702

7002


___________________________________________________________________________________

.
:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

:

:
1-1-4 1-1-4
1-1-4 2-1-4
1-1-4 3-1-4
2-1-4 4-1-4

:
1-2-4 1-2-4
1-2-4 1-1-2-4
1-2-4 2-1-2-4
1-2-4 3-1-2-4
1-2-4 4-1-2-4
2-2-4 5-1-2-4
2-2-4 6-1-2-4
2-2-4 7-1-2-4
2-2-4 8-1-2-4
2-2-4 9-1-2-4
2-2-4 11-1-2-4
2-2-4 11-1-2-4
3-2-4 2-2-4

I

:

1-3-4 :
1-3-4 1-3-4
1-3-4 2-3-4
1-3-4 3-3-4
1-3-4 4-3-4
:
1-4-4 1-4-4
1-4-4 2-4-4
2-4-4 3-4-4
2-4-4 4-4-4

3-4-4 5-4-4
3-4-4 6-4-4
:
1-5-4 1-5-4
1-5-4 1-1-5-4
1-5-4 2-1-5-4
1-5-4 3-1-5-4
2-5-4 2-5-4

3-5-4 3-5-4
3-5-4 ()1 1-3-5-4
6-5-4 ()2 2-3-5-4
8-5-4 ()3 3-3-5-4
9-5-4 4-5-4
9-5-4 ()QL 1-4-5-4

II

:

11-5-4 2-4-5-4
11-5-4 ()Qt 3-4-5-4
11-5-4 5-5-4
11-5-4 6-5-4
11-5-4 1-6-5-4
11-5-4 2-6-5-4
12-5-4 3-6-5-4
13-5-4 4-6-5-4
14-5-4 7-5-4
14-5-4 8-5-4
14-5-4 9-5-4
15-5-4 11-5-4
:
1-6-4 1-6-4
1-6-4 1-1-6-4
1-6-4 2-1-6-4
1-6-4 3-1-6-4
1-6-4 2-6-4
3-6-4 1-2-6-4
3-6-4
2-2-6-4
4-6-4 3-2-6-4
4-6-4 3-6-4
4-6-4 1-3-6-4
5-6-4 2-3-6-4
5-6-4 3-3-6-4
6-6-4 . 4-3-6-4

III

:

15-6-4 9-3-6-4
16-6-4 4-6-4
17-6-4 5 6-4
18-6-4 6-6-4
18-6-4 7-6-4
18-6-4 8-6-4
19-6-4 9-6-4
19-6-4 1-9-6-4

21-6-4 2-9-6-4
21-6-4 3-9-6-4

21-6-4 11-6-4
21-6-4 1-11-6-4

21-6-4 2-11-6-4

22-6-4 3-11-6-4

23-6-4 4-11-6-4

IV

:

23-6-4 11-6-4
26-6-4 12-6-4
26-6-4 1-12-6-4

28-6-4 2-12-6-4
28-6-4 13-6-4

1-7-4 1-7-4
2-7-4 2-7-4
3-7-4 3-7-4
3-7-4 1-3-7-4
4-7-4 2-3-7-4
5-7-4 ()q 4-7-4
5-7-4 1-4-7-4

5-7-4 V 2-4-7-4

7-7-4 k 5-7-4

V

:

8-7-4 6-7-4
8-7-4 1-6-7-4
8-7-4 Ch 2-6-7-4
13-7-4 Cv 3-6-7-4
13-7-4 7-7-4
13-7-4 1-7-7-4
14-7-4 2-7-7-4
14-7-4 8-7-4

1-8-4 1-8-4
1-8-4 2-8-4
1-8-4 3-8-4
1-8-4 4-8-4
2-8-4 5-8-4

1-9-4 1-9-4
1-9-4 1-1-9-4
1-9-4 2-1-9-4
2-9-4 3-1-9-4

VI

:

4-9-4 4-1-9-4
4-9-4 2-9-4
5-9-4 1-2-9-4
5-9-4 2-2-9-4
6-9-4 3-9-4
6-9-4 1-3-9-4
7-9-4 ( 2-3-9-4
)
9-9-4 4-9-4
9-9-4 1-4-9-4
13-9-4 2-4-9-4
- 19-9-4 3-4-9-4

21-9-4 4-4-9-4
21-9-4 5-9-4
21-9-4 6-9-4
21-9-4 7-9-4
22-9-4 8-9-4
22-9-4 1-8-9-4
23-9-4 2-8-9-4
29-9-4 9-9-4

31-9-4 )(P- 11-9-4
31-9-4 11-9-4
32-9-4 12-9-4
32-9-4 ( ) 13-9-4
35-9-4 14-9-4

VII

:

35-9-4 1-14-9-4
36-9-4 2-14-9-4
37-9-4 3-14-9-4

38-9-4 15-9-4

38-9-4 16-9-4
38-9-4 17-9-4
39-9-4 18-9-4
39-9-4 1-18-9-4
39-9-4 2-18-9-4
41-9-4 3-18-9-4
43-9-4 ( -9-4)
( )
T TB
:
1-11-4 1-11-4
1-11-4 2-11-4
1-11-4 3-11-4
1-11-4 4-11-4
2-11-4 5-11-4
( ) Underpass
2-11-4 6-11-4
2-11-4 7-11-4
2-11-4 8-11-4
3-11-4 9-11-4
3-11-4 11-11-4

VIII

:

3-11-4 1 -11-11-4

3-11-4 2 -11-11-4

4-11-4 3-11-11-4

5-11-4 11-11-4
5-11-4 1-11-11-4
5-11-4 2-11-11-4
6-11-4 12-11-4

6-11-4 13-11-4
6-11-4 14-11-4
8-11-4 15-11-4
8-11-4 16-11-4
8-11-4 17-11-4
9-11-4 18-11-4

IX

:

--

- .
- .
- .

) (Working Loads
).(Ultimate Loads

--

--

) (kg :

1 kg = 9.80665 N )(4-1-1

N :

--

:

1 kg = 10 N )(4-1-2

1 t = 1000 kg = 10 kN )(4-1-3

t kN )(.

--

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--

---

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--

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--

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--

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( )6-5-4 )(Orthotropic Deck

4-5-4 :

1-4-5-4 (:)QL

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9-5-4

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---

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LM71
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n o 94 . 76 L 0 .748 )(4-6-2

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n0 :

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) ( --

--- )(X-Direction

Fx Ch C s kqAh )(4-7-1

:
)(. Fx

)/ ( q
).( - -
k
).(---

--

:

Ch
).(-- -
Cs

).(turbulence

) (-- - ,
, .

) ( Ah
).(- -

---

Fv Cv Cs k qAv )(4-7-2

:
)(. Fv

)/ ( q
).(--
k
).(-- -
Cv
).(---
).( - - - Cs

--

:

) ( Av
).(--

)(q --

) q/ ( : ---

q 0.5 x10 3 S PV 2 Ct )(4-7-3

:
)/( V
) ( --
% .

,/.

Ct
).( - -
-: Sp
= , .
= , .
).(-- -

V ) (-- . ---
.

--

:

) ( -- V

)/(

/ /
/ /
/ / / /

/
/ / /
/ / / /

/

) (- - )(Ct

Ct
,
%
:
:
, % - %
, % - %
, % - %
, %
,
,

--

.
k ---
)(ground roughness length) (z0
(open )exposure - )( :
- )( :
) (suburban exposure .
- )( :
) (city center exposure .
k ).( - -
) (-- k
, ,
k z
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
:
-- k
---
.
---
, )(z0
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
, -
--

:

z k ---

).(--

) (--

--

---

Ch Cv
) ( - - ).(--

--- Ch

Ch
) b (dm )( - -
) (-- ).( - -

--

:

) (- -

) (-- )(dm

)(dm
d1 -

d2 -
d+3.0 m -
d+1.8 m -
d+3.5 m -

--

:

b b

b b

b b

b b

b b

b b

Truss or Plate
Truss or Plate

) ( --

- -

:

- ---

Ch ) ( - -
) b .( dm

) ( -- Ch

Ch )b /(dm
*
-
1.30 4
1.65 3
1.95 2
2.20 1
2.30 0.80
2.40 0.60
-
2.00 4
2.20 >4

*
-:
:
- , Ch .
- , Ch .
- Ch .,

- -

:

- ---

Ch ) (- -) ( --
) b dm
( -- *.e

) ( -- Ch
windward truss

*e
0.95 1.90 0.10
1.00 1.80 0.20
1.00 1.70 0.30
0.95 1.70 0.40
0.95 1.60 0.50

* e
.

) (- - Ch
leeward truss

*e
0.95 1.90 0.10
0.93 1.67 0.20
0.85 1.45 0.30
0.67 1.19 0.40
0.57 0.90 0.50

* e
.

- -

:

--- Cv

Cv ) (--
) b dm .(--

) ( -- Cv
Cv )b /(dm
0.90 4
0.86 3
0.82 2
0.78 1
0.75 <1

--

---

-

) (Open parapet or barrier
) .( -

.

Solid parapet
Noise barrier
Solid safety barrier
open
Open parapet safety barrier

) ( --

- -

:

-
,
, .
-
.
- Truss bridges
) ( :
- .
- .
-
) (Open parapet or barrier
).( -
-
.

---

- )
( .
- ) (
) (
.
-
.

--

)-
.(- Cs =1 Ch ).( - -

- -

:

) (- - Ch

C h for h/b ratios of

t/b
40 20 10 6 4 2 1
tt

Wind
Wind
bb
2.1 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 <1/4

1/3
Wind
Wind
2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 to
bb
1/2

tt

Wind
Wind
2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 2/3 b
b

tt

Wind
Wind
2.0 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1 bb

tt

Wind
Wind
1.7 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 11/2 bb

tt

Wind
Wind
1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 2
bb

- -

:

Wind
Wind
1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 3 b

tt

1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 >4 Wind

Wind
bb

SQUARE
SQUARE OCTAGONAL
OCTAGONAL

1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 Wind

Wind Wind
Wind

Wind
Wind
1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 12
12 SIDE POLYGON
SIDE POLYGON

0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Wind

Wind
Circle
Circlewith smooth
with smooth surfacesurface
where where
t V >26/s
2
tv>6m m/s

Wind
Wind Circle with
Circle smooth
with smooth surfacesurface
where where
2
1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 tv<6m
t V < /s.
6 m /Also
2
circle
s. Also circle with with
rough rough
surface
surface oror with
with projections.
projections.

. = h

- -

:

--

-- :

-- :

-- :

-
.
.

-
.

-

:
.
.

-
:
.

--

:

- .

- :

- +
- +

-- :

--

:

Introduction --

General ---

) (,
). (Allowable/Working stress design method

Scope and General Provisions ---

- .
).( -
-



) (.
- ) ( ).(-
-
.

.
-
) (
.
-

- -

:

.
- ) (Base Isolation

.


.

.
- :
- .
-
.
-
.
- .

Definitions ---

Response Modification Factor ) ( )(R

Importance Factor

- -

:

Non Structural Elements

Response Spectrum

Return Period

Shear Waves in Soil

Artificial Earthquake Records

Damping Ratio

Mode Shape )(

- -

:

Fundamental Period

)( )( .

Reference Codes ---

)(Eurocode 8: EN 1998-1:2004 - EN 1998-2:2005
- - :
- .
- - :
- .
- - :
- .
- - :
- .
- .
Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (RELEMR, USGS /
)UNESCO, Prof. Samir Riad et. al.
Seismo-Techtonics & Seismic Hazard Assessment for Egypt, Riad & -
El-baz, 2002.

- -

:

--

Return Period of Earthquake ---

No Collapse Requirement -

% )
(.

Damage Limitation Requirement -

% )
(.

Increase of Earthquake Safety

) (I
). (--

---

)-
:( - -

Ultimate Limit States - ---

- -

:

- ).(-- -
-
.
) ( R ).( --
-
) (- - - - .

.
- .
-
.

Serviceability Limit State - ---

-

.
- ).(---

Soil Considerations --

General ---

-
) ( - -- ).(--
-
)
(.

- -

:

-
) -- ( - - -
.C
- , ) ( - -

(Shear Wave
) Velocity .

--- ) (
Classification of Subsoil Conditions

A B C D E ).(--

) (- -
%
VS,30 / .

- -

:

) (--

NSPT

Cu
*VS,30
)/(
)/(

< - - A
.

) (
- < < Cu B

.

) (
- - - Cu C

.
) (
)
> > > " "( D

Cu .

Vs C
-- -- -- D E
Vs
/.

*
. NSPT

- -

:

VS,30
:

Hs
VS,30 )(4-9-1
) (h i /Vi
i 1, N s

:
i hi
i Ns Vi
)(Hs = hi Hs
Ns

Vs,30
.

Earthquake Actions --

Earthquake Zones ---

) - - -(:

- -

:

)-- -(

)(ag
0.10 g
0.125 g
0.15 g
0.20 g
0.25 g )(
0.30 g )(

- ) (ag
" "

.
- ) (--
)---(
).(g=9.81 m/sec2
- .

--

:

)(cm/Sec2
) ( --
) -- -(

--

:

)-- -(

-

















-

--

:

---
Basic Representation of Earthquake Action

General - ---

-
" ".
-
.
-
) ( - -
)) (Type (1) and Type (2
) (
) Type (1 )- -
(-- ).(- -
-
.0.15 g
-

:

.
.

--

:

)( )Type (1

)( )Type (2

) (--

--

:

Horizontal Elastic Response Spectrum - ---

) Se (T :

) (--

T
0 T TB : Se (T) = agI S 1.0 )2.5 1.0 , (4-9-2
TB

TB T TC : Se (T) = 2.5 agI S , )(4-9-3

T
TC T TD : Se (T) = ag I S C , )(4-9-4
T

)TD T 4 sec : Se (T) = agI S TC TD (4-9-5

T 2
:
)Se (T
T
) ag
) (I=1.0 ---(
) ( - - TB , TC
) (-- I
) ( - - TD
) (--
) ( -- S

Displacement Based Design

) (--
.

TB,TC,TD & S A, B , C, D & E

). ( --

--

:

) (- - TB,TC,TD & S
) ( : )Type (1
Subsoil Class S TB TC TD
A 1.0 0.05 0.25 1.2
B 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.2
C 1.5 0.10 0.25 1.2
D 1.8 0.10 0.30 1.2
E 1.6 0.05 0.25 1.2
) ( : )Type (2
Subsoil Class S TB TC TD
A 1.0 0.15 0.4 2.0
B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2.0
C 1.15 0.20 0.6 2.0
D 1.35 0.20 0.8 2.0
E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2.0
. ) (S *

, v ): ( --

) (-- v

v
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,

Vertical Elastic Response Spectrum ----

- ) Sve (T
) ( - - ) ( ---
).( - -
T
0 T TB : Sve (T) = avg I 1.0 )3.0 v 1.0 , (4-9-6
TB

--

:

TB T TC : Sve (T) = 3.0 avg I v , )(4-9-7

TC T TD : Sve (T) = 3.0 avg I v TC , )(4-9-8

T

TD T 4 sec : Sve (T) = 3.0 avg I v TC TD )(4-9-9

T 2

:
) Sve (T
avg
)(-- v

) (--

Spectrum avg / ag TB TC TD
)Type (1 0.45 0.05 0. 15 1.0
)Type (2 0.90 0.05 0.15 1.0

- ) (avg
.

Peak Ground Displacement - ---

dg
:

dg = 0.025 a g I S TCTD )(4-9-10

TD , TC , S , I , ag ).(- - - -

--

:

- --- ) (
)Horizontal Design Spectrum (for Elastic Analysis

) (.

- ) Sd (T
:

0 T TB : Sd (T) = ag I S 2 T 2.5 2 , )(4-9-11

3 TB R 3
TB T TC : Sd (T) = ag I S 2.5 , )(4-9-12
R
TC T TD : Sd (T) = ag I S 2.5 TC , )(4-9-13
R T

agI

TD T 4 sec : Sd (T) = ag I S 2.5 TC T D )(4-9-14

R T 2

agI
:
) ( )Sd (T
ag
I
) ( )(- - R

- S , TB, TC , TD ).( --
-
.

--

:

---- ) (
T TB

T TB
) Sd (T ) --( T
) (-- ) (--
.(Participating Mass ).%

- --- ) (
)Vertical Design Spectrum (for Elastic Analysis
) (
).(R = 1.0

--- -
Alternative Representation of the Earthquake Action - Time
History Input

General - ---

-
.
- ) (
) :-() -(
.
-
).(-- --

--

:

Artificial Earthquake Records - ---

-
) ( - - - -) ( - - - -
I ) (- - .
-
).(ag
-
.
-
.
.
- :
- .
-
) ( ag . S .
- ) (2.5 ag S
TB TC .
-
% ) (-- - -
0.2T1 2.0T1 T1
.

---
Spatial Model of Earthquake Action

--

:

) (---- ).(----

--
Combination of the Earthquake Action with Other Actions

Importance Factors --

: -

).(I =1.3
- :
)( ).(I =1.0

Structural Regularity --

- --

. )( - -
.

--

:

) (--

) (
, ,

-
)(Abutments

) ( - --
) (--
.

Structural Analysis --

Structural Modeling ---

-
.
-
.


.
)
( :

Ieff = 0.70 Ig -
Ieff = 0.70 Ig - ) (

--

:

Ieff = 0.50 Ig - ) (
Ieff = 0.50 Ig - ) (
Aeff =Ag -

:
: Ieff
: Ig
: Ag
: Aeff

.
- ) ( - -
.

) (- -

*
%
% **
%

** / ) / (

Methods of Analysis ---

) Uniform Load Method ( - - -- )(

)( ) ( - - --
Simplified Modal Response Spectrum Method

--

:

)( ) ( ) (-- - -
MultiModal Response Spectrum Method
)( ) Time History Method (- - - -

) ( - - .

.

) ( --

) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
)( )( )( )(
)( )( )( )( )(
)( )( )( ) ( )( )(
*
)( )( )( )( ) ( )( )(
* - -.

)( ) (
)( ) ( .

Uniform Load Method -- - -

- ) (
) (
).(

--

:

- 2 ) (K ()05-9-.

Ls
K )(4-9-15

:
Ls

- 3 T1 ()06-9-.

M
T1 2 )(4-9-16
K
W
M
g

:
M + ( )
(.)7-9-. +

- . ) (F
()07-9-.

F = Sd(T1) W/g )(4-9-17

:
) ) Sd(T1 (
()T1 ( )5-2-.-9-. ( )6-2-.-9-.
+ + W
(.)7-9-.

25-9-4

:

2-2-8-9-4
Simplified Modal Response Spectrum Method

: )(Fundamental mode period
) (po - 0 ) (n
( )
) )i .

T1 ()08-9-. - 2

n
w i i2
T1 2 i 1 )(4-9-18
n
g pi i
i 1

:
) po= (i pi
.
( wi
) ( )7-9-.
) (i
).(i
. g
) (i ).(po i

26-9-4

:

- )(--

Fi Sd (T1) iw i / g )(4-9-19

)(i Fi
) Sd(T1 ) (
) (- - - - ) (--- - )(T1
:
n
w i i
i 1

n
w i i
2

i 1

n
)(i i
) (i wi
) (
).( - -

- --- ) (
Multi-Modal Response Spectrum Method
-
T ) ( ).(Modal Analysis

- Fir
) (r
) Sd(T ) (r ) (--- -
).( - - - -
- ) (modes
.
) (% .

--

:

-

) (SRSS ).(CQC

Time History Method - ---

- - - --

.

- - - --
) (Actual earthquake records
) (Artificial accelerograms
.
- - - -- ) ( - - -
) (--- I
).(--

- - - --
.
.

- - - --
%
).(-- - -

- - - --
) ( R ).(,

--

:

--

- --
)(Pot bearings
) (Elastomeric bearings
.

- --
:
-
- :
- .
-

) ( - -
.
) (Kh, Kv
) (--
.S I
Kh K 0.5K h
R , v )(4-9-20
:
) (ag )(g
)(---
)(-- S
) ( ) (, R

) (,

--

:

) (Anchored or braced walls

.
I

- --
, ) (Kh .
, .
.

Secondary Effects -- )(P-

) (P-
)(--

1 R
M .ds.N Ed )(4-9-21
2
:
ds

ds = R de )(4-9-22

de
.

) (--
) (piers and substructure
).(deck
R ) ( ) ( - -
).(--
ds

--

:

).(- -
NEd ).(--

--
Combination of the Components of the Earthquake Actions
)- -
(- :

- -- ) (= ) (%
) (%

)ET = E (Fx + )0.30 E (Fy + )0.30 E (Fz -

)ET = 0.30 E (Fx + )E (Fy + )0.30 E (Fz -
)ET = 0.30 E (Fx + )0.30 E (Fy + )E (Fz -
:
)E(Fx
X
)E(Fy
Y
)E(Fz
Z
ET
.

- --
.

)E T E (Fx
2
) E (Fy
2
) E (Fz
2
)(4-9-23

--

:

Displacement Analysis --

- ds
):(- -

ds = R de )(4-9-22

de
) ( ) (--- - ).(- ---

R ) ( ).( --

) ( --
) (piers and substructure
).(deck

- ds
).(- ---

- ) (

) R (
.

-- ) (
)Response Modification Factor (R

- -- ) ( ) (R )(--
) (.

--

:

- --
) (Plastic hinges

) .(Stable plastic mechanism
.

- -- )---
( ) (R
.

- --
) (R
).(,

- -- ) (R
. ) (R .

- -- )
( ) (R %
) ( R
) (, .

--- ) (---
) (R
).(,

- -- ) (R

) (,

--

:

.
R ) (,
) (, .


- : -
.

- -- ) (R
) ( -
.
R %
).(,

--- .

--

:

) (-- ) ( )( R

Reinforced Concrete Piers : )( :
*, , )Vertical piers in bending (as 3.0 -
*, , )Squat piers (as 1.0 -
*, , )Inclined piers in bending (as 3.0 -
*, , )Inclined piers in bending (as 1.0 -

,
Piers with elastomeric bearings
), (in absence of seismic buffers/ stoppers -
) (
Steel Piers : )( :

, , Vertical piers in bending

, , Inclined piers in bending -
, , Piers with normal bracing -
, - Piers with eccentric bracing -
Piers with elastomeric bearings )(
, ), (in absence of seismic buffers/ stoppers
) (
, , Arches :

)( (as = Ls/ h) : = Ls *

= h
= )
( ) (1.0 as 3.0 ) (R ):
) ( ) (( ) .( as /3

Non-Structural Elements --

General ---

- )
(

--

:

.
-

.

Analysis ---

-
.
) (Fa
:

Fa = ( Sa Wa a ) / Ra )(4-9-24

:
Wa
) ( Sa
)(- - - a
)( -- Ra

- Sa :

) 3(1.0 z a /H
S .S 0.50 )(4-9-25
a 2
1.0 (1.0 Ta /Ti ) )

) (ag g
S

--

:

Ta
Ti
za
H

---
Importance Factors and Response Modification Factors for Non-
Structural Elements

- a ) (, :
- .
-
.
) (a )(I
) (- - .
- Ra ).( --

) (- - Ra

Ra
-
- 1.0

-
2.0
-

--

:

--
Pier Width under Movable Supports at Expansion Joints

--- )( --- -
-
: -
.

--- )(restrainer


.

--
Seismic Effects on Bridges during Construction
). (%

Special Bridges --

) (







.

--

:

Safety Verifications --

General ---

- ) (- -
).( ---) (---

Ultimate Limit State ---

General ----

- ) (

.

Resistance Conditions ----

-
) (-- - ).(
Ed Re )(4-9-26
:
Ed

Re

Ductility Conditions ----

-

.

) (Capacity Design Provisions

--

:

).(brittle failure mode

Equilibrium Conditions ----

) (- - ).(Overturning and Sliding

Resistance of Foundations ----

-
- : - .
- )-
(-- ).(-- -

----
Seismic Requirements at Movement Joints

-
).( - -
-
- : -
.
- ) (--
.

--

:

)Serviceability Limit State (SLS ---

General - ---
-

.
- ds :

ds = ds * )(4-9-27
:
)(-- ds
)(

) (-- )(--

) (- -

0.5 0.4 )(
- ds
) - -(.

--

:

)Annex (4-9-A ) --(

Alternative Method for Estimating the Drift at Serviceability Limit State
)(SLS
) (- - - -
) -- ( --
) ( .

TB
.
0 T TC : Sdrift (T) = Se = () 2.5 ag I S

T
TC T TD : Sdrift (T) = Se = () 2.5 ag I S C
T

T T
TD T 4sec : Sdrift (T) = Se = () 2.5 ag I S C 2D
T

--

:

)Annex (4-9-B ) - -(

) (
T TB

T TB
) Sd(T ) (T )--
( ) (-- .

2 .5
0 T TC : Sd(T) = ag I S
R

2.5 TC
TC T TD : Sd(T) = ag I S [0.20] Iag
R T

2.5 TC TD
TD T 4sec : Sd(T) = ag I S [0.20] Iag
R T 2

--

:

--

--

- ) ( ) (
.
- , .
- ) (.

--

) (
, .

-- :

.
:

. -
-
.

- -

:

).( --

-- ) ( Underpass

) ( -
: :

).( - -
-

) ( - - ).( - -

--

).(--

--

--

- ) (
) % .( - - -
- ) (
) .(-- -

- -

:

-
% ) (.

.

--

--

- --

/ ) / (
.

- --

- - --

- ) (
.
- /) / ( .
- .

- - --

- .

- -

:

-
) ( ) ( ) ( --
.
-
.

) (--

- --

- Abutments
Surcharge / ) /.(

/ -

)
.( --

- -

:

--

- --

.

.

- --

- / ) /.(
-
.
- % .
- .
- .
- % .

- - -- )(Cantilever Method

/ ) / (
, / ) / ( .

- - -- )(Deck Pushing Method

% .

- -

:

-- )(Piers

) ( )
( ) (H. W. L. .

-- ):(Piers

) ( --

P1 )( :

P1 5.14 *10 4 CaV 2 MPa

:
) ( -- )( Ca
/ V

P2 P1 :
4
P 2 5.14 *10 CbV 2
MPa
:
) ( - - Cb

)(

--

- .
- .

- -

:

) ( - Drag coeff.

Ca )(
0.7
0.8
1.4

)Lateral drag coeff. ( -

Cb Angle
0.0 0
0.5 5
0.7 10
0.9 20
1.0 30

- -

:

) ( - -

--

-- )(Spill through abutment

-- )(Reinforced Earth

) ( -
) ( ) (.

- -

:

--
)(Uplift or Buoyancy Forces

).(Pile caps

- -

A :

A-

Foot Bridges
Permanent Actions LL
Comb SERV HLE VEH WL TEMP EXPL RUPT EQ CONST
Comb Type DL SDL C&S SETT EP PREST q Q
No. VEH FORCE IMP
1 1.35 1.35
2 1.35 1.35
3 1.35
Characteristics

4 1.35 1.35 0.45

Ultimate Loads Combinations

5 1.35(DL+SDL+C&S)+1.2SETT+1.5EP+1.0PREST 1.35 0.9

6 1.35 1.35 0.45
7 1.35 1.35 0.9
8 0.54 0.54 1.50
9 0.54 0.54 1.50
10 0.40 1.00
11 0.40 1.00
Accidental

12 0.40 1.00
1.00(DL+SDL+C&S+SETT+EP+PREST)
13 0.40 1.00
14 0.40 1.00
15 0.40 1.00
EQ 16 1.00(DL+SDL+C&S+SETT+EP+PREST) 1.00
1 1.00 1.00 0.30
Characteristics

2 1.00 1.00 0.60

Service Loads Combinations

3 1.00 1.00 0.30

1.00(DL+SDL+C&S+SETT+EP+PREST)
4 1.00 1.00 0.60
5 0.40 0.40 1.00
6 0.40 0.40 1.00
7 0.40 0.40 0.50
Freque
nt

8 1.00(DL+SDL+C&S+SETT+EP+PREST) 0.60
9 0.20
Quasi-
10 1.00(DL+SDL+C&S+SETT+EP+PREST) 0.50
Permanent

-A-

A :

During Construction (Ultimate Load Combinations)

1 1.35 1.35 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.50

Combinations for Global Equilibrium Checks

1 1.35 1.35 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.35
2 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.35

Notes:
1- In case the Permanent Action are on the Favorable side, the service load comb. factors 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9 &0.9 are used for DL, SDL. C&S, SETT and EP, respectively
2- In case the Permanent Action are on the Favorable side, the ultim. load comb. factors are 1.15, 1.15, 1.15, 1.0 &1.28 are used for DL, SDL. C&S, SETT and EP, respectively
3 Notations
DL Dead Load q Uniform Live Load TEMP Temperature Loads
SDL Superimposed Dead Load Q Concentrated Live Load EQ Earthquake
C&S Creep and Shrinkage SERV VEH Service Vehicle CONST Construction Load
SETT Differential Settlement HLE FORCE Horizontal Force EXPL Explosion
EP Earth Pressure VEH IMP Vehicle Impact (Accidental Shock) RUPT Cable Rupture Effect
PREST Prestressing WL Wind Load

-A-

A :

) (A- .
:
.Characteristic
.Accidental
.EQ
:
.Characteristic
Frequent .Deflection
.Quasi- Permanent
.

-A-

B :

B-

Road Bridges
Permanent Actions LL
Comb LM1 CENT VEH WL TEMP EXPL RUPT EQ CONST
Comb Type DL SDL C&S SETT EP PREST LM2 LM3 BR
No. VEH UNI &LAT IMP
1 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
2 1.00 0.54
3 1.35
Characteristics

4 1.35
5 1.35(DL+SDL+C&S)+1.2SETT+1.5EP+1.0PREST 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 0.9
6 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 0.90
Ultimate Loads Combinations

7 1.35 0.90
8 1.00 0.54 1.50
9 1.00 0.54 1.50
10 0.75 0.40 1.00
11 0.75 0.40 1.00
12 0.75 0.40 1.00
Accidental

13 0.75 1.00
14 1.00(DL+SDL+C&S+SETT+EP+PREST) 0.75 1.00
15 0.75 1.00
16 0.75 1.00
17 0.75 1.00
18 0.75 1.00
EQ 19 1.00(DL+SDL+C&S+SETT+EP+PREST) 0.20 0.20 1.00
1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60
Characteristics

2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60

Service Loads Combinations

3 1.00 0.60
1.00(DL+SDL+C&S+SETT+EP+PREST)
4 1.00 0.60
5 0.75 0.40 1.00
6 0.75 0.40 1.00
7 0.75 0.40 0.50
Frequent

8 0.75 0.50
1.00(DL+SDL+C&S+SETT+EP+PREST)
9 0.60
10 0.20
Quasi-
11 1.00(DL+SDL+C&S+SETT+EP+PREST) 0.50
Permanent

-B-

B :

During Construction (Ultimate Load Combinations)

1 1.35 1.35 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.50

Combinations for Global Equilibrium Checks

1 1.35 1.35 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.35
2 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.35

Notes:
1- In case the Permanent Action are on the Favorable side, the service load comb. factors 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9 &0.9 are used for DL, SDL. C&S, SETT and EP, respectively
2- In case the Permanent Action are on the Favorable side, the ultim. load comb. factors are 1.15, 1.15, 1.15, 1.0 &1.28 are used for DL, SDL. C&S, SETT and EP, respectively
3 Notations
DL Dead Load LM1 Live Load model 1 CENT&LAT Centrifugal and Lateral Load
SDL Superimposed Dead Load VEH Vehicle VEH IMP Vehicle Impact (Accidental Shock)
C&S Creep and Shrinkage UN1 Uniform Load WL Wind Load
SETT Differential Settlement LM2 Live Load model 2 TEMP Temperature Loads
EP Earth Pressure LM3 Live Load model 3 EQ Earthquake
PREST Prestressing BR Braking CONST Construction Load
EXPL Explosion RUPT Cable Rupture Effect

-B-

B :

( )B-4 , .
:
.Characteristic
.Accidental
.EQ
:
.Characteristic
Frequent .Deflection
.Quasi- Permanent
.

( )
( .)1
.
.

3-B-

C :

C1-

Table c1.1 Maximum value of (v/ n0 ) lim for a simply supported beam or
slab and a maximum permitted acceleration of a max < 3.50m/s 2
Mass m >5,0 >7,0 >9,0 >10,0 >13,0 >15,0 >18,0 >20,0 >25,0 >30,0 >40,0 >50,0
3 <7,0 <9,0 <10,0 <13,0 <15,0 <18,0 <20,0 <25,0 <30,0 <40,0 <50,0 -
10 kg/m
Span L v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0
a
m % m m m m m m m m m m m m
[5,00,7,50) 2 1,71 1,78 1,88 1,88 1,93 1,93 2,13 2,13 3,08 3,08 3,54 3,59
4 1,71 1,83 1,93 1,93 2,13 2,24 3,03 3,08 3,38 3,54 4,31 4,31
[7,50,10,0) 2 1,94 2,08 2,64 2,64 2,77 2,77 3,06 5,00 5,14 5,20 5,35 5,42
4 2,15 2,64 2,77 2,98 4,93 5,00 5,14 5,21 5,35 5,62 6,39 6,53
[10,0,12,5) 1 2,40 2,50 2,50 2,50 2,71 6,15 6,25 6,36 6,36 6,45 6,45 6,57
2 2,50 2,71 2,71 5,83 6,15 6,25 6,36 6,36 6,45 6,45 7,19 7,29
[12,5,15,0) 1 2,50 2,50 3,58 3,58 5,24 5,24 5,36 5,36 7,86 9,14 9,14 9,14
2 3,45 5,12 5,24 5,24 5,36 5,36 7,86 8,22 9,53 9,76 10,36 10,48
[15,0,17,5) 1 3,00 5,33 5,33 5,33 6,33 6,33 6,50 6,50 6,50 7,80 7,80 7,80
2 5,33 5,33 6,33 6,33 6,50 6,50 10,17 10,33 10,33 10,50 10,67 12,40
[17,5,20,0) 1 3,50 6,33 6,33 6,33 6,50 6,50 7,17 7,17 10,67 12,80 12,80 12,80
[20,0,25,0) 1 5,21 5,21 5,42 7,08 7,50 7,50 13,54 13,54 13,96 14,17 14,38 14,38
[25,0,30,0) 1 6,25 6,46 6,46 10,21 10,21 10,21 10,63 10,63 12,75 12,75 12,75 12,75
[30,0,40,0) 1 10,56 18,33 18,33 18,61 18,61 18,89 19,17 19,17 19,17
>40,0 1 14,73 15,00 15,56 15,56 15,83 18,33 18,33 18,33 18,33

a
L [a,b) means a < L < b

NOTE 1 Table F.1 includes a safety factor of 1.2 on (v/ n0 ) lim for acceleration,
deflection and strength criteria and a safety factor of 1,0 on the (v/ n0 ) lim for fatigue.

NOTE 2 Table F.1 includes an allowance of (1+ ` /2) for track irregularities.

:
L
m
critical damping
/ v
n0

/ a max
(---) "/2

-C-

C :

Table F.2 Maximum value of (v/ n0 ) lim for a simply supported beam or
slab and a maximum permitted acceleration of a max < 5.0m/s 2
Mass m >5,0 >7,0 >9,0 >10,0 >13,0 >15,0 >18,0 >20,0 >25,0 >30,0 >40,0 >50,0
3 <7,0 <9,0 <10,0 <13,0 <15,0 <18,0 <20,0 <25,0 <30,0 <40,0 <50,0 -
10 kg/m
Span L v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0 v/n 0
a
m % m m m m m m m m m m m m
[5,00,7,50) 2 1,78 1,88 1,93 1,93 2,13 2,13 3,08 3,08 3,44 3,54 3,59 4,13
4 1,88 1,93 2,13 2,13 3,08 3,13 3,44 3,54 3,59 4,31 4,31 4,31
[7,50,10,0) 2 2,08 2,64 2,78 2,78 3,06 5,07 5,21 5,21 5,28 5,35 6,33 6,33
4 2,64 2,98 4,86 4,93 5,14 5,21 5,35 5,42 6,32 6,64 6,67 6,67
[10,0,12,5) 1 2,50 2,50 2,71 6,15 6,25 6,36 6,36 6,46 6,46 6,46 7,19 7,19
2 2,71 5,83 6,15 6,15 6,36 6,46 6,46 6,46 7,19 7,19 7,75 7,75
[12,5,15,0) 1 2,50 3,58 5,24 5,24 5,36 5,36 7,86 8,33 9,14 9,14 9,14 9,14
2 5,12 5,24 5,36 5,36 7,86 8,22 9,53 9,64 10,36 10,36 10,48 10,48
[15,0,17,5) 1 5,33 5,33 6,33 6,33 6,50 6,50 6,50 7,80 7,80 7,80 7,80 7,80
2 5,33 6,33 6,50 6,50 10,33 10,33 10,50 10,50 10,67 10,67 12,40 12,40
[17,5,20,0) 1 6,33 6,33 6,50 6,50 7,17 10,67 10,67 12,80 12,80 12,80 12,80 12,80
[20,0,25,0) 1 5,21 7,08 7,50 7,50 13,54 13,75 13,96 14,17 14,38 14,38 14,38 14,38
[25,0,30,0) 1 6,46 10,20 10,42 10,42 10,63 10,63 12,75 12,75 12,75 12,75 12,75 12,75
[30,0,40,0) 1 18,33 18,61 18,89 18,89 19,17 18,89 19,17 19,17 19,17
>40,0 1 15,00 15,56 15,83 18,33 18,33 18,33 18,33 18,33 18,33

a
L [a,b) means a < L < b

NOTE 1 Table F.2 includes a safety factor of 1.2 on (v/ n0 ) lim for acceleration,
deflection and strength criteria and a safety factor of 1,0 on the (v/ n0 ) lim for fatigue.

NOTE 2 Table F.2 includes an allowance of (1+ ` /2) for track irregularities.

:
-
.(rigid supports)
half through )
complex structures
.(

-C-

C :

- Neutral axis
,.
- .
- .
- no ).( -
- . nT > 1.2 no
.

-C-

C :

C2-

-
) .(- --
- ).(fatigue
-
) (" + ' +
) ("/2 + ' + .

K
' for K < 0.76
1 K K 4
} )(C2 1
= 1.325 for K > 0.76

v
K
2 L n0

Ln
" [56e 4 j 50( 0 1)e j ] > 0.0
2 2
)(C2 2
100 80
j L / 20
v
for v < 22m/sec
22
=1 for v > 22m/sec

:
.
).( - L
)
no
( .
/. v

-C-

C :

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) ( - / . '
).(- - -
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-C-

D :

D -4

%055 , %05
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:

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.
2 6.
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2 6.

) )deflectometers
.

25 /.

1-D-

E :

E -

) ( -- -

) Influence Lines and
(Influence Surfaces ).(4-E-1

) (4-E-1

) (


) (Skew bridges
) (Torsion ).(4-E-2

) (4-E-2

-E -


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:

. . .
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 EGYPTIAN CODE OF PRACTICE FOR PLANNING, DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF
BRIDGES AND ELEVATED INTERSECTIONS
Part 6 - Analysis & Design of Steel Bridges MEMBERS

-6
. . .1
. . .2
. .3
. . .4
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