
9
12
b) Compliance matrix -
 1

0.5 0.5 0.4 0 0 0

0.5 0.3 0.2 0 0 0
0.4 0.2 0.6 0 0 0 1
S =
0 0 0 0.25 0 0 GPa
0 0 0 0 0.5 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.667

c)
E 1 = 2 GPa

E 2 = 3.333 GPa

E 3 = 1.667 GPa

12 = 1

23 = 0.6667

31 = 0.6667

G 12 = 4 GPa

G 23 = 2 GPa

G 31 = 1.5 GPa
d)

2
W = 3.335 10 Pa

2.10
3 3
4.902 10 1.127 10 0
3 2 1
S = 1.127 10 5.405 10 0
GPa
1
0 0 1.789 10

204.98 4.28 0
Q= 4.28 18.59 0 GPa
0 0 5.59

2.11
1
17.35
m
2 = 103.59
m
12 536.70
 1

2.12 Modifying Equation (2.17) for an isotropic lamina under plane stress -
1
0
E E
1
S 0
E E
1
0 0
G
Inverting the compliance matrix gives the reduced stiffness matrix -
E E.
0
2 2
1 1
Q E. E
0
2 2
1 1
0 0 G

2.13 Compliance matrix for a two dimensional orthotropic material per Equations (2.87) -
1 12
0
E1 E1

21 1
S 0
E2 E2

1
0 0
G 12
Matrix inversion yields -
1 12
.E .E 0
1 2
1 21. 12 1 21. 12

Q 21 1
.E .E 0
1 2
1 21. 12 1 21. 12

0 0 G 12
Compliance matrix for three dimensional orthotropic material per Equation (2.70) -
 1

1 12 13
0 0 0
E1 E1 E1

21 1 23
0 0 0
E2 E2 E2

31 32 1
0 0 0
E3 E3 E3
S
1
0 0 0 0 0
G 23

1
0 0 0 0 0
G 31

1
0 0 0 0 0
G 12
Matrix inversion yields -
1 32. 23
C 11 .E
1
1 32. 23 21. 12 21. 32. 13 31. 12. 23 31. 13
C 66 G 12
Proving Q11 C11 and Q66 = C66.

2.15
E 1 = 5.599 Msi E 2 = 1.199 Msi 12 = 0.2600
,
G 12 = 0.6006 Msi

2.16
1 1
9.019 10
2 = 5.098 MPa

12 2.366

2.17
1
2.201
in
2 = 3.799
in
12 3.232

2.18
 1

29.06 40.40 19.50

Q = 40.40 122.26 61.21 GPa
19.50 61.21 41.71
2 2 3
6.383 10 2.319 10 4.195 10
1
S = 2.319 10
2
3.925 10
2
4.676 10
2
GPa
3 2 2
4.195 10 4.676 10 9.063 10

S S 22 S12 S 12 S22 S 11
2.19 11
S16 0 S26 0 S66 S 66
The values of c and s are interchanged for 0 and 90 laminas. The values of S11 and S22 are
interchanged also since the local axes for the 0 lamina are rotated 90.

2.20

A)

x
196.4
m
y = 126.0
m
xy 348.6

1 2
9.800 10
2 = 6.098 MPa
1
12 6.340 10

1
7.36
m
2 = 329.73
m
12 113.40

c) Principal normal stresses produced by applied global stresses -

2
x y x y 2
max xy max = 6.162 MPa
2 2
 1

2
x y x y 2
min xy min = 0.1623 MPa
2 2
Orientation of maximum principal stress -

1. 2. xy .
p atan . 180 p = 35.78
2 x y

Principal normal strains -

2 2
x y x y xy m
max max = 339.0
2 2 2 m

2 2
x y x y xy m
min min = 16.64
2 2 2 m
Orientation of maximum principal strain -

1. xy .
p atan . 180 p = 39.30
2 x y

d) Maximum shear produced by applied global stresses -

2
x y 2
max xy max = 3.162 MPa
2
Orientation of maximum shear -

1. x y .
s atan . 180 s = 9.22
2 2. xy

Maximum shear strain -

2 2
x y xy m
max 2. max = 355.7
2 2 m
Orientation of maximum shear strain -

1. x y .
s atan . 180 s = 5.70
2 xy
 1

2.21 = 34.98

2.22

E x = 2.272 Msi

xy = 0.3632
m x = 0.8530

E y = 3.696 Msi
m y = 9.538

G xy = 1.6 Msi

2.23
The maximum value of Gxy occurs at = 45
G xy 3 = 26.54 GPa
The minimum value of Gxy occurs at = 0
G xy 1 = 20.00 GPa
Displayed graphically -

28
Engineering Shear Modulus (GPa)

26

24

22

20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Ply Angle ()

2.24 a) Graphite/Epoxy lamina

a = 11.60 %
b) Aluminum plate
 1

b = 0.36 %

2.25 Given
a) Elastic modulus in x direction per Equation (2.112) -
G 12 = 10.10 GPa
b) Elastic modulus -
E x = 13.4 GPa

2.26

E x ( 30. ) = 4.173 Msi

1 2. 12
b) Only can be determined, G 12 and 12 cannot be determined individually.
G 12 E1

2.27 Yes, for some values of , Ex < E2 if

E1
E 2< E 1 and G 12 <
E1
2. 12
E2

2.28 Yes, for some values of , Ex > E1 if

E1
G 12 >
2. 1 12

2.29 Basing calculations on a Boron/Epoxy lamina

The value of xy is maximum for a 26 lamina.
Displayed graphically
 1

2.30 Given
Tabulation:
LWR E1x (Msi)
2 1.504E-1 2.629
8 1.803E-2 2.275
16 4.724E-3 2.245
64 2.998E-4 2.235
Graph of as a function of Length-to-Width ratio -

0.3

0.2
Zeta

0.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Length-to-Width Ratio (L/W)

Graph of Engineering modulus for Finite LWR as a function of -

 1

3.5

Young's modulus for Finite L/W (Msi)

2.5

Ex

2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Length-to-Width Ratio (L/W)

2.32
G 12 = 0.0488 GPa
b) From 35 ply data, one can find S11 and S12 for the lamina. However, for Equations (2.101a) and
(2.101b), there are four unknowns: S11, S12, S22, and S66. Therefore, one cannot find S66 nor, in turn,
the shear modulus, G12. Although the same is true in the case of the 45 ply, no manipulation of
Equations (2.101a) and (2.101b) will allow S66 to be expressed in terms of S11 and S12 for the 35 ply.

2.33 Elastic properties of Boron/Epoxy from Table 2.2 -

U 1 = 12.72 Msi

U 2 = 13.52 Msi

U 3 = 3.493 Msi

U 4 = 4.113 Msi
1 1
V 1 = 3.046 10
Msi
1 1
V 2 = 1.695 10
Msi
1 1
V 3 = 1.014 10
Msi
1 1
V 4 = 1.091 10
Msi
 1

2.35 Given
Failure Criterion Magnitude of Maximum Magnitude of Maximum Off-axis Shear
Positive Shear Stress Negative Shear Stress Strength
Maximum Stress 134 MPa 70.44 MPa 70.44 MPa
Maximum Strain: 134 MPa 68.99 MPa 68.99 MPa
Tsai-Hill: 62.24 MPa 62.24 MPa 62.24 MPa
Tsai-Wu (Mises- 139 MPa 59.66 MPa 59.66 MPa
Hencky criterion)

2.36 The maximum stress failure theory gives the mode of failure. The Tsai-Wu failure theory is a unified
theory and gives no indication of the failure mode.

2.37 The Tsai-Wu failure theory agrees closely with experimentally obtained results. The difference between
the maximum stress failure theory and experimental results are quite pronounced.

2.38 Given

Maximum Strain: M 249.9. MPa

Tsai-Wu (Mises-Hencky criterion): TWMH 259.9. MPa

The maximum biaxial stress that can be applied to a 60 lamina of Graphite/Epoxy is conservatively
estimated at -249.9 MPa.

2.40 Given the strength parameters for an isotropic material

2 2 2 2
1 2 6.25. 12 1. . 1. 2 < T

2.41 Given the strength parameters for a unidirectional Boron/Epoxy system -

2
Since H 12 < H 11. H 22 the stability criterion is satisfied.

2.42 The units for the coefficient of thermal expansion in the USCS system are in/in/F. In the SI system the
units for the coefficient of thermal expansion are m/m/C.

2.43
C1
0
m
C2 = 1200
m
C12 0
 1

T 2_Offset = 54.30 C

2.44
x in
10.403
in
y = 6.653
F
xy 6.495

2.45 The units for the coefficient of moisture expansion in the USCS system are in/in/lbm/lbm. In the SI system
the units for the coefficient of moisture expansion are m/m/kg/kg.

2.46
x m
0.4500
m
y = 0.1500
kg
xy 0.5196
kg