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Unit 5 6
Unit 5 6
Future forms.
There is no one future tense in English. Instead, there are several verb forms that can
refer to future time. Sometimes several forms are possible to express a future meaning
such as:
I. Prediction.
1. will.
a) The most common use of will is as an auxiliary verb to show future time. It
expresses a future fact or prediction at some time in the future this event will happen.
This use is uncoloured by ideas such as intention, decision, arrangement, willingness,
etc.
e.g. Ill be thirty in a few days time. Youll feel better if you take this medicine.
This is the nearest English has to a neutral, pure future tense.
b) will for a prediction can be based more on an opinion than a fact or evidence. It is
often found with expressions such as I think, I hope, Im sure
e.g. I think Labour will win the next election. Im sure youll pass your exam.
2. going to.
Going to can express a prediction based on a present fact. There is evidence now that
something is sure to happen. We can see the future from the present.
e.g. Look at the sky! Its going to be a lovely day.
NB. - Sometimes there is little or no difference between will and going to.
e.g. Well (Were going to) run out of money if we arent careful.
- We use going to when we have physical evidence to support our prediction.
e.g. Liverpool are going to win. (Its 4-0, and there are only 5 minutes left.)
- We can use will when there is no such outside evidence. Our prediction is based on
our own personal opinion. It can be more theoretical and abstract.
e.g. I reckon Liverpool will win. (Said the day before the match.)
1. Will.
Will is used to express a spontaneous decision or intention made at the moment of
speaking.
e.g. Ill phone you back in a minute.
2. Going to.
Going to is used to express a future plan, decision, or intention made before the
moment of speaking.
e.g. When she grows up, shes going to be a ballet dancer. We are going to get
married in the spring.
NB. - In a formal style we use will rather than going to to talk about future events that
have been previously arranged in some detail.
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e.g. The meeting will begin at 9 a.m. Refreshments will be available from 8.30
onwards.
3. Present Continuous.
The Present Continuous is used to express personal arrangements and fixed plans
(especially social and travel arrangements) when the time and place have been
decided.
e.g. Im having lunch with Brian tomorrow.
The Present Continuous is used to refer to arrangements between people. It is not used
to refer to events that people cant control.
e.g. Its going to rain this afternoon (NOT Its raining this afternoon).
4. Present Simple.
We can often use either the Present Simple or will to talk about future events that are
part of some timetabled or programmed arrangement or routine. However, we prefer
the Present Simple for fixed, unchangeable events:
e.g. Does/ will the sale finish on Thursday or Friday? BUT The sun rises (the train
leaves) at 5.16 tomorrow.
NB. We normally use the Present Simple, not will in time clauses (with conjunctions
such as after, before, by the time, when, while, until, as soon as), and in conditional
clauses (with conjunctions such as if, in case, provided, suppose, unless, etc.)
e.g. Ill let you know when I decide.
If you call her, give her my regards.
Remember, however, that when when is used as a question word (not as a time word),
we use future forms.
e.g. Im not sure when they will visit us.
We also use future forms with if (=whether) when it is used after expressions which
show ignorance, uncertainty, doubt, etc. such as I dont know, I wonder, I doubt, etc.
e.g. I dont know if/whether hell move house.
I doubt if/whether shell pass her exams.
5. Future Continuous.
The Future Continuous expresses an activity that will be in progress before and after a
time in the future. Often it is the result of a previous decision or arrangement.
e.g. When it goes into orbit, the spacecraft will be carrying 30 kilos of plutonium.
We can also use the Future Continuous to talk about a future activity that is part of the
normal course of events or that one of a repeated or regular series of events.
e.g. Dr Jones will be giving the same talk in room 103 at 10.00 next Thursday.
NB. When we dont want to indicate willingness, intention, invitation, etc., we prefer
to use the Future Continuous instead of will. For example, if guests have stayed longer
than you wanted, and you dont know when they are leaving, you might ask:
e.g. Will you be staying with us again tonight? (asking about their plans) rather than
Will you stay with us again tonight? (they might think this is an invitation).
1. Complete the text using the verbs given. Choose will or going to with each verb,
depending on which is more appropriate.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into one of the above forms (will or going to).
1 Where are you off to with that ladder? ~ I (have) a look at the roof; it's leaking and I
think a tile has slipped.
2 We bought our new garage in sections and we (assemble) it
ourselves. ~
That sounds rather interesting. I (come) and help you if you like.
3 Why do you want all the furniture out of the room? -
Because I (shampoo) the carpet. It's impossible to do it unless you take everything off
it first.
4 Here are the matches: but what do you want them for? ~
I (make) a bonfire at the end of the garden; I want to burn that big
heap of rubbish. ~
Well, be careful. If the fire gets too big it (burn) the apple trees.
5 Have you decided on your colour scheme?
Oh yes, and I've bought the paint. I (paint) this room blue and the sitting room green.
6 Why are you asking everyone to give you bits of material? Because I (make) a
patchwork quilt.
7 I wonder if Ann knows that the time of the meeting has been changed.~
Probably not. I (look) in on my way home and tell her. I'm glad you thought of it.
8 Leave a note for them on the table and they (see) it when they come in.
9 I'm afraid I'm not quite ready. ~ Never mind. I (wait).
10 Do you have to carry so much stuff on your backs? ~
Yes, we do. We (camp) out and (cook) our own meals, so we have to carry a lot.
11 I've been measuring the windows. I (put) in double glazing.
12 You (wear) that nice dress in a dinghy? ~
Of course not! I (sit) on the pier and (watch) you all sailing. I (not get) all wet and
muddy and pretend that I'm enjoying it!
13 If you leave your keys with the hall porter he (take) the car round to the garage.
14 Shop assistant: We have some very nice strawberries. Customer: All right. I (have) a
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pound.
15 Husband: This bread is absolutely tasteless! I wish we could have home-made
bread.
Wife: All right. I (start) making it. I (get) a book about home baking today, and from
now on I (bake) all our bread!
16 Mary: Ann's busy baking. Apparently she (bake) all their bread from
now on.
Jean: She soon (get) tired of that.
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense (the present continuous and the
future simple).
1 Tom: Where you (go) for your next holiday? (Where have you arranged to go?)
Ann: I don't know yet but we probably (go) to Spain.
2 We (have) a drink with Peter tonight. (He has invited us.) It's his last night; he
(leave) tomorrow.
3 Ann: Do you think we (see) Bill tomorrow?
Mary: I hope so. He probably (look) in on his way to the airport.
4 I (see) my bank manager tomorrow. (/ have arranged this.) I'm going to ask him for a
loan but I expect he (refuse).
5 I (know) the result tomorrow. As soon as I hear, I (tell) you.
6 Jack's mother: Jack (be) ready in a moment. He is just finishing breakfast.
Jack's father: If I wait for him any longer I (miss) my train. I think I (walk) on; he
probably (catch) me up.
7 I probably (come) to London sometime next month. I (give) you a ring nearer the
time and tell you when I (come), (when I have decided/arranged to come)
8 Hotel Porter: You (get) a parking ticket if you leave your car there, sir. If you (stay)
the night (have arranged to stay) you (have to) put it in the hotel garage.
Tourist: All right. I (move) it as soon as I've arranged about a room.
9 Ann: I've scorched Bill's shirt. Whatever he (say)?
Mary: Oh, he (not mind). He just (buy) another shirt. He has plenty of money.
10 Peter: We'd better leave a message for Jack. Otherwise he (not
know) where we've gone.
George: All right. I (leave) a note on his table.
11 Jack: I don't want to get married. I never (get) married. Mother: You think that now.
But one day you (meet) a girl and you (fall) in love.
11 Tom: I (go) to York tomorrow. (/ have arranged to go.)
Ann: You (come) back the same day? (Have you arranged to come
back?)
Tom: No. I probably (have) to spend the night there.
13 Peter: You (walk) home? (Have you decided to walk?)
Andrew: Yes. It's too late for a bus.
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Peter: But it's pouring. You (get) soaked! Here, take this umbrella. Andrew: Thanks
very much. I (bring) it back tomorrow.
14 Jack: I (have) another window put in. (I have arranged this.) They
(start) work on it tomorrow.
Ann: That (make) the room much brighter.
15 You (take) any exams this term? (Have you decided to take an
exam?) -
Yes, I (take) an English exam at the end of the month. ~
Do you think you (pass)? ~
I don't know. If I don't, I (take) it again at the end of next term.
1 Where you (go) for your holidays? I (go) to Norway. -What you (do) there? - I
(fish).
2 Where you (go) this evening?
I (not go) anywhere. I (stay) at home. I (write) some letters.
3 Take an umbrella; it (rain).
4 How long you (stay) in this country? (Have you decided to stay?) ~ Another month. I
(go) home at the end of the month. ~
What you (do) then? ~ I (try) to get a job.
5 I (dye) these curtains.
You (do) it yourself, or (have) it done? I (have) it done. Who should I take them to?
6 I've seen the film, now I (read) the book. I've just got a copy from the library. (/
haven't started the book yet.)
7 You (do) anything next weekend? ~
Yes, my nephews (come) and I (show) them round London. You (take) them to the
theatre? (Have you booked seats?) No, they're too young for that. I (take) them to
the zoo.
8 We (start) early tomorrow. We (go) to Ben Nevis. ~
You (climb) Ben Nevis? ~
Not me. Tom (climb) it. I (sit) at the bottom and (do) some sketching.
9 Uncle: I hear you (go) to the regatta tomorrow. You (sail) in it?
Niece: No, but we (take) our cameras. We (try) to photograph the
winning yachts.
10 You (not ask) your boss to give you a fire in your office?
It isn't worth while. I (leave) at the end of the week.
Really? And what you (do) then? You (have) a holiday? ~
No, I (start) another job the following Monday. I hear you've bought a caravan. You
(use) it for your holidays?
No, I (live) in it. I (start) moving my things next week.
What you (do) with your house? ~
I (sell) it to the man who sold me the caravan. He (get) married next
month.
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12 Mrs Jones (go) to hospital. She (have) her appendix out. -
Who (look) after the children?-
Her sister (come) down from Scotland.
13 He isn't happy at his boarding school. I (send) him to a day school. ~
Have you decided on the other school? ~
No, but I (see) (have an appointment with) the headmaster of the Park School this
afternoon. I'll probably send him there.
14 Tom (arrive) tomorrow.
He (spend) the weekend here or (catch) the night train back as usual? ~
He (spend) the weekend. He (give) a lecture on Friday and (attend) a big reception on
Saturday.
15He (bring) his wife with him? (Has he arranged to bring his wife?) ~ Yes. She (do)
some shopping while he (give) his lecture.
3. Cross out any answers that are wrong or very unlikely. If two answers are
possible, consider the difference in meaning, if any, between them.
1. Use the present simple of one of these verbs to complete the sentences if possible.
If not, use will.
2. Complete the sentence with the present simple or a future form of the verb in
brackets.
3. Complete these texts with either present simple for the future or present
continuous for the future with the verbs given. If neither of these is correct, use will
or going to.
1 A: Alan Johnson (1) ......... (join) us for dinner. You know, the novelist.
B: Yes, I've read some of his books.
A: I'm sure you (2) .................... (like) him. His latest book (3) ...... (come) out at
the end of this week. If you want, I'm sure he (4) .............. (give) you a signed copy.
2 A: Have you heard that BWM (1) .... (sack) 300 workers?
B: That's bad news. Supposing they (2) ............. (close) completely - that would be
awful.
A: But I've heard that they (3) ................ (build) a new factory in Ireland. If you read
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today's local newspaper, you (4) ................... (see) a long article on it.
1 Jack usually gives me a lift home, but we both (come) home by train tomorrow as
his car is being repaired.
2 He says he (meet) us at the bus stop, but I'm sure he (forget) to turn up.
3 Don't ring now; she (watch) her favourite TV programme. All right. I (ring) at
8.30.
4 I wonder what I (do) this time next year. ~ I expect you still (work) at the same
office.
5 I'd like to double-glaze the bedroom windows. -
All right. I (get) the materials at once and we (do) it this weekend.
6 Wait a bit. Don't drink your tea without milk. The milkman (come) in a minute.
7 What are you doing next weekend? -
Oh, I (work) as usual. I'm always on duty at weekends.
8 Air hostess: We (take) off in a few minutes. Please fasten your seat
belts.
9 He (come) if you ask him.
10 I arranged to play tennis with Tom at nine tonight. ~
But you (play) in semi-darkness. You won't be able to see the ball.
11I (get) you some aspirins if you like. The chemist's still (be) open. ~ No, don't
bother. The office boy (go) out in a minute to post the letters; I (ask) him to buy me
some.
12It (be) very late when she gets home and her parents (wonder) what's happened.
13I never (be) able to manage on my own. ~
But you won't be on your own. Tom (help) you. Lookhis name is bracketed with
yours on the list. ~
Oh, that's all right. But Tom (not help) me: I (help) Tom. He always takes charge when
we're on duty together.
14I (write) postcards every week, I promise, and I (try) to make them legible. If
necessary I (type) them.
15Typist: Are you in a hurry for this letter, Mr Jones? Because I (type) Mr White's
letters at four o'clock and if yours could wait till
Mr Jones: I'd like it a little earlier than four if possible. Typist: All right. I (type) it for
you now.
16 What happened at last night's meeting? I hear there was quite a
disturbance. -
Come and see me and I (tell) you. I don't want to talk about it on the phone.
17I'm going to Switzerland next week. -You're lucky. The wild flowers just (come)
out.
18This time next month the snow (melt) and skiing will be over.
19The first day of the term will be horrible, for everybody (talk) about their holidays
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and (show) photographs of marvellous foreign beaches, and as I haven't been
anywhere I (feel) terribly out of it.
20I (tell) her what you say but she (not believe) it.
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2. Supply the correct form of the verbs
NB. Normally the perfect forms are not used with state verbs:
e.g. By the end of the meal they were friends.
In this example the state we are speaking about does not come to an end at the
given moment.
V. Revision.
1. Underline the best verb form.
A. 1 'Have you decided yet?' 'Yes, I'll have /I have the roast beef, please.'
2 A: How will I have known / will I know that I have won a prize?
B: You are receiving / will receive an email giving full details.
3 Quick get out of the car! It's going to burst /It's bursting into flames at any
minute!
4 Don't come round before midday because I'll be cleaning /1 clean the house
until then.
5 Sorry I can't come on Thursday evening. I'm going to work / I'm working late
on an important project
6 The cost of construction is almost certainly rising/ will almost certainly rise
before the end of the year as wage increases begin to take effect.
7 The conference is going to begin / begins next Friday morning at 9.00. h
Here's the money you asked for - 1000. What will you / are you going to do
with it?
8 Why don't you give Helen this cheap perfume instead of the expensive one!
She won't have known / won't know the difference!
9 I just want to remind everyone that we'll be holding /we hold a Latin-
American evening at the town hall this Friday.
1 'The fish is very fresh. And the beef is very good too.' 'I think .... the fish.'
2 'There's someone knocking at the door! Who can it be at this time of night?'
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'. Helen. She said she might come round to watch the midnight movie on
TV.
3 'I've just received some new sales figuresthem very much, I'm afraid.'
4 Over the next six months, the companyten new supermarkets in
France.
5..with this kind of problem before, I expect, so I'll leave you to get on
with it.
6 According to sources close to the prime minister's office, the foreign
minister.
7 Well, that's all for todayyou next week at the same time, if that's all
right.
8 Next year. some time travelling, and then look for a teaching job.
9 The problem we have with Jack is that he..insist on opening all the
windows in the cold weather.
10 There's not much bread, I'm afraid. I hope..eat it all before the
others arrive!
11At this rate, by the time we get to the party, most people
12The riot police are running into the square. Theretrouble!
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B I'll have C I'm about to have
B That'll be C It's due to be
B You won't like C You're not liking
B will be opening C is opening
B You are dealing C You'll have dealt
B is due to resign C is about to resign
B I'm seeing C I'll see
B I'm going to spend C I'll spend
B is about to C will
1 A I'm going to have B you aren't about to C you're not going to
2 A That's going to be B will have left C are on the point of leaving
3 A You're not going to like B will be C is due to be
4 A is going to open
5 A You are going to deal
6 A is on the point of resigning
7 A I'm going to see
8 A I'm spending
9 A is going to
10A you won't
11A will leave
12 A is going to be
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3. Supply the correct form of the verbs given in brackets.
4. Supply the correct form of the verbs given in brackets. Use only Future or
Present tenses.
A. My car is being repaired and I don't know when it 1) (be) ready. I doubt
whether I 2) (be able to) collect it before the weekend. I wonder if John 3) (give)
me a lift to the party on Saturday. I'll ask him when he (come) home.
. I was calling to ask if you'd like to go out after we 1) (finish) work tomorrow or
if you 2)(want) to watch a video instead. Call me back as soon as you 3) (get) in.
I'll wait until I 4) (hear) from you.
. I will leave the hotel early in case there 1) (be) a lot of traffic. I don't know how
long the journey 2) (take) or what time the plane 3)(land), but I 4) (call) you as
soon as I 5) (arrive) at the airport. Then, I will wait until you 6) (come) to collect
me.
D. Paula is drinking tea as she is waiting for Charles. She wonders if he 1) (be)
late as usual. She will wait until the clock 2) (strike) five and then she will call him
in case he 3) (forget).
E. Next month, Maggie 1) (go) to Australia to visit her sister, who she hasn't seen
for fifteen years. The plane 2) (leave) early in the morning and 3) (stop off) at
Singapore before flying onto Sydney. It 4) (be) a very long, tiring journey, but
Maggie is very excited because this time next month, she 5) (begin) her adventure
on the other side of the world. She 6) (stay) in Australia for one month. She has
booked her flight, so she 7) (fly) back to Britain on 31st May. She hopes that she
8) (visit) lots of fascinating places and seen many interesting things by the time her
holidays are over.
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G. Dear Lionel,
I'm writing to tell you my exciting news. I have won a competition! I think my life
1) (change) a lot now! I 2) (meet) the competition organisers next week to get my
prize a cheque for 50,000.
As soon as I 3) (have) the money, I 4) (buy) a new car, and I 5) (also/redecorate)
my house. Hopefully, I 6) (finish) the whole house by the end of June. Then, on
the fifth of July, I 7) (fly) to Tahiti for an exotic holiday in the sun. I 8) (return) by
the end of July and then I 9) (throw) a big party for all my friends. I hope you 10)
(come).
Well, it's almost lunchtime, so I 11) (say) goodbye for now. I promise I 12) (send)
you a postcard from Tahiti.
Best wishes,
Emily
I. Naturewatch.
Mark Rawlings and his team are still in the Andes filming Penny, a puma. They
have managed to get quite close to the big cat and gain her trust over the last
summer. In this instalment of Mark's video diary, he describes how Penny is
currently spending a lot of time with a mate, so Mark and his team are sure that
she 1) (have) cubs in the spring. If that is the case, they 2) (see) much of her over
the winter. In fact, they are unlikely to see much of her until the winter 3) (be) over
anyway, as pumas, like most of the large cats, tend to hide away when the weather
is bad. If Penny is pregnant, she 4) (have) the cubs by early March and they 5)
(leave) the den about three months later. Although Mark doubts whether she 6)
(come) out to hunt much in the next few months, he 7) (stay) until she 8)
(reappear) Once the team 9) (finish) filming Penny, they 10) (go) to North America
to track down the grizzly bear, but Mark 11) (think/be) such a pleasant assignment!
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a) It's hard to make predictions too far into the future, but I think I can
say quite a lot about my life in about ten years' time. I think I 1) (still live) in the
same city. By that time I 2) (finish) my studies, and, who knows, perhaps I 3) (find)
a good job. And I 4) (probably go out) with the same friends too!
b) I'm optimistic about the future, so I think that by the time I'm 35, say, 5) (make)
my fortune. By then I 6) (run) my own company for about ten years, and I 7)
(almost certainly become) a millionaire! So I 8) (drive) an expensive sports car, I
hope!
c) I think we should all be worried about what the world 9) (be) like in fifty years'
time. By then, I hope that the world's governments 10) (find) an answer to the
problem of global warming, but perhaps scientists 11) (still search) for
technological solutions. It's quite possible that we 12) (still talk) about the
problem, as we are now!
d) By the time I'm fifty, I expect that nearly everything 13) (change) and everyone
14) (try) their best to adapt to new circumstances. For example, I can't imagine
that we 15) (use) cars, because by then most of the oil in the world 16) (run out).
People 17) (travel) in electric cars, or perhaps we 18) (walk) everywhere. I
hope that scientists 19 (solve) the pollution problem, but who knows! Perhaps
some other worse problem 20) (come) along by then!
5. Complete the dialogue with verbs from the box. Use suitable forms with
future meaning.
arrive be (x3) come finish (x2) have have to meet (x2) pick up
work
Can we fix a time for the next meeting? How about the 12th? That's after the
sales conference.
ALEX I thought something was happening on that day.
Oh yes, you're right. The people from Head Office 1) .
JOHN What time 2) (their plane) at the airport? Can we have the meeting
in the morning?
No, it's all arranged. I 3). them at half past ten, so I 4)..
available at all that day.
ALEX Well, let's have the meeting earlier in June, then. The sales conference 5)
on the third, doesn't it?
Yes, but we need John's annual figures for the meeting. How are they going,
John?
JOHN I'm afraid I haven't started them yet, but I 6) . on them next
week, gathering information.
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7) (they) ready early in June?
JOHN Well, not really. I 8) . them by 10 June, but I don't think they 9)
. ready before then
So, we're looking at the week starting the 17th. How about two o'clock on that
day?
ALEX Difficult. I 10).. lunch with the sales manager of Bowman's.
Could we make it three?
John?
JOHN Yes, but I 11) . the children after school that week, as usual
when the nanny's away, so I 12) .. leave here at five thirty. Is that OK?
I think so. Right, so we 13) at three o'clock on 17 June, in the
boardroom.
7. Over to you.
A Make some personal predictions about ten years' time (or choose another
length of time).
what you will / won't be doing where you will / won't be what you will / won't
have done by then
B 'According to the 2006 Revision, the world population will probably increase
by 2.5 billion over the next 43 years, passing from the current 6.7 billion to 9.2
billion in 2050.' Use research in a library or on the Internet to find more
predictions about the next fifty years.
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GRAMMAR & VOCAB.
1. Idioms
Here you are looking at idioms which are linked to the topic of Nature and
natural phenomena. Study them and illustrate their use with your own
examples.
2. In the end or at the end?(e.g. However, in the end I decided to stick with
my goldfish, p. 39).
NB. When you use the expression "at the end", it needs the preposition "of".
When you use "in the end", it doesn't need a preposition. There are also set
expressions: to the end of time, to the bitter end.
1. We waited for nearly an hour and ____ the end we went without her.
a) at b) in c) on
2. The teacher set some homework ____ the end of the lesson.
a) at b) in c) on
3. There's an eraser ____ the end of my pencil.
a) at b) in c) on
4. My house is ____ the end of the street.
a) at b) by c) in d) on
5. We were exhausted ____ the end of the journey.
a) by b) in c) on
6. They get killed ____ the end of the film.
a) at b) in c) on
7. I'll love you ____ the end of time.
a) at b) by c) to d) on
8. They couldn't decide which one they liked and ____ the end they didn't
bother.
a) at b) by c) in d) to e) on
9. They argue everything ____ the bitter end.
a) at b) by c) in d) on e) to
10. I paid the fees ____ the end of the course.
a) at b) in c) on
11. When do you get paid? ____ the end of the month.
a) at b) on c) in
12. I couldn't decide what to get Ann for her birthday. ____ the end I didn't get
her anything at all.
a) at b) in c) on
13. We waited ages for a taxi. We gave up ______ the end and walked home.
a) at b) on c) in
14. I'll be moving to a new address ____ the end of September.
a) in b) by c) at
15. Tom didn't want to lend us the money at first but ___the end he agreed.
a) at b) in c) to
4. Ways of comparison.
1. The emergency crew has turned ________ local power and gas supplies.
2. Smoking is damaging _________ your health
4. Now that we've heard all the arguments for and ________ the proposal,
shall we vote on it?
10.We'll have to stop for fuel _______ the way to the airport.
13.I hope my teacher will take ________ account the fact that I was ill just
before the exams when she marks my paper.
15.We go out once in a while after work and ________ the weekend
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16._________ weekdays I'm usually in bed by ten o'clock.
6. Rendering.
Render the following text into English using the active tenses and at least 15
active vocabulary units (including the idioms).
,
, ?
1. .
.
.
.
. -
.
.
.
2. ,
, . -
(, , , ),
.
24
3. 2020 . ,
.
.
4. . ,
, .
, .
5. .
, ,
.
.
6.
. ,
, , .
7. .
, ,
.
8. ,
, .
1. Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key words from the text.
25
4. A _______________ is an area of land covered by water where trees and
plants grow.
5. _______________ people or animals travel from place to place
frequently.
6. If a place is described as _______________, it is impossible to get into
or get through it.
7. _______________ is a large flat area of land without trees in very cold
northern parts of the world.
8. A _______________ is an area of land where people do not live or grow
crops and where there are no buildings.
9. _______________ is ground that stays permanently frozen.
10.If something is described as _______________, it is very easy to
recognize.
2. Decide whether these statements are true (T) or false (F). Then check your
answers in the text.
1. Russia is the worlds biggest country by geographical area.
2. There are no polar bears in Russia.
3. Reindeer give birth to their young in October.
4. Global warming is happening at a faster rate in Russia than in other parts of
the world.
5. Temperatures of -50oC have been recorded in the Arctic regions of Russia.
6. It is impossible to build railways on permafrost.
2. Why is the rise in temperature from -50C to -30C a bad thing for the
Nenets herders?
a. Because it isnt good for their reindeer and what is good for their reindeer is
good for them.
b. Because they cant cross frozen rivers when the temperature rises to -30C.
c. Because there are unseasonal snowstorms when the reindeer give birth.
28
3. What will happen to Russias northern region if global temperatures rise by
4C?
a. It will turn into impenetrable swamp.
b. There will be so many mosquitoes that people wont be able to live there.
c. The growing season will be longer.
5. Match the phrasal verbs from the text with their meanings.
1. set up a. flow out of somewhere
2. round up b. make something available
3. drain away c. people search through something with their
hands; animals search by pushing with their nose
4. free up d. tell someone something.
5. push for e. cause something to operate or make it
explode
6. set off f. build a structure or put it in a particular place
7. point out g. try hard to achieve something
8. root through h. bring animals together in one place for a
particular purpose
6. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the word in brackets at
the end of each sentence.
29
1. The weather is becoming increasingly ____________ in some parts of the
world. [PREDICT]
2. Global warming could have a ____________ impact on Russia.
[DISASTER]
3. Warmer temperatures could free up Russias Arctic regions for oil and gas
____________. [EXPLORE]
4. Many politicians are hoping for ____________ targets at the Copenhagen
summit. [AMBITION]
5. Many Russians are ____________ that there is a serious climate-change
problem. [CONVINCE]
6. ____________ of polar bears are becoming increasingly common. [SIGHT]
7. Discussion
What practical measures should be undertaken to combat climate change?
8. Comment on the following quotes about nature. Use the active vocabulary:
For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations,
for Nature cannot be fooled.
Richard Feynman
Almost all of the social tragedies occurring around the world today are caused
by ignoring the basic biological laws of nature.
Jim Fowler
If we could see the miracle of a single flower clearly, our whole life would
change.
Buddha
Miracles are not contrary to nature, but only contrary to what we know about
nature.
Saint Augustine
Tacitus
For the female of the species is more deadly than the male.
Rudyard Kipling
30
All seasons are beautiful for the person who carries happiness within.
Horace Friess
People from a planet without flowers would think we must be mad with joy the
whole time to have such things about us.
Iris Murdoch
The best thing about animals is that they don't talk much.
Thornton Wilder
Rest is not idleness, and to lie sometimes on the grass under trees on a
summer's day, listening to the murmur of the water, or watching the clouds float
across the sky is by no means a waste of time.
J. Lubbuck
31
TEST YOURSELF.
1. any animal of which the female gives birth to babies, not eggs, and feeds
them on milk from her own body
2. happening once every year, or relating to a period of one year
32
3. describes an activity or food that you cannot stop doing or eating once you
have started
4. an area of land where fruit trees (but not orange trees or other citrus trees)
are grown
5. a line of bushes or small trees planted very close together, especially along
the edge of a garden, field or road
6. very exciting to look at
7. a set of animals or plants in which the members have similar characteristics
to each other and can breed with each other
8. completely new, especially not yet used
9. certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented
10.the amount of the Earth's energy that someone or something uses
11.a day when you do not work
12.with a pleasant smell
13.causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to
continue for a long time
14.stupid or unreasonable and deserving to be laughed at
15.a person who buys goods or a service
33
ACTIVE VOCABULARY.
p. 39 annual, addictive, turn off the electricity supply, assure smb, look after,
take care of, in the end, to stick with, destructive
p. 40 (learn the words connected to plants and gardens in ex. 1), spectacular,
mankind, dependence on, fill smth with, breathtaking, experience smth, a
rainforest, a species, a guided tour, a workshop
R 5.2 head (down to your part of the world), get a (cheap) deal, meet up, its not
really his thing/ his cup of tea, a day off, pick smb up (on the way)
p. 42 R 5.5 sense of smell, go back a very long way, tomb, fragrant, a feast, a
passion (love) for , fully-qualified, point out
34
UNIT 6.
GRAMMAR
Verb patterns.
I. Uses of the -ing form.
1. The ing form (gerund) is used after prepositions.
e.g. Im good at running.
Were thinking of living abroad.
2. The ing form is used after certain verbs (there is a comprehensive list of
the verbs followed by the ing form at the end of this Unit.).
e.g. I enjoy visiting my relatives.
She denies stealing the money.
3. There are some verbs followed by an object + -ing.
e.g. I hate people telling me what to do.
4. The ing form is used as the subject or object of a sentence.
e.g. Living in a big city is exciting.
I find working in the garden a real bore.
5. The ing form is used after certain idiomatic expressions.
e.g. Its no use talking to her.
This book is worth reading.
2. forms of the infinitive.
1. Simple.
e.g. I want to have a bath.
2. continuous.
e. g. its nice to be sitting here with you.
3. perfect.
e.g. Id like to have seen his face when you told him.
4. passive.
e.g. Id like to be promoted to sales manager.
NB these infinitives are used after modal auxiliary verbs without to.
35
e.g. She must have gone home early.
3. Uses of the infinitive.
1. infinitives are used after certain verbs (see the list).
e.g. I cant afford to pay the bill.
2. there are some verbs that that are followed by an object + the infinitive
(see the list).
e.g. He advised me to listen carefully.
3. after let, make and have the infinitive is used without to.
e.g. She made me do the exercise again.
4. the infinitive is used after certain adjectives (except busy and worth,
which are used with the -ing form).
e.g. its difficult to explain how to get here.
NB When the infinitive needs the subject of its own the pattern with for
is used .
e.g. its difficult for me to explain.
5. the infinitive is used after certain nouns.
e.g. its a good idea to ask for help.
6. the infinitive is used to express purpose.
e.g. I came here to learn English.
7. the infinitive is used after question words.
e.g. I dont know what to do.
8. the infinitive can be used with too and enough.
e.g. I was too tired to eat.
Its cold enough to snow.
4. ing or the infinitive?
1. continue, start, begin.
- Both ing and infinitive can be used. The infinitive is more common.
e.g. He began working/ to work when he was twenty.
- if the verb is in a continuous tense we prefer the infinitive.
e.g. Its starting to rain.
36
2. allow, forbid, permit.
- we allow/ forbid/ permit doing something
e.g. We dont allow smoking in here.
- but we allow/ forbid/ permit somebody to do something
e.g. We dont allow people to smoke in here.
3. like, love, hate, prefer
- often both the infinitive and the ing form can be used with little difference of
meaning.
e.g I like to get/ getting up early.
- When like means enjoy generally it is more usually followed by ing.
e.g. I like cooking.
If the sentence is more specific, the infinitive is more common.
e.g. I like to cook a roast on Sundays.
- when like means think it a good idea, it is followed by the infinitive.
e.g. I like to pay bills on time.
- Used with would, these verbs are followed by the infinitive.
e.g. Id love to visit you.
4. remember, forget, regret
- After these verbs the ing form refers to an action that took place before the
act of remembering, forgetting or regretting.
e.g. Ill never forget meeting you.
- The infinitive refers to an action that takes place after the act of remembering,
forgetting or regretting.
e.g. Dont forget to lock all the doors.
5. stop.
- The ing form refers to an action that was in progress before the act of
stopping.
E.g. Stop looking at me like that!
- The infinitive tells us why the action stopped and what happened next. This is
the infinitive of purpose.
37
e.g. We stopped to have a break.
6. try.
- the infinitive refers to the goal, or what we want to achieve.
e.g. I tried to learn Chinese but it was too difficult.
- the ing form refers to the methods used to achieve the goal.
e.g. I tried going to evening classes.
7. go on.
- the ing form indicates continuation of an activity.
e.g. I'd like to go on making easy money, but I'm afraid it's over.
- the infinitive refers to a change to a new activity.
e.g. Jack spent many of his early years behind bars, but he would go on to
become a famous preacher.
8. mean.
- mean doing something = involve
e.g. If we catch the early train, it will mean getting up at 6 a.m.
- mean to do something = intend
e.g. Sorry, I meant to tell you about the party.
9. see, hear, watch, feel
- the ing form is used to talk about an action going on
e.g. I last saw him walking down the road towards the shops.
- the infinitive (without to) is used to talk about a completed action.
e.g. I saw her pick up the parcel, open it and take out a book.
1. Work in pairs. Speaker A: Your book is open. Give the cue. Don't lower
your intonation at the end of the cue. Speaker B: Your book is closed.
Complete the sentence with doing it or to do it. Speaker A: If you are unsure
about the correctness of B's completion, refer to the list of verb patterns.
38
Example:
SPEAKER A (book I promise
open):
SPEAKER B (book ... to do it.
closed):
39
40
1. I mentioned . 45. Did he
enjoyed ... ... Switch deny ....
. 15.I roles. 46. Don't
2. I can't expect.... 31. He hesitate ....
afford .... 16.I denied. 47. Do you
3. She encouraged 32. I didn't anticipate ....
didn't him .... mean .... 48. Why did
allow 17.I warned 33. She she fail.
me ..., him not. swore .... 49. I'll
4. We 18.We 34. I arrange ....
plan.. prepared .... volunteered
5. Please 19.I don't ....
remind recall.... 35. He
me .... 20. suggested ...
6. I am We .
considerin decided . 36. He
g .... ... advised
7. Our Switch me ....
director roles. 37. He
postponed 21. Did struggled ....
8. He someone 38. I don't
persuaded offer want to
me .... 22. When risk ....
9. I don't will you 39. Do you
mind .... finish recommend
10. 23. Did you .
Eve practice .... 40. I
ryo 24. She miss ....
ne agreed .... Switch
avo 25. Keep roles.
ide 26. Stop.. 41. I can't
d ... 27. I didn't imagine ....
. force 42. She
Switch him .... threatened ..
role 28. I ..
s. couldn't 43. He
11. I resist.... seems to
refused .... 29. Someho dislike ....
12.I w, the cat 44. The
hope. managed children
13.She 30. Did the begged ....
convinced little boy 45. She
me .... admit. . . challenged
14.He me ....
41
2. Form a group of three to five members. Choose one of the story beginnings
or make up your own. Each group member continues the story by adding a
sentence or two. At least one of the sentences should contain words from the
given list, plus a gerund or infinitive phrase. As a group, use as many of the
words in the list which follows as you can.
Example: (Yoko) had a bad night last night. First, when she got home, she
discovered that______________________________________________________
SPEAKER A: . . . her door was unlocked. She didn't recall leaving her door
unlocked. She always remembers to lock her door and in fact specifically
remembered locking it that morning. So she became afraid that someone had
broken into her apartment. SPEAKER B: She thought about going inside, but
then decided it would be better not to go into her apartment alone. What if there
was a burglar inside? SPEAKER C: Instead of going into her apartment alone,
Yoko walked to her next-door neighbor's door and knocked. SPEAKER D: Her
neighbor answered the door. He could see that something was the matter. "Are
you all right?" he asked her. speaker a: Etc.
Story beginnings:
1. (...) is having trouble with (her/his) roommate, whose name is ( ...). (Her/His)
roommate keeps many pets even though the lease they signed forbids residents
to keep animals in their apartments. Yesterday, one of these pets, a/an ....
2. Not long ago, (...) and ( . . . ) were walking home together after dark. They
heard a strange whooshing sound. When they looked up in the night sky, they
saw a huge hovering aircraft. It glowed! It was round and green! ( . . . ) was
frightened and curious at the same time. (She/He) wanted to ..., but....
3. Once upon a time, (...) lived in a faraway village in a remote mountainous
region. All of the villagers were terrified because of the dragon that lived nearby.
At least once a week, the dragon would descend on the village and ....
4. It was a dark and stormy night. (...) was all alone at home. Suddenly ....
5. (...) had a bad day yesterday. First of all, when (she/he) got up in the
morning,
(she/he) discovered that. . . .
List of words and phrases to work into the story:
42
blame (someone) for Beg postpone be easy
be capable of Begin prefer be essential
be committed to Consider prepare be foolish
complain about Continue pretend be a good experience
dream of Convince promise be a good idea
Forgive (someone) for Decide quit be fun
be excited about Demand recall be hard
be guilty of Deny refuse be important
instead of Discuss regret be impossible
be interested in Dislike remember be interesting
look forward to encourage remind be necessary
be opposed to Enjoy risk be a pleasure
prevent (someone) from Expect seem be possible
be scared of Fail start be relaxing
stop (someone) from Force stop take effort
succeed in Forget struggle take energy
take advantage of Hesitate suggest take money
be terrified of Hope threaten take patience
thank (someone) for Invite wait take time
think of Learn want
be tired of Like warn
be worried about Manage
3. Do you know which verbs are followed by infinitives and which are
followed by -ing forms? Make two lists.
agree avoid can't help dare decide deny expect
(can't) face fail fancy feel like finish give up
happen hope imagine keep (on) manage mean mind
miss offer postpone practice prepare pretend
promise put off refuse risk seem spend time
(can't) stand suggest wish
43
1 You can't help (like) him.
2 We decided (stay) at home.
3 We expect (hear) from Ann soon.
4 Do you fancy (go) out tonight?
5 I don't feel like (cook).
6 When do you finish (study)?
7 I've given up (smoke).
8 Imagine (be) married to her!
9 I managed (find) a taxi.
10 Would you mind (pass) the bread?
11 I missed (see) the beginning of the film.
12 She pretended (be) ill.
13 Don't put off (see) the doctor.
14 He spends ages (talk) on the phone.
15 I want (see) the manager.
16 Do you enjoy (watch) football?
4. Change the construction of the sentences using the appropriate form of the
infinitive.
A.
E.g. They are sorry that they are having problems.
They are sorry to be having problems.
44
18. The boy is happy that he is playing his favourite computer games again.
19. Carol is sorry that she has been having a relationship with that horrid man
for such a long time.
20. His parents are happy that they have been working for the same firm all their
lives.
B.
E.g. It is said that they play gold every weekend.
They are said to play golf every weekend.
NB. This construction is used with the following verbs in the passive voice: to
say, to report, to announce, to believe, to suppose, to think, to expect, to
know, to consider, to see, to hear, to make, etc. The infinitive after these verbs
is used with the particle to.
46
24. Jeff applied to medical school many months ago. Now he's so concerned
about (accept) into medical school that he's having a difficult time (concentrate)
on the courses he's taking this term.
25.It may be impossible (persuade) my mother (give) up her job even though
she's having health problems. We can't even get her (cut) down on her working
hours. She enjoys (work) so much that she refuses (retire) and (take) it easy. I
admire her for (dedicate) to her work, but I also want her to take care of her
health.
26. Traffic has become too heavy for the Steinbergs (commute) easily to their
jobs in the city. They're considering (move) to an apartment close to their places
of work. They don't want (give) up their present home, but they need (live) in
the city (be) closer to their work so they can spend more time (do) the things
they really enjoy (do) in their free time.
27. I dont seem (get) rid of the cockroaches in my apartment. Every night I see
them (run) all over my kitchen counters. It drives me crazy. I'm considering
(have) the whole apartment (spray) by a professional pest control expert.
28. The employees were unhappy when the new management took over. They
weren't accustomed to (treat) disrespectfully by the managers of the production
departments. By (threaten) (stop) (work), they got the company (listen) to their
grievances. In the end, a strike was averted.
29. According to some estimates, well over half of the world's population is
functionally illiterate. Imagine (be) a parent with a sick child and (be) unable to
read the directions on a medicine bottle. We all know that it is important for
medical directions (understand) clearly. Many medical professionals are
working today (bridge) the literacy gap by (teach) health care through pictures.
6. Complete the sentences using the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs given
in brackets.
1. I dont know how the accident happened. I remember (to feel) very tired,
but thats all. The rest is a complete blank.
2. Im glad you remembered (to get) Helen a card. We can post it in the
evening.
3. Ill never forget (to visit) the Queen. It was a wonderful experience.
4. He had to go back to the supermarket because he had forgotten (to get)
any butter.
5. On the way home he stopped at the newsagents (to buy) a newspaper.
6. I wish it would stop (to rain).
7. I regret (to say) that I wont be able to come to the party, but I hope you
have a great time.
8. After three months without work he regretted (to leave) his safe job at the
bank.
47
9. Sarah wanted to start her own business, she even tried (to recruit)
personnel. However, she soon realized that she couldnt really afford it.
10.Max White infiltrated his fathers confidential files though it meant (to break)
the codes, then he went on (to discover) the files that even his father was
unaware of.
11.Keith Hamilton was eager to catch the spy and tried (to monitor) his
progress.
12.It was soon clear that Max didnt mean (to create) havoc with MI5s
computer system.
13.Im afraid, James is going to be evicted. He has stopped (to pay) the
mortgage.
14.I enjoy seeing such films but later I always regret (to waste) so much time on
them.
15.She didnt mean (to accept) your opinion. She always thinks she knows best.
16.She couldnt agree to your proposal as it meant (to accept) your opinion.
17.I remember (to be) trapped in a lift for hours. After that I stopped (to use)
them.
18.Please, remember (to tell) Lucy that she should take everything into
consideration. Its vital.
19.I regret (to say) that I forgot (to tell) Margaret about the party.
20.When my sister was little she used (? to be) scared stiff when she watched
horror films. It took her quite a long time to get used (? to take) them easy.
21.Whats the use (? to discuss) anything serious with her? Shes completely
insane.
22.When she couldnt have her way, she used (? to burst) out crying.
23.It is useless (to complain) of loneliness. Its your own choice.
7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. Note that sometimes a bare
infinitive will be required.
1 'I was lonely at first,' the old man admitted, 'but after a time I got used to (live)
alone and even got (like) it.'
2 Before trains were invented people used (travel) on horseback or in stage
coaches. It used (take) a stage coach three days (go) from London to Bath.
3 I meant (buy) an evening paper but I didn't see anyone (sell) them.
4 Tom: I want (catch) the 7 a.m. train tomorrow.
Ann: But that means (get) up at 6.00; and you're not very good at (get) up early,
are you?
5 He accepted the cut in salary without complaint because he was afraid
(complain). He was afraid of (lose) his job.
6 She remembers part of her childhood quite clearly. She remembers (go) to
school for the first time and (be) frightened and (put) her finger in her mouth.
48
And she remembers her teacher (tell) her (take) it out.
7 Did you remember (lock) the car? ~
No, I didn't. I'd better (go) back and (do) it now.
8 No, I didn't move the bomb. I was afraid (touch) it; I was afraid of (be) blown
to pieces!
9 Next time we go (house-hunt), remember (ask) the agent for clear directions. I
wasted hours (look) for the last house.
10 Tom: Let's (go) for a swim.
Ann: I'm not particularly keen on (swim). What about (go) for a drive instead?
11 The hunters expected (be paid) by the foot for the snakes they caught. This
meant (take) the snakes out of the sack and (measure) them. They seemed
(expect) me (do) it; but I wasn't particularly anxious (be) the first (die) of
snakebite.
12 After (spend) two days (argue) about where to go for their holidays, they
decided (not go) anywhere.
13 He is talking about (give) up his job and (go) (live) in the country.
14 I was just about (leave) the office when the phone rang. It was my wife; she
wanted me (call) at the butcher's on my way home.
He said, 'I'm terribly sorry to (keep) you (wait).'
I said, 'It doesn't matter at all,' but he went on (apologize) for nearly five
minutes!
16 The lecturer began by (tell) us where the island was, and went on (talk) about
its history.
17 My father thinks I am not capable of (earn) my own living, but I mean (show)
him that he is wrong.
18 Tom: I can't get my car (start) on cold mornings.
Jack: Have you tried (fill) the radiator with hot water? That sometimes helps.
19 Did he manage (carry) the trunk upstairs? ~
No, he didn't. He isn't strong enough (move) it, let alone (carry) it upstairs.
20 Jack: Don't forget (take) a hacksaw with you.
Ann: What's a hacksaw? And why should I (take) one with me? Jack: It's a tool
for (cut) metal. You see, Tom is bound (get) into trouble for (take) photographs
of the wrong things, and you'll be arrested with him. With a hacksaw you'll be
able (saw) through the bars of your cell and (escape).
21 Peter: Wouldn't it be better (ask) Tom (leave) his camera at home? Jack: It
would be no good (ask) Tom (do) that. It would be like (ask) a woman (travel)
without a handbag.
22 I've got the loaf; now I'm looking for a breadknife (cut) it with. ~ I saw Paul
(sharpen) a pencil with the breadknife a minute ago.
23 We stopped once (buy) petrol and then we stopped again (ask) someone the
49
way.
24 When I caught them (cheat) me, I stopped (buy) petrol there and started
(deal) with your garage instead.
25 Do you feel like (dine) out or would you rather (have) dinner at home? ~
I'd like (go) out. I always enjoy (have) dinner in a restaurant.
26 Your hair needs (cut). You'd better (have) it done tomorrowunless you'd
like me (have) a go at it for you.
27 I tried (convince) him that I was perfectly capable of (manage) on my own,
but he insisted on (help) me.
28 Jack: I don't mind (travel) by bus, but I hate (stand) in queues. Tom: I don't
care for (queue) either; and you waste so much time (wait) for buses. I think it's
better (go) by tube, or taxi,
29 He took to (follow) me about and (criticize) my work till I threatened (hit)
him.
30 I have (stay) here; I'm on duty. But you needn't (wait); you're free (go)
whenever you like.
31 In Animal Farm the old pig urged the animals (rebel) against man but he
warned them (not adopt) man's habits.
32 There is no point in (arrive) half an hour early. We'd only have (wait). -
I don't mind (wait). It's better (be) too early than too late.
33 I always try (come) in quietly but they always hear me (go) upstairs. It's
impossible (climb) an old wooden staircase at night without (make) a noise.
34 If you agree (work) for me I'll see about (get) you a work permit.
35 We'd better (start) early. We don't want (risk) (get) caught in a traffic jam.
36 He suggested (call) a meeting and (let) the workers (decide) the matter
themselves.
Revision.
8. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms. Remember that sometimes
a bare infinitive is required.
1 We suggested (sleep) in hotels but the children were anxious (camp) out.
2 Paul: Would you like (come) to a lecture on Wagner tonight? Ann: No, thanks.
I like (listen) to music but I don't like (listen) to people (talk) about it.
3 If you want the milkman (leave) you milk in the morning, remember (put) a
milk bottle outside your door.
4 They let us park motorcycles here but they won't allow us (park) cars.
5 They don't allow (smoke) in the auditorium; they don't want (risk) (set) it on
fire, but you can (smoke) in the foyer during the interval.
50
6 Mr Shaw is very busy (write) his memoirs. He is far too busy (receive) callers
(he is so busy that he can't receive callers), so you'd better just (go) away.
7 What about (buy) double quantities of everything today? That will save (shop)
again later in the week.
8 The inspector asked (see) my ticket and when I wasn't able (find) it he made
me (buy) another.
He probably suspected you of (try) (travel) without one.
9 One of the gang suggested (take) the body out to sea, (drop) it overboard and
(pretend) that it had been an accident.
10 I want the boy (grow) up hating violence but his father keeps (buy) him guns
and swords. ~
It's almost impossible (prevent) boys (play) soldiers.
12 Would you children mind (keep) quiet for a moment? I'm trying (fill)
in a form. ~
It's no use (ask) children (keep) quiet. They can't help (make) a
noise.
13 I'm thinking of (go) to Oxford tomorrow on my motorbike. Would
you like (come)? ~
No, thanks. I want (go) Oxford, but I'd rather (go) by train. I loathe (travel) by
road.
14 Let's (go) (fish) today. There's a nice wind. What about (come) with
us, Ann? -
No, thanks. I'm very willing (cut) sandwiches for you but I've no intention of
(waste) the afternoon (sit) in a boat (watch) you two (fish).
15He resented (be) asked (wait). He expected the minister (see) him at once.
16The police have put up a railing here (prevent) people (rush) out of the station
and (dash) straight across the road.
17All day long we saw the trees (toss) in the wind and heard the waves (crash)
against the rocks.
18I didn't mean (eat) anything but the cakes looked so good that I couldn't resist
(try) one.
19Do you feel like (walk) there or shall we (take) a bus?~
I'd rather (go) by bus. Besides, it'll take ages (get) there on foot.
20 All right. When would you like (start)? In a few minutes?-
Oh, let's wait till it stops (rain); otherwise we'll get soaked (walk) to the bus
station.
21The old miser spent all his time (count) his money and (think) up new hiding-
places. He kept (move) it about because he was terrified of (be robbed). He used
(get) up at night sometimes (make) sure it was still there.
22Jack suggested (let) one flat and (keep) the other for myself. But Tom advised
me (sell) the whole house.
51
23The child used (lean) on the gate (watch) the people (go) to work in the
mornings and (come) home in the evenings. And he used to hear them (shout)
greetings to each other and (talk) loudly.
24He soon got (know) most of them and even managed (learn) the greetings.
Then they began (greet) him too on their way to work and sometimes would
stop (talk) to him on their way home.
25He succeeded in (untie) himself, (climb) out of the window and (crawl) along
a narrow ledge to the window of the next room.
26Did you have any trouble (find) the house? ~
No, but I had a lot of difficulty (get) in. Nobody seemed (know) where the key
was.
27Bill couldn't bear (see) anyone (sit) round idly. Whenever he found me (relax)
or (read) he would (produce) a job which, he said, had (be) done at once. I
wasted a morning (perform) his ridiculous tasks and spent the rest of the
weekend (keep) out of his way.
28After (spend) a week in the cottage, he decided that he didn't really enjoy
(live) in the country and began (think) of an excuse for (sell) the cottage and
(return) to London.
29It's no use (argue) with him. You might as well (argue) with a stone wall. He
is incapable of (see) anyone else's point of view
30 I'm delighted (hear) that you can come on Saturday. We are all looking
forward to (see) you. Remember (bring) your rubber boots.
31 He has been charged with (receive) and (sell) stolen goods. He has admitted
(receive) but denies (sell) them. The fact is that he hasn't had time (sell) them
yet.
32 He noticed the helicopter (hover) over the field. Then, to his astonishment, he
saw a rope ladder (be) thrown out and three men (climb) down it. He watched
them (run) across the field and out through a gate. Later he saw a car with four
men in it (come) out of the lane (lead) to the field.
33 He admitted that it was possible that the car happened (be passing) and that
the three men persuaded the driver (give) them a lift; but he thought it much
more likely that they had arranged for the car (pick) them up and that the driver
had been waiting in the lane for the helicopter (drop) them.
34 What about (have) a picnic in Piccadilly Circus? ~
What an extraordinary place (have) a picnic! Fancy (sit) there with the traffic
(swirl) round you and the pigeons (take) bites out of your sandwiches!
35 Would you mind (write) your address on the back of the cheque and (show)
us some proof of your identity?
36 Let's (swim) across. ~
52
I'm not really dressed for (swim). What's wrong with (go) round by the bridge?
9. Complete the following texts using the gerund or the infinitive of the verbs
given in brackets.
A Sue has decided 1) (apply) for a new job. Her mother advised her 2) (write)
to several different companies. Sue would like 3) (work) for a large company
where she can 4) (meet) new people.
Carol is too ill 1) (go) to work today. She has managed 2) (drink) some tea
and now she wants 3) (sleep). Her husband offered 4) (call) the doctor, but Carol
would prefer 5) (wait) and see if she feels better tomorrow.
Daniel would like 1) (get) his teacher a present, but he doesn't know what 2)
(choose). He is thinking of 3) (buy) her a book because he knows that she enjoys
4) (read). His sister will help him 5) (pick) a good one.
D I dislike 1) (shop) because I can't stand 2) (be) in crowded places. If I have to
3) (go) into town, I avoid 4) (visit) shops where there are a lot of people.
E Joan can't afford 1) (go) on holiday this year, but she intends 2) (save) up so
that she can manage 3) (travel) around Europe next summer. She is looking
forward to 4) (visit) a lot of exciting places.
F Countries all over the world have superstitions which some people believe and
others don't. Several superstitions are the same in many countries.
Many people avoid 1) (walk) under ladders, as this is believed to bring bad
luck. Some people expect things 2) (go) wrong on the thirteenth day of the
month, particularly if it's a Friday. Some say you must never 3) (put) up an
umbrella inside the house or 4) (place) a pair of new shoes on the table. In
many places, it is considered unlucky 5) (see) a black cat, while in others this
is thought 6) (be) a symbol of good luck. 7) (Break) a mirror results in seven
years of bad luck and if you spill salt, you must 8) (throw) a pinch of it over
your left shoulder immediately.
These are just a few superstitions which some people believe in. Do you
know any more?
G Flight Attendant: Welcome aboard, sir. I hope you enjoy the flight.
Passenger: Thank you. Unfortunately, I'm afraid of 1) (fly).
Flight Attendant: Don't worry, sir. Just remember 2) (fasten) your seatbelt and
everything will be fine.
Passenger: I don't mean 3) (be) difficult, but I would like 4) (sit) next to
the window. Is that alright?
Flight Attendant: Of course. This seat is free. You can sit here. Would you like
a newspaper to read?
53
Passenger: No, thank you. I prefer 5) (read) books to reading
newspapers.
Flight Attendant: Well, I must 6) (check) on the other passengers now.
Passenger: Oh. I'm sorry for 7) (talk) too much. I'm just very nervous
about the flight.
Flight Attendant: Just try 8) (relax) a little bit, sir. I'll stop 9) (see) how you are
later.
Passenger: Thank you very much. I hate 10) (be) so much trouble.
10. Read the article below and then decide which word or phrase (A C) best
fits each space.
54
on most planes are only just wide enough for the trolleys (15) through. It is often
impossible (16) down the aisle (17) to the toilets, let alone (18) exercise.
The truth is that until we are all prepared to (19) paying rock-bottom
prices for long distance travel, the airlines will have no incentive (20)
conditions. And a return to exclusive and expensive air travel is something
nobody would (21) advocating.
11. Render the following text into English using gerund/ infinitive
constructions and at least 15 active vocabulary units
.
55
,
. , ,
,
. ,
( ).
, ,
, .
.
,
.
, ,
. ,
, - .
:
.
, , ,
, .
,
, ,
.
- . , , -
, .
.
,
.
.
.
.
, ,
, .. , , -
.
56
14 , 22 .
, ,
.
57
VOCAB & SPEAKING
Doubting Thomas
A 'doubting Thomas' is as person who will not believe something without proof,
or without seeing it for themselves.
Down to earth
Someone who is down to earth is not a dreamer but a realistic and practical
person who has sensible reactions and expectations.
To a fault
To say that somebody has a good quality to a fault means that they have a lot, or
even too much, of that quality.
Hard as nails
A person who is as hard as nails is someone very unsympathetic who does not
seem to care about others.
Laughing stock
This expression refers to a person or group that everyone laughs at because they
do something stupid or ridiculous.
58
It runs in the family
This refers to a physical or moral characteristic that is common to many members
of a family
Saving grace
A person who has a saving grace has a quality which prevents them from being
totally bad.
Shrinking violet
A person referred to as a shrinking violet is a timid or shy person.
Smart alec
A smart alec is an annoying self-assertive person who tries to show off how
clever they are.
A wet blanket
A person who is a wet blanket is so boring or unenthusiastic that they prevent
other people from enjoying themselves.
1. Hes a liar, and you cant ask him to do anything for you.
2. He never buys his friends a drink in a bar.
3. She knows exactly what she wants to achieve in life and how to get
there.
4. He listens to other peoples opinions, and knows there are always two
sides to an argument.
5. She just doesnt seem to realise that what she does could hurt other
peoples feelings. Its all Me! Me! Me! with her!
6. She is very quiet and goes red if anyone speaks to her.
7. He loves parties and doing his own thing.
8. Shes always asking questions always wants to know things.
9. She never forgets my birthday.
7. Read the descriptions of different people. Then fill in the gaps with words
from the lesson.
1. Fiona loves parties especially her own. Thats because she likes to
be the centre of attention. Shes very ___________ and
_____________.
2. William loves gossip. He always wants to know what everybody else is
60
up to. Thats because hes ___________ and _____________.
3. Dont invite John. He never buys a drink, and hell probably steal some
of your CDs. Hes _____________ and _____________.
4. What I like about Kate is the way she listens to people, and remembers
small things about them. Shes so ___________ and _____________.
1. What personal qualities do you think are important in the following types of
people?
a. a close friend
b. a wife/ a husband
c. a parent d. a grandparent
e. a colleague
f. a boss
2. How would you describe your own personality?
Interview your partner.
1. Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key words from the text. The
paragraph numbers are given to help you.
2. Read the article, retell it using the active grammar and vocabulary of the unit.
Kenza Drider stood defiantly outside Notre Dame cathedral, adjusting her niqab
to reveal only a glimpse of her eyes. Scores of police with a riot van and several
lorries stood by as she and another woman in a niqab staged a peaceful protest
for the right to dress as they please. On the first day of Frances ban on full
Islamic face-coverings, this was the first test.
Im not here to provoke, but to defend my civil liberties as a French citizen,
said Drider, a 32-year-old mother-of-four from Avignon, accompanied by around
62
10 supporters. Japanese tourists and Spanish schoolchildren fought their way
through TV crews to get a picture of the spectacle. Then police swooped.
Drider had not been stopped on her train journey into Paris. But as she spoke to
journalists at Notre Dame, she was led off by plainclothes police and driven
away along with two protest organisers. Next a woman in a niqab in her 40s
from a Paris suburb was grabbed by a plainclothes officer, who gripped her
tightly and frog-marched her to another police bus. Officers said the women
were not detained for their niqabs but because their protest had not been
authorised.
Under the law promoted by President Nicolas Sarkozy, any Muslim woman
wearing a face veil is now banned from all public places in France, including
when walking down the street, taking a train, going to hospital or collecting her
children from school. Women in niqabs will be effectively under house arrest,
allowed only inside a place of worship or a private car, although they risk being
stopped by traffic police if they drive. But several French police unions
yesterday warned that the law was almost impossible to enforce and that they
would not make it a priority to stop women in full veils walking down the street.
Halima, a 53-year-old mother from Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, who wears a
headscarf, was detained by police for standing silently with the niqab-wearers at
Notre Dame. She said: This is the first time Ive ever protested over anything.
Im not in favour of the niqab, I dont wear it myself. But its wrong for the
government to ban women from dressing how they want. Islamophobia is on the
rise in France. First its the niqab, then theyll ban the jilbab, then it will be plain
headscarves outlawed.
Rachid Nekkaz, a property developer and rights campaigner from the Paris
suburbs, was detained outside the presidents official residence, the Elyse
palace, with a woman in a niqab. Nekkaz, who organised the Notre Dame
protest, had offered to pay niqab wearers fines for breaking the law. He said
police had not wanted to formally caution the woman for wearing a niqab.
Women in face veils risk a 150 (132) fine or citizenship lessons. Police cannot
forcibly remove face coverings in the street but can order women to a police
station to check their identity. The government estimates between 350 and 2,000
women cover their faces in France, out of a total Muslim population of between
four and six million. Some niqab-wearers many of them French converts
vowed to continue going out and to take their cases to the European court of
human rights if stopped by police. Others have moved abroad, while just one
woman told French papers she had permanently removed her face covering.
Another niqab wearer said women she knew would wear bird-flu-style medical
face masks and say they were ill in order to get round the law against covering
your face.
Shop-owners said luxury fashion boutiques near the Champs Elyses were
unlikely to call the police to detain female tourists in niqabs from the Gulf. This
would create a two-tier system between rich tourists and poor French people,
63
one trader complained. Emmanuel Roux from the police union said the law
would be infinitely difficult to apply and infinitely little applied.
Sarkozy, whose polls are at record lows with next years presidential election
looming, has been accused of stigmatising Muslims to boost his support among
far-right voters. Since he declared in 2009 that the burqa was not welcome in
France, women in all forms of veils and head coverings said verbal abuse
against them had increased. Recently the interior minister, Claude Gueant,
suggested the growing number of Muslims in France was a problem. Religious
groups have likened current Islamophobia in France to anti-Jewish feeling
before the second world war.
France has a strict separation of church and state and banned headscarves and all
religious symbols in schools in 2004. Samy Debah, head of the French
Collective against Islamophobia, said: The niqab law is a pretext to reduce the
visibility of Muslims in public spaces. It exposes an old French colonial reflex,
that Arabs and blacks only understand force and you cant talk to them.
Guardian News & Media 2011
First published in The Guardian, 11/04/11
64
2. a verb meaning to force someone to walk somewhere with two people each
holding one of their arms tightly (para 3)
3. a three-word expression meaning officially prevented from leaving your
home, usually because you have committed a political crime (para 4)
4. a three-word expression which is a general term for church, mosque, temple
and so on (para 4)
5. a verb meaning to issue a formal warning (para 6)
6. an adverb meaning involving the use of force (para 7)
7. a three-word expression meaning a system with two levels (para 8)
8. a two-word expression meaning rude or offensive words (para 9)
5. Match the verbs in the left-hand column with the nouns or noun phrases in
the right-hand column.
1. stage a. a law
2. defend b. someones identity
3. enforce c. support
4. pay d. a protest
5. check e. a fine
6. boost f. civil liberties
6. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in brackets at the
end of each sentence.
1. Some people have remained _________________ and say that they will not
obey the new law. [DEFY]
2. The new law bans full-face _________________. [COVER]
3. There is a _________________ election next year. [PRESIDENT]
4. Owner of luxury boutiques are _________________ to call the police to
detain female tourists in niqabs. [LIKELY]
5. Critics say that women in niqabs will _________________ be under house
arrest. [EFFECTIVE]
6. One critic argued that the law was an excuse to reduce the
_________________ of Muslims in public places. [VISIBLE]
8. Comment on the following quotes about manners and traditions. Use the
active vocabulary:
Anyone can be polite to a king. It takes a gentleman to be polite to a beggar.
Anonymous
65
Ceremonies are different in every country, but true politeness is everywhere the
same.
Oliver Goldsmith
Good manners have much to do with the emotions. To make them ring true, one
must feel them, not merely exhibit them.
Amy Vanderbilt
Manners are especially the need of the plain. The pretty can get away with
anything.
Evelyn Waugh
Teach your child to hold his tongue; he'll learn fast enough to speak.
Benjamin Franklin
Tradition is a guide and not a jailer.
W. Somerset Maugham
Traditionalists are pessimists about the future and optimists about the past.
Lewis Mumford
Tradition means giving votes to the most obscure of all classes -- our ancestors. It
is the democracy of the dead.
Gilbert K. Chesterton
66
TEST YOURSELF.
1. Grammar. Choose the correct answer.
1 '...... is very relaxing.'
'I don't agree. I think it's boring.'
A Fish Fishing fish
2 'I can't decide what......to the party.'
'Why don't you wear your blue dress?'
A wear wearing to wear
3 'Did you go to the cinema last night?'
'No. My parents made mefor the exam instead.'
A to study studying study
4 'Did you enjoy your holiday?'
'Yes, but I am glad........home again.'
A being to be be
5 'Shall we go to a restaurant this evening?'
'I'd rather............at home. I'm exhausted.'
A stay staying to stay
6 'Why did you go to the library?'
'...........some books to read.'
A Get Getting get
7 'Why do you want to buy a car?'
'Because I hate..........for the bus every day.'
A waiting wait to wait
8 'Do you have any plans for the summer?'
'Well, Danny suggested....to Spain for a week.'
A go going to go
9 'Shall we go for a picnic on the beach?'
'Oh, no! It's far too cold.....to the beach today.'
A going to go go
10 'What is the matter with Peter?'
'There's no point in........me. I have no idea.'
67
A ask asking to ask
2. Vocab. Suggest active vocabulary units corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. to expect someone to always be there and do things for you even when you do
not show that you are grateful
2. to unfairly get what you want from someone who is easily persuaded to help
you, trust you, or do things for you
5. extremely interesting
7. relaxed in manner and character; not usually worried about other people's
behaviour or things that need to be done
8. not willing to accept ideas or ways of behaving that are different from your own
11.to stop and catch something or someone before they are able to reach a
particular place
15.to put a computer program onto a computer so that the computer can use it
16.needing attention very soon, especially before anything else, because important
68
ACTIVE VOCABULARY.
p. 46 (learn the phrases with take in V6.1 on p.126), laugh (out loud), cringe with
embarrassment, entertaining, mystify, on public transport (on a bus, on a train),
p. 47 engage in conversation (with strangers), break silence, point out, find smth
tricky, get (personal information) out of smb, fascinating, find oneself doing smth,
queue (noun/verb), obey rules, jump a queue/ a queue-jumper, stare angrily at smb,
give smb a service
p. 48 (learn the adjectives in V6.2 on p. 126), be bound/(un)likely/sure to do smth,
may well do smth, I should(nt) think, I dare say
p. 49 do well in an exam, at some point, take an exam, get engaged, have a day off
work
p. 50 (learn the words in V6.3 on p. 126), ingenious, a hard-boiled egg, a
fundamental weakness,
p. 51 intercept, the reign of (Julius Caesar), sophisticated
p. 52 (learn the polite interruptions in RW6.1 on p. 127)
p. 53 turn up late for , keep smb waiting, frustrating, get caught in the rush hour
(a traffic jam, etc.), allow extra (two) hours for the journey, on time (cf. in time)
R6.2 have a go at smb (cf. have a go at smth), cant get a word in (edgeways),
overnight, make friends, sort smth out, commute, apply for a job, stand a chance of
(doing) smth, go for (a job), ambitious, can do smth with ones eyes closed
(standing on head)
R6.4 back in those days, work out how to do smth, break a code, a book on smth,
explain smth in detail_, assume, stick-men [illustrations]
R6.6 urgent, go over smth (=revise), house insurance, install, Fine by me, do smth
first thing (tomorrow morning)
69