Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Krishnarpanam
Krishnarpanam
Krishnarpanam
kmcams kwkvacnbvs
Hmtcm Icn \pdppsa ImepI
tmtcm atlizcenwKambn
]pn sImSnItfmtcmpsa Inem
IeymWIrjvWs sabvhSnhmbv
\memv \mcmbWtat\m
IhNn{Xns IY
\mems BZyIhn Amfp F IpnsdnbbpsS Bcm[\aqnbmbn
\mems ]gbanepmbncp IrjvWNn{Xw. (\memv \mcmbWtat\ms A
am[hnAbpsS A\pPnbmWv Amfp F Ipnsdnb)
Sow D]m-kn-I
1
ktiw
tUm. kph \me-mv kmaqly {]Xn-_--X-bp PohnXw P\-mbn Dgn-
p-h a\p-jy-Xz-ns {]Xn-Om-b-bmWv Fv F\nv \nw-ibw ]d-bp-hm Ign-bpw.
thZ-\-bn Ign-bp At\Iw Pohn-X-v Hcp tUm-dpsS kvt\lw ayqknIv sXdm-n-
bn-eq-sS, kvt\l kv]i-n-eqsS tUm. kphbvv \Ip-hm Ign-n-pv Fv
A`n-am\]qw Rm Hmp-p. \me-mv Xd-hm-Sns B`n-Pm-Xyhpw {]Xn-_
- X
- bpw tIcf-
a-n-t\mSpw ans a-tfmSpw Bthmfw kph \me-mv kan-n-p-v. kz]v\-
a\-n kqn-p-hm-\p--X-, adnv {]hnbn-eqsS {]h\ aWvU-e-n kw`m-
h\ sNt--XmWv Fv sXfn-bn DaamXr-I-bmWv tUm. kph \me-m-v. Fs
kw_-nv a\-n Fhn-sStbm Rm Adn-bmsX hs-nb Fs tPjvT ktlm-Z-cn-
bmWv tUm. kph \me-m-v. kwkvIrX k-I-em-im-ebvv {ioaXn kph-\m-e-m-
n-t\mSpw \me-mv IpSpw-_-n-t\m-Sp-ap IS-mSv hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. Hcp hyn-bpsS Pohn-
X-n Ghpw hne-s--XmWv ]pkvX-I- Pohn-X-n kz-ambn t\Sn-bXpw hmbn-
Xpw, Adn-Xpw, Is-n-bXpw Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-amb {KfpsS tiJcw {ioi--cm-Nmcy
kwkvIrX k-I-em-imbvv D]m-[n-I-fn-msX kw`m-h-\-sNbvX Fs ktlm-Z-cn-tbmSv
Rm\pw k-I-em-imebpw IS-s-n-cn-p-p. k-I-em-im-e-bnse sshhn-[y-am ]T-\-
t{i- W n- b n \ne- s Im- p k- I - e m- i memhnZymn- I pw hcm t]mIp
hnZymnkaq-l-n\pw Ime--tfmfw Aaq-ey-am-bn-cnpw Cu ]pkvXItiJ-c-, {io
i-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k-I-em-im-e-bpsS C\m-j-W kvIq Hm^v {io i-cm--
Uo-kns {]h-\-v tUm. kph \me-]m-ns tkh\w Imwn-p-Ibm-Wv.
Bbppw, Btcm-Kyhpw tNnv ssZhw {]Zm\w sN-t-sbv Bm-ambn {]mn-
pp. Biw-kn-pp
kvt\l-tmsS
kzw
Zneo]v
tUm. Fw.kn Zneo]v Ipam
sshkv Nmkne
{io i-cm-Nmcy kwkvIr-X- k-I-em-ime, ImeSn
2
Biwk
\me-mv Xd-hm-Sns sshm-\nI ss]XrIw IqSp-X Xnf-t- msS aptm-
p-sIm-p-t]m-Ip--Xn al-mb kw`m-h-\-I \In-sm-n-cn-p- hyn-
bmWv {ioaXn tUm. kphW \me-m-v. Ie, XXzNn-, Zi-\w, Ncn{Xw Fo
taJ-e-I-fn A\ym-Zr-i-amb Kth-jW X-c-X-bmWv kphW \me-mv {]ISn-
n-p--Xv. "]-knp' F t]cn {]m-\-{X-b-n\v `mjy-sa-gp-Xnb BZy
h-\n-X-bmb kphW-bpsS {K- `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-ns CuSp-h-bvp-I-
fm-Wv. k]vXXn BtLm-jnp Cu aln-fm-c-Xv\-n\v Xs m\-X]v
A`w-Kpcw XpS-cm ZoLm-bpv \In PK-Zo-iz-c A\p-{K-ln-s Fv Biw-
kn-p-p.
kwKo-X
- n\v tcmK-imn km[n-p-sap Is-n-bXpw [ym\m-I
- a
- mb Cu At\z-
j-W-co-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. AXp ]co-np t\mn nco-I-cn-bpw ^e-{]-Z-amb Hcp kwKo-
X-Nn-In-m-coXn temI-n-em-Zy-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-bpw sNbvXp. cmK--fn GtX-Xp-tcm-K-
n\v GtXXv IqSp-X {]tbm-P\
- {- ]-Zs
- a-p-IqSn ]co-n-d- n-p. Ip-In-p-X
- {- Xbpw temI-
n\v kuP-\y-ambn \In-tm-cp-I-IqSn sNp-p.
{]tXy-Ia
- mb Hcp DmgvN kphbvv hnti-jm-\p-{K-la
- mbn P\m Dv. Bdm-
an-{nbw Fp ]d-bm-hp Hv. AXns {]h-\-n `nbvpw _pnpw Hcp
t]mse m\-ap-X
- mWv Akm-[m-cW
- w. t_m[-ns taJ-eI
- f
- n ]cn-Nn-X
- f
- mb, \nn-
X-\m-a-cq-]- D, Dcp-h--pdw Aaq-km-n-y- kph Is-Sp-p-p.
t\ma Fp ]d-bs
- -Sp Nn-h-
- n-\I
- p \nm-hp-X
- Cu `mh-\. \h-\t- hmta-
j-im-en-\n-bmb {]-bn sXfn-bp-Xv _lp-kz-c-Xbpw h-ssh-hn-[y-hp-a-, ]ns-
sbm, GIm-[n-]-Xn-bmb ioX-f-kq-cy!
`mc-Xob Zmi-\n-IX
- sb ]Sn-m-d Nn-bp-ambn CW-m\pw Ch Xn-ep X-
Xom\pw {ian-p Hcm-fmb kphsb B Hcp Imc-Ww-sIm-p-Xs Rm
BZ-cn-p-p. Fp-sIm-s-m, Cu Imev \psS Ghpw {][m-\-amb [hpw
Ihpw CXm-sW hnizm-k-m-c-\mWv Cubp--h-\pw. Chn-sS-bp--Xp-am-{Xta kXy-am-
bpq Fsm Ahn-sS-bp--sXmw hfsc aps] ChnsS Dm-bn-cpp Fsm A_w
hnNm-cn-msX, kbknsXs \nin-X-amb Im-iy-tmsS hkvXp-X-I ]cn-tim-[n-
m k--am-Ip-I-bm-Wsm Bh-iyw. ta\n----hpw hn\o-X-hn-t[-b-Xz-hpw, cpw,
Hcp-t]mse Am-\-m-sWv kph Adn-bp-p.
4
n-. kph Fs-nepw AlnXw ]d-bp-Isbm {]hn-sbm sNbvXp Fv Bcpw
]cm-Xn-s--Xmbpw Hmp-n-. BS-bm-`-c-W--fnsem tamSn-bnsem {i-bn-. GI-a-I ]Tn-
hpw sXmgn-ep-ambn AI-se-bm-bX
- nns XnIpw GIm-a
- mbn Pohn-p-tmgpw hoWp-
In-nb Ah-kcw [ym\-\n-c-X-bmbn Ign-bm D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
5
]pkvX-Im`n-{]m-b-
6
Hu]-\n-j-Zv]m-c--cy-n Xe-bp-bn-\np {Kw
tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn
(am. `q. BgvN--Xnv 2003 HIvtSm-_ 12-13)
Bdp hn`m-K--fp Hcp D]-\n-j-Zv]-T-\-amWv kp[m-kn-p. a[p-aXn F Hmw
`mK-n ssXn-cn-tbm-]\
- n-j
- v, ItTm-]\
- n-j
- v, sFX-tc-tbm-]\
- n-j
- v, Btbw F
cmw-`m-K-n tizX-tiz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-v, \mcm-b-tWm-]-\n-j-v, IrjvW-ssh-cmPw F
aqmw-`m-K
- n apWvUt- Im-]\
- n-jv, {]ivt\m-]\
- n-jv, {]m-ssh-imJw F \memw
`mK-n amWvUptIym-]-\n-j-v,amWvUq-Iy-Im-cn-I. kphw thZ F Amw-`m-K-
n tIt\m]-\n-j
- v, Omtm-tKym-]\
- n-j
- v, kp[m-knp F Bdmw-`m-K
- n Cuim-
hm-tkym-]-\n-j-v, _ql-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-jv Fn--s\-bmWv ]T-\-{I-aw. _rl-mb
hymJym-\- Hs-qSn Bbn-c-n-e-[nIw t]Pp FSp-ms]m-m {Kw
hmNym-n-tesd em-Wn-Im-n-emWv FSp-m s]mm F ]Zw Rm
{]tbm-Kn-p-X
- v. amkvanJe tJeXp F ap-dn-bnp Xn-n-s-nepw amZr-ic
- mb kmam-
\yv Ffp--n FSpp s]mm-\m-hm Hcp al-mb IrXn Nnc-Im-e-X-]-ns
^ew. t]cp-t]mse CsXmcp IS-ep-X-s-bmWv. Aar-X-hn-Zy-bpsS IS. IXp I-f-hv, Im-
XXv IS-ef
- hv (A-dn-Xv ssIpS-t- bm-fw, Adn-bm-Xv IS-tem-fw) F shfn-]m-Sp-sImv
kmam-\y-cpsS incp Ip\n-p Hcp kpIr-Xn. {K-I{Xn ]n-cp-]-p sImtmf-
ambn D]-\n-j-p--fpsS ISI-S-p-I-Sv FSp kmc-kkzw Cu Aar-X-I-e-i-
n-epv . An-a
- mbn FSp-p-Ip-Sn-m-sav Bsc-nepw \n\-bvp-s-n AXv hymtam-
l-am-Wv. Cu ]T\w {Kln-m\pw thWw Hcp Nnc-Im-e-X-]ky bXv\n-m k--X-bp-m-
bmepw CXn{]-bp--amb sshm-\n-I-a-WvU-e--fpsS ssh]peyw aqew ]e `mK-fpw
]epw AK-ay-am-bn-s Ah-ti-jn-pw. {K-I{Xn-bpsS I-a-WvU-e-amb ico-c-
im-kv{X-n-\p-]p-dt- a, Du-X{- w, ck-X{- w, KWn-Xw, tPymXn-m-kv{Xw, tPmXn-jw, `mjm-
im-kv{Xw, `mc-Xn-bhpw CX-c]
- u-ck
- vXyhpw ]mm-Xyhpw Bb Zi-\
- , kwkvIr-Xw, ]men,
Cwo-jv, {Kov, Xangv apX-emb `mj-I, CuZr-i-amb hnhn[-hn-m-\-im-J-I-fn-ep Bg-
ta-dnb Adnhv hymJym-\
- n {]bp-a
- m-bn-p-v. kmam-\y-cmb A\p-hm-NI
- v Cu hnm-
\-ssh-hnyw Dm-Im-\n-S-bn-m--XpsImmWv H-n-s\mw k-cn-p-Xv ti-I-c-
ambn A\p-`-h-s-Sp-I. Cu ]pXnb hymJym-\-ns aqeyhpw {]k-nbpw Cu hnm\
sshaq-Jy-tmSv _-hp-am-Wv. C-c-n \m\mhnm-\-im-J-I-tfmSv kwtbm-Pn-n-p-
sIm-p Hcp D]-\n-j-Zv]-T\w apmcpw \n-ln-n-p-sp tXmp-n-. ]mm-Xy-cm-
bmepw ]uc-kvXy-cm-bmepw, \nXy-ssN-X\
- y-bX
- n-bpsS ]T-\
- \qX-\h
- n-m-\i
- m-JI-tfbpw
a\-m-kv{X-tbpw h tXmXn D]-bp--am-n-bn-p-s-nepw, Ah-bntmepw Du-
X-{hpw ck-X-{hpw ico-c-im-kv{Xhpw KWn-Xhpw `mjm-im-kv{Xhpw C{X-tbsd hym]-I-
ambn {]bp--am-n-bn-n-. temI-n Cp-h-sc-bp-m-bn-p ka-kvX-im-kv{X-hn-m-
\hpw thZ-f
- n\ntm D]-\n-j
- p-If
- n \ntm DZv`n-a
- m-sWpw Ah-bn-en-m Hpw
Xs B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X-n-en-spw A-ambn hniz-kn-p-Ibpw aqV-amb coXn-I-fn
m]n-m {ian-bpw sNp aX-im-Ty-\n-jv]kao-]-\-a-. Cu ]T-\-n-ep--Xv. Cu
7
{K-c-N-\-bpsS t{]cW tZio-b-X-bpsS Bth-i-a-. Bo-b-X-bp-tSbpw m\-Zi-\-
n-tbpw Bth-i-am-Wv. B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw Fn-\np Nne \nK-a-\--fn Ejn-
amcpw {ioi--c-s\-tm-se-bp D]-\n-j-ZvX-Xz-hn-p-Ifpw Fn-tn-cpp F {]kvXm-
h-\-I Cu {K-n-ep-s-nepw Ah-sbmpw Xs bpn-\o-X-a-m hn`m-h-\--fm-
bn-on-n-.
tNX\= L\-hkvXp X Ne-\-ns hw F ka-hmIyw Xs-bmWv E=Mc2
Fpw (t]Pv 665) kns\ (ssN-X-\ys, Dus) Hgn-p-\nn Du-cm-in-
bmb cmin-a-WvU-e-n \nv hyXy-kvX-ambn Hcp qe-P-Kv Dv Fv Bsc-nepw
Icp-Xp-p-s-n B PKv anYy-bmWv FmWv PK-nYym F-Xn-\w tXtPm-cm-in-
bmb cmin-a-WvU-e-n-tbpw \-{X-{K-lm-Zn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb {_m-WvU-n-tbpw
ss\ccyw i-c Is-n. e-Im-e-ss\-c-cyw Is-nb sFss-t\-m
F{Xtbm Imew apv Pohn i-c-t\bpw D]-\n-j-Zv-E-jn-am-tcbpw aX-]-WvUn-X-m-scp
]dv A]-am-\n-m-\-msX Ah-cpsS imkv{X _pn-tbbpw bpn-tbbpw am\n-m
\apv km[n-msX t]mbXv \n`mKyw Fpw {]mkvXm-hn-p--Xn \nv aX-im-Ty-m
apX-se-Sp-t-m-sa-nepw {K-I{Xn-bpsS \nco-W
-
- aX-im-Ty-P\
- y-a
- . Otm-Ky-n-
ep _e-X-{-]-cm-ais (A-ymbw 7 JWvUw 8) ]n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-tm ]cn-{`-aWw
sNp hmbp-a-WvU-e-ns _ew-sIm-mWv Cu `qan nXn-sN-p--sX D]-\n-jZv
hN\w Kpcp-Xzm-Ij-W-kn-m--ns D]-m-Xm-hm-sWpw Izmw _e-X-{-ns
knm-- X\-Xmb `mj-bn ChnsS Bhn-jvI-cn--s-Sp-p Fpw kan-p-p.
(t]Pv 719-721). AXv COn-p-Xv Ip-]n-Sn-e
-
- . DXv Is-e
- mWv Fv \s t_my-
s-Sp-m Ign-n-pv. Omtm-Ky-n-tbpw _ql-Zm-cW
- y-I
- n-tbpw hymJym-\
- n
(cpw IqSn 750 t]tPmfw hcpw) Poh-im-kv{Xw, ico-c-im-kv{Xw, ck-X-{w, Du-X{w,
apX-emb hnm-\-im-J-I htXm-Xn D]-bp--am-n-bn-cn-p-p. Hcp {Km-h-tem-I-
n Fmw hnh-cn-m e-an--tm. Fnepw NmtmKyw Hmw Aymbw JWvUw
12se siu-h-D-ZvKo-Y-s-n ]d-bmsX h. (t]Pv 507512) iq\-I-Xm-c-sf (Canis major,
Canis minor) DZvKo-Y-n kvXpXn-p-p-shp Xncn--dn-bmsX AXv Hcp ISp ]cn-lm-k-
amWv Fv Nne ]q-hym-Jym-\
- f
- p-m-bn-pv. AsXmcp ]mc-Un-bm-sWv hniz-kn-m
{]bmkw tXmn-bn-cp--Xn-\m, tUm kph-bpsS hymJym\w hmbn--tm-gp-mb
B\mXn-tcIw hnh-cn-m hmp-I-fn-. tizX-\mb izm\-sav D]-\n-j-n. kndn-b-
ns IqsS-bp ss_\-dn-Xmcw sh-p--s\v (White Dwarf) imkv{X-Zi-\w. 1925
am{X-amWv Hcp Ata-cn- Bkvt{Sm-Wa
- AsXmcp sh-p-\
- m-sWp ]d-Xv. kn-
fm-Ir-Xn-bn ]cn{`aWw sNp shfp ip\-Is\ Cu D]-\n-j-n Is-p-tm
ApXw tXmp-nt Fv tUm. kph tNmZn-p-tm, B DZvKoYw ]cn-lm-k-am-
sWv hymJym-\n-h
- v ApXw am{X-a A\p-`h
- s
- -Sm-hp-X
- v. kzm[ym-b
- n-eqsS tPymXn-
jhpw tPymXn-m-kv{X-hhpw Du-X-{hpw kzm[o-\-am-nb kphsb kw_-n-n-S-
tmfw kphw thZ F t]cv tZz[m A\zw Xs. Cu Amw-`m-K
- n-s BapJw
8
Ah kzmym-b
- n-eqsS Du-X{- -ns hnI-kz-c{- ]-]
- s ssIb-S
- n-bn-p-X
- ns
hym]vXw hy-am-pw. kph-bpsS tPymXn-im-kv{X-m\w {ioi-c
- s hymJym-\
- n
Nne-Xns\ tNmZyw sNmt]mepw t{]c-I-am-bn-o k`-apv. OmtmKyw (471 )se
lwkw BZn-Xy-\m-sWv {ioi--c. lwk cq]-n-ep (cygnus) [\n-jvT-sa (A-hn-w)
\-{X-k-aq-l-am-sWv kph bpn-]qw kan-p-p. (t]Pv 585). \ncp--n-
ep Adnhv ]e-tmgpw hymJym-\-n\v A]q-X-b-cp-fp-p. IX-a-i-_vZs ]mcpw
Izm-hp-ambn _-s-Sp-n-bn-p-m-hn-. (t]Pv 472) Xn_- X{-nse _mtUm
(`tXm) `mc-X
- ns cq]m-c
- a
- m-sWv hy-ambncn-p-p. _rl-Zm-cW
- y-tIm-]\
- n-j
- nse
Aizw hniz-amWv Fv ]e ]q-hym-Jym-Xm-fpw Xop ]d-n-p-v. Fm A-c-
kw-Jy-tbmSp _-s-Sp-nbpw CXns\ Dd-n-p hyJym\w ]qtm-a
- s
- -mWv Rm
Icp-Xp--Xv. A. 1. {_w. iIm-chpw aIm-c-hpw 5. ]-`q-Xm--I-{]-]--s-bmWv Ah
Ipdn-p--sXpw {`a-W-cq-]-amb kwkm-c-N-{Is kqNn-n-pp Fpw kNn-{X-ambn
kan-p-p. Bi-b-sf Nn{X--fn-eqsS Zriy-h-XvI-cn-p-Xv Cu {K-n as-hn-
sSbpw In-n-m Hcp hnti-j-co-Xn-bm-bn-cn-p-p. Aym-]-\-n ssUp-I ImWn-
pwt-t]m-ep ^ew CXn-\p-v. Cu {Kw ]Zm-\p-]Zw a\\w sNbvXp a\-n-em--W-sa-
n Npcp-n-bXv CXnse t]Pp-I-fpsS kwJy-sm--ap Znh-k--sf-nepw thn-hcpw.
aqp-sImw CXn X]-p-sN-bvX-Xn\p tij-a-, aqm-gvN-IsImv HmSn-p-hm-bn-mWv
CsX-gp-Xp-X
- v. AXp-sImv Cu Ah-tem-I\w IS-ens\ ssIp-S
- b
- n-sem-Xp-m-\p {iaw-
t]m-se-bm-Wv.
{_-hn-Zy-bvmbn k\ymkw hcn ssat{X-bnbpw A-c-{_-s bm-hIy-
s\-smv hni-Zo-I-cnn {_-hm-Zn-\n-bmb Kmnbpw {]Xy--s-Sp-Xv _ql-Zm-c-Wy-I-
n-em-W-tm. {]mY-anI hnZym-`ym-k-sa, ]c-a-hn-Zym-`ym-khpw kv{XoIv \njn-tam
A{]m-]ytam Bbn-cp-n-sv m]n-p B D]-\n-jv Am-ev kv{Xop-m-bn-
cp AwKo-Im-chpw ta[-hn-\n-I-tfmSv ]pcp-j-mp-m-bn-cp BZ-chpw {]Jym-]n-p-p-
v. a[y-Im-e--fn B DXvIj-n\v a-tep. {ItaW AhIq-nse X--I-fm-bn.
B[p-\nI `mcXw Cub-h--bn\nv Dbns-gp-t-n-p-s-nepw X\-Xmb Hcp Nn-\-
[m-c-bn-eqsS ]pcp-j-msc hnkva-bn-n-m (k-abw Cm--h-cm-pI F A-n-
epw) Ignbp--h hncfw Xs. thZ--fnepw D]-\n-j-p--fnepw ]T\ Kth-j-W- \S-
nb iIp--fm-dm-hp-im-kv{Xn-sb-tm-ep--h, ]mm-Xycpw ]uc-kvXy-cp-amb ]qn-I
sXfnbn- hgn-bn-eqsS k-cn-n-t-bp-q. tUm. kph kz-amb Hc-]{- K-Y\
- a
- mw ]pXp-
Xmbn sXfn-bn-n-cn-b
- m-Wv. C{X-tbsd hnm-\i
- m-JI
- Ac-p-Ie
- n Imnpdpn IpSn-
-Xns Huj-[-hocyw {]k-cn-p Hcp D]-\n-j-Zv]-T\w \nh-ln ]pcp-j-mt]mepw
Dsp tXmp-n-. AXn-\m Cu \h-bp-K-{_--hm-Zn-\nv kvtXm{X-an-m DZy-an-
p-tm, hmp-I \nh--fm-Ip-p.
hep-w-sImv {]map-Jy-an-s-nepw Bi-b-K-l-\-X-bn A{]-XonX-ambn Icp-X-s-
Sp Cuim-hm-ky-n\v \s-p-dp eta Cu {K-n \I-s-n-p-q. AXv
9
Fp-sIm-m-sWv hy-a-s-nepw AXnse {]Xn-]m-Zy-n\v B[p-\n-I-im-kv{X--tfmSv
_-s--am-\- Ipd-hm-sW--Xmhmw Imc-W-sav Duln-t-n-bn-cn-p-p. 3,4 a{-
-fpsS hymJym-\-n Acw am\- kqNn-n-n-p-v. Fm `K-h-ZvKoXbnse
\njvIm-aI
- -tbm-K
- ns Bew-_s
- a \nebvv Cuim-hmky-n-\p {]m[m\yw IqSp-
X hnh-cn-t--Xm-bn-cp-sv tXmn. \njvIm-a-I-X-Xz-ns _oP-sa \nebvpw
[t\m-]-t`m-K-tI-{o-Ir-X-am-b-Po-hn-X-\n-co--W-n-s\-Xn-cm-bp Hcp DZvt_m-[-\-sa
\nebvpw am\-h-k-a-Xz-tI-{n-X-amb Hcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ns ASn-m-\-cq-]-tc-J-sb
\nebvpw Cuim-hm-ky-nse Hmw a{-ns D-cm-n-\p {]k-nbpw
{]m[m\yhpw CXp-t]msemcp ]T-\-{K--n IqSp-X Du \tI hnj-b--fm-
bn-cp-p Fv Icp-Xp--h-cp-m-hpw. BZy-s-a{w k\ym-kn-psXv ktm-Nn-n-
t--Xp-tm. HXmw a{w ]WvUn-X-msc Htsd Ipg-n-bn-p-sv Nqn-m-Wn--
s-n-p-v. Ipg--n \nv Xopw c-s-Sp-p Hcp \hy-k-ao-]\w hnizm-ky-
amb coXn-bn Ah-X-cn-np ImWp-n-. AXp-t]mse Ahn-Zy-bm-arXpw XoXzm hnZymbm
Aar-X-aiv\ptX F ]Xn-s\mmw a{m-hym-Jym-\hpw A]-cym-]vX-am-bn-tm-n.
thtZm-]-\n-j-p- DssS Fm Adn-hp-Ifpw euIn-I-coXym {]bp--am-Ip-tm
Ahn-Zybpw Bdmw a{-n kqNn-n-p k-`q-ssX-Iy-t_m-[m-\p-`q-Xn-hn-Zybpw (A-]-
cm-hn-Zy Fpw ]cm-hnZy Fpw bYm-{Iaw apWvU-I-n) BsWv ]d-b-s-n-p-v. B
\nebvv Ahn-Zy-bm-arXypw XoXzm F-Xns\ hcpw Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS kvarXn-bn arXn-h-
cmsX Pohn-m AhnZy DXIpw Fv hymJym-\n-p--Xn\v D]-]-n-bp--tm. 17mw
a{-nse IrXw kvac F DZvt_m-[\w CXn-tev kqN-I-hp-am-Wv. Fm Cu arXyp-
k-c
- Ww sImv Aar-XXz {]m]vXn-bn-. k-`q-ssX-Iy-t_m-[m-\p-`qXn F hnZy-sImp
am{Xta AXp kmy-am-Iq. hnZym-\p-`q-Xn-bp-m-bmepw AXn Alw-_p-n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb
cXn Bth-in-m Xtam-tem-I-n-te-p-Xs \n]-Xn-p-sa ap-dn-bn-mWv 9mw tmI-
n \Ip--sXpw hymJym-X-am-bn--n-p-v. m\w, `n, Iw F aqp
tbmK-nepw Cu \njvIm-a-XXzw {]k--am-sWv \nt-in-p Cuim-h-mky-Zi-\-
n\v KoX-bn ]c-a-{]m-[m\yw \I-s-n-p--tm. thZ-hm-Z-c-X-cm-bn, Imamm-fm-bn,
k-]-c-cmbn t`mssKiz-cy-{]-k--cmbn bmKm-Zn-Im-\p-jvTm\w \n-ln-p--hsc `K-
h-ZvKo-X-bn Xmgvn-s-p--Xn\v (242.44) Cuim-hm-kyhpw apWvU-Ihpw t{]c-I-am-bn-p-
sv hy-am-Wv.
thZ-f
- nse {]Xo-Im-I
- a
- {- -v ]e-tmgpw B[n-`u-Xn-Ihpw Bym-n-Ihpw
B[n-ssZ-hn-Ih
- p-amb A-f
- pv Fv A`n-Zin-s
- -n-p-v. B[n-ssZ-hn-Im-
kphn-kvar-X-ambn D]-\y-kn-p tUm. kph apWvU-tIm-]-\n-j-nse Zzm kp]m
Fp XpS-p thZ-a-{-n\v EtKz-Z-{]-I-c-W-n Nne Nqn-m-n-bn-p B[n-ssZ-
hn-Ims ]n {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-Im-Wp-n-. cmw JWvU
- nse 11mw a{-n-\v, Ks
tPymXn-m-kv{X-Zi-\hpw _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-n-t-Xn sPmv Zi-\-co-Xnbpw hnh-cn-p-
p-s-nepw Ch-bn \np Innb XXz-_o-P- \p-h-fn ]mm-Xy-a-\x-m-kv{X-
10
(bppw em\pw apw) Bhn-jvI-cn ]-Xn-I-sf-n ]cm-ain-p-n-. Du-X-
{-n o^tlm-nv hsc-bp imkv{X--m-cpsS Nn-Isf D]-\n-j--z--
tfmSp ka-\z-bn-nv {]Xn-]m-Zn-p-p-v. i-cs AssZz-X-tbpw {Km v bqWn-^n-t-
j Xnb-dn-tbbpw Iqn-tp-pv (t]Pv 559) i-cia-W-hn-tcm-[n-bm-bn-cp-n Fp
m]n-m thn-S-tmfw _p-Zi-\-tbpw i-c-Zi-\-tbpw Bg-n ]Tn-n-
cn-p-p. (t]Pv 817).
Cu {K-nse Hcp sshI-eyw, ISpIp hdp-n--t]mse s]mn-In-S-p A-c-
sp-I-fpsS karn-bm-Wv. cmw ]Xn-n Ch ]cn-lr-X-am-Ip-sav Icp-Xmw. Hcp
CUIvkpw CXp-t]msemcp al-Zv{K--n\v Bh-iy-apv.
11
kwKoXw Hm-bmWv
Bjm-ta-t\m
Hm-bn \np-Xs XpS-s. Ap-hjw apv BRvPt- \-b
- {- X-n, Atbm-
[y-bnse {]kn--amb l\p-am t{Xw, sNp Ib-dn-bXv kwKo-Xs Ipdn-p \n\-hp-
I {ihn-n-pI Fp Icp-Xn-bm-bn-cp-n-. Hcp]mSp ]g--ap Cu _nw_w _me-l-\p-
am-t-Xm-Wv. Ipcp-t-{X-ntem knwe-bntem D Iq amcpXn hn{K-l
- n\p _Z, Atbm-
y-bnse Hcp {]mNo\ Hfn, \n-bw, ChnsS Is-mw. `-cpsS, IqSp-Xepw kv{XoI-fm-
Wv, \nc--c-{]-hm-l-am-Wv. Ipsd ]S-hp-I tIdn sNv thWw _me-l-\p-am\v ]pjv]tam
ametbm Nmm. kc-bp-hn \nv Ipfn-s-nb F\n-v, B ImgvN BIj-I-ambn
tXmn. D-tc-y-m-cpsS {][m\ tZh-X-I, KW-]-Xnbpw l\p-am-\p-am-sW--Xns\ ASn-
h-c-bn-Sp B Xncv As\ \np IXv Hm-bp-v. sshm-I-c-W-s\ \ne-bv-,
l\p-am-\p {]knn kwKo-X--s\ \ne-bvm-Wv. Cu _mey-nepw kwKoXw {Kmly-
am-bn-cptm l\p-am\v. kqcy\p t\sc kph-^e
- s
- apw Nnnv IpXn-p {]mb-nepw,
cmam-b-W-n Fhn-sS-sb-nepw l\p-ams kwKo-tXm-p-JX {]I-S-am-hptm Fv Xn-an-
. Fnepw kwKo-tXm-]m-k-Iv Ftmgpw Imayw \mc-Z-s\-m-tfsd l\p-am-\m-Wv. tNc
tNmf ]mWvUy kwkvIr-Xn-bn kwKo-Xm-`y-k\w tI{o-I-cn-n-p-Xv l\p-am-\n-em-sWp
]d-Xv tUm. kph \me-m-m-Wv. Cu teJ\w kwKo-X-s-p-dn-s--Xn-t\-m
Ah-cpsS ssh`-h--sf-p-dn-m-Wv. CXn-\p-ap-v, cmh-Ws ]m-acw t]mse, \mc-Zs
\mc-Z-`n Iev]-e-X-t]m-se, Hcp kvt{Xm{Xw l\p-ams t]cn {]mam-Wy-amn-n-n-.
\nn-ti-ja
- mb `n Hp-sIm-p-am{Xw l\p-ams kwKoXw ]pWy-Xc
- a
- m-bX
- m-Wv. kwKoXw
kkys am{X-a, ine-tbbpw Aen-bn-p-sa Dul-n\p ]nn l\p-am-sbpw \mc-
Z-sbpw kwKo-tXm-o-e\
-
- ns Hcp IY-bp-v. K-am-Z\
-
- n Hcn- l\p-ams kwKo-
X-n\v ImtXmp \np-I-bp-m-bn. \mc-Z alm-hn-jvWp-hns IrXy-amb \nt-im-
\p-km-cn-bmbn. kwKoXw Id-Xov A`y-kn--W-sa-n t]mth-Xv l\p-ams kao-]-am-
Wv. iwJ-N-{I-K-Zm-]w am{X-a alm-hn-jvWp-hn-t\mSv A\z-bn-pI apcfn IqSn-bm-Wv. AXm-
hs, inhs Ua-cp-sh-m-tfsd eb-_--hp-am-Wv. l\p-ams {ipXn {]hm-l-n kzbw
ad \mc-Z\v Xs hoW ]md-bn shspw kwKo-X-ns kmc-amb {ipXn am[p-cn-
bn ine-{Z-h-a-b-am-sbpw F{X tNtXm-l-c-amb IY-I-fmWv Cu ss]Xr-I-n. CXn-\n-S-
bn Dd-p-t]mb hoW \mc-Z Xs Bem-]\w sImv hrYm-hn Xncn-s-Sp-m
{ian--s{X. ]md Aen--Xn-. hopw BRvPt\-b Aar-X-hjn-Wn-bn B inem-I-W-
sf Aen-bn-p-Ibpw \mc-Z\v hoW ]p\e_v[-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvX IY-bpsS cmK-kq{Xw
C{X-bp-am-Wv. l\p-ams kpNy{Kw t]mep tNX\ [ym\m-m-I-amb \n-l-W-v
Ghpw kap-Nn-X-amb Hm-Wv. \mc-Z-s\-tmse Hp hyh-lm-c--fn amcpXn `mK`m-m-bn-
cp-n--tm.
tUm. kph \me-m-ns Kw`ocka-\z-b-amb cmK-Nn-In-m-ar-X-n, amcpXn
inesb {Zho-`-hnn IY Hmn-p-p-v, cmKNnIn--bpsS ]q-N-cn-{X-n. Hw
12
{ioIrjvWs ]pm-p-g ]ip]n-Isf t]mepw hnkvar-Xn-bn-em-nb IYbpw cmK
NnIn \S-n-b-Xmbn ]cm-ain-s-nepw kwKo-X-ns Aar-X-hm-ln\n a\p-jy-i-co-c-
n am{X-a-, CXc Ncm-N-cfn-epw Gevp kqN\ \evIppv. kp{ip-X cmK-
D]-tbm-Knv tcmKn-I-fn ktm-l\w Df-hm-n-bXv IY-b-. iey-Nn-In-bvv {]mcw-`-am-
bmWv Atlw AXv Ah-ew-_n-p--Xv. Aizn-\o-tZ-h-I-fpsS im_vZn-I-t`-jPw t]mepw, Hcp
coXn-bn hmkvX-h-tmSv ASpp \n]p-v. te]-\--fn-eqsS sXmen-bpsS Npfn-hp-I
\nI-m-sa-Xv Akw-`-hy-a--tm. Imb-I-ev]-am-hs sXmen--Ipw ]pd-p-ap {]mbm-
[n-Iy--fmWv amn-sm-Sp-p-I.
cmK-Nn-In-m-ar-Xw-t]m-es Hcp Kth-jW {Kw kv]in-p-tm Hcp-]mSv Icp-
X-ep-I Bh-iy-ap-v. tcmKhpw cmKhpw am{X-a ChnsS sIp-]n-W-bp--Xv, [ym\hpw
kz]v\hpw IqSn-bmWv. Ch Xn-ep tNtXm-l-c-amb ka-\zbw Xs-bmWv {]kvXpX
{Ks B[n-Im-cn-Ia
- m-p-I. hnhn[ aWvUe
-
- f
- nse Adn-hp-sIm-p-am{Xw Cuhn-[s
- amcp
{Kw Df-hm-Ip-Ib
- n-. A\p-`q-tXym-p-Ja
- mb Hcp tNX-\I
- qSn AXn anSn-t-X
- p-v. kp{ip-
X-s\mw XymK-cmPkzmanbpw Xncp-m\kw_-cpw cmK-Nn-In sNbvXn-cp-X
- mbn Ah
]d-bp-tm, AXns kzmckyw thdn--Xm-Wv. BkmwK-Xy-n {]kvXpX kwKo-X--
cpsS Bem-]- a\-n-em--s-n-cp-n-s-nepw kwKo-Xw, a\p-jy-i-co-c-n Fs\
lnX-I-c-am-sWv Ah Cu _rl-Zv{K--n Bap-J-n kqNn-n-p-p-v. a\p-jy\v
Hcp _tbm saUn- sk^v Ds-Xv \apv Nne-tm- ]pXp-Xmbn tXmmw. kz`m-
hhpw kzXz-hp-am-Wt- m. \mw km[m-cW _np ImWm-dv. ]t Cu kz`m-h
- n\p ]nn,
a\p-jy-i-co-c-nse {Kn-Ifpw {kmh-fpw ck-X-{hpw {]h-\--a-am-hp-sv \mw
Dsm-t--Xp-am-Wv. Hcp kky-t-m Gsd ko-am-bn-s, B Nbm-]-Nbw
kZm kw`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. AXn-\ms, kky- As\ tcmK-h-i-K-cm-hp-
n-.
An-I-fn \nv apc-fn-I
Ghpw {]mNo-\-amb kwKo-tXm-]-I-cWw \p-Wntbm iX-X-{ntbm angmthm A,
AXv a\p-jy-i-cocw Xs-bm-Wv. \mZ-{_--ns IW-nI-I, Cu t]in-Ifnsem-sbpw
{Kn-I-fn-sem-sbpw \nln-X-am-Wv. AXn-\m Km-{X-ho-W, C-c-n Km-{X-ho-W-sb-p-
dnv Hcp iI-e-X-m\w t]mep-an-m \nbmUXm a\p-jy\pw arX-cmb Iq Pohn-
I-fpsS Fp-I sImv ]pm-p-g \nn-n-cp--Xmbpw Ah-bnepw kwKo-Xw, Ftm
coXn-bn ]pd-s-Sp-hn-n-cp--Xmbpw tcJ-I-fp-ss{X. tUm. s{^U-dnIv knw_K Cu
\nbmUXm a\p-jys NmXp-cn-sb-n An-ap-c-fn-I, Fsmcp hnNn-{X-k--e-\w
\njvIjnp ]d-n-p-v. Cy cmK-, Kmm-cw, ]-aw, ss[h-Xw, jUvPw XpS-
nb kzc-fpw hmbn-m-sav Isnbncn-p-p. kwKo-X-ns ckm-\p-`hw akvXn-
jv-ns tImi--fp-ambn Cg tN-s-n-cn-p-p. ]q-Imew sXmt, Hm-bpsS
tImi-fpw Chn-sS--s-bm-Wv. akvXn-jv-ns aqmw AS-cn, a\p-jy-cm-inv Hcp
t{]mtm-ln-d- n, ]q-Nc
- n{Xw Hcp ]t tcJ-s-Sp-m-\m-hmsX t]mb-Xv Ds-Xv hmkvX-
13
h-am-Wv. AXns\mw Hcp s{]mtm-ayq-knpw Cu tlmtam-km-n-b-cn-ep-v, \n-bw, kwKo-
Xw, ]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp Hmsb sXmp-Wp-p-sh--Xv, Atm Ihn-X-b-, intcm-tIm-
i-kw-_-n-bmb Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-hp-p. Poh-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp ss]XrIw Xs-bmWv
Cu hmk-\, Pmc-hm-k-\-sbpw ]d-bmw. kwKo-X-kz-c- ]pd-s-Sp-hn-m Ign-Xv
a\p-jy-i-co-c-nse Ap-X-{]-Xn-`m-k-am-sWv Umhn, Xs ]cn-Wma kw_-n-bmb
At\z-jW
-
- n-Sv Fgp-Xp-Ib
- p-m-bn. 1871 AXn\v F{Xtbm apm-hWw \mw t\cs
]cm-ain \nbmUm a\p-jy Poh-hm-bpsh An-If
- nse kpjn-c
- f
- n-eqsS hn\y-
kn-m apXn-Xv. apc-fn,v Xo-bmbpw \mZ-kz-c
- n\pw, Hcp khn-ti-jX
- b
- p-Xv \n
{in-n-cn--Ww. {]mW-hm-bpsh BWv AhnsS kwKo-X-]--hn-I-fmbn ]cn-hn-n-p-I.
N-hm-Zy-tfm X{o-hm-Zy-tfm hn{ip-X-amb iX-X-{n-t]m-eptam Poh-K-Xn-b kwKo-X-
am-p-I.
jm-bnbpw apcfn t]mse-X-s, Poh-hm-bp-sh, Ah-\-hs izmk-K-Xn-sb, kzc-aq-bn-
se-n-m t]m-h-bm-Wv. hmbp-hn-\v, hm\-n Km\w sNp--sX Aw k]n-
-s-n-p-v. (hn-jvWp-kl
- {- k-\m-a
- n) `qan-bmsI Pohs ]pWy-Kw ]c-p-Xv hmbp-
hm-Wv. Pe-nepw kwKoXw anSn-p-sa-nepw AXns Xpf-I hn{`m-a-I-am-Wv. ]pdsa ico-c-
nse Pe-IW
- n-II
- As\ COm-\p-km-cn-bm-bn {- k-hn-n-pI Akm-[y-am-Wv. AXn-\m
izmk-KX
- n-bpsS A]m-\\pw DZm-\\pw hym\-\p-wDs-. Am-bp-hns Xmfm-I
- X ]pcm-
X-\-amb Cu kw_w a\-n-em-p-tm cmK-Nn-In Fs\ Imcy--a-am-Ip-p F-
tX-p-dnv \apv kt-l--fn-. Cu izmk-K-Xn-v, \n-b-ambpw Hcp Xmf-hy-h--bp-v.
AXns Xosc t\ hyXn-N-e-\- kv]in--dn-p-sIm-mWv Poha-imbv Hmtcm
tcmKn-bp-sS-bpw Bbpv \n-bn-X
- v. amXr-kv]
- \
-
- ns sshJcn Gp-hm-n-sm-mWv
Hmtcm iniphpw K`-]m-{X-ns ]in-a-bn cq]w sImp-I. {]]--n\v AXn-t-Xmb
lmtam-WnIvkv Dspw AXns kqva-amb Nc-W-amWv a\p-jy-Po-hn-bn kv]n-p-
-sXpw tUm. kph \me-mv Fgp-Xp-p. Cu Xmf-{I-a-n\v F-s\tbm hnOnn
hcp-tm-gmWv tcmK-X. Cu Xmf-{I-aw ]p\e-`n-p-tm, tcmKw amdp-p. ssPh-c-k-X-{-
{]-[m-\-amb kzXzw Dsp ]d--tm. tlmtam-Wp-I, Ah-bn \np {Zh-,
B-cn-I-amb kp-e-\-{I-aw, s]mm-ky-n-tbpw tkmUn-b-n-tbpw apw A\p-]m-X-
, Pehpw Impw Xobpw `mK-`m-mhp--h. Ch-sbm-s-bmWv Ftbpw \n-tfbpw
kph-\m-e-m-n-s\--sbpw km[y-am-p--Xv. tlman-tbm-m-kn-kv, As-n B-
cn-I-amb iam-h CXn \np Xs-bmWv IXns]m-pXv. CXn-\m-h-s, {]Ir-Xn-bp-
ambn, {]]--hp-ambn KmV-am-b- Nm-I-fp-v. \mZ-e-btbmKsa kwKo-tXm-]m-k-\-sb-
p-dnv ]d-bp-tm Ah kky--fpsS {][m-\-[w Bcm-bp-p. kqcy-{]-Imiw t\cnp
hen-s-Spv kzbw Aw krn-p--h-bmWv h\-kv]-Xn-I, {]Im-i-k--e\w Fv \ma-
Xns\ a\-n-em-n-bn-p-v. Ch-bpsS \nb-a{- ]-Im-ca
- p Iqp-sImt {XntZmj kmay-tmsS
\ncm-ab
- \
- mbn (B-ab
-
- Xoc) Hcp hyn, kv{Xotbm, ]pcp-jt- \m. ]pe-cp-Ib
- p-q, A-
]qt-iz-cn-bmb {]Ir-Xn Aw sImv ]q-bmb {]Ir-Xn \psS qe icocw
14
krnXv [m-\p-k-m-\-n-\mWv. ico-c-amZyw Jep [-km-[\w, ico-c-ap-s-nte
ico-cm-Xo-XX
- z-n-tev Ib-dn-s-m-hq. Cu {]{In-bI
- f
- n-sem-sbpw A\m-Zy-a
- mb Hcp Xmfw
kv]n-p-p-shp ImWp-I. kwKo-X-ns km-seu-In-IXzw Xs-bm-W-Xv. `mjm-t`-Z-
-p-dw, ico-c-t`-Z--p-dw
amXw-Ks IY
Cy-bpsS kwKo-X-]m-c-cyw F A[ym-b-n amXw-Ks _rl-tZ-in-sb-p-dnv
Nne Abm-Ym-n-Xn-I-kq-N-\-I-fp-v. Xs Imes kwKo-X-im-kv{Xs kwt-]n-p-
tm aXw-K, i_-c-m, ]pfn--m XpS-nb BZn-a-h-mv ss\]pWn Dm-bn-cp-
-Xmbn A`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p. tbmKhpw X{hpw kwKo-X-im-kv{X-n Dtn-cn-p-p.
\nbmU Xm a\p-jy, `n-jU
- vPhpw taml-\hpw ]mSp {]mIr-X\
- m-bn-cp-X
- p-t]mse
aXw-K\pw At-ls ap\n Fp hnti-jn-n-p-p-s-nepw Hcp tKm{Xn-bm-bn-cn--Ww.
aXw-K F ]Z-n\v kwkvIr-X-n hnhn-[m--fp-v. ap\n-sb-tm A-Zn--P--
fn-sem-stm taL-satm XoY-satm Hs. kwKoXw htc-Wy-h-m-cp-tSXp am{X-
sa k]w Bsc-nepw hp ]pen-bn-p-s-n AXv ChnsS \n`oIw Xncp--
s-Sp-Ib
- m-Wv. NWvUm-es
- \ Ahpw aXw-K\
- p-v. NWvUm-e {_m-Wk
- v{Xo-bn Aw_-
jvT-\mb ]pcp-js _oPm-hm]w aqe-amWv Pw t\Sp-I. Aw_-jvT sshZy-\m-Wv. hmZy-{]-
_--n IpS-h-n, bXn AYhm P Fsmcp {]tbm-K-ap-v. CSv \npp
F kmwK-Xy-n bXn ap\n-bp-ambn \mw ]t A\z-bn-n-p-v. aXw-K i_-cn-a-e-bn
Pohn-bpw icocw tbmKm-n-bn Pzen-n--bpw sNbvXp-shpw B tbmKmn hj-n-
sem-cn- Znp-Isf {]Im-in-n-p-sImv BIm-i-n tKmN-co-`-hn-pp Fpw BZn-
a-h-m hniz-knp t]mp. aI-c-tPym-Xnsb CXn-t\mSp kmZr-iy-s-Spn Nne Btem-
N-\-I hn-p-v. aXw-K, btY-w ]mSn--Sv Ima-Nm-cn-bmbn kcn--tm-gmWv B\-
-tl-Xp-I-amb As`#u-a-kw-KoXw Df-hm-b-Xv. tZio kwKo-X-ns _rl-mb {K-amWv
_rl-tZ-in. Cy kwKo-X-ns P-m-\-m-WXv \ne-sIm-p-I. `mc-Xn-bmb Ima-sa-
-Xv, kwKo-Xm--jn-bm-b, `mh-cm-K-Xm-f-k-a-\zn-X-am-b Ima-ns t]cp-X-s-bm-Wv, sXp-
Isf C{]-Imcw kwKo-X-hp-ambn Cg-tNp- asm-cp-]Zw thsd GXp kwkvIr-Xn-bn-ep-an-
sp Xs \ncq-]n-mw.
cmK-, cmK-Nn-In- F{]-Imcw a\-ns\, ico-cs B{Zo-`-hn-n-p-sav Bcm-
bp--Xn\v apv, Fs kZm--I-amb kwi-b-n\v AdpXn tXSp--sX-s\sb Btem-
N\ hcp-p-h-tm. kwKoX \n`-c-amb Hcp kzXz-n ssh]-co-Xy- hp-`-hn--cp-sX-
mWv C{Xbpw aIn-gvN-Ipw tijw \msa-t Hcp \n-bw. ]s AXv A-s\-
b--tm. kwKo-X-ps AKm-[X kzbw A\p-`-h-s Fw. Un. cma-\m-Y Ap-Z-h-i-K-
\m-bn-cp-p. alm-cm-P-]pcw km\w hne--W-amb Hcp Imd-]-I-S-n B Xmf-hn-Onn
At-l-n \nv _mly-am-bn-cp-sv D-bn-m-epw Imew sNbvXp. Hcp sNsstbm
_nkvan-m-Jmt\m am{X-amWv X-fpsS Bhr-n-I, kpK-a-ambn ]cy-h-km-\n-n--Xv. CXn\v
15
AdpXn tXSm-sa hymtamlw eh-te-i-an-msX Cs\ hcpw hcmbvI GXp cmK-Nn-In--
pw kw`-hy-amWv Fv NqpI am{Xta DtZy-iy-ap-p. Fm cmK-Nn-In-Ipw Ap-d-
amWv Pohs BZy-h-km-\-. As-n AXn-\n-S-bvp kzc-t`-Z-. kwKo-X-sc
Cuiz-c-Xp-ey-cmbn ]cn-{K-ln tmZv sehn-kv{Smkv \qsmp hb-s-p-tm-tgpw `oXn-Z-
amb h{In--I ]nn-p-I-gn-n-cp-p. AXp-t]mse F{Xtbm ]mm-Xy-kw-Ko-X-{]-`m-h,
]pm-p-g-ens\ am[p-cy-ns koam-Xn-X-Xz-n-tev \bn alm-enwKw Xs Pohn-Xm-h-
km\w hn-Y-a-RvPcn-I-fm-n-o-tm.-A-dn-bp-I, A\p-`-hn-pI F A\yp-kyq-X-{]-
{In-b-bn-eqsS {_m-\--tkm-Z-c-amb euIn-Im-\w kzwio-I-cn--h-cm-bn-cp-p. Ah-scmw
kwKoXns sshj-W-bn-IX t`Zn Bfm-bn-cpp Fw.-Un. cma-\m-Y Fp-IqSn hy-
am-s
- . am[pcyw F Ah-b
-
- , At-l
- ns kwKo-X
- n-\v, Bg-f
- nse QWm-
c-am-Wv. a\p-jys hmgvhv Cn[w QWm-c- sImp \nd--Xm-hs. Cn-[w- hcpw
hcm-bvII-v ]mtS hnt[-b-am-hpp Fp ]d-p- sh-s.
cmK-Nn-In--bpsS ia-\-
cmK-Nn-In-b
- psS `hn-jy-p-s
- f-p-dnv ]cm-ain-p-X
- n\p apv \mZ-eb
-
- ns
Hc-\p-`hw kv]in-t--Xp-v. ss`chn Hcp \mZ-amWv F teJ\w, Rm Adn-bmsX
Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv. ss`chn Pohcm-K-amWv Fv Adn-bmsX (k-a-Im-enI ae-bm-f-n Xs,
\mep-hjw apv) ]t Ip-pSn sshZy-\m-Y At_m-[-mh--bn InS-n-cp Xs
]nXm-hns\ t_m[-a-WvU-e-n-tev B\-bn-Xv {]mXx Ime-p XpS-bmb ss`c-hn-
\m-Zm--em]-\-bn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-p. hb-ens X{n-I-fnse ktm-l-\w, B ]nXm-hns akvXn-
jvc
- {- -sf Xpd-n-p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-p. AS-p-t]mb kvarXn-bpsS Nmep-If
- n-tev Bgv\n-
d-nb kzc-am-h- Hcp `nj-Kz-cs \nt-i-{]-Imcw Xs-bmWv Ip-pSn sshZy-
\m-Y An-[samcp NnIn-bvv Xp\nXv. kwKo-X-ns B{Z-X-{]-`m-h-s-p-dnv
B `nj-Kz-c\pw ]cn-W-X-{]--\m-bn-cn--Ww. ap Huj-[--fn Nne-sX-nepw F]Xv
Ign B hrs ico-c-n-tev sNn-p-m-h-Ww. ]t At-l-ns intcm-tIm-
i- Ghpw {Inbm--I-ambn DW-s--Xv, B hb-en Bem-]-\-bnse ss`c-hn-bn-em-
Wv.
cmK-Nn-In Hcp tlmfn-nIv k{-Zm-b-amWv Ah-ew-_n-p--Xv. tcmKnsb apgp-h-
\mbpw AXv kao-]n-p-p. ]cn-N-cn-p-p. B hyn-bpsS B-cn-Ihpw _mly-hp-amb
{]hm-l- AXv ]cn-K-Wn-p-p. ico-c-n a-_n-p- F-Xp-t]mse im-_n-p-
-fp-ap-v. Ch-bpsS kp-e\w GsXmcp ico-c-n-tbpw kp-e-\-n\v A\n-hm-cy-hp-am-
Wv. lrZ-bX
- mf {Iao-Ic
- W
-
- n, Hcp t]kvta-d- m-bn, kv]-Im-cI
- a
- mbn kwKo-Xs B{i-
bn-m-sap sXfn-bn--Xv, lmkpw (1980)t_-k-\p-am-sWv (1992) \mw ChnsS hmbn-p-p.
Bip-]{Xn hmkw sImp ]ncn-ap-dp-- BhXpw KWy-ambn Ipd-bvm Cu cmK-
km-n[yw {]tbm-P\
- s
- -Sp-p. Ipdp-Ip-ge
- ns kucyw F\np ]d-p-X Fs apXn
kplrv BPntbmmn Ignv InS-p-tm, IrjvWm \o t_Ks\ _mtcm F
ba IeymWn Io\w tIv Gsd kz-Nn--\mbn `hn Imcyw Cubn-sS-bmWv ]d-
16
-Xv. B {ihym-\p-`hw At-ls adp InS- GsXm-stbm arZp-\n-\-hp-I-fn-tev
\bn-s
- {X. ^etam Fs-n-m {]im-n. acWw t]mepw Imay-am-bn-os-v Atlw
a-l-knp sImv ]d-Xv Hm-bp-v. Hcp Xc-n \psS Iem-]-hm-k-\-I-sf, IpX-
d-ep-I-sf, ao-`-hnn--bmWv Cu Xmfm--I-kz-\-. ip`-]-p-h-cmfn tI-dn Hcp a\v
GsX-nepw Bbp[w Im-fp-In-sv Fgp-Xn-bXv Gsd apm-Wv. cmK NnIn-m-ar-X-s-
n C{X-sbmpw [cn-m \mfp-I-fn. kvarXntI{-sf {]tNm-Zn-n-p-hm kwKo-Xw-
t]mse asm-cp-]m[n Dsv tXmp-n-. kmln-Xytam Nn{XIetbm inev]-I-etbm Hs
AXn\v F{Xtbm ]nd-In-em-Wv. a\-ns\ ebn-n-p Hmtcm kwKo-Xm-\p-`h
- hpw \s GsXm-
stbm lnX-Im-cn-bmb Hm-I-fn-tevXs sImp-t]m-Ip-p. Hm-bpsS Nmep-I
AS-p-t]mb Bssj-takv tcmKn-Iv Cu kwKoXw Hc-\p-{K-l-am-Ip-p. Ah Ft-
p-ambn AS-p-t]m-bn-n-s-n, cmK-Nn-In--sb-Xv kmz-\-tl-Xp-hm-Wv. AmsX
imkv{X{In-btm Poh cm Huj-[-tm ]Icw \nevp H-sv kv]-am-
t--Xp-v. ]meo-tb-ohv thZ\ ian-n-m DX-Ipp F \ne-bn-em-Wv Cu cmK-hn-\ym-
k- {]k--am-hp-I. a-X-bn-te-mWv Ah \psS Nbm-]-N-b-hy-h--Isf \bn-p-I.
aq-bn-te--. lrkv]--am-bmepw EXp-Xm-f-am-bmepw {Iao-I-cn--s-Sp-pXv B-cn-I-
amb kam-h--bn-em-Wv. cmK-\n-_--amb Io-\-, hmZ-\-I Cu iam-h-bvv
Gw t{]c-I-am-hp-p-v. Ch-sIm-v, \mw Adn-bmsX {]Xn-tcm-[-tijn hn-n-t-mw.
tizX-c-m-Wp--fpsS kwJy A`n-e-j-Wo-b-ambn IqSntbmw Aan-X-amb tImi-h-f
sImv Iogvs-Sp-p Ap-Z-tcm-Kn-I-fn, Cn-[-samcp [\m--I-amb a\v F{X {][m-
\-am-sWv ]d-tb--Xn-. GXp Huj-[-t-m, ]e-tmgpw Ccw tcmKn-I Imwn-
p-I. kvt\l-k---amb, cmK-k---amb kml-N-cy--fm-Wv. Hcp kwKo-X-N-c-W-ns
XpS-bm-bp kmn[yw Cu {]{In-bsb Gsd kpK-a-am-n-op-p. thZ-\-i-an-n-
sSp-I F-Xns {]kn Hpw Ffp-X--tm, GXp tcmKn-bnepw
t{]mtm kwKoXw km[y-am-hp-Xv t{]mtm-a-\v tlXp-hm-Wv. {Zhyhpw Duhpw
Xn-ep A\p-kyq-X-amb Hcp hn\n-a-b-amWv {]]--s-s Dcp-hm-p-I. a\p-jy\pw
AXp-t]mse arK-n\pw kky-n\pw Ah-cp-tS-Xmb I-\--fp-v. ]cn-Nn-X-amb Bhr-
n-I-fn `mj Bhn`-hn-p--Xn\p apv {]Ir-Xn-bn kwKoXw Df-hm-bn-cp-p. apf--
p-I, \Zo-P-e-nse Imv, ]qsam-p-I-fpsS hncn-b Ch-tbhbpw kwKo-Xm--I-am-Wv.
t{]mtm ayqknIv, t{]mtm ssaUn-s\-p-dnv Nne Adn-hp-I \apv {]Zm\w sNp-p-
v. Fm-bn-Spw a\v F Bibw cq]w sImnv A[n-I-am-bn-n-. \Jm-{K-n,
\yqtdm-Wp-I-fn, \mUo-hyq-l-n, ssatmtm{Un-b-bn, \yqtdm-{Smkvan--dp-I-fn
Fmw a\p Xs-bmWv ka-n-a-\-v, AYhm tImkvanIv ssaUv. Imo-ky ]mc-
ssU-an-se t]mse ChnsS hn`-P-\--fn-, a\-v, icocw Fn--s\, ]I-cw, \mw Hcp
Ahn-On-X
- s
- b-p-dnp am{Xw hy{K-cm-hp-p. Cu Du-kw-lnX \ntcm-[\
-
- t- f-Xp-an-msX
]cn-]m-en-s
- -Sp-X
- mWv kzkvXn. Xmfm-I
- a
- mb AhnsS hnp-_v[a
- mb {]Ir-Xn-bn-. {]im-
-am-\-k-amb {]IrXn am{Xw. a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-n Aln-X-I-c--fmb hnf-bm-- Htsd
17
kw`-hn-n-p-v. ]t An[w {Iqc-X-Ism-sbpw ]nd-In Ak-p-en-X-amb Hcp ]T-
t\m-p-I-amb {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hm-\-I-pdw A[n-Im-c-Kn-bm-b, Ahn-th-In-bmb a\p-
jys Imcy-{I-a- ]t, AXn\v GXp cmK-Nn-In--bmWv {]bp--am-hpI F-dn-p-
Iq-Sm. Aym-nItNZ-\-sbm-gn-sI.
kp{ip-X Xs iey-Nn-In--bn, kPdn Xs, Ah-ew-_n ktm-l-\-hn-Zy,
\mw ]cm-ain Xmfm--I-Xsb A\p-io-en-p--Xm-Wv. aZ-\-Im-a-cm-P-s\ t]cp Hcp
sNSn-bpsS Cebpw taml-\-cm-Khpw D]-tbm-Kn-m-Wv kp{ip-X, tcmKn-Isf t_m[-c-ln-X-cm-
n-bn-cp--Xv. ktm-l\w F-Xns [z\n A\p-k-cnv. CXn-\p-ti-j-amtWm Ap-\,
alm-`m-c-X-I-Y-bn ktm-l-\mkv{Xw {]tbm-Kn--sX-sms Nnnmw DW-bn-tev
hcp-tm, kwKoXw {]`-hn-X-am-Ip-p.
kwKoXw \ne-bvp-tm a\pw ico-chpw \njv]--am-hp-p. acn--Xn\v kwKo-X-an-
-tm. \mw Adn-bmsX Xs hlnp sImp \S-p-Xv ]pcm-X-\-amb Hcp kwKo-X-hm-ln-
\n-bm-Wv. \psS B-c-tIm-i-fpw c-{]-hm-lhpw Du tI{-fpw Hs Ds-
Sp Hcp _rl-mb Hm-kv{S. XpS-bmb t]mp-h-c-hp-I. kky-Pm-Xnsb arKm-Pm-
Xn-tbmSpw arK-Pm-Xnsb a\p-jy-Pm-Xn-tbmSpw a\p-jy-Pm-Xnsb {]]--ns Xcw-K-k--
tbmSpw CW-p-p-sh--XmWv Cu {K-ns A{]-Jym-]n-X-amb ZuXyw Fp IqSn
tXmp-p. {]]--hp-ambn DZv{K-Yn--s-Sp Hcp tlmkw A\p-`hw F-s\-tbm, Cu
cmK-kz-e-X-bn \nv Z-am-hp-p.
tUm. kph \me-mv F kv{Xobn Hcp ssat{X-bo-k D-Xmbn apsm-cn-
kqNn-n-n-p-v. Bm-t\z-j-W-v, `mc-Xo-b-amb ss]Xr-I-n, Hcp kv{Xov
XnIpw Al-amb `qanI \I-s-n-cptm FXv X-hn-j-b-am-Wv. Ah ChnsS D-
bn-p--Xp-t]mse Hcp kv{Xo cNn GsX-nepw Zmi-\n-I-IrXn \ap-n--tm. Ncn-{X-m-
fp-I-fnepw Ah hnkvar-X-am-b-Xm-tWm. kwkvIm-c-ns kv{Xo]Nn-I-fn-emWv aoc-bpsS
`n-\n`-c-amb BJym-\-ap--Xv. Hcp ]t CXc kwkvIr-Xn-I-fn-sem-p-an-m Hcp ]oTw
kv{Xov A\p-h-Znp sImSp-Xv ChnsS am{X-am-hmw. ssat{X-bn-bpsS Zrmw Xs aXn-
b-tm. sshjvWhn Fp-IqSn hnti-jn-n-m-hp Cu km[zn tcmK-Zinbpw cmK-Zinbpw
kz]v\-Zin-bp-am-sWv BZyw kv]-am-n-b-Xm-Wv. ]pd-ta, Ah kz]v\-n Zin
hn{`m-n-I, bpv Ahsb {]Im-tim-ZvK-a--sf-mWv hnfn-p-I, Aev]-sa-nepw Pohn-X-
n-tev sImcp-m Ign-n-p-s--XmWv Fs a\-n-em-, A{X-tmfw \n-
aX Ah-cn Dudn-s-fn-n-cn-p-p. Aar-Xm-\--a-bnsb Kpcp-hmbn ImWm Ign-bn-s
[oc-amb Xpd-p-]d-
- n Cu \n-aX
- b
- n- \nv Dcp-hm-bX
- m-Wv. kmt-Xn-I
- m\w sImv
kp--amb Cu cmK-Nn-In-m-arXw \s cmK-kz-e-cm-p-p-sh-Xv Fs A\p-`-h-am-Wv.
{]Xy-`n--bpsS \nZi\w aqe-am-hWw AXv. Cu ]pkvXIw cNn-Xv AhcpsS Adp-]Xmw
hb-n-em-Wv. Ign Hcp iXm-_vZ-n \mw Ccw Hcp `mhp-I-Xz-n-tev hf-cp-I-bm-
bn-cp-sv Xncn--dn-bp-tm \mw Gsd IrXm-cm-hp-p. AhcpsS kv]X-Xn-p cmKm-
en Cs\ aon \ndp-s
18
\mem-m-ns kph-\q
tUm. ]n. kc-kzXn
BZyw A-c
- sImpw ]ns kzcw sImpw Xncn-d- n Adnhpw kvt\lhpw
Iqn-Ip-gv Dunb hnZq-jn A-s\tb F\np hnti-jn-n-m Ign-bq. alm-ta-cp-hns
apnse sam-pp t]mse Hcp Ipp Rm. Fnpw Fs hnfn-m\pw Hcp-]mSp
kwkm-cn-m\pw A`n-\-n-m\pw kabw Is-nb tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-cn. AsX B\--
ns kph \qep-t]mse kph \me-m-v.
Iw sImv tUmIvSd- m-bnpw a\-n Ipn-mew apXt apfp ]S kmln-
Xy-ns Xfn-cn-e-I hm-sampw IqSmsX ]cn-c-n-p. al-cw Fv Hpw kwi-bn-
msX ]d-bm-hp At\Iw {K- ae-bm-f
- nepw Cwo-jnepw cNn-p. Xangpw kwkvIr-
Xhpw a[p-tcm-Zm-c-ambn Xs \mhnepw Fgp-nepw HgpIn ]Sp. ApXw cNn-pI
kzbw Ah ssSv sNp-I. sNdn-sbmcp kwi-b-n\v tNmZy-n\v adp-Nn-v CSw sImSp-
msX {Ia-ambn Xs Xs Nn-Isf Ah-X-cn-n-p-I. CsXms Akm-[m-cW
hynXznt\ Ign-bq. shdpsX ]d--X Rm\n-sXmpw kXyw am{Xw.
At\z-j-W-amWv kph \me-m-ns k-i-n-bpsS clkyw Fp ]d-bmw.
Hmtcm cN-\bpw Hmtcm ]pXnb At\z-j-W-am-Wv. Hcp Nn{X-Im-cs kqva-Zr-n-tbmsS Hcp
inev]n-bpsS GIm-{K-amb \nmW Iui-e-tmsS Hcp Ihn-bpsS hnImc Xmc-fy-tmsS
Hcp Kpcp-hns B ka-W-tm-sS-bmWv Cu \me-m-p-Imcn Xs Ismv Nmn-
bn-cn-p--Xv. kp[mknp, Xma-c-q-, Aar-X-tPym-Xn, ]pg-bpsS IY, Cysb Is-
, hcm-l-an-ln-cs ]-kn-m-n-I-bn-eq-sS, \me-m-ns N{I-hmf sNp-cp-fn, Hcp
Ime-L--ns Hm-bvv, ]knp, ap{Z, km{m-\-w, a[p-c-ebw, sku-hw,
Cs A, kpZi-\, \mZ-e-b-kn-p, {io hnZym-{]-m-\-{Xbw Fn-s\ Hcp ]mSp
{K- cNn-n-p-v. CXn {iohnZym {]m-\-{X-bw am{Xw aXn B _pnbpw ss\]p-
Wyhpw a\-n-em-m. efnXm kl-{k-\m-a-nse Hmtcm hmp-I hymJym\w \In-bn-
cn-p-p. AtXm Xopw efn-X-am-bnp Xs Nne A\p-_--fpw CXn-ep-v. `mh-t\m-]-
\n-jv {io `mkvI-c-cm-bs `mjyw, hcn-h-kym-c-lkyw {io `mkvI-c-cm-b-a-Jn-bpsS {]Imi
`mjy-k-lnXw hymJym-\n-n-p-v. ASp-p-Xs ]pd-n-d-p IrjvW`n-bpsS Akm-
[m-c-W-amb IrjvW-KoXn `mjm-km-ln-Xy-n\v A]q-amb t\-am-bn-cn-pw.
\me-mpIpSpw_w kmln-Xy-ns \oam-X-f-q--fm-sWv \ap--dn-bmw. IrjvW-
`-nbpw Chv ]mc--cy-ambn e`n knn-bmWv. Fnepw GX-nepw IrjvWZi-\w
ioe-am-nb tNn-sb-t]mse A\n-b-nbpw IrjvW-eo-e-I-fn A`n-c-an-p--h-fm-Wv. Hcp
`-sb \ne-bn F{X-tmfw `K-hm-\n eo\-bm-bn-cn-p-pthm A{X-Xs A-bmbpw
XmZmyw {]m]n-p-p. A\p-cmKsshh-iy-tm amXr-hm--ey-amWv a\v Npcv
]pd-t-sm-gp-Ip-Xv AXp-sIm-m-W-tm.
A Xm-\--m-em-gn-t-p-hm
]q \nemshmfn Xo-ht\
19
Fv sNmn-bXv v v kzXzw hmp-I-fm-b-s\ ]mem-gn-bmbn Hgp-Ip-I-bt? Hma-\-
p- tKmhn- _e-cm-a-s\-qsS IqSm-sX....... F ssIsIm--n-fn-m-ns\ Hmn-n-
pp Fn-epcpf F Imhy-`mKw hdp-p-tcn ]Xn- s\p-Iqnb Dcpf \evIp Hcp
km[m-cW ae-bmfn A-bpsS a\-t Am-Sn-bnse Cu A-bvv. AXp sImt
B\--Zm-bI \n hncp-n ]p
Rms\{X hw Ien-cnq Fv ]d-Xv
emfnpemfnp amtdm-S-W-np
]mep sImSp Rm [\y-[\y
F samgn Hc--bpsS a\-ns A\p-k-c-W-at?
s]npw Ipn-I-fn-m \n
s]mn-sbm-tcmp hnf-p-t]mse F tZh-In-bpsS KZvKZw s\Sp-hotmsS kzbw
kmz-\n-n-pp
Ftm-a-epn \n\-o-I-en-bpK
an-se-b--bm-bnp Rm\pw Fv a{n-p-sImv amXr-Xz-ns alXzw.
`mc-Xo-b-Zi-\-n\v ]q-N-{s tim` t\Sp-Xv IrjvW IY-bn-em-Wv. hrm-h-\hpw
cmk-eo-ebpw hn-p-tmgpw amXr-Xz-ns kv]\w Xs-bmWv apg-n-tIp--
Xv. IrjvWs\ amdn-am-dn-sb-Sp-p tKm]n-I-am, ASp-psh Acn-Xn-f-p-Xp t]mepw
{in-msX sNtmcn hmbv ae Xpd-p- Nncn-\p-I-cm sh ImWn-phcmWv.
AbpsS anX-Xz-n \nv Iman-\n-bpsS emky-n-tev ]Imw \S-p- cmk-eo-
e-bnepw
Rm \ns KoX-bmbv amdn-bm-te-Ip-e
kv{Xo [-sa-n kq-am-hq Fv cXnsb `n-bm-p cmk-hn-Zy {]-I-S-
am-p {]Wbw Cg-tImp In-cn-sh `n-bpsS hnip-n.
\ns Npgp Npgp Ifn-p
kp-camw {Kl-hyq-l-ambn
\o ]p shnb Ima-tIm---fn
hopapcpfpw Rm `qa-nbm-bn Fp ]d-bpp Hpw kwi-b-an-msX Xs ASp-
f aYp-c-bpsS XS-h-d-bmbn amdn, Dn--c-n sXfnp tIp Ihn Xs a\-
n \npw thWp-\m-Z
- ns am[pcyw Xpf-p Ihn-Xm-iI
- e
- a
- mbn ]pd-tsmgpIpp.
tbmKn-I am{Xw Kanpw ckmhw Ima-\n-sb-n \nd--h-t\.... Fv samgn-bp-tm
tcmam--ap-W-cp ljm-\--ns Aym--X-e-n-tev Ihn, `, Iman-\n, A
Fn-s\ ]pcp-jm- t]mse {]h-ln-p-Ib
- m-Wv. Hmb \ns ]e-Xmbn ImWp
tamlw k-a\
- p-jy\pw D-XmWv Fnepw F\nv \ns am{Xta ImtWp Adn-tbp
20
Fv ASn-h-c-bnv Ihn ]d-bp-p-ap-v. Hmtcm P-nepw \o hcpp Rm\pw. cl-ky-ambn
\ns kman-]y-n Rm can-p-p-ap-v. As-n Xs Am-Sn-- t]mIp-tm
Imfn-n-t]mepw Icv KXn amdn Hgp-Ip-p. Atm ]ns Ips]mm-Xn-cn-ptam tKm]n-
I. kv{Xo apJ-ns \m\m h- shfn-s-Sp-p-tmgpw A\n-b-n-bmbn, A-
bn-tep Xs Ihn a\v Fn \np-p F-XmWv kph \mem-m-ns hnP-bw.
`mj ]qp Xfnp hnImcw hnXdpw hn[-amWv kph \me-m-ns Hmtcm
hmpw. km{m-\--nse Ihn-X-I hmbn-ptm Xo-bmbpw CXv t_my-sSpw
Adntm Adn-bm-sXtbm Zzz-`m-h--fpsS ck-I-c-amb hnfn tN-ep-I Ihn-X-bn
Ahn-Sh
- nsS ImW-s-Sp-X
- m-Wv. Hscm am{X-bn Cu ZznapJw ad-bp-Ibpw hop-aXv mbn-
`m-h-n-tev GI-Xm-\-X-tbmsS Xncnp hcn-Ibpw sNp-p. Xncp-hm-Xnc \nemhv Hgp-In-sb-
nb kpZn-\-n Fgp-Xm XpS-n-bXp sImm-hptam Cusbmcp at\m-`mhw Xo--
t]mse Pzen-p Xmcw. \o hcp \nem-hns Xtem-S-emtWm km{m-\--ns B\
KoXnv \nZm\w? Ccp-]Xp Ihn-XI
- f
- n \ndp \np IrjvW kzcq-]
- ns sXfnw
cm{Xn-bnse anm-an-\p-ns sh-n Xnfpw `qan-t]mse kp-c-am-bn-cn-p-p.
Hcp Aym-]n-I-bpsS apn-en-cnpw t]mse-bmWv kph \mem-m-Sns cN-\-I-fn-
tev IS-p-tm-gs A\p-`hw \smcp Kpcp-hn-s\-t]mse sNdnb Imcy--fn t]mepw
kqnv hni-Zmwiw Nqn-mn injy-a-\-n-tep Aar-Xmbn Fnpw t]mse Fgp-Xp-
Xpw AXn-\
- p-da
- p-Xpw ]dp Xnt Cu hnZqjn ]nhm-q. Bpw kwi-b
- ns
sNdp-hn-c-e-\-m Hcp ]gpXpw Ah Xcn-. Ah-[m-\-]qw Ahsc ]n XpS-cp-Itb
thp.
kz]v\- {]h-N-\-i-n-tbmsS Xtm-sSm--ap-sv kph \mem-mv ]d-bp-
p. Hcp {]m]-n-Is kz]v\-a adnv Ase#u-InI Zi-\w. Adn-hns In\mhv AXy-
]q-amb A\p-`-h-amWv I-cm-am-bW Im-hmb I kz]v\-n kc-kzXo Zi-\-
ap-m-bn-mWv cma-IY cNn-X
- v. {K-f
- psS kz]v\w hnm-\
- ns, At\z-jn-bpsS kPo-
h-ssN-X\yw A\p-`-h-s-Sp-p-p. Imfn-bs Xmgv Xebvp t]mepw bpK--fmbn
BSnbXns Xmf-{I-a-amWv ans tcmam--ambn amdp--sXv ]d-bm\pw Imfn-b\pw
X\npw tamw {]mn-m\pw Adn-hns kmm-XvIm-ca
- mb Cu Ihnt Ignbq Fpw
\n-Sn-bmcmWv R-sfv kzbw t_my-s-Sp-n-smp Xs Bm-hn cmK--sfm-
sbpw \n tlma-m ]qp-e-bpp Fv a{n-m\pw Ihnp Ign-bp-p-h-tm.
Hw ALy-n-e-\mbn sXfnv Aar-Xm-\w Xcp Xcq Fv ]mSm\pw km[n-p-p.
kXyw. kph \em-m-n-t\mSpw ]d-bm-\p-Xv Cu hmp-I Xs-bm-Wv. Fgp-]-Xns
\nd-hn kqcy-IXncp-t]mse {]Im-inp \ns ]d-tms, Imhy-ns amXr-km-n-
y-ambn IrjvW-Xz-ns iyma-`w-Kn-bmbn C\nbpw C\nbpw a\-p-I-fn kph\qembv
sXfnv ann {]Im-in--s.
21
A\z-iz-c-amb A-c-hn-m\w
Fw. B. cmtP-jv.
(hym-k-hn-c-Nn-X-amb {_-kq{Xw F thZm--Zi-\-n\v tUm. kph \me-mv cNn
{_-knp F `mjyspdnv am.-`q.B.].. BKkvXv 6122006)
thZm--hn-Nn-\w kmy-am-Ip--Xn\v B[p-\n-I-A-m-Z-anIv ]WvUn-X ]np-S-cp--
Xn\v hyXy-kvXa
- mbn Hcp amXr-Im-]
- Xn ]v `mc-X
- n-ep-m-bn-cp-p. thZ-]T
- \
-
- n\v, AXm-
bXv thZm-t_m-[-\-n\v, jUw-K-fpw, D]mw-K-fpw ]Tn-pI FXv AXy-m-t]-
n-X-amb Hm-bn-cp-p. in, Iev]w, hymI-c-Ww, \ncp-w, O-v, tPymXnjw Fn--
s\-bp jUw-K- IqSmsX kmwJyw, sshti-jnIw, tbmKw, \ymbw, aoamw-k, thZmw
Fn-s
- \-bp Bdv D]mw-K
- fpw ]Tn-p-Is
- b-X
- m-bn-cpp Cu ]-Xn. I]n-es kmwJy-
Zi\w \nP-i-y-`n-hytx kzXx {]mamWyw (5.51) Fv thZs hne-bn-cp-p-p. AXm-
bXv ]c-am-mhv \nP-in AYhm kzm`m-hn-I-i-n-bm {]I-S-am-n-b-Xn-\m thZw kzXx
{]mam-Wy-am-sWp Icp-Xmw. tbmK-Zi-\-n, k Gj ]qt-jm-a]n KpcpxImte-\m-\-h-
tO-ZmXv (1.26) Fpw \ymb-Zi-\-n am-bpt-Z-{]m-am-Wy-h XXv {]mam-Wy-am-]vX-
{]m-am-Wy-sapw sshti-jn-I-n, XZz-N-\m-Zm-av\mb ky {]mamWyw (1.1.3)F-pw, imkv{X-
tbm-\n-XzmZv (1.1.3)Fv thZm--Zi-\-nepw, HuXv]-n-I-IkvXp i_vZ-kymtY\ Fn-
s\ aowam-km-Zi-\-nepw thZ-ns {]mam-Wn-IX AwKo-I-cn-p--Xmbn ImWmw.
thZm--Zi-\-n\v CS-m-ev Gsd {]mNpcyw e`n-p. {ioi--cm-Nm-cy {]m-\-
{X-b
- n\v `mjyw cNn-t- XmsS `K-hZ- vKo-Xb
- vpw. Ztim-]\
- n-j
- p-, {_-kq-{Xw Fnh
Htc Xc-n-ep Bi-b-km-m-XvIm-c-ns cP-X-tc-J-I-fmbn amdn. cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-\pw,
am[z-\pw, \nw_m-\p-sams Cu hgn ]np-S-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. {_-kq{Xw F thZm-
-Zi-\-n\v \nc-h[n hymJym-\-fpw `mjy-fpw Dm-bn-pv {_-knp F-t]-
cn kph \me-mv {_-kq-{X-n\v CuZr-i-amb Hcp hymJym-\-\nn-Xnbvv apXn-cp-
-Xns a\x-mkv{Xw hymJym-Xm-hp- Xs shfn-s-Sp-p-p.
Hcp]mSv kv{Xo]-Nn--I am[y-a-m-fp-I-fn \ndp\np Ime-L--am-
WnXv. `mcy-bpw, Abpw, aI-fpw, Imap-Inbpw ktlm-Zc
- nbpw DtZym-K
- b
- p-amb kv{XobpsS
{]iv\-, H-\-h[n N sN-s-Sp-p. Ch-bvn-S-bn _un-Ihpw Bo-b-hp-ambn
]q-hn-Imkw {]m]n-m shp kv{XobpsS {]iv\-sf Fm-hcpw hnkva-cn-p-p.
As-n hnkvacn-p--Xp-t]mse \Sn-p-p. Bdm-bncw hj-am-bnv Cy-bn Fp-
sImv Hcp kv{Xobpw {]m-\-{Xbw sXmn-. Kmn, D`-b-`m-cXn Fn-h Cu hnj-b-
n Ah-Km-l-ap--h-cm-bn-cn--Ww. ]s Ah-cp-tS-Xmbn Hscm {Kw t]mepw Fp-
sImv \ap-n-. _pn-Po-hn-Ifpw Am-Z-anIv Xe-n tim`n-p--hcpw D-X-m\w
Ae--cn-p--h-cp-ambn ]e kv{XoIfpw \ap-pv Fm Cuhn-[-ap taJ-e-I-fn Ah-
cpsS Nn FpsIm-vI-Sp sNn-. tNmZy- tNmZn-p--X-m-sX, Bcpw B taJ-e-
Isf kv]in-m {iaw \S-p--Xmbn ImWp-n-. m\-hpw, [ym\-hp-ap--h Krl-
-cm-bmepw k\ym-kn-am-cmWv Fv i-c-s\-tmse ss[cy-ambn {]Jy-]n-m Ft \ap-
22
m-hp-n-. b-h-evIys Pohn-X-n Kmnpw ssat{X-bnpw Dm-bn-cp Akq-
bm-h-l-amb m\w Cv GsX-nepw kv{Xo]p-cp-j-mv Dtm? i-cs D`-b-`m-c-Xn-
sb kc-k-hmWntbmSp A]q lrZ-b-_--ns ]cn-ipn Cv GsX-nepw
kv{Xo]p-cp-j-m-cn Dm-bmepw AXv AwKo-I-cn-m-\p lrZ-b-ss\aeyw kaq-l-n-
\ptm ]ptcm-KXn sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bn am{Xw t]mc kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn Db Nn-ip-n-
bnepw Dm-h-Ww. Ima-ap-hpw kulr-Z-m kpc-`n-ehpw B\--a-b-hp-amb kwhm-Z-
, PmXn-h aX-enw-K-cm-jv{So-bmZn t`Z-`m-h-\-I-Xo-X-ambn \n--chpw A\p-kyq-
X-hpambn kw`-hn-m-\p Npp-]mSv Dm-Ip-tm-gmWv Hcp P\X kzX-{-am-sWv ]d-bm-
\m-hp-I. ico-cm-Xo-X-amb AXo-{nb tNmZ-\-I-fn-eqsS Pm--c-\n-tbmKw t]mse hp-tN-
cp kulr-Z-- f
- psS ssZho-IX Bkz-Zn-m\pw AXv {]]-\
-
- b
- vmbn D]-tbm-Kn-m\pw
Ign-bp-tm Bj-`m-c-X-ss]-XrIw kwc-np Fpw, hcpw-X-e-ap-d-Iv amXr-I-I-fm-
sbpw \ap--`n-am-\n-mw. (t]Pv 6)
Cs\ kzX-{-amb ]pXn-sbmcp {]Im-i-tcJ hc-bvbmWv kph \me-m-v.
`mc-Xo-b-Zi-\--fpsS Ghpw henb khn-ti-jX Ah-bpsS hyh-lm-cn-I-]--am-Ip-p.
At\-I-{]-Im-c-n ZpxJ--fm Dg-dp a\p-jy-cpsS cmK-tZz-j-fpw Ahn-Zybpw Cm-
Xmn tam-{]m]vXn ssIh-cn-bvm klm-bn-pI F-XmWv Cu Zi-\--fp-sS-sbmw
BZy-e-yw. `mc-Xob Zi-\--fpsS cm-as hntijX A-Xns Bim-hm-Z-am-Ip-p.
hnt-hIn-I Cu PK-ns kwkm-c-km-K-cs \nXm--Zpx-J-a-bambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-p-p.
Cu ZpxJ-n\p ImcWw {ZjvSmhpw Zriyhpw Xn-ep kwtbm-K-as{X. Cu ZpxJs
Cm-Xm-m-\p hgn-I ]cym-tem-Nn-Ww. AXv Bim-]-c-amb Zrn-bm-Ip-p. `mc-Xo-b-
Zi-\-ns aqm-as hnti-j-X -A-Xnv ss\Xn-I-hy-h--bn-ep hnizm-k-am-Ip-p.
GsXmcp I-amtWm a\p-jy sNp-Xv AXns tem]w Hcn-epw Dm-Im-Xn-cn-p-
p. B I--fn A]q-ns krn-bpm-hp-p. Cu A]qw ^temXv]-n-
bpsS {][m\ Imc-W-am-Ip-p. \ymb sshti-jn-I-fn Cu A]q-n\v AZr--sa
kw-bmWv \In-bn-p--Xv.
`mc-Xob Zi-\-ns \mem-as hnti-jX I-kn-m--am-Ip-p. a\p-jy
sNp I-fpsS \miw Hcn-epw kw`-hn-pnsp a{X-a, AXns ^ew A\p-
`-hn-t-nbpw hcp-p. Am-a-Xm-bp--hn-tijw tam-am-s-p-dn-p \nt-i-am-
Ipp. kwkm-c-n _-p ImcWw Ahn-Zy-bm-Wv. Ahn-Zy-bm _\w Dm-
Ip-p. m\-m apnbpw Poh-\-bm-]\-n\v cpam--fm-Wp--Xv. t{]bpw,
tam-hpw. a\p-jy ca-Wob hnj-b--fn canv kwkm-c-n {]hn-p-p. Cu
{]hn-bpsS aqe-Im-c-W-am-Ipp cmKhpw tZzj-hpw. Cu t{]b-amw Xs a\p-jy\v
]e-tmgpw At[m-KXn hcp-p-p. t{ib-amw a\p-jys awK-f-ns aqe-am-Ip-p. Zi-
\-Im-c-m Cu awK-f-am-n Bcq-V-am-Ip--Xn-\mbn ba-\n-b-a--fm-hp Amw-K-tbm-
Ks hn[m\w sNp-p. {Xnhn-[--fmb ]m]-sf Cm-Xmn {_-{]m-]vXn-mbn al-
mb {]b-Xv\hpw AXn-eqsS ]pcp-jmw ssIh-cn-m-\p am-\nt-ihpw thZm--
23
Zi-\-n {]bp--am-bXp ImWmw.
ChnsS thZmw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-Ip--Xns \nZi-\- sImv Cu `mjyw {it-
b-am-Ip-p. km[-c-W-K-Xn-bn B[p-\nItemI-p Hcp nX-{]-s `mh-lm-hm-Zn-
Isf hne-bn-cp-p-I F `mjy-{]-IrXn {K-Imcn kzoI-cn-X
- n-\p sXfn-hmWv Cu hmp-
I.
Hcp tbmKn Kp]vX-tbm-Ko-{h-X-tmsS kaq-l-n {]hn-pp Fp Icp-Xp-
I. Hcp m]-\-n Hcp Unmvsa- v Ay--bm-bn-cn-pp Fp Icp-Xp-I. B
Unvsan {]hn-p At\Iw kwkm-cn-I tbmKnsb X-fn Hcm-sfp IcpXn
s]cp-am-dp-p. Ah-cpsS Ima-t{Im-[m-Zn-I {]Zin-n-p-p. tbmKnsb ]-]-{X-an-hmw-`kn
Ah kv]in-p-n-. Fnepw {]m]-n-I-sc-smv {]m]-nI I-hy- IrXy-
ambn \n-ln-n-p--Xn-\mbn ]e-tmgpw t{Im[-`m-h-n-epw, imk-\m-cq-]-n-epw, sku-
ay-hm--eym-\p-\-b-`m-h-nepw Hs s]cp-am-td k`w hcpw. As\ sNp--Xn-\p-
t]mepw tbmKn B-cn-I-ambn {]Xn-hn[n sNp-pv. D]-hm-kmZn {hX-. `qan-i-b-\w,
]tbm-{h-Xw, au\-{h-Xw Cs\ ]e-hn[w {hX- sImv Kp]vX-tbmKn kzbw ipo-I-
cn-p-p. Xs Npgp \nevp `uXn-I-amb {`mn-Isf Xn \nv AIn \np-
p. kZm IrX-Ir-Xy-\mbn kay-Kvm-\n-bmbn Pohn-p Hcmpw Hnepw cmK-tZz-j-
-fn. Hnepw Bi-bn \ncm-i-bp-an-. kzoI-cn-m\pw Dt]-n-m\pw Hp-an-. (A--
s\-b-m--h, Cu Kp]vX-tbm-Knsb X-fn-sem-cmbn IcpXn s]cp-am-dp-p.) kzbw {]Im-in-
p `mcq]xkXy-k
- ]-am-WX
- v. tZlm-`n-am-\a
- n-m-h
- p-t]mepw imkv{X-Zi\w Zp-
`-amtb e`n-p-I-bp-q. Hcp bpK-n Hcp [\y-hy-n-bn am{Xta kc-kz-Xo-tZhn Xs
knwlm-k-\-ap-d-nv IS-n-cn-p-I-bp-q. Hcp Imfn-Zm-k-\n-tem, hymk-\n-tem, i-cm-Nm-cy-
cntem am{Xw Ah Xs kc-kz-Xo-a-WvU]w Hcp-p-p. Hcp hyn-bn kc-kz-Xn-bpsS
`mXn, {]nbm kzcq-]- {]Im-in-p-Xp Im B hyn Ejn-bm-Wv, tbmKn-bmWv
Fp [cn-Ww. Ejn-bnepw tbmKn-bnepw AmsX {iohnZy Xs ]q-cq-]-n (\n-cm-
h-cWm {]m ]mc-an-Xm) {]Xy--s-Sp-I-bn (t]Pv 405)
Cusbmcp D-c-Wn-bn \np-Xs Cu hymJym\w Fp-am{Xw A\y-hym-Jym-\--
fn \nv hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-p-shv kv]-am-Ip-p. sXmm ssIs]m-p hnj-b-am-bn-
cp-p, Hcp Imev Cu {_-hm-Zw. hymk-\m hnc-Nn-X-amb thZm Zi-\-n, \mev
Aym-b
- f
- m-Wp-X
- v. Hmtcm Aym-b
- nepw \mep ]mZ- 555 kq{X-, thZ-n
A-X-amb {_-km-m-XvImcw Xs {]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-j-bw. thZky Ax Antam `mK
CXn thZmx Fv thZm--i-_vZ-n\v hypXv]n ]d-bmw. AXm-bXv thZ-ns An-a-
`m-Ks thZm--sap hnfnmw CXn {_w, Poh, {]IrXn Fo aqp XXz-sf
Ipdn-mWv ]cm-ar--am-Ip--Xv. ]ecpw IcpXpw t]mse Hp-an-m--Xm-sW hmZ-a CXn-
ep--Xv. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW Cu {]]--s-p-dnv \S-nb hoWw \apv kzoI-cn-
m-sap tXmp-p.
{][m-\-amb cp kq{X-v {K-Imcn \Inb hymJym\w IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-
24
m `mjy-ns a-`mhw hyRvPn-p-sa-p-tXm-p-p. Pm-Zyky bXx (1.12) imkv{X-
tbm-\n-XzmXv (1.1.3) Fo kq{X-v \Inb `mjy- XnI A-s--s-
bmWv kv^pSo-I-cn-n-cn-p--Xv. \nizm-k-m P\n-p Hn\v Hcp Imhp thWw.
AXm-bXv app-m-bn-cp--Xp-t]mse, sshZypXn XcwKw t]mse k-hn-Zv`-thXv Ah-`m-
knv ]p\-\n-p--Xn-\m-emWv hmn\v \nXyX Iev]n-n-cn-pXv. (t]Pv 35) Xs Cu
knm-s A`nhy-RvPn-n-p--Xn\v teJnI kzoI-cn--Xm-I-s. imc-Zm-Xn-e-I-sa a{-
im-kv{X-{K--n \np D-c-Wnbpw. ]pwkv{Xo-cq-]m--I-amb al-n\v enwK-t`-Z-an-.
AXn \nv \nc-cw {]h-ln-p A-c--fm Ncm-N-cm--Ihpw i_vZm-cq-]-hp-
amb {]]w krn--s-n-cn-p-p. kpIr-Xn-I-fpsS A-X-amb Cu ssNX-\ys
hnZzm-m i_vZ-{_--sap t]cnp hnfn-p-p. (t]Pv 36)
AY-th-Z
- ns {]k-a
- mb Hm-as a{-ns Aw ChnsS ]Ip\-
Xv \m-bn-cn-p-sap tXmp-p. aqthgv Ccp-]n Hn ka-kvX-\m-a-P-K-n-t\bpw
\nnv sNbvXn-cn-p hmN-kv]-Xn-bmb ]c-am--tZ-h. Fs ico-c-a-[p-hmb lrZ-b-
n Ctm, hm--I-amb i_vZ-cq-]-ns\ [mcWw sNs. (A-Y. 1.1.1) ChnsS
FmWv hw. ]X-RvP-en-bpsS alm-`m-jy-n, CXn-\p Dcw kv]-ambn hy-
am-n-bn-p-v.
Acw \cw hnZymXv
Aivt\mtXm ktcm Acw
hw hmlpx ]q-kqt{X
Ina-ap-]-Zn-iy-tX.
Aw
\mi-c-ln-Xhpw Fm-bn-Spw hym]n-p-hn-p-Xpw KXn-bp-hpw h-sav Adn-b-
s-Sp--Xp-amb A-cs a\p-jy {]b-Xv\nv kzmb--am-p-I, ImcWw h-m\w
hmWn-bpsS hnj-b-am-Wv. bmsXm-n-emtWm i_vZ-{_-hpw ]c-{_-hpw nXn sNp-
Xv B C-m-\-ns knn-mbpw {_-{]m-]vXn-mbpw imn-mbpw h-m-
\s D]-tZ-in-pp Fv XpSp {]kvXm-h-\-bn, ]X-RvPen ]d-bp-p. Cs\
bYmXY-amb ho-W- sImv kar--am-bn-cn-p {_-kq-{X-`mjyw \qX-\-amb Hcp
A-k-pn ]Ip \Ip-p.
km{m-\w
An-w
CubnsS iXm-`n-jn--\mb tPymy FS-m {io iqe-]m-Wn-hm-cn-b Hcp IY
]d-bp-I-bp-mbn. ]v \me-m-n-t\mSv Hc-XnYn tNmZn-p-h-t{X Av tPymXn-j-n hniz-
kn-p-p-tm. \me-m-S-C-sp ]d-p. DSs\ AXnYn ]dp: hfsc ktm-jw.
Fm Imc-W-sa-p-sh-m Rm\pw tPymXn-j-n hniz-kn-p-n-.
DSt\ \me-mv tNmZnp: \n tPymXnjw ]Tn-n-p-tm.
AXnYn ]dp: C.
Cu L-n \me-mv ]dp: CXmWv \nfpw Rm\pw Xn-ep- hyXymkw. \n
Imcyw Adn-bmsX \ntj-[n-p-p. Rm ]Tn--dntij-amWv \ntj-[n-p--Xv.
AXnYn ]mtS hnf-dn-tm-bn. CXn-s\-n Rm ]noSp Nnn-p-t\m-p-I-bp-m-bn. Fp-
sIm-mWv \me-mv tPymXn-j-n hnizm-k-an-sp ]d--Xv. tPymXn-j-ns F-,
`mc-Xob Nn-bpsS apgp-h ASn-th-cp-I-s-nb Bj-m-\-Imhv X\np tPymXn-
j-n hnizm-ka
- n Fp ]d-s
- X-p-sIm-m-Wv. Znh-k
- p-tijw Fs a\-nc-
p-hcn s]mn-h-p.
sIev]--sX-n-epsaIpw sNm-bvIn
etmtf \new Ime-N-{Iw.
\me-m-s-gp-Xnb B hcn-I-fn-epv, Fs kwi-b-n-\p adp-]-Sn.
AXm-bXv, tPymXn-j-sa-Xv ]q-P--nse I--fpsS XpS F \ne-bn Cu P-
n \ Fsms A\p-`-hn-p-sav Is-m-\p imkv{Xw am{X-a-, Cu P-
n \-f-\p-`-hn-p-sav Is-p hkvXp-X-I-fn ZpxJhpw kpJ-hp-ap-m-hp-a-tm.
ZpxJ-a-\p-`-hn-p-hm Bcpw B{K-ln-p-I-bn-. ZpxJ-n\np tamN\w t\Sm Iw
Fsmcp-]m-[n-bp-v. Cu I-am-n-se-m-\p D]m-[n-bm-bn-mWv ]qn-ItPym-Xn-
js I-Xv. Nne ZpxJ-p ]cnlmcw sshZy-am-hmw. ap Nne-Xn\p ]cnlmcw a{-hm-
Z-amhmw. C\n Nne-Xn-\p-]c
- n-lmcw tIh-es
- `u-Xn-Im-n-ep I-f
- mhmw, Irjn, hyh-
kmbw Fn-s\. Fn bYm-tPym-Xn-j-m\n hniz-kn-t--Xv I-am-n-
em-Wv. CXm-bn-cn-Ww \me-mv Dn-cp-Xn-sh-Xv Fv F\nv tXmp-p.
hcm-l-an-ln-cs ]-kn-m-n-I-bn-eqsS Cysb Is--en-se-nb kqh
\me-m-n\pw Cu Imcy-a-dn-bm-sa--Xn\v \nZi-\-amWv Fs In-en-cn-p sImp-]p-kvX-
Iw km{m-\-w.
IhnX Hmtcm a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-nepw Gsd-psd \ne-\np-p. Fm-e-Xns
hfv \nZm-\-am-bn-o-cp-Xv kzw {]b-Xv\-am-Wv, I-amWv. AXp Xs-bmWtm
]q-kq-cnIfpw ]dp shn-p--Xv. in-am{Xw t]mc, \n]p-W-Xbpw thn-bn-cn-pp.
AXm-b-Xv, temI-im-kv{X-Im-hy--fn\np kw{K-ln ss\]p-Wyw.
{ioaXn kph \me-m-n-s\-p-dnm-sW-n, \me-m-Ss A{X-Xs {]_-e-amWv
Ah-cpsS imkv{X-km-a-{Ky-]-cn-Nbw. Pohn-X-ns BZy-]-IpXn apgp-h\pw Cu tUmsN-
e-h-gn-Xv NnIn-m-tem-I-n-em-Wv. a\p-jys imco-cn-I-Zpx-J--fn\n--hs\ tamNn-n-
mI-gn-bpI F-XnI-hnv Fm-sWmcp ]pWy-ap--Xv.
Fm, Apw Ah Hgn-hp-k-a-b--fn, kmln-Xy-{]-h-\--fn apgp-In, Ans\
Bm-hn-jvIm-c-Xz-csb kWw sNbvXp-sImv a\p-jym-bp-n ]IpXn Ign-p-Iq-nb
Hcm-msX Cu km{m-\--nse Ihn-X-Ihn-c-Nn-m-\m-hn-sv BapJw hmbn-p-
Xo-tm-tg-p-Xs F\np t_m[y-sp.
Hp-IqSn Iqn-p-]d-
- m, ALyn A-\m-bn-s-fn-bpI aa Nn-nepw
Nnev]p-amt\ F {]m-\-bnse Cta-P-dn-am{Xw aXn, km{m-\--nse \nb-Xn-Ir-X-\n-b-a-
c-ln-X-amb sku--cym-\p-`q-Xnbvv DZm-l-cWw.
km{m-\--tl-Xp--fmb {ioIr-jvW-kva-c-W-I-fpsS bap-\m-I-tm-e--fnsv appIbpw
s]mp-Ibpw sNp Ihn-lr-Zb
-
- ns \njvIf
-
- X B Ihn-Xb
- n-ep-S\
- ofw Ip. ASp
]Xn-n-\p-apv hmb-\-mp-]-I-cn-m-hp Hcp hgn-Im-n-p-dnp tNm Ihnp Ign-
bt Fv {]mn-p-p. ]qm-\hpw taev]-qcpw c-m-Xm-bn-o-cp Ah--bmWv
Cu Ihn-X-I-fn\nv Rm\-\p-`-hn--Xv. ]e-tmgpw cm[-X-s-bmbn amdnb Hcm-m-hns
B\--s\m-cw F-Xns\ hnfn-m tXmn.
khn-\bw
Anw
Ipa-c-s\-q, ]me-m-Sv.
km{m-\w
AgotmSv
kph-v,
hfsc kmh-Im-i-ns Aar-X-tPym-Xnv hmbn-p. NqSpw shfn-hpw Du-
kz-e-Xbpw {]Zm\w sNp tPymXnv Fs Bm-hnepw Ipdv Aar-X-_n-p-
hogvn. Fs Dns Dn Fpw Ccn-p-d-n {io \me-m-ns i_vZw kph-bn-
eqsS hopw tIm Ign--Xn-ep Nmcn-Xmyw koam-Xo-X-am-Wv. C{Xbpw sNdp--
nXs C{Xbpw Adnhpw Cu Xt-Shpw hfn-sb-Sp-m Ign-Xv B Ejn-{]-`m-
hs {io \me-m-Ss DzetXPv kph-bn \n]-Xn--Xp-sIm-m-hWw Bm-
hnse ]w Igp-In-I-f-bm-\p-X-Ip-am-dp Ccw {K- C\nbpw hfsc hfsc ]pd-n-
d-m Ign-bp-am-dm-I-s.
Xa-p-sImv I-]n-Sn Fs sImp-n sImm ]eXpw Cu ]pkvX-I-n-
ep-v. Atm Hc-`n-{]mbw ]d-bm Ign-bn-. Fm-epw.....
XovW-amb _pn-bpsS {]Im-i-\m-f-sf hni-I-e\w sNp-Ibpw PohnX \nK-a-\-sf
{Ia-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Hmtcm a\p-jy-t\bpw XnXs \ndp InS-p \nKq-U-i-n-I-
tfbpw Xpd-p-Im-n, al-Xzhpw kar--hp-amb Zi-\-sf Dsm-m Ign-hp--h-cm-
n-Xop-Ibpw Hmtcm ]m]nbpsSbpw Dns Dn Dd-n-In-S-p Htcm Ejn-tbbpw
_-hn-ap-nsb {]Xo-n-p-sIm-p-gd- p Htcm Ejn-tbbpw, Is-p-Ibpw sNbvX thZ-
-fp-sSbpw D]-\n-j-p--fp-sSbpw Im-hmb alm-Kp-cp-`q-X-m-cpsS {]Jym-]-\--fmWv
Rm\o ]pkvX-I-nI--Xv. Ah Pohn-Xs kpkqvaw \nco-n-p-Ibpw hni-I-e\w
sNbvXv Bm-hns\ Is-p-Ibpw Pohs LS-I--tfbpw LS-\-tbbpw Ipdn \nm-
b-I-amb \nK-a-\-n-se-n-t-cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-m-bn-cn-Ww Pohn-X-sa-Xv A\p-kyq-Xhpw
AJ-WvU-hp-amb A\p-`-h--fpsS Hcp ]c--c-bmWv Fp {]Jym-]n--sXv A\p-am-\n-p-
p.
]Zm-Pm-e-ns aqe-L-SIw ]c-am-Wp-hm-sWv Ip-]n-Snv B ]c-am-Wp-hn-s\-
s hopw hopw ]co--W-hn-t[-b-amn hni-I-e\w sNbvXv PohnX LS-\sb
kmmcn-X
- n\v tijhpw X-fpsS ]co-Ww Ah-km-\n-n-p-hm Xm-dm-bn-n-m
B {]mNo\ Kpcp-`q-X-m Htcm hyn-bp-sSbpw A\p-`-h--tfbpw \nb-{n-p-Ibpw `cn-
p-Ibpw sNp-p. B-\njvTamb Cu ]co--W-ns ^e-ambn AapJamb At\z-
j-W
- n\ns Pohn-Xk
- uJyw D]m-Zn-n-m-\m-hq. _lnap-Ja
- mb At\z-jW
-
- n\nv
Pohn-Xk
- uJyw D]m-Zn-n-m-\m-hn Fv Aym-n-IX
- z-n-eqsS Ah {]Jym-]n-s
- Xpw
tXmp-p. Aap-Ja
- mb At\z-jWw \S-pI F X]-ns ]cn-Wn-X^
- e
- a
- mbn Rm\o
]pkvX-Is Ip. AtX-C-cp-n\nv shfn--n-te-v, \ziz-c-X-bn\nv A\-iz-c-X-bn-
tev Cu tPymXnv \s-\-bn-p-p. kzkvXn.
Fv kzw
iqe-]m-Wn-hm-cn-b
My mother is turning 70. I have been sharing this physical world, into which she and my father
brought me, with her for 44 of those years. In the first 20 of those years, I made very little effort to
know her as a person. She was there for me as a mother and that was enough for me.
It was in October 1992 that I first saw her resilience, inner strength and positive energies for the first
time. It was during my fathers hospitalisation he was in comatose state in hospital for about a
week but my mother refused to believe the end had come. She constantly talked to him round the
clock from his bedside and made me do it as well. Upon recovery, one of the things my father told me
was that he felt he was inside a dark tunnel but could hear me and my mother calling him from the
light outside and he wanted to find his way outside by following our voices.
Subsequently, through her public speeches and writings, I have seen my mother trying to show the
path of light to the world. I have not done any quantitative tests on this, but I can say with utmost
conviction that such is the genuineness and purity of her personality that she would have altered the
inner lives of at least one or two of the very few people who have been fortunate to be associated
with her.
My mother is not merely a scholar she puts into actual living practice all the wisdom of the
philosophical texts she has imbibed. Perhaps the biggest testament of this comes from my wife, who
believes that there will be very few mothers-in-law like her very independent and extremely
liberal-minded that she has never engaged in petty criticism or interference.
Operating in the necessities of commercial professional life, the rational side of me has sometimes
wondered if the positivism of my mother is for a different world. But, there has been a recent
realisation too personal in nature to be written about that without it one loses control and allows
the ship to be taken over by the ravaging deep waters.
I do not want this article to be a superficial note of thanksgiving. I believe that good parenting is all
about putting children over selves in a natural manner and thanksgiving only commercialises the
institution. However, as is quite often the case, this definition of good parenting is mostly a matter of
lip service and is hardly practiced in actual lived life.
In my case, though, it is actual lived life. My mother has educated me beyond her means and has
given me a professional life wherein I have worked for some of the best media institutions in India
and the world. Currently, my employers are the organisers of the most followed sporting event in the
world, the FIFA World Cup.
I have three people in my life to thank for this and my mother is top of the list for making personal
sacrifices for my education beginning from childhood through to university. The second person is
my father, who instilled a deep understanding of sport in me during my childhood, which meant we
spent hours discussing a subject which my mother had very little interest in. The third person is my
wife, a specialist in human resources, who has given me right advice to handle professional situations
and who has supported me during the times in the recent past when the turbulent global economy
has cut into our lives.
There is something else I need to mention here that is completely connected to my rational and
emotional existence. In modern India, the English language is unfortunately seen by many with
vested political interests as a symbol of colonisation. However, for me, it is the language of my
interior landscape and my mother has had a huge role to play behind this.
Influenced by her maternal grand uncle Nalapat Narayana Menon who had translated Les
Miserables into Malayalam and who was a follower of the globally eclectic Theosophical Society
my mother did not consider the English language as alien. She read out Enid Blyton for me while I
was a child and backed it up with Dickensian classics such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and
Great Expectations. Add the poetry of Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth all of which she used to
read out and you have my childhood literary influences.
My mother always told me that she had two mothers in her childhood one her mother and the other
her maternal grandmother and she would often be torn as to whom she should be sleeping with.
Malayalam and English played similar roles in her life and I am lucky that this was the case.
As a child, my education was totally in her hands and even though I did listen to the BBC Sports
Round Up and Test Match Special and read The Hindu with my Anglophile father, the hours that I
spent with my mother listening to her read out Enid Blyton, Dickens and the great Romantic poets
shaped my understanding of the structure of the English language.
My mother has had a life as a public intellectual in Kerala during the last two decades following my
fathers death. Her philosophical output during this period has been staggering so to speak. Two
names who come to mind of people who packed in so much of content into so few years are Adi
Shankara and Swami Vivekananda. And, in literature, the two names who stand out are the poets
she used to read out to me when I was in primary school Shelley and Keats.
All the above-mentioned greats died before they turned 40 the Indians were in the thirties and the
Englishmen in their twenties. My mother only began her creative life in her fourties and it is getting
to be three decades since she actively began a life of letters.
I conclude by hoping that I am able to give her a peaceful time during the last decade or two of her
life. More importantly, I hope that people around her understand during her lifetime that the value of
what she is leaving behind for them is no less inferior to what Shankara, Vivekananda, Shelley and
Keats left behind for humanity during their brief sojourns in this physical universe.
P-kn--amb kmXzn-I-`mhw
am\-hnI hnj-b
- f
-
- , imkv{X-hn-jb
-
- f
- mWv Hu]-Nm-cn-I- hnZym-`ym-k
- n-eqsS tUm.
kph t\Sn-bX
- v. Pp-im-kv{X-n _ncp-Zs
- a-Sp tijw saUn- tImtf-Pn tNp
]Tn-p. saUn-kn-\n _ncp-Zm-\--c-_n-cpZw t\Sn-b-Xn-\p-tijw tbmKy-X-bpsS am{Xw ASn-
m-\-n saUn- tItf-P-ym-]n-I-bm-bn. ]tYm-fPn hn`mKw s{]m^kdpw hIp-p-ta-
[m-hn-bp-ambn Dbp. NnIn-m-im-kv{X-ns sskm-n-Ih
- pw, {]mtbm-Kn-Ih
- p-amb hi-
- f p- a mbn _- s - m B HutZym- K nI PohnXw A\p- Ww hnI- k z- c - a m- I p
Pnmkbnepw, A\p-{Iaw XpSp-t]m imkv{X-]-T-\-nepw Gs-p-t]m ]co--
W-f
- nepw IqSn-bmWv B PohnXw ISp t]m-sX-w.
AXn-s\-m-an-Sb
- nepw tUm. kph Xn-ep-d
- n-n-S
- p kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nnbpw , ss\kKn-
I-amb kqva-k-Xym-t\z-j-Whpw XpSp-sImncp-p. Fmw hb-n amXr-`q-an-bnse
_me-]w-n-bn IhnX {]kn-o-I-cn-p. acWw F Ihn-X. B Cfw {]mb-n Xs
acWw F ka-ky-bn-eqsS euIn-I-Po-hn-X-ns \iz-c-X-bpsS t\v hnkva-b-tmsS
t\mm XpS-n. ]Xn-\mw hb-n teJ-\-sa-gpXn {]Im-in-n-p. Fw. Sn. bpsS \mep-
sIv F hnin-jvS-Ir-Xn-sb-p-dn-mWv teJ\w kmln-Xy-tem-Iv Fw.-Sn. F Fgp-p-
Im-c e_v[-{]-Xn-jvT-\m-Ip-sav Am-e-p-Xs B Ipn {]h-Nn-p.
apXn-tXm-Sp-IqSn HutZym-Kn-IP
- o-hn-X
- ns Xnc-p-If
- n AI-s-Sm-Xn-cn-pI kmy-
a ]s kl-P-amb kmln-Xym-`n-cp-Nnbpw kXym-t\z-j-W-hy-{K-Xbpw AXn-\n-S-bn Hpw
]cno-W-am-bn-. Ah Hns\mv ktmp-J-ambn hnI-kn-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. hmk-
\m-_-e-mepw ]cn-io-e-\-mepw Xm Bn kwkvIm-c-n\v lrZ-b-mh-I-amb
Bhn-jv-cWw \S-p-X-- n Ah hnPbw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ihn-X-I-fpw, IY-Ifpw
{]_--fpw hymJym-\--fp-ambn F{Xtbm {K--fmWv tUm. kphbpsS Xqen-I-
bn \nv ssIc-fnbvv e`n-n-cn-p-Xv. IrX--Xm-`m-c-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-msX tIc-f-n\v
`mhnbn tUm. kphsb Hmm kmy-a-.
hnZymn-Is
- fbpw sNdp-
- m-scbpw abp acp-v, aZy-]m-\w, ]pI-hen Fo Zqjy-
s-Xnsc t_m[-h-cn-W
- s
- a Bibw {]mhn-Ia
- m-p-X
- n\pw tUm. kph
\mem-mn \npw D]-tZi \nt-i- e`n-n-cp-p. {]kn kn\nam \Sn {ioaXn tizX
tat\m BZy-ambn A`n-\-bn kn\n-a-bm-bn-cp-p DWp]mv F kn\n-a. {]kn \mS-
I kn\nam \S Ipmn amtdm-sSmw DWp-]m-ns ktiw P\--fnsen-
p-hm Hcp Iqw sNdp--m-cpsS tkh-\hpw Cu kwcw-`-n\v e`n-n-cp-p.
Born in to a family of celebrated writers and thinkers, Dr. Suvarna Nalapat was enveloped in
the world of art and culture at a tender age as was evidenced by the anthology of poems, Xma-
c-]q- published when she was just ten. Her contributions to Nalapat legacy of literature,
however, were soon to be over shadowed by her advancements in the field of medicine. Spe-
cializing in the discipline of Pathology, she emerged as a much sought after teacher and histo-
pathologist , and a resource person in innovative practices like telepathology . Specialization
, however , did not stop her from diversifying her interests and creativity to fields as wide as
astronomy, history, philosophy, ecology, anthropology , gender studies, music and literature in
each of which she was to make her distinct mark . Transgressing the confines of conventional
medical education and practice she was thus to play a key role in developing a new curriculum
of human values in health care , a programme of community based village educational re-
forms in the health and medical sector.
With a firm grounding in the nuances of classical music, she has played a stellar role in
giving currency to this form of music therapy and establishing it as discipline with immense
academic scope. Dr. Suvarna Nalapat has indeed mended many a broken heart with the
mellifluous succour of harmony and rhythm. Her selfless efforts have eased the misery and
solitude of illness for countless in their worst moments of sufferings.