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Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering: Guo-Qing Feng, Qi-Guo Liu, Lie-Hui Zhang, Yang Zeng
Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering: Guo-Qing Feng, Qi-Guo Liu, Lie-Hui Zhang, Yang Zeng
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Many oil bearing fractured reservoirs are faulted reservoir (Abbaszadeh M.D. and Cinco-Ley H., 1995).
Received 19 January 2016 Hydraulic characterization of these faults is essential for eld-scale development design. In this study,
Received in revised form a mathematical model is presented that describes the pressure transient behavior of a reservoir
15 April 2016
separated by a partially communicating fault (PCF). In the math model, vertical well is treated as an
Accepted 17 April 2016
Available online 21 April 2016
innite line source; and PCF is treated as an innitely long, vertical semi-permeable barrier. Based on
the Warren Root model, transient pressure model of a two-region-innite-composite dual-porosity
reservoir with PCF has been established. Two regions on both sides of the fault have distinct prop-
Keywords:
Partially communicating fault
erties. Given a line source, constant-rate well in a composite reservoir, analytical solutions of pressure
Pressure behavior transient behavior are obtained using one Fourier space transformation and time-space Laplace
Boundary skin transformation. In addition, derived type curves and sensitivities of relating parameters are discussed.
Well testing analysis Model presented in this paper could be directly applied for well test analysis in a dual-porosity
Dual-porosity reservoir reservoir with PCF.
2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2016.04.046
1875-5100/ 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
374 G.-q. Feng et al. / Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 32 (2016) 373e379
reservoir permeability, the uid ow along the fault plan is not Two regions have both matrix and fracture system; and the
negligible. Abbaszadeh and Cinco-Ley (1995) presented a general uid in matrix only ows to the fracture system and not to the
analytical solution of pressure transient distribution in a reser- wellbore (Cinco and Meng, 1988). Fluid in fracture can ow
voir with an active well near a nonintersecting nite- directly to the wellbore. The ow between matrix and fracture
conductivity fault. However, the model neglects the compress- system is pseudo steady ow. In any location of reservoir, there
ibility of the uid within the fault plane; the solution is exist matrix pressure pm and fracture pressure pf.
complicated; and the accuracy of the result cannot be guaran-
teed. Zhang and Liu (2012) proposed a model of pressure tran-
sient behavior of a reservoir with a normal fault, double porosity 2.1. Establishment of mathematical model
system and inclined well based on the point source function.
Zhang et al. (2012) published an analytical solution for the According to above assumptions, active well is a line source with
pressure response of a slanted well in a slab reservoir with an a constant production rate q, the diffusivity equation for an ideal-
impermeable fault. Based on the basic-point-source-solution in ized composite dual porosity innite reservoir as shown in Fig. 1(c)
an innite space, the basic-point-source-solution was obtained is:
by using mirror image principle. Ezulike and Igbokoyi (2012) At region I (x > 0), for the fracture system, the diffusivity
illustrated that, in a composite reservoir with leaky fault, hori- equation of uid ow in the fracture system incorporating the
zontal well interference tests could be analyzed using Tiab's source item can be described by the following equation (Guppy
direct synthesis and curve making techniques. et al., 1981, 1982):
From geological core and outcrop observation, PCFs are often
observed in the dual-porosity reservoir. However, untill now, the
!
studies on dual-porosity reservoir with PCF are rarely reported. In kf 1 v2 p f 1 v2 p f 1 q k
this paper, mathematic models are established to describe Pressure dx ady b a m1 pm1 pf 1
m1 vx2 vy2 h1 m1
Transient Behavior in dual-porosity reservoir with PCF. The solution
vp
of the model is rst derived by using the Laplace and Fourier f1
ff Ctf
transformation. Subsequently, transient pressure type curves are 1 vt
generated; and four key factors impacting type curves are discussed. (1)
According to the assumption, the uid ow in the matrix system
obeys the Warren and Root dual porosity model, and follows the
2. Mathematical model
pseudo-state-interporosity ow. So the diffusivity equation in the
matrix system including the interporosity from the matrix into
In this paper, a composite dual-porosity reservoir with two re-
fracture is
gions separated by a PCF is studied. Interface skin factor is intro-
duced in the mathematical model of dual-porosity reservoir with
vpm1 k
PCFs. Two reservoir regions on both sides of the fault may have fm Ctm 1 a m1 pm1 pf 1 0 (2)
vt m1
different diffusivities and transmissivities; and fault resistance to
uid ow is modeled as a thin skin (Hurst, 1953; Van Everdingen, At region II, x < 0:
1953). The presence of boundary skin is represented by a pres-
sure discontinuity at the boundary (Ambastha and Ramey, 1990).
8 !
The assumptions are listed below (Cai and Yu, 2011): >
> k
> f2
v2 p f 2 v2 pf 2 km2 vp
f2
>
<m a pm2 pf 2 ff Ctf
2 vx vy 2 m2 2 2 vt
(1) Reservoirs on the both sides of semi permeable boundary
>
>
have following features: each reservoir has dual-porosity >
> vp k
: fm Ctm 2 m2 a m2 pm2 pf 2 0
system (following Warren and Root, 1963); the perme- vt m2
ability and porosity in the two reservoirs can be different and (3)
do not vary with pressure.
(2) Single phase uid ow is of slight compressibility and con- where d is the delta function denoting the constant-rate line-source
stant viscosity and follows Darcy's law. well; a kmmi pmi pfi ; i 1; 2, is inter porosity ow rate per unit
i
(3) The reservoir thickness of two adjacent fault blocks can be volume from the matrix to the fracture; a is the shape factor (Zhao
different. et al., 2013).
(4) Active well is treated as a constant production rate line The initial condition is:
source.
(5) Wellbore storage and skin effect are considered.
(6) Boundary skin is modeled the same way as Ambastha and pf 1 x; y; 0 pf 2 x; y; 0 pm1 x; y; 0 pm2 x; y; 0 pi (4)
Ramey (1990). To calculate the transmissibility of fault
plane, boundary skin is used to model pressure discontinuity The boundary condition is:
at the fault plane. The larger the boundary skin, the poorer
pf 1 ; y; t pf 2 ; y; t pf 1 x; ; t pf 2 x; ; t pi
the fault is connected.
(7) Gravity and capillary effects are negligible. (5)
The connection condition is:
In two dimension space, reservoir with PCFs can be modeled as
a linear discontinuity where boundary skin exists in its nearly
vertical plane (Kuchuk and Habashy, 1997). As shown in Fig. 1, an kf 1 h1 vpf 1 kf 2 h2 vpf 2
innite conductive well is located in region I. The compressibility ;x 0 (6)
m1 vx m2 vx
of the uid is constant. Fluid only ows horizontally; no uid
ows in the vertical direction.
G.-q. Feng et al. / Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 32 (2016) 373e379 375
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a reservoir with partially communicating faults (PCF): (a) sketch map of a strip reservoir with PCF (b) modeling fault as a skin boundary (c) Idealized
composite innite reservoir.
.
vpx; y; t 1h i
kf 2 m2
pf 2 x; y; t pf 1 x; y; t ; x 0 (7)
vx SF M . (11)
kf 1 m1
where SF is skin across the fault.
Ratio of thickness
h2
2.2. Dimensionless mathematical model hD (12)
h1
Dimensionless variables are introduced to the equations and Dimensionless diffusivity ratio
boundary conditions in order to simplify the solution (Zhao et al., .
2014). kf 2 fCt f m2 m2
hD . (13)
2pkf 1 h1 h i kf 1 fCt f m1 m1
Dimensionless pressure : pDf 1;2 pi pf 1;2 x; y; t
m1 q Coefcient of inter porosity ow that from matrix to fracture
(8)
km1;2 2
l1;2 a r (14)
2pkf 1 h1 h i kf 1;2 w
pDm1;2 pi pm1;2 x; y; t (9)
m1 q Storativity ratio
Dimensionless distance
fCt f 1;2
u1;2 (15)
w x y a b fCt f m1;2
wD ; xD ; y ; a ; bD (10)
rw rw D rw D rw rw
The dimensionless mathematical model is as follows:
Ratio of mobility At region I, xD > 0
376 G.-q. Feng et al. / Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 32 (2016) 373e379
8
> 2 2
> v pDf 1 v pDf 1 2pdx a dy b l p
> vpDf 1
>
< D D D D 1 Dm1 pDf 1 u1
2
vxD 2
vyD vtD
(16)
>
> vp
>
>
: l1 pDm1 pDf 1 1 u1 Dm1 0
vtD
At region II xD < 0: The Laplace transformation with respect to tD and the Fourier
transformation with respect to yD of Eq. (16) and Eq. (17) yield the
8
> v2 pDf 2 v2 pDf 2 u vp following:
>
> Df 2
>
< l p p 2
vx2D vy2D
2 Dm2 Df 2
hD vtD 8
(17) >
> v2 b
p Df 1
>
>
>
vp
>
>
> a1 b
p Df 1 a3 dxD aD xD > 0
>
: l2 hD pDm2 pDf 2 1 u2 Dm2 0 < vx2
D
vtD (22)
>
>
>
> v2 b
p Df 2
The initial condition is: >
: a2 b
p Df 2 0 xD < 0
vx2D
pDf 1 xD ; yD ; 0 pDf 2 xD ; yD ; 0 pDm1 xD ; yD ; 0
where a1 ; a2 ; a3 are the intermediate variables in the Fourier
pDm2 xD ; yD ; 0 0 (18) transformation:
p p p p p
b a3 e a1 jxD aD j a3 e a1 xD aD a1 MhD S a1 a2 MhD a2
p Df 1 xD ; m; z p p p p p xD > 0
2 a1 2 a1 a1 MhD S a1 a2 MhD a2
p p (24)
b a3 e a2 xD a1 aD
p Df 2 xD ; m; z p p p xD < 0
a1 MhD S a1 a2 MhD a2
vpDf 1 vpDf 2
MhD ;x 0 (20) a3 is substituted into Eq. (24) and inverse Fourier trans-
vxD vxD D
formation is:
xD aD 1; yD bD
Z " p p p #
1 1 p a1 MhD S a1 a2 MhD a2 p (25)
pDf 1 aD 1; bD ; z p e a1 p p p e a1 2aD 1 dm
z a1 a1 MhD S a1 a2 MhD a2
0
vpDf 1 xD ; yD ; tD 1h i
pDf 2 xD; yD ; tD pDf 1 xD; yD ; tD ; xD Based on the Duhamel theory, wellbore storage constant and
vxD SF skin factor can be added in the equation:
0
(21)
G.-q. Feng et al. / Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 32 (2016) 373e379 377
zpDf 1 SF
pDf 1 h i (26)
z 1 zCD zpDf 1 S
3.1. Comparison with numerical solution numerical result. Only in the later period, the pressure derivative
curve is a slightly lower than that of numerical result.
To validate the analytical solution presented in this paper, we
compare the solution with numerical solution, which is shown in 3.2. The impact of distance from boundary
Fig. 2. It can be seen the analytical result matches well with
Fig. 3 presents the type curve of different distance aD from well
to boundary when the fault skin factor equals 104 (SF 104).
When aD is relatively large (aD 1000), as shown in Fig. 3, after
the early wellbore storage stage, the pressure wave does not
propagate to the fault. The radial ow stage of fracture in region I
and inter porosity ow stage between matrix and fracture system
appear. When the impulse of pressure wave reaches the fault with
skin factor SF, the pressure derivative curve will move upward. This
period is affected by the fault. After this period, the inter porosity
ow stage in region II will appear. Then the radial ow stage of
matrix and fracture system appears again in a short time. In sum-
mary, the characteristic of the dual-porosity reservoir is not
obvious.
When aD is relatively small, (aD 50), inter porosity ow in
Fig. 3. The inuence of aD to the type curve. region I appears after the impulse of pressure wave propagates to
the fault. After the wellbore storage period, the pressure derivative
Fig. 4. The inuence of SF to the type curve. Fig. 7. The inuence of u1 to type curve.
378 G.-q. Feng et al. / Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 32 (2016) 373e379
4. Conclusions